LINEAR EQUATION

IN
TWO VARIABLES

ML - 7

LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

An equation of the form ax + b = 0 where a and b are real numbers and ‘x’ is a variable, is called a
linear equation in one variable.

Here ‘a’ is called coefficient of x and ‘b’ is called as a constant term. i.e. 3x + 5 = 0, 7x - 2 = 0 etc.

LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 where a,b,c are real numbers and a, b  0, and x, y are
variable, is called a linear equation in two variables, here ‘a’ is called coefficient of x, ‘b’ is called
coefficient of y and ‘c’ is called constant term.

Any pair of values of x and y which satisfies the equation ax + by + c = 0, is called a solution of it.

Ex.1 Prove that x = 3, y = 2 is a solution of 3x - 2y = 5.

Sol. x = 3, y = 2 is a solution of 3x - 2y = 5, because L.H.S. = 3x - 2y = 3 × 3 - 2 × 2 = 9 - 4 = 5 = R.H.S.

i.e. x = 3, y = 2 satisfied the equation 3x - 2y = 5.

 it is solution of the given equation.

Ex.2 Prove that x = 1, y = 1 as well as x = 2, y = 5 is a solution of 4x - y - 3 = 0.

Sol. Given eq. is 4x - y - 3 = 0 ....(i)

First we put x= 1, y = 1 in L.H.S. of eq...(i)

Here L.H.S. = 4x - y - 3 = 4 × 1 - 1 - 3 = 4 - 4 = 0 = R.H.S.

Now we put x = 2, y = 5 in eq. (i)

 L.H.S. = 4x - y - 3 = 4 × 2 - 5 - 3 = 8 - 8 = 0 = R.H.S.

Since, x = 1, y = 1 and x = 2, y = 5 both pair satisfied in given equation therefore they are the
solution of given equation.

Ex.3 Determine whether the x = 2, y = -1 is a solution of equation 3x + 5y - 2 = 0.

Sol. Given eq, is 3x + 5y - 2 = 0 ....(i)

Taking L.H.S. = 3x + 5y - 2 = 3 × 2 + 5 × (-1) - 2 = 6 - 5 - 2 = 1  0

Here L.H.S.  R.H.S. therefore x = 2, y = - is not a solution of given equations.

GRAPH OF A LINEAR EQUATION

(A) in order to draw the graph of a linear equation in one variable we may follow the following
algorithm.

Step I : Obtain the linear equation.

b 
Step II: If the equation is of the form ax = b, a  o, then plot the point  ,0  and one more point
a 

b 
 ,   when  is any real number. If the equation is of the form ay = b, a  0 , then plot the
a 

 b  b
point  0,  and   ,  where  is any real number.
 a  a

Step III : Joint the points plotted in step II to obtain the required line.

NOTE :

If eq. is in form ax = b then we get a line parallel to Y-axis and if eg. is in form ay = b then we get
a line parallel to X-axis.

Ex.4 Draw the graph of

(i) 2x + 5 = 0 (ii) 3y - 15 = 0

Sol. (i) Graph of 2x + 5 = 0

5
On simplifying it we get 2x = - 5  x = -
2
  5   5 
First we plot point A1   ,0  & then we plot any other point A2   ,2  on the graph paper,
 2   2 
then we join these two points we get required line  as shown in figure below.

(ii) Graph of 3y - 15 = 0

15
On simplifying it we get 3u = 15  y = f = 5.
3

First we plot the point B1 (0, 5) & then we plot any other point B2 (3, 5) on the graph paper, then

we join these two points we get required line m as shown in figure.

NOTE :

A point which lies on the line is a solution of that equation. A point not lying on the line is not a
solution of the equation.

(B) In order to draw the graph of a linear equation ax + by + c = 0 may follow the following
algorithm.

Step I : Obtain the linear equation ax + by + c = 0.

  ab  c   by  c 
Step II : Express y in terms of x i.e. y =    or x in terms of y i.e. x   .
 b   a 

Step III : Put any two or three values for x or y and calculate the corresponding values of y or x
respectively from the expression obtained in Step II. Let we get points as ( 1 , 1 ), ( 2 , 2 ), ( 3 , 3 ) .

Step IV : Plot the points ( 1 ,  1 ), ( 2 ,  2 ), ( 3 ,  3 ) on graph paper.

Step V : Joint the pints marked in step IV to obtain. The line obtained is the graph of the equation

ax +by + c = 0.

Ex.5 Draw the graph of the line x – 2y = 3, from the graph find the coordinate of the point when

(i) x = - 5 (ii) y = 0

Sol. Here given equation is x - 2y = 3.

x3
Solving it for y we get 2y = x - 3  y =
2

0  3 3
Let x = 0, then y  
2 2

33
x = 3, then y = 0
2

2  3 5
x = - 2, then y =  Hence we get
2 2

x 0 3 -2

y 3 0 5
 
2 2
Clearly when x = - 5 then y = - 4 and when y = 0 then x = 3.
Ex.6 Draw the graphs of the lines represented by the equations x + y = 4 and 2x - y = 2 in the same
graph. Also find the coordinate of the point where the two lines intersect.

Sol. Given equations are

x + y = 4 ......(i) & 2x - y = 2 ......(ii)

(i) We have y=4-x

x 0 2 4

y 4 2 0

(ii) We have y = 2x - 2

x 1 0 3

y 0 -2 4
 By drawing the lines on a graph paper, clearly we can say that P is the point of intersection where
coordinates are x = 2, y = 2

DIFFERENCE FORMS OF A LINE

(a) Slope of a Line :

If a line makes an angle  with positive direction of x-axis then tangent of this angle is called the
slope of a line, it is denoted by m i.e. m = tan  .

