Advertising

1 ad abbr. advertisement - advert abbr.

2 advertisement n. item of publicity for a product or service, in magazine, on TV etc
3 advertising agency n. company specialising in producing and placing advertisements for
clients
4 AIDA abbr. Attention, Interest, Desire, Action - the objective of all
advertisements
5 benefit n. advantage of a product or service, usually derived from its features
6 billboardUS n. signboard, usually outdoors, for advertising posters; hoardingUK
7 circulation n. average number of copies of a magazine sold in a particular period
8 classified ads n. small advertisements in magazine or newspaper categorised by
subject
9 commercial n. paid advertisement on radio or TV
10 coupon n. part of a printed advertisement used for ordering goods, samples etc
11 double-page n. advertisement printed across 2 pages in a magazine or newspaper
spread
12 eye-catcherUS n. something that especially attracts one's attention - eye-catching adj.
13 features n. special characteristics of a product, usually leading to certain benefits
14 hoarding UK
n. signboard, usually outdoors, for advertising posters; billboardUS
15 poster n. large sheet of paper, usually illustrated, used as advertisement
16 prime time n. hours on radio & TV with largest audience, esp. the evening hours
17 promote v. to (try to) increase sales of a product by publicising and advertising it
18 slot n. specific time in a broadcasting schedule, when a commercial may be
shown
19 target n. objective; what one is aiming at - target audience n.
20 U.S.P. abbr. Unique Selling Proposition; what makes a product different from
others

Banking
1 balance n. the difference between credits and debits in an account
2 bank charges n. money paid to a bank for the bank's services etc
3 branch n. local office or bureau of a bank
4 checkbookUS n. book containing detachable checks; chequebookUK
5 checkUS n. written order to a bank to pay the stated sum from one's account;
chequeUK
6 credit n. money in a bank a/c; sum added to a bank a/c; money lent by a bank -
also v.
7 credit card n. (plastic) card from a bank authorising the purchasing of goods on credit
8 current n. bank a/c from which money may be drawn at any time; checking
account accountUS
 9 debit n. a sum deducted from a bank account, as for a cheque - also v.
10 deposit account n. bank a/c on which interest is paid; savings accountUS
11 fill inUK v. to add written information to a document to make it complete; to fill outUS
12 interest n. money paid for the use of money lent - interest rate n.
13 loan n. money lent by a bank etc and that must be repaid with interest - also v.
14 overdraft n. deficit in a bank account caused by withdrawing more money than is paid
in
15 pay in v. [paid, paid] to deposit or put money in to a bank account
16 payee n. person to whom money is paid
17 paying-in slip n. small document recording money that you pay in to a bank account
18 standing order n. an instruction to a bank to make regular payments
19 statement n. a record of transactions in a bank account
20 withdraw v. [-drew, -drawn] to take money out of a bank account - withdrawal n.

Company Structure
1 Accounts Dept. n. department responsible for administering a company's financial
affairs
2 A.G.M. UK
abbr. Annual General Meeting of a company's shareholders
3 board of directors n. group of people chosen to establish policy for and control a company
4 chairmanUK n. person who heads a Board of Directors; head of a company;
chairperson
5 director n. a member of the board of directors
6 executive officer US
n. person managing the affairs of a corporation - chief executive
officer n.
7 headquarters n. a company's principal or main office or centre of control
8 manager n. person responsible for day-to-day running of a dept.; executive
officerUS
9 managing n. senior director after the chairman responsible for day-to-day
director UK
direction
10 Marketing Dept. n. department that puts goods on market, inc. packaging, advertising etc
11 organisation chart n. a table or plan showing a company's structure graphically
12 Personnel Dept. n. department responsible for recruitment and welfare of staff or
employees
13 president US
n. the highest executive officer of a company; head of a company
14 Production Dept. n. department responsible for physical creation of product
15 Purchasing Dept. n. department responsible for finding and buying everything for a
company
16 R & D Department n. department responsible for Research and Development of (new)
products
17 reception n. the place where visitors and clients report on arrival at a company
18 Sales Department n. department responsible for finding customers and making sales
19 shareholder n. person who holds or owns shares in or a part of a company or
corporation
20 vice presidentUS n. any of several executive officers, each responsible for a separate
division

Contracts
1 agreement n. an arrangement between two or more people, countries etc; contract
2 appendix n. additional or supplementary material at end of contract, book etc
3 arbitration n. settlement of a dispute by a person chosen by both parties - to arbitrate
v.
4 article n. a particular statement or stipulation in a contract etc; clause
5 clause n. a particular statement or stipulation in a contract etc; article
6 condition n. anything necessary before the performance of something else
7 force majeure n. superior, power; unforeseeable event excusing one party from fulfilling
contract
8 fulfil v: to satisfy a condition; to complete the required task; to fulfillUS
9 herein adv: in here; in this (document etc)
10 hereinafter adv: in the following part (of this document etc)
11 hereto adv: to this (document etc) [eg: attached hereto]
12 heretofore adv: up until now; until the present; before this
13 in behalf of in the interests of (person etc); for (person etc); on behalf ofUK
14 null and void invalid; without legal force; not binding
15 on the one on one side - on the other hand on the other side
hand
16 party n. the person or persons forming one side of an agreement
17 stipulate v. to specify as an essential condition - stipulation n.
18 terms n. conditions or stipulations
19 warrant v. to give formal assurance; to guarantee
20 whereas conj: it being the case that; in view of the fact that [in introduction to
contracts]

Employment
1 bonus n. additional pay given to employee as incentive or reward
2 curriculum n. short account of one's education, career etc; CVUK; resumeUS; resumeUS
vitaeUK
3 dismiss v. to remove or discharge from employment; to sack [colloq.]; to fireUS
4 employer n. person or firm who employs people - employee n. person employed
5 fireUS v. [colloq.] to dismiss
6 interview v. an oral examination of an applicant for a job - also v.
 7 make redundantUK v. [made, made] to dismiss because of not being needed - redundancyUK
n.
8 maternity leave n. period of absence from work (for a woman) when having a baby
9 notice n. advance warning of intention to resign - to give or tender one's notice
v.
10 perk abbr. perquisite; something additional to regular salary [eg: free meals; a
car]
11 personnel n. the people who work for a firm
12 personnel officer n. manager responsible for recruitment, training and welfare of personnel
13 promotion n. advancement in rank or position - to promote v.
14 prospects n. opportunity for success, promotion etc
15 recruit n. to look for and employ personnel - recruitment n.
16 resign v. to give up a job - letter of resignation n.
17 retire v. to leave employment, esp. because of age - retirement n.
18 salary n. a fixed, regular payment, usually monthly, made by employer to
employee
19 staff n. the people who work for a firm or a particular department; employees
20 take on v. [took, taken] to employ; to hire

