Introduction

Global warming has become one of the biggest problems to mankind faces these days. Global warming
occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in the
atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface.Global
warming, the phenomenon of increasing average air temparature near the surface of earth over the
past one to two centuries. Climate scientists have since the mid-20th century gathered detailed
observations of various weather henomena (such as temperatures, precipitation, and storms) and of
related influences on climate (such as ocean currents and the atmosphere’s chemical composition).
These data indicate that Earth’s climate has changed over almost every conceivable timescale since the
beginning of geologic time and that the influence of human activities since at least the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution has been deeply woven into the very fabric of climate change. Over the last several
decades, climate change has evolved from a polarizing discussion to what will likely be the largest
collaborative research project of our generation. While many aspects of climate change are still
misunderstood, there is little debate that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising
at an alarming rate. This rise is considered the main cause behind an increase in global temperature, which
has set in motion a chain reaction of climatic events. Climate change impacts rising sea levels. Average
sea level around the world rose about 8 inches (20 cm) in the past 100 years; climate scientists expect it
to rise more and more rapidly in the next 100 years as part of climate change impacts. Sea surface
temperature (SST) rise and sea-level rise (SLR) on cyclonic storm surge flooding in western
Bangladesh. Cyclones are violent Storms with an intense spiral and accompanied by strong winds and heavy
rains. They are caused due to strong winds blowing around the central area having low atmospheric
pressure. Water vapor rises in the atmosphere where it cools down. When water vapor changes back into
liquid the heat is released into the atmosphere. This warms the air around it.The warm air tends to rise and
causes a drop in the pressure. The air moves from surrounding high-pressure areas to the central low-
pressure area. This cycle is repeated. The chain of events leads to the formation of very low-pressure
system surrounded by with very high-speed winds. This weather condition is a cyclone. As cyclones
develop, they pull warm water from the oceans into their cloud systems. This precipitates
out as heavy rainfall. Heavy rains associated with cyclones lead to flash floods, a major cause
of deaths during a cyclone .
Statements of the problem
Bangladesh is frequently visited by natural disasters such as tropical cyclones, storm
surges, floods, droughts, tornadoes, and “norwesters.” Of these, tropical cyclones
originating in the Bay of Bengal and associated storm surges are the most disastrous.
There are various reasons for the disastrous effects of cyclones and storm surges in
Bangladesh. Superimposed on these disastrous effects, climate change and any
consequent sea level rise are likely to add fuel to the fire. Arise in temperature is likely
to change cyclone activity: cyclone intensity, if not cyclone frequency, may increase. As
a result, storm surges may also increase substantially. Sea level rise, an increase in
cyclone intensity, and consequent increases in storm surge heights will have disastrous
effects on a deltaic country like Bangladesh, which is not much above the mean sea
level. This paper examines the climatology of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal for the last
110 years and trends in cyclone frequency and intensity. The phenomenon of storm
surges in the Bay of Bengal is examined along with the primary reasons for the severity
of storm surges in Bangladesh. The paper discusses both qualitatively and
quantitatively the impacts of rises in temperature on tropical cyclone intensity in
Bangladesh. With the use of a mathematical model developed for the simulation of
storm surges along the Bangladesh coast, various scenarios of storm surges are
developed. Using lower and upper bounds of sea surface temperature rise of 2 and 4°C
and of sea level rise of 0.3 and 1.0 m (according to the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change standard), the model simulates the maximum possible surges that are
likely to occur under these conditions.

Referral link- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-1053-4_16

Bhola Cyclone (November 11, 1970): The cyclone claimed the lives of at least 300,000 people in the
low-lying region near the Bangladesh coast. This is the deadliest known tropical cyclone in the
history of Bangladesh. The April 1991 Cyclone: A powerful tropical cyclone struck the Chittagong
district of southeastern Bangladesh on April 29, 1991. At least 138,000 people were killed by the
cyclone. It caused a damage of around $1.5 billion. Barisal Cyclone (May 11, 1965): At least 19,279
people were killed in a cyclone that hit the coastal areas. Out of the casualties, 16,456 were in Barisal.
The cyclone hit with a wind speed of about 160 km per hour associated with storm surge of 3.7-7.6
metre. The December 1965 Cyclone: A cyclone hit the country on December 15, 1965 with a wind
speed of about 217 km per hour and 2.3-3.6 metre storm surges. It claimed the lives of 873 people.
The October 1966 Cyclone: The cyclone hit the coastal area on October 1, 1966 with a wind speed of
about 139 km per hour associated with storm surges of 6-7 metre. About 850 people died in the
cyclone. Urir Char Cyclone (May 25, 1985): A severe cyclone hit the country with a wind speed of 154
km per hour and 3.0-4.6 metre storm surges. At least 11,069 people were killed and 94,379 houses
were damaged. Cyclone 04B (November 30, 1988): A severe cyclonic storm struck the coastal areas
with a wind speed of 162 km per hour accompanied by a storm surge of 4.5 metre. At least 5,708
people died in the storm. May 1997 Cyclone: A cyclone with a wind speed of about 230 km per hour
lashed the coastal line on May 19, 1997 killing 155 people. Cyclone Sidr (November 15, 2007):
Cyclone Sidr hit the country’s coastal belt with a wind speed of 223 km per hour that claimed the
lives of 3,363 people. Cyclone Aila (May 25, 2009): Cyclone Aila hit offshore 15 districts of
southwestern part of Bangladesh with wind speed of 120 km per hour. About 150 persons were
killed and 200,000 houses were damaged in the storm. Cyclone Mahasen (May 16, 2013): Cyclone
Mahasen hit near Chittagong with a wind speed of 85 km per hour. It caused death of 17 people.
Cyclone Roanu (May 21, 2016): Cyclone Roanu made landfall near Chittagong killing 26 people.
Around 40,000 houses were damaged in the storm.