(i) Slope - intercept from is y = mx + c where m is the slope of line and c is intercept made by line
with

Y-axis.

(ii) The equation of a line passing through origin is y = mx. Here c= 0 then the line passes always
from origin.
 x y
(iii) Intercept from of line is   1 where a & b are intercepts on positive direction of x-axis
a b
and y-axis respectively made by line.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

b
Let ax + b = 0 is one equation then ax + b = 0  ax + - b  x = - is a solution.
a

x x
Ex.7 Solve :  3
2 3

x x x x
Sol. Given  3    3
2 3 2 3

3x  2 x
 3
6

x
 3
6
  x = 18 Ans.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLE

(a) By Elimination of Making Equal Coefficient :

Ex.8 Solve the following equations

2x - 3y = 5

3x + 2y = 1

Sol. Given eq. are 2x - 3y = 5 .....(i)

3x + 2y = 1 ....(ii)

Multiplying 1 eg.(i) by 3 and eg. (ii) by 2 we get

6x  9 y  15
On subtraction _ 6x  _ 4y  _ 2
 9 y  4 y  15  2

 -13y = 13

13
 y
 13

 y = -1

Put the value of y in eg. (i) we get

2x - (3) × (-1) = 5

2x + 3 = 5

 2x = 5 - 3

 2x = 2

 x=1

 x = 1, y = 1 Ans.

(b) Substitution Method :

Ex.9 Solve x + 4y = 14 ....(i)

 7x - 3y = ...(ii)

Sol. From equation (i) x = 14 - 4y

Substitute the value of x in equation (ii)

 7 (14 - 4y) - 3y = 5

 98 - 28y - 3y = 5

 98 - 31y = 5

 93 = 31y

93
 y=
31

 y=3

Now substitute value of y in equation (ii)

 7x - 3 (3) = 5

 7x - 3 (3) = 5

 7x = 14

14
 x= =2
7

So, solution is x = 2 and y = 3. Ans.

 EXERCISE

OBJECTIVE DPP # 7.1

1. Which of the following equation is not linear equation ?

2
(A) 2x + 3 = 7x - 2 (B) x + 5 = 3x - 4 (C) x2 + 3 = 5x - 3 (D) (x - 2)2 = x2 + 8
3

2. Solution of equation 3 x - 2 = 2 3 + 4 is

(A) 2( 3  1) (B) 2(1  3 ) (C) 1  3 (D) 2(1  3 )

6 x  5 3x  5
3. The value of x which satisfy  is
4x  7 2 x  6

(A) -1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) -2

xa xb xc

4. Solution of    3 is
bc ca ab

(A) a + b - c (B) a - b + c (C) -a + b + c (D) a + b + c

5. A man is thrice as old as his son. After 14 years, the man will be twice as old as his son, then

present age of this son.

(A) 42 years (B) 14 years (C) 12 years (D) 36 years

6. One forth of one third of one half of a number is 12, then number is

(A) 284 (B) 286 (C) 288 (D) 290

7. A linear equation in two variables has maximum

(A) only one solution (B) two solution (C) infinite solution (D) None of these

8. Solution of the equation x - 2y = 2 is/are

 (A) x = 4, y = 1 (B) x = 2, y = 0 (C) x = 6, y = 2 (D) All of these

9. The graph of line 5x + 3y = 4 cuts Y-axis at the point

 4  3 4  5 
(A)  0 ,  (B)  0 ,  (C)  ,0  (D)  ,0 
 3  4 5  4 

10. If x = 1, y = 1 is a solution of equation 9ax + 12ay = 63 then, the value of a is

(A) -3 (B) 3 (C) 7 (D) 5

SUBJECTIVE DPP - 7.2

Solve the following linear equations in one variable

2 x  7 4x  3
1. If  , find the value of x3 + x2 + x + 1.
x2 2x  7

2. Determine whether x = 5, y = 4 is a solution of the equation x - 2y = - 3

Solve the following linear equations in two variable.

3. 8x - 5y = 34, 3x - 2y = 13

4. 20x + 3y = 7, 8y - 15x = 5

2x 1
5. 2x - 3y - 3 = 0, + 4y + =0
3 2

6. Draw the graph of 2x + 3y = 6 and use it to find the area of triangle formed by the line and co-
ordinate axis.

7. Draw the graph of the lines 4x - y = 5 and 5y - 4x = 7 on the same graph paper and find the
coordinates of their point of intersection.

8. Find two numbers such that five times the greater exceeds four times the lesser by 22 and three
times the greater together with seven times the lesser is 32.

9. Draw the graph of x - y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y - 12 = 0 on the same graph. Calculate the area
bounded by these lines & X-axis.

1
10. If p = 3x + 1, q = (9x + 13) and p : q = 6 : 5 then find x.
3
 ANSWER KEY

(Objective DPP # 7.1)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans. C D B D B C C D A B

(Subjective DPP # 7.2)

1
1. -104 2. Yes 3. x = 3, y = -2 4. x ,
5
y=1

21 3
5. x ,y   6. Area = 3 sq. units 7. x = 2, y
20 10
=3

8. 6,2 9. 7.5 sq. units 10. -7