Import-Export
1 bill of lading n. list of goods and shipping instructions; waybill
2 c.&f. abbr. cost & freight: includes shipping to named port but not insurance
3 c.i.f. abbr. cost, insurance & freight: includes insurance and shipping to
named port
4 cargo n. goods or products that are being transported or shipped
5 certificate of n. a document that shows where goods come from
origin
6 container n. huge box to hold goods for transport - container port n. to
containerise v.
7 customs n. 1 government tax or duty on imported goods 2 officials who collect
this tax
8 declare v. to make a statement of taxable goods - customs declaration form n.
9 f.a.s. abbr. free alongside ship [includes delivery to quayside but not loading]
10 f.o.b. abbr. free on board: includes loading onto ship
11 freight n. goods being transported; cargo
12 irrevocable adj. that cannot be undone; unalterable - irrevocable letter of credit n.
13 letter of credit n. a letter from a bank authorising a person to draw money from another
bank
14 merchandise n. things bought and sold; commodities; wares - also v.
15 packing list n. a document that is sent with goods to show that they have been
checked
16 pro forma invoice n. an invoice or request for payment sent in advance of goods supplied
17 quay n. a solid, artificial landing place for (un)loading ships; wharf - quayside
n.
18 ship v. to send or transport by land, sea or air - also n. shipment n.
19 shipping agent n. a person acting for or representing a ship or ships at a port
20 waybill n. list of goods and shipping instructions; bill of lading - air waybill n

Insurance
1 actuary n. a person who calculates risks for insurance companies
2 assessor n. a person who calculates the value of something [eg: a building, car
etc]
3 claim n. an application for payment under an insurance policy - to make a
claim v.
4 comprehensive n. [of an insurance policy] all-inclusive; providing complete protection
5 consequential loss n. a loss that happens as a consequence of or as a result of another
6 coverUK n. the protection given by an insurance policy [eg: public liability cover]
7 employer's n. liability or responsibility of a firm for damage caused to one of its
liability employees
8 goods in transit n. property, merchandise or any goods in the process of being
transported
9 insurance broker n. agent who arranges insurance; middleman between insurer &
policyholder
10 liability n. 1 the state of being liable 2 anything for which a person is liable
11 liable adj. legally obliged to pay for damage, injury etc; responsible - liability
n.
12 loss n. death, injury, damage etc that is the basis for a claim - to lose v.
13 loss adjuster n. a person who assesses the amount of compensation arising from a
claim
14 policy n. a contract of insurance [eg: a product liability policy]
15 policyholder n. the person to whom an insurance policy is issued
16 premium n. a payment, usually monthly, yearly etc, for an insurance policy
17 product liability n. liability or responsibility of a firm for damage caused by one of its
products
18 public liability n. responsibility of a firm for damage caused to a member of the public
19 reinsurance n. the insuring of risk by one insurance company with another - to
reinsure v.
20 risk n. 1 chance or possibility of injury, loss etc 2 person or thing causing
risk
Law
1 attorney n. 1 a person appointed to act for or represent another 2US lawyer
2 barristerUK n. a lawyer who pleads before a superior court
3 brief n. 1UK instructions to a barrister - also v. 2US written statement of facts
4 case n. statement of the facts in a trial, esp. the argument of one side
5 contract n. a formal agreement, usually in writing, between two or more parties
6 court of law n. the place where law cases are hear and decided; court - courtroom n.
7 evidence n. information presented to a court to prove or support a point in question
8 guilty adj. responsible for wrong; culpable - guilt n. not guilty adj.
9 judge n. official with authority to hear and decide cases in a court of law - also
v.
10 jury n. a group of people chosen to hear the evidence of a case and give a
decision
11 lawsuit n. a trial at court between two private parties
12 lawyer n. a person trained in law and who advises or represents others
13 plead v. 1 to defend a law case 2 to declare oneself to be guilty or not guilty -
plea n.
14 sentence n. 1 decision of a court, esp. as to the punishment 2 the punishment - also
v.
15 solicitor n. 1UK lawyer advising clients & briefing barristers 2US law officer for a city
etc
16 sue v. to start legal action against someone in a court of law - lawsuit n.
17 sum up v. to summarise & review the evidence of a case - summing up n.
18 trial n. a formal examination of a case in a court of law - to try v.
19 verdict n. the formal decision or finding of a judge or jury
20 without without detriment or damage to a legal right or claim
prejudice

Marketing
1 brand n. a particular make of product - to brand v. - branded adj.
2 consumer n. the person who buys and uses a product or service - to consume v.
3 cost v. [cost, costed, costed] to estimate the price of making a product - costing
n.
4 develop v. to create a new product or improve an existing one - product
development n.
5 distribution n. the delivering of products to end-users, inc. advertising, storing etc
6 end-user n. the person, customer etc who is the ultimate (and so real) user of a
product
7 image n. the concept or perception of a firm or product held by the general public
 8 label n. small piece of paper, metal etc on a product giving information about it
9 launch v. to introduce a new product, with publicity etc - product launch n.
10 mail order n. the selling of goods by post - mail-order catalogue n.
11 market n. study of consumers' needs & preferences, often for a particular product
research
12 packagingUK n. the wrapping or container for a product
13 point of sale n. the place where a product is actually sold to the public - point-of-sale
adj.
14 product n. something made to be sold; merchandise [includes services] - to produce
v.
15 public relations n. creation and maintenance of a good public image - public relations
officer n.
16 registered adj. registered or officially recorded as a trademark - ® abbr. - to register
v.
17 sponsor n. firm supporting an organisation in return for advertising space - also v.
18 S.W.O.T. abbr. Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
19 total product n. the whole product, inc. name, packaging, instructions, reliability, after-
sales etc
20 trademark n. special symbol, design, word etc used to represent a product or firm - "
abbr.

