 Plane

Geometry Reviewer  Flat surface

 Expands indefinitely in all directions
Grade 8 1 s t Quarter Examination
 No thickness
 GEOMETRY  Contains infinite number of points and lines
 The visual study of shapes, sizes, patterns, and  Named by 3 non-collinear points or a single
positions Greek alphabet
 “Geo” (Greek) = Earth  PROPERTIES OF A GOOD DEFINITION
 “Metro” (Greek) = Measurement  Can help you identify or classify an object
 EUCLID  Uses clearly understood terms
 One of the greatest mathematicians  Classify the term being defined with a minimum
 “Father of Geometry” number of restrictions
 ARISTOTLE  Precise
 Greek philosopher  States what the term is, rather than what it is not
 Founder of Lyceum and the Peripatetic  Reversible
School of Philosophy  BETWEENESS
 Father of Western Philosophy  Point C is between A and B if it satisfies the ff.
 REASONING conditions
 Inductive Reasoning  If point A-C-B lie on the same line/are
 When several examples form a pattern and collinear
you assume the pattern will continue  AC + CB = AB
 Reach a conclusion based on patterns, facts,  MIDPOINT
or past events  Point C is the midpoint of A and B if and only if
 “conjecture” = a conclusion reached through it satisfies the ff. conditions
inductive reasoning  C is between A and B, A-C-B are collinear
 Deductive Reasoning  AC = CB
 Uses facts, rules, definitions, or properties to  TO GET THE DISTANCE OF 1 ENDPOINT TO
reach a logical conclusion THE OTHER
 Common Sense Reasoning  |𝑋1 − 𝑋2 | 𝑜𝑟 |𝑋2 − 𝑋1 |
 Uses common sense to reach a conclusion  TO GET THE DISTANCE OF A MIDPOINT
|𝑋1 −𝑋2 |
 Exact Reasoning  𝑚
 Needs a large amount of focus and  TO GET THE COODINATE OF MIDPOINT
examination to reach a conclusion 𝑋1 + 𝑋2

 3 UNDEFINED TERMS – simplest and most 2
fundamental terms  Why are they undefined?
 Point  Because they are defined circularly
 Usually represented by a dot or a pinhole, or
 Collinear Points
the tip of a needle
 Set of points on the same line
 Has no dimensions
 Non-Collinear Points
 Shows /denoted a position/location in space
 Named by a capital letter  Set of points not on the same line
 Line  Line Segment
 Always straight  Part of a line that has 2 endpoints and
 Travels forever (infinite) in 2 directions all the points in between
 Represented by the edge of a ruler or a piece  Ray
of stretched out thread  Subset/proportion of a line that has 1
 Has no width but has length endpoint
 Named by any two of its points or by a small 
letter near one of the arrow heads
 TO GET THE COORDINATE OF 1 ENDPOINT
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡+ 𝑋2
 2( 2
) = (𝑚)(2)
 CONSTRUCTION Linear Pair
 Sketch  2 angles that sum up to 180o
 Freehand sketch of something done without  Adjacent
the use of geometric tools  Supplementary Angle
 Draw  Is Equal to 180o
 Freehand sketch of something done with the  Complementary Angle
use of geometric tools  2 angles that sum up to 90o
 Construction  ANGULAR MEASURE
 Any drawing that is restricted to the use of  60” (seconds) = 1’ (minute)
compass and straight edge  60’ (minutes) = 1o (degree)
 PLANES  90o = Right angle
 Coplanar  180o = 1 Revolution
 On the same plane  CLOCK ANGLES
 Non-coplanar  Minute Hand
 Not on the same plane  1 hr. = 360o
 Space  1 minute = 360o/60o = 6o
 Set of all point  Hour Hand
 Plane  1hr = 360o/12o = 30o
 Contains at least 3 non-collinear points  1 min = 30o/60o = 0.5o
 ANGLES 11
 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = |(30 × 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ℎ𝑟. ) − ( 2 ×
 Angle
 Union of 2 non-collinear rays 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛. )|
 If 2 rays have the same endpoint, but do not  POSTULATES and THEOREMS ON LINES
lie on the same line, then their union is an  Postulate #1: The Distance Postulate
angle  To every pair of different points, there
 The intersection of the 2 rays is called a corresponds a unique positive number
vertex  Postulate #2: The Ruler Postulate
 Named by the 3 points of the angle with the  The points of a line can be placed in
vertex always in the middle, or by the correspondence with the real numbers in
number of the angle, or by the letter of the such a way that:
vertex  To every point of a line, there
 TYPES OF ANGLES corresponds exactly 1 real number
 ACUTE  To every real number there corresponds
 The measure of the angle is less exactly 1 point of the line
than 90o  The distance between any 2 points is the
 OBTUSE absolute value of the distance of the
 The measure of the angle is corresponding number
greater than 90o but less than  Postulate #3: The Ruler Placement Postulate
180o  Given 2 points P and Q of a line, the
 RIGHT coordinate system can be chosen in such a
 If and only if the measurement way that the coordinated of P is zero and the
is equal to 90o coordinates of Q is positive
 NULL  Postulate #4: The Line Postulate
 Angle with 0o  For every 2 points, there is exactly 1 line
 STRAIGHT ANGLE containing both points
 With measure equal to 180o  Theorem #1
 REFLEX  If A, B, and C are 3 different points of the
 Angle with measure more than same line, then exactly 1 of them is between
180o the other 2
 Adjacent Angle
 2 angles
  Theorem #2: The Point Plotting Theorem  POSTULATES and THEOREMS ON ANGLES
 Let ray AB be a ray, and let x be a positive  Postulate #11: The Angle Measurement
number. Then there is exactly 1 point P of Postulate
ray AB such that AB = x  To every angle BAC, there corresponds a
 Theorem #3 real number between 0 and 180
 Every segment has exactly one midpoint  Postulate #12: The Angle Construction Postulate
 POSTULATES and THEOREMS ON PLANES  Let AB be a ray on the edge of the half plane
 Postulate #5 H. For every number r between 0 and 180,
 Every plane contains at least 3 non-collinear there is exactly 1 ray AB with P in H, such
points that measure angle PAB = r
 A Space contains at least 4 non-collinear  Postulate #13: The Angle Addition Postulate
points  If D is in the interion of angle BAC, then
 Postulate #6 measure angle BAC = measure angle BAD
 If 2 points of a line lie in a plane, then the + measure angle DAC
line lies in the same plane  Postulate #14: The Supplement Postulate
 Postulate #7  If 2 angles are from a linear pair, then they
 Any 3 points lie in at least 1 plane, and any are supplementary
3 non-collinear points lie in exactly 1 plane
 Any 3 points are coplanar, and any 3 non-
collinear points determine a plane
 Postulate #8
 If 2 different planes intersect, their
intersection is a line
 Postulate #9: The Plane Separation Postulate
 Given a line and a plane containing it. The
point of the plane that do not lie on the line
from the 2 sets that
 Each of the set is a convex set, and
 If P is in one of the sets ang Q is in the
other, then segment PQ intersects the
line
 Postulate #10: The Space Separation Postulate
 The points of the space that do not lie in a
given plane from 2 sets, such that:
 Each of the set is convex, and
 If P is in one of the sets and Q is in the
other, then the segment PQ intersects the
plane
 Theorem #4
 If 2 different lines intersect, then their
intersection contains only 1 point
 Theorem #5
 If a line intersects a plane not containing it,
then their intersection contains only 1 point
 Theorem #6
 Given a line and a point not on the line, then
there is exactly 1 plane containing both
 Theorem #7
 Given 2 intersecting lines, there is exactly 1
plane containing both