STAT Con
STAT Con
STAT Con
I am writing this letter to openly support the passing of the House Bill No.
5343 “An Act Establishing the Autonomous Region of the Cordillera”, which was
filed by the congressmen representing six provinces and one city which will make
up the autonomous region. The bill had been filed with the House of
Representatives on March 20, 2017, by Representatives Teddy B. Baguilat Jr. of
Ifugao, Joseph Sto. Nino Bernos of Abra, Eleanor Bulut Begtang of Apayao,
Ronald M. Cosalan of Benguet, Maximo B. Dalog of Mountain Province, Allen
Jesse C. Mangaoang of Kalinga, and Mark O. Go of Baguio City. In the
widespread concern shown by our officials for the proposed Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, we have tended to forget the other
autonomous region provided in our Constitution – the Cordilleras of Northern
Luzon. This is the home of some 1.2 million indigenous peoples generally known
to lowlanders as Igorots although they actually belong to several ethnolinguistic
groups.
Early this year, a Cordillera Leaders Forum was convened where support
for the autonomous region solidified, with encouragement from the new
administration’s Secretary Jesus Dureza of the Office of the Presidential Adviser
on the Peace Process. President Duterte himself expressed his support for
Cordillera’s aspiration to become an autonomous region as mandated by the
Constitution.
Mindanao senators, congressmen, and other officials recently called for the
swift approval of House Bill 5343. Citing the support of Luzon legislators for the
Bangsamoro Organic Law, Mindanao congressmen sought to return the favor and
called for the swift passage of the organic law for CAR. “We must give our
brothers in the north the same autonomy we gave our brothers in the South” Rep.
Manuel F. Zubiri of Bukidnon said.
HISTORY
For years before the EDSA revolution of 1986, groups of Cordillera people
had carried out an insurgency against the national government, charging
discrimination and neglect and demanding recognition of their rights as indigenous
peoples in their ancestral domain. The Cordillera People’s Liberation Army led by
Conrado Balweg finally laid down its arms in an agreement signed in 1986. The
next year, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Executive Order 220 creating the
Cordillera Administrative Region, with these mandates – to administer the affairs
of government in the region, to accelerate its economic and social growth and
development, and to prepare for the establishment of a Cordillera autonomous
region. The Bangsamoro and the Cordillera regions became part of the 1987
Constitution, with Section 15, Article X:
The Cordillera and Muslim Mindanao are two of the regions in the country
that were given special treatment in the Constitution, the fundamental law of the
land, because the two regions have been mentioned to achieve autonomous status
as the means of the national government to correct whatever injustices that were
committed in the past wherein the said regions, although asymmetric, were
deprived of equitable chances of growth and development that could have resulted
to the putting in place of more development opportunities in the countryside.
The Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao was established in 1998 and
was later expanded several years later while the CAR maintained its temporary
status after two failed attempts to achieve autonomy primarily because of the
watered down version of the autonomy law when the Cordillera had its first crack
to establish an autonomous region during the plebiscite on January 30, 1990 where
the people overwhelmingly rejected the said law. Two organic acts establishing the
Cordillera Autonomous Region failed ratification in 1990 and 1998, with studies
revealing that this was due to the people’s lack of understanding of the autonomy
issue, compounded by misinformation drives by some sectors. Only Ifugao
province voted in favor of autonomy but the Supreme Court (SC) held that a
province cannot constitute an autonomous region. The same scenario was repeated
on March 7, 1998 when the Cordillerans again rejected the autonomy law that was
submitted to them for ratification during a plebiscite primarily because there was
lack of material time to campaign for its ratification considering that it was the
presidential elections then and only Apayao voted in favor of the autonomy law.
In March 2006, the Regional Development Council (RDC) which was tasked
to take over the functions of the defunked Cordillera bodies, the Cordillera
Executive board (CEB), the Cordillera Regional Assembly (CRA) and the
Cordillera Bodong Administration, embraced autonomy as its overarching agenda
for growth and development. The RDC-CAR was able to lobby with the previous
and present administrations the inclusion of meager funds for the region’s renewed
quest for autonomy, especially in