Meetings
1 A.G.M. abbr. Annual General Meeting
2 A.O.B. abbr. Any Other Business [usually the last item on an agenda]
3 absent adj. not here; not at the meeting; not present
4 agenda n. a written programme or schedule for a meeting
5 apologies n. item on agenda announcing people who are absent; apologies for absence
6 ballot n. a type of vote, usually in writing and usually secret- secret ballot n.
7 casting vote n. a deciding vote (usually by the chairman) when the votes are otherwise
equal
8 chairman n. the person who leads or presides at a meeting; chairperson; chair
9 conference n. formal meeting for discussion, esp. a regular one held by an organisation
10 conference call n. telephone call between three or more people in different locations
11 consensus n. general agreement
12 decision n. a conclusion or resolution to do something - to decide v.
13 item n. a separate point for discussion [as listed on an agenda]
14 matters arising n. item on agenda for discussion of what has happened as a result of last
meeting
15 minutes n. a written record of everything said at a meeting
16 proxy vote n. a vote cast by one person for or in place of another
17 show of hands n. raised hands to express an opinion in a vote
18 unanimous adj. in complete agreement; united in opinion
19 videoconference n. conference of people in different locations linked by satellite, TV etc
20 vote v. to express opinion in a group by voice or hand etc - also n. - to cast a
vote v.

Money
1 A.T.M. abbr. Automated Teller Machine; cash dispenserUK
2 banknote n: a piece of paper money; billUS
3 billUS n. a banknote; a piece of paper money
4 black market n. illegal traffic in officially controlled commodities such as foreign
currency
5 bureau de n. establishment where currencies of different countries may be exchanged
change
6 cash n. 1 coins or bank notes (not cheques); 2 actual money paid (not credit)
7 cash dispenserUK n: automatic machine from which clients of a bank may withdraw money;
ATM
8 cashier n. person dealing with cash transactions in a bank, store etc
9 coin n: a piece of metal money
10 currency n. the money in general use or circulation in any country
11 debt n. money etc owed by one person to another
12 exchange rate n. the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another
13 foreign exchange n: the currency of other countries
14 hard currency n. currency that will probably not fall in value and is readily accepted
15 invest v. to put money for profit into business, land etc - investment n.
16 legal tender n: currency that cannot legally be refused in payment of a debt
17 petty cash UK
n. a cash fund for small, everyday expenses
18 soft currency n. currency that will probably fall in value and is not readily accepted
19 speculate v. (risky) buying of foreign currency, land etc for rapid gain - speculation
n.
20 transaction n. a (usually commercial) exchange; a deal - to transact v.

Presentations
1 audience rapport n. relationship of presenter with audience, esp. when good
2 body language n. non-verbal communication through facial expressions, body
movements etc
3 Finally . . . Typical word used to signal the last of several points or subjects
4 flip chart n. a pad of large paper sheets on a stand for presenting information
5 For example . . . Typical phrase used to signal an illustration or sample of a particular
 point
6 handout n. anything (report, sample etc) handed or given to people at a
presentation
7 In conclusion . . . Typical phrase used to signal the summing up or final part of a
presentation
8 Ladies & Polite phrase often used to address an audience of men and women
Gentlemen
9 marker n. whiteboard marker a pen with a broad, felt tip for writing on
whiteboards
10 microphone n. electrical instrument that one speaks into for amplification of the
voice etc
11 O.H.T. abbr. overhead transparency; sheet of film with image for o.h.p.
12 overhead projector n. device that projects an o.h.t. onto a screen - O.H.P. abbr.
13 pointer n. device (rod or electric torch etc) for indicating things on a map,
screen etc
14 screen n. large, flat, reflective white surface on which films, slides etc are
projected
15 signal v. to help the audience understand where one is in a presentation
16 slide n. small (usually 35mm) photographic transparency - slide projector n.
17 To start with . . . Typical phrase used to signal the beginning of a particular subject or
topic
18 Turning now to . . . Typical phrase used to signal a change from one subject or topic to
another
19 visual aids n. things that one can look at in a presentation [eg: films, maps, charts
etc]
20 whiteboard n. large, flat, white surface or board on which to write or draw with
markers

Selling
1 after-sales n. service that continues after a product has been sold [eg: repairs etc]
service
2 buyer n. 1 any person who buys anything 2 a person employed by a firm to buy
3 client n. a person who buys services from a lawyer, architect or other
professionals
4 close v. to finalise a deal or sale; to make a sale
5 cold call v. to telephone a prospect without previous contact - also n.
6 customer n. a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business
7 deal n. a business transaction - also v. dealer n.
8 discount n. a reduction in the price; a deduction [usually expressed as a percentage
(%)]
9 follow up v. to continue to follow persistently; to maintain contact [eg: after a lead]
10 guarantee n. a promise that a product will be repaired or replaced etc if faulty - also
 v.
11 in bulk in large quantity, usually at a lower price
12 lead n. useful indication of a possible customer to be followed up
13 objection n. a reason given by a prospect for not buying - to object v. seeovercome
14 overcome v. [-came, -come] to overcome an obj-ection to show an objection is
invalid
15 product n. something made and usually for sale - to produce v. seeservice
16 prospect n. a possible or probable customer; prospective customer
17 representative n. sales representative person who represents & sells for a firm;
salesperson
18 retail v. to sell in small quantities (as in a shop to the public) - also n. see
wholesale
19 service n. work done usually in return for payment - to serve v. see product
20 wholesale v. to sell in bulk (as to a shop for resale to the public) - also n. see retail

British and American Financial Terms

Here are some of the main differences between British and American financial terminology.

British American
Annual General Meeting (AGM) Annual Stockholders Meeting
Articles of Association Bylaws
authorised share capital authorized capital stock
barometer stock bellwether stock
base rate prime rate
bonus or capitalisation issue stock dividend or stock split
bridging loan bridge loan
building society savings and loan association
cheque check
company corporation
creditors accounts payable
current account checking account
debtors accounts receivable
gilt-edged stock (gilts) Treasury bonds
labour labor
Memorandum of Association Certificate of Incorporation
merchant bank investment bank
ordinary share common stock
overheads overhead
profit and loss account income statement
property real estate
quoted company listed company
retail price index (RPI) consumer price index (CPI)
share stock
share premium paid-in surplus
shareholder stockholder
shareholders' equity stockholders' equity
stock inventory
trade union labor union
unit trusts mutual funds
visible trade merchandise trade

English abbreviations & acronyms

       @      at
       a/c      account
       AGM      annual general meeting
       a.m.      ante meridiem  (before noon)
       a/o      account of  (on behalf of)
       AOB      any other business
       ASAP      as soon as possible
       ATM      automated teller machine (cash dispenser)
       attn      for the attention of 
       approx.      approximately
       cc      copy to 
       CEO      chief executive officer
       c/o      care of  (on letters : at the address of)
         Co      company
       cm      centimetre
       COD      cash on delivery
       dept      department
       e.g.      exempli gratia (for example)
       EGM      extraordinary general meeting
       ETA      estimated time of arrival
       etc      et caetera  (and so on)
       GDP      gross domestic product
       GNP      gross national product
       GMT      Greenwich mean time  (time in London)
       i.e.      id est (meaning : 'that is')
       Inc      incorporated
       IOU      I owe you
        IPO      initial public offer
       Jr      junior
       K      thousand
       lb      pound (weight)
        £      pound (money)
        Ltd      limited company
       mo.      month
       N/A      not applicable
       NB      Nota Bene (it is important to note)
       no.      number
       PA      personal assistant
       p.a.      per annum  (per year)
       Plc      public limited company
       pls      please
       p.m.      post meridiem  (after noon)
 
     per pro  (used before signing in a person's
       p.p.
absence)
       PR      public relations
       p.s.      post scriptum
       pto      please turn over
       p.w.      per week
       qty      quantity
       R & D      research and development
       re      with reference to
       ROI      return on investment
       RSVP      repondez s'il vous plait (please reply)
       s.a.e.      stamped addressed envelope
       VAT      value added tax
       VIP      very important person

ADVERTISING
Vocabulary

 Item of publicity to promote a product or service in

  Advertisement
 newspapers, magazines, on TV etc.
  Advertising  Marketing services firm that assists companies in
agency  planning advertisements
 Attention, Interest, Desire, Action  -  the aim of all
  AIDA
advertising
  Benefit  Advantage of a product or service
 
  Billboard  Signboard for advertising posters
  Broadsheet  Newspaper printed in a large format.
  Campaign  Organized course or plan of action
  Circulation  Average number of copies of newspapers or magazines
 sold over a period of time
 Small advertisements in newspapers or magazines, divided
  Classified ads
into categories.
  Commercial  Advertisement on radio or TV
 Part of a printed advertisement to be used to order goods or
  Coupon
samples
  Direct mail  Advertisement sent by post to prospective customers
  Double-page  Advertisement printed across two pages in a newspaper or
spread magazine
 Reviewing or rewriting in order to make suitable for
  Editing
publication.
  Eye-catcher  Something that particularly attracts one's attention
  Features  Special characteristics of a product
  Generic  Advertising for a whole sector, such as tourism, rather than
advertising a specific product
 Wooden structure, or signboard,  used to carry
  Hoarding
advertisements
 Excessive or intensive publicity; exaggerated claims made
  Hype
in advertising.
 Catchy tune, with a short simple rhyme, used to promote a
  Jingle
product.
 Informative words chosen to indicate the content of a
  Key words
document
 To start an action in order to introduce something (e.g. a
  Launch
new product)
 Piece of advertising material sent to potential customers by
  Mailshot
post
 The main means of mass communication (newspapers, TV
  Mass media
& radio)
 Favourable publicity in the media for a commercial product
  Plug
(e.g. a book)
  Poster  Large sheet of paper used in advertising
 Hours on radio & TV with the largest audience, usually the
  Prime time
evening
 Use advertising and publicity to try to increase sales of a
  Promote
product
 Large panels along roads and motorways used for outdoor
  Roadside signs
advertising.
 Phrase used to advertise a product, or to identify a company
  Slogan
or organization.  
 Specific time in a broadcasting schedule allotted for
  Slot
a commercial
  Sound bite  Short extract from a recorded interview or speech.
 Unsolicited advertising sent through the internet as an email
  Spam
message
 Position of a commercial in a radio programme or TV
  Spot
schedule.
 Newspaper printed in small format, usually with a lot of
  Tabloid
photographs.
  Target  Objective; what is aimed at
  Unique Selling Proposition; a declaration of what makes a
  U.S.P.
product different
 Write a text to be printed or spoken in an advertisement or a
  Write copy
commercial

COMPUTER  VOCABULARY
 
  A software application which displays unwanted pop-up  
advertisements on your
   Adware   computer while in use. Adware is often installed on your
computer at the same
  time as free software or shareware.
  An application is any program designed to perform a specific
function directly for
   Application   the user. Microsoft Word, Excel, Outlook or Adobe Photoshop
are examples of
  application programs.
  A program or tool such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla that
   Browser enables you to browse
  or surf the World Wide Web and view internet sites.
  A defect or fault in a computer program that prevents it from
working correctly. 
   Bug   Bugs are caused by mistakes or errors made by the people who
write the
  programme.
  A sort of fast memory used for temporary storage of recently
accessed web pages,
   Cache
  which enables the browser to display them more quickly on the
next visit.
  A cookie is a small piece of information on the times and dates
you have visited
  web sites. A web server can temporarily store this information
   Cookies within your browser.
  The main purpose of cookies is to identify users and possibly
prepare customized
  web pages for them.
  A crash, in computing, is what happens when a program, or the
   Crash entire operation
  system, unexpectedly stops working. 
  A blinking symbol on the screen that shows where any new text
   Cursor
will next be entered.
  A special program which enables a computer to work with a
   Driver  particular piece of
  hardware such as a printer. 
   E-business   Business done over the internet or any internet-based network.
   E-mail   Electronic mail :  messages sent from one computer to another
over the Internet.
   FAQ   Frequently asked questions
  Specialized hardware or software designed to prevent
   Firewall unrestricted or unauthorized
  access into or out of a computer or network.
  A particular kind of lettering (for example : Arial, Bookman,
   Font
Times New Roman).
  The physical equipment or touchable parts of a computer
system, the CPU
   Hardware   (central processing unit),  the monitor, the keyboard, the mouse,
the external
  speakers, the scanner, the printer, etc,
   Hit   A visit to a website.
  The main page or opening page that appears when you visit a
   Home page web site.  It usually
  contains links to the other pages.
  Process by which a user enters a name and password to  
   Login
access a computer.
  A device that enables a computer to send and receive
information over a telephone
   Modem
  line. You need a modem to connect to the Internet, to send
email and to fax.
  Network etiquette : a set of informal rules defining proper
   Netiquette
behaviour on the Internet   
  A website that acts as a gateway or entry point to the internet
(for example, Yahoo).
   Portal   Typically, a portal offers a search engine and links to other sites
grouped into
  categories,  as well as news or other services.
  A sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and
execute in order
   Program
  to do a particular job.  Programs are collectively referred to as
"software".
   Provider   Company that provides access to the Internet.
  A piece of hardware, or peripheral device, used to scan a
   Scanner document and create a
  digital copy. 
  Unwanted, irrelevant or inappropriate e-mail messages,
   Spam especially commercial
  advertising.   Also referred to as "junk e-mail". 
  Software that collects information, without your knowledge,
about your web-surfing
   Spyware   habits and uses it for marketing purposes.  Very often contained
in free downloads
  or shareware programs.
  A Trojan is a computer program that is hidden in a useful
software application and
  actually used  to gain access to your computer. It then performs
   Trojan malicious actions
  such as displaying messages or erasing files. Trojans may be
found in a hacked
  legitimate program or in free software .
     Interactive, audiovisual meeting between two or more people in
Videoconference different geographic
   locations using two-way video technology.
  A virus is a malicious self-replicating program that spreads by
inserting copies of
  itself into other executable code or documents, and whose sole
   Virus intent is to cause
  problems on a computer.
  It acts in a way similar to a biological virus, and the infected file
is called a host.
  What you see is what you get.  (pronounced 'wizzy-wig').
  A WYSIWYG application enables you to see on the screen
   WYSIWYG
exactly what will appear
  when the document is printed.
  World Wide Web: A hypertext information system consisting of
a network of web
   WWW
  pages which runs on the Internet and can be accessed with a
browser.
  A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program, similar
to a computer virus.
   Worm   It infects additional computers (typically by making use of
network connections),
  often clogging networks and information systems as it spreads.
  To zip a file is to compress it so that it occupies less space in
   Zip storage
  and can be transferred quickly over the Internet.

EMPLOYMENT - WORK
Vocabulary
 

        Assessment   Evaluation of one's abilities  

    Submit an application for a job or
        Apply
position
        Background   Education - qualifications - experience
  Additional payment to an employee as
        Bonus an incentive
  or reward
  Summary of one's education and
        Curriculum
experience to date;
Vitae
  résumé
        Dismiss
  Discharge from employment; (to fire, to
sack, to let go)

        Employee
  Person who works for a firm or
company
        Employer   Person or firm who employs people
        Fire   To dismiss from a job.
        Fringe   Advantages offered in addition to salary
benefits
 (life insurance,
  retirement scheme, company car, etc.). 
  Also called "perks", abbreviation for
perquisites.

        Interview
  Oral examination of an applicant for
employment
        Make
redundant
  Dismiss for economic reasons

        Maternity
  Period of absence for a female
leave employee when having
  a baby
  Advance warning of intention to leave
        Notice one's job -
  to give or hand in one's resignation

        Personnel
  People who work for a firm or company
(employees)
        Personnel
  Manager responsible for recruitment,
officer training and welfare
  of personnel (employees)

        Promotion
  Advancement in rank or position in the
company
        Prospects
  Opportunities for success or promotion
in a career
        Recruit   Look for and hire personnel
        Resign   Leave a job voluntarily
        Retire   Leave employment because of age
        Sick leave
  Absence because of illness - to be on
sick leave

        Staff
  People who work for a firm or
department;  employees
        Strength   Strong characteristic or particular ability
  To go on strike : to stop working in
        Strike protest against
  something
        Take on   Employ or hire
        Trainee
  Person being trained for a job e.g. a
trainee salesman
        Training   A course of study to prepare for a job
course   e.g. a computer course
       
Unemployment
  Payments made by the state to an
        benefits unemployed person
        Vacancy   A position to be filled
        Weakness
  A lack of ability or a shortcoming in
character
 Useful vocabulary for presenting figures and trends : 
  

 As you will see from this graph...

 I'd like to show you ...
 Let me draw your attention to this part of the graph
 Let's look more closely at this month's figures
 This figure refers to the sales in China only.
 The pie chart shows our share of the European market today.
 As you can see, our main competitor has an even bigger share.
 The bar chart represents sales in our Asian outlets.
 Presenting  Here you can see a comparison between ...
visuals  On the line graph you will note:
   - a strong upward trend in the sales of product A...
        ▪ despite occasional fluctuations...
        ▪ with a slight drop during the holiday season ...
        ▪ with occasional variations due to ...

   - the overall performance of product B is good

        ▪ the initial surge in sales was followed by
          a period of slower growth in the second half of the
year.
        ▪ the instant success of the product was followed by
          a period of stabilization in the level of sales

   Commenting
trends
 Increases :
- a slight/constant/marked/substantial increase in sales
- an increase of about/roughly/approximately/in the region of   
%
- a little over/above what we predicted
- the recovery/upturn began in (month)
- an overall increase in...
- an upward trend in the demand for...
- sales reached record levels/reached a peak in (month)
- a strong surge in the sales of ...
- by (month) the figure had risen to ...
- we predict that sales will soar in the coming year/over the
next ...months.
 
 Decreases :
- just under our target
 - way below our expectations
- a slight/notable/significant decrease in
- a drop of about    % in ...
- a  slight/regular/dramatic decline/reduction in ...
- the downturn began in (month)
- the situation began to deteriorate in (month)
- the number has continued to fall
 
 Fluctuations/Variations :
- a slow start developed into steady progress in sales
- an initial upward trend was followed by ...
- we note slight fluctuations throughout the year
- normal seasonal variations are the cause of occasional
downward trends
- sales have been (rather) irregular
- the level/the rate has been unstable since ...
- you will note a certain instability in the rate of ...

 We must focus our attention on ...

 What I suggest is ...
 There is a necessity for ...
 We need more ...
 We have no choice but to ...
  Conclusions  Appropriate measures must be taken
 The only option we have is to ...
 These changes are inevitable.
 We will have to revise our estimation.
 The result/outcome will be ...
 I strongly recommend ...
 To conclude, I am happy/I regret to announce that ...

INVESTMENT - STOCK MARKET

Vocabulary

  The price a buyer is willing to offer for shares in a

  Bid
company.
  Blue Chip   Stocks of leading companies with a reputation for stable
Stocks growth and earnings.
  Bond   Certificate issued by companies and governments to its lenders.  
  Money and other property of companies used in transacting the
  Capital
business.
  Capital stock   All shares representing ownership of a company.
   Products such as agricultural products and natural
resources (wood, oil and metals)
  Commodities
  that are traded on a separate, authorized commodities
exchange.
  A portion of a company's earnings which is paid to the
  Dividend shareholders/stockholders
  on a quarterly or annual basis.
  The value of stocks and shares;  the net value of
  Equity
mortgaged property.
  Stocks and shares which represent a portion of the capital
  Equities
of a company.
  Futures   Contracts to buy or sell securities at a future date.
  All those who have access to inside information concerning
  Insider
the company.
  Buying or selling with the help of information know only to
  Insider
those connected with the
dealing/trading
  business.
  Initial Public Offering - selling part of a company on the
  IPO
stock market.
  Issue   Put into circulation a number of a company's shares for sale.
  Liabilities   The debts and obligations of a company or an individual.
  Agreement by which a bank or building society lends
money for the purchase of property,
  Mortgage
  such as a house or apartment. The property is the security
for the loan.
  Savings fund that uses cash from a pool of savers to buy
  Mutual fund securities such as stock,
  bonds and real estate.
  The right to buy and sell certain securities at a specified price and
  Option
period of time.
  Par value   Nominal face value.
  Penny stock   Shares selling at less than $1 a share.
  Various types of securities held by an individual or
  Portfolio
institution.
  Transferable certificates showing ownership of stock,
  Securities
bonds, shares, options, etc.
  The capital of a company is divided into shares which  
  Share entitle the owner, or shareholder,
  to a proportion of the profits.
  Certificate representing the number of shares owned by an
  Share certificate
investor.
  Shareholder   Owner of shares.
  Someone who buys and sells stocks and shares in the
  Speculator hope of making a profit through
  changes in their value.
  Shares (portion of the capital of a business company) held
  Stock
by an investor.
  Stockbroker   A licensed professional who buys and sells stocks and
shares for clients
  in exchange for a fee, called a 'commission'.
  Stockholder   Person who owns stocks and shares.
  Investor who holds stocks and securities for a short time
(minutes, hours or days)
  with the objective of making profit from short-term gains in
  Trader
the market.
  Investment is generally based on stock price rather than
evaluation of the company.
  Period during which the Stock Exchange is open for
  Trading session
trading.
  Money raised by companies to finance new ventures in
  Venture capital exchange for percentage
  ownership.
  Yield   Return on investment shown as a percentage.

WRITING  BUSINESS  LETTERS

Useful phrases
 Dear Mr Brown  
 Dear Ms White
 Dear Sir
 Dear Sirs
       Salutation
 Dear Madam  
 Dear Sir or Madam
 Gentlemen

 We are writing to inform you that ...

                      to confirm ...
                      to request ...
                      to enquire about ...
 I am contacting you for the following reason.
 I recently read/heard about  . . . and would like
to know . . .
       Starting
 Having seen your advertisement in ... , I would
like to ...
 I would be interested in (obtaining/receiving) ...
 I received your address from ...      and would
like to   ...
 I am writing to tell you about ...

       Referring to  Thank you for your letter of March 15 ...

      previous contact
 Thank you for contacting us.
 In reply to your request ...
 Thank you for your letter regarding ...
 With reference to our telephone conversation
 yesterday ...
 Further to our meeting last week ...
 It was a pleasure meeting you in London last
month.
 I enjoyed having lunch with you last week in
Tokyo.
 I would just like to confirm the main points we
discussed on Tuesday . . .

 We would appreciate it if you would ...

 I would be grateful if you could...
 Could you please send me . . .
 Could you possibly tell us/let us have...
 In addition, I would like to receive ...
       Making a request  It would be helpful if you could send us ...
 I am interested in (obtaining/receiving...)
 I would appreciate your immediate attention to
this matter.
 Please let me know what action you propose to
take.

 We would be happy to ...  

 Would you like us to ...
       Offering help  We are quite willing to ...
 Our company would be pleased to ...

 We are pleased to announce that ...

       Giving good news

 I am delighted to inform you that ...
 You will be pleased to learn that ...

 We regret to inform you that ...

 I'm afraid it would not be possible to ...
       Giving bad news  Unfortunately we cannot/we are unable to ...
 After careful consideration we have decided
(not) to ...

       Complaining  I am writing to express my dissatisfaction

with ...
 I am writing to complain about ...
 Please note that the goods we ordered on
(date) have not yet arrived.
 We regret to inform you that our order n°--- is
now considerably overdue.
 I would like to query the transport charges which
seem unusually high. 
  We are sorry for the delay in replying ...
 I regret any inconvenience caused
       Apologizing  I would like to apologize for (the delay/the
inconvenience) ...
 Once again, I apologise for any inconvenience.

 Thank you for your quotation of ...

 We are pleased to place an order with your
company for ...
 We would like to cancel our order n°...    
 Please confirm receipt of our order.
 I am pleased to acknowledge receipt of your
order n°...
       Orders  Your order will be processed as quickly as
possible.
 It will take about (three) weeks to process your
order.
 We can guarantee delivery before ...
 Unfortunately these articles are no longer
available/are out of stock.

 Please send us your price list.  

 You will find enclosed our most recent
catalogue and price list.  
 Please note that our prices are subject to
change without notice.
       Prices
 We have pleasure in enclosing a detailed
quotation.
 We can make you a firm offer of ...
 Our terms of payment are as follows :

 Our records show that we have not yet

received payment of ...
       Referring to  According to our records ...
payment  Please send payment as soon as possible.
 You will receive a credit note for the sum of ...

 I am enclosing ...
       Enclosing  Please find enclosed ...
documents  You will find enclosed ...

       Closing remarks  If we can be of any further assistance, please

let us know
 If I can help in any way, please do not hesitate
to contact me
 If you require more information ...
  For further details ...
 Thank you for taking this into consideration
 Thank you for your help.
 We hope you are happy with this arrangement.
 We hope you can settle this matter to our
satisfaction.

 We look forward to a successful working

relationship in the future

       Referring to future

 We would be (very) pleased to do business
with your company.
business
 I would be happy to have an opportunity to
work with your firm.

 I look forward to seeing you next week

 Looking forward to hearing from you
     "           "      to receiving your comments
       Referring to future
contact  I look forward to meeting you on the 15th
 I would appreciate a reply at your earliest
convenience.

 Sincerely,          }
   Yours sincerely, } (for all customers/clients)
 Sincerely yours, }
       Ending  
 Regards,             (for those you already know and
  have a working relationship with)

MARKETING-SALES
Vocabulary
   After-sales    Service that continues after the sale of a product  
service (maintenance, etc.).
   Person or company that acts for another and provides a
   Agent specified
   service.
   Business to business e-commerce : use of commercial
networks, online
   B2B e-commerce    product catalogues and other online resources to obtain
better prices and
   reach new customers.
   B2C e-commerce    Business to consumer e-commerce :
   online sale of goods and services directly to consumers.
    Comparing one's products to those of competitors in order to
   Benchmarking improve
   quality and performance.
   1)  Any person who makes a purchase.  
   Buyer    2)  A person employed to choose and buy stock for a
company.
   Offer to pay back part of the purchase price of a product to
   Cash refund offer customers
   who send  a "proof of purchase" to the manufacturer.
   Two or more shops or outlets that have the same owner and
   Chain store sell similar
   lines of merchandise.
   A person who buys services or advice from a lawyer, an
   Client accountant or
   other professional.
   Close    Finalise a deal or sale.
   Small shop located near a residential area that opens long
   Convenience
hours,
store
   seven days a week.
   Customer    A person who buys something from a shop or business.
   Certificate  that gives customers a saving when they
   Coupon purchase
   a specific product.
   Deal    A business transaction.
   A large shop or store that carries a wide variety of product
   Department store
lines.
   Entering a foreign market by setting up assembly or
   Direct investment manufacturing
   facilities in that country.
   Discount    A reduction in price.
   Buying and selling by electronic means, primarily on the
   E-commerce
Internet.
   E-marketing    Promotion of products and services over the Internet.
   A network that connects a company with its suppliers and
   Extranet
distributors.
   To maintain contact after the sale to ensure customer  
   Follow-up
satisfaction.
   Association between a manufacturer or wholesaler
(franchiser) and an
   Franchise    independent business person (franchisee) who buys the right
to own
   and operate a unit in the franchise system.
   Guarantee    A promise that a product will be repaired or replaced if faulty.
   A network that connects people within a company to each
   Intranet
other.
   A way of entering a foreign market by joining with a foreign
   Joint Venture company to
   manufacture or market a product or service.
   Market leader    The company with the largest market share in an industry.
   Mark up    The percentage of the price of a product added to cost to
reach a selling
    price.
   Person within a reference who, because of competence,
   Opinion leader knowledge, or
   other characteristics, exerts influence on others.
   Designing and producing the container or wrapper for a
   Packaging
product.
   Product    Anything that can be offered on the market, usually for sale.
   Product line    A group of products that are closely related.
   Prospect    A potential customer.
   A sales representative is a person who represents and sells
   Representative
for a company.
   To sell in small quantities, as in a shop, directly to the
   Retail
consumers.
   Group of shops or retail businesses developed and managed
   Shopping centre
as a unit.
   Telephone
   Using the telephone to sell directly to customers.
marketing
   An exhibition at which companies in a specific industry can show
   Trade fair or
   demonstrate their products
   The Internet version of word-of-mouth marketing - email
   Viral marketing messages that
   customers pass on to friends.
   To sell goods and services to those buying for resale (e.g. a
   Wholesale shop)
   or for business use.

MONEY & FINANCE

 Vocabulary
currency converter
 
       A.T.M.     Automated Teller Machine;  cash dispenser
       Banknote     Piece of paper money
       Borrow     Obtain money which must be returned
       Broke (to be)     To have no money
       Budget     Amount of money available or needed for a specific use
    Coins or bank notes (not cheques);  actual money paid,
       Cash
not credit
    Automatic machine from which a bank customer may
       Cash dispenser withdraw  
    money
    A person dealing with cash transactions in a bank, shop,
       Cashier
etc.
    Written order to a bank to pay the stated amount from
       Cheque/check one's
    account
       Coin     A piece of metal used as money
       Currency     The money used in a country
       Debt     Money owed by one person to another
    Sum payable as a first instalment on a purchase;
       Deposit
    money placed in an account in a bank
       Donate     Give money especially to charity; make a donation
    The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for
       Exchange rate
another
    Payment made to a professional person (doctor, lawyer,
       Fee
etc.)
       Interest     Money paid for borrowing or investing money
    To put money into business, property, etc. in order to
       Invest earn
    interest or profit
       Legal tender     Currency that cannot legally be refused as payment
    Give or allow the use of money which must be returned
       Lend with
    interest
       Loan     Sum of money to be returned with interest
       Owe     To be in debt to somebody; to owe money to somebody
       Petty cash     Small amount of cash available for everyday expenses
       Receipt     Written statement that money has been paid
       Refund     Pay back money received;  reimburse
       Tip     Small sum of money given to a waiter, taxi driver, etc.
       Withdraw     Take money from a bank account

NEGOTIATIONS
Vocabulary
 
  Person or company that acts for another and provides a
    Agent
specified service
    Agreement   Arrangement between two or more people or companies
    Bargain price   Reduced price
    Bedrock price   Lowest possible price
    Commitment   Engagement or undertaking;  to commit oneself
  Each party gives up certain demands in order to reach an
    Compromise
agreement.
    Condition   A stipulation or requirement which must be fulfilled  
    Contract   Written agreement between two or more parties
    Counter-offer   Offer made in response to an offer by the other party
    Counter-
  Having the opposite effect to that intended
productive
    Deal   A business transaction
    Discount   Reduction in price
    Estimate   Approximate calculation of the cost
    Facilities   Equipment (e.g. parking facilities)
    Feasible   Possible, something that can be done
    Figure out   Find a solution;  estimate the cost
    Know-how   Practical knowledge or skill
  A way of entering a foreign market by joining with a foreign
    Joint Venture company
  to manufacture or market a product or service.
  Discuss a business deal or contract in order to reach an
    Negotiate
agreement
  Draw attention to something (e.g. the advantages of your
    Point out
proposal)
  Course of action, or plan, put forward for consideration;
    Proposal
  to make a proposal
    Quote   Give an estimated price (a quotation)
    Range   A selection of products sold by a company
    Rebate   Reduction or discount
    Supply   Provide customers with goods or services
    Supplier   Person or company that supplies goods or services
  An offer, in writing, to execute work or supply goods at a
    Tender
fixed price
  Describes equipment ready for use or operation
    Turnkey
  (e.g. plant or factory)
  Make too low an estimate of something (cost, danger,
    Underestimate
difficulty)
    Work out   Calculate (e.g. the price of something);  find a solution
   

PRESENTATIONS
Vocabulary

useful phrases for presentations

 

     Audience  Group of listeners or spectators  

 Communication through facial expressions,
   Body language
body movements, etc.
   Chart
 Sheet of information in the form of a table,
graph or diagram

   Diagram
 Graphic representation of a situation e.g. the
results of an action
   Flip chart
 Pad of large paper sheets on a stand for
presenting information
   Focus (on)  Concentrate on something
   Graph
 Diagram showing the relation between variable
quantities

   Guidelines
 Advice or instructions given in order to guide
or direct an action
   Handout  Written information (report etc) given to people
 at a presentation
   Key point  Essential or main point
   Ladies &  Polite way of addressing an audience of men
Gentlemen and women
 Pen with a felt tip used for writing on a
   Marker
whiteboard
 Electrical instrument used to amplify the
   Microphone
speaker's voice
 Overhead transparency : sheet of film with an
   O.H.T. image or
 printed information for overhead projector
   Objective  What one wants to achieve;  aim
   Outline  Brief description or presentation
   Overhead
 Device that projects an O.H.T. onto a screen
projector
   Overview  Short presentation of the main points
 Rod or stick used to indicate things on a map,
   Pointer
screen, etc.
 Flat, reflective blank surface on which films,
   Screen
slides etc. are projected
 Phrases used to help focus the audience's
   Signposting
attention on different
language
 parts of a presentation
   Slide  Small photographic transparency
 Make a summary of the essential points; sum
   Summarize
up
   Topic  Subject of a discussion or talk
 Image or information printed on transparent
   Transparency
plastic or film
 Aids such as charts, slides, etc used at a
   Visual aids
presentation
 Flat white board on which to write or draw with
   Whiteboard
markers
 

PRESENTATIONS
Useful Phrases
   Presentation Vocabulary                                                                                                            
Presentation Basics

Preparation is essential for an effective presentation.

When giving a presentation, certain keywords are used to signpost the different stages.
 It's a good idea to memorize them and practise using them, so that they come to mind easily during a
presentation.
 
  ►Starting the presentation    • Good morning/good afternoon ladies and  
gentlemen
   •The topic of my presentation today is ...
   • What I'm going to talk about today is ...
    •The purpose of this presentation is ...
 ►Why you are giving this
   •This is important because ...
presentation
   • My objective is to ...
   •The main points I will be talking about are
     firstly ...
 ►Stating the main points
     secondly...
     next, finally... we're going to look at ...
 ►Introducing the first point    • Let's start/begin with ...
 ►Showing graphics,    • I'd like to illustrate this by showing you...
transparencies, slides etc.
 ►Moving on to the next point    • Now let's move on to  ...
   • I'd like to expand on this aspect/problem/point
   • Let me elaborate on that
 ►Giving more details
   • Would you like me to expand on/elaborate on
that?
 ►Changing to a different topic    • I'd like to turn to something completely different
 ►Referring to something which    • I'd like to digress here for a moment and just
is off the topic mention that ...
 ►Referring back to an earlier    • Let me go back to what I said earlier about ...
point
   • I'd like to recap the main points of my
presentation
     - first I covered
 ►Summarizing or repeating the      - then we talked about
main points      - finally we looked at
   • I'd  now like to sum up the main points which
were:
   • I'm going to conclude by... saying that/inviting
you to/ quoting ...
 ►Conclusion
   • In conclusion, let me... leave you with this
thought/invite you to
   • Finally, I'll be happy to answer your questions.  

 ►Questions    • Now I'd like to invite any questions you may

have.
   • Do you have any questions?

TELEPHONE
Useful telephone vocabulary and phrases in English
 
  ►Making contact  Hello/Good morning/Good afternoon ..  
 This is John Brown speaking.
  Could I speak to .......... please?
I'd like to speak to .......... please. 
 I'm trying to contact ..........

 
  ►Giving more
      •  I'm calling from Tokyo/Paris/New York/Sydney
information       •  I'm calling on behalf of  (Mr. X ...)
 
 X speaking
  ►Taking a call  Can I help you?

 Who's calling please?

 Who's speaking?
  ►Asking for a
name/information  Where are you calling from?
   Are you sure you have the right
number/name?

 Hold the line please

  ►Asking the caller to  Could you hold on please
wait  Just a moment please

 Thank you for holding

 The line's free now  ..... I'll put you through
  ►Connecting  I'll connect you now / I'm connecting you
now.

 I'm afraid the line's engaged.   Could you call

back later?
 I'm afraid he's in a meeting at the moment
 I'm sorry.  He's out of the office today / He
isn't in at the moment.
  ►Giving negative  I'm afraid we don't have a Mr/Mrs/Miss ...
information here
   I'm sorry.  There's nobody here by that
name.
 Sorry.  I think you've dialled the wrong
number.
           I'm afraid you've got the wrong
number.

   ►Telephone problems  The line is very bad.  Could you speak up  

  please?
 Could you repeat that please?
 I'm afraid I can't hear you.
 Sorry.  I didn't catch that.  Could you say that
 again please?

 Can I leave/take a message?

 Would you like to leave a message?
 Could you give him/her a message?
   Could you ask him/her to call me back?
   ►Leaving/taking a  Would you like him/her to call you back?
message  Could you tell him/her that I called?
 
 Could you give me your name please?
 Could you spell that please?
 What's your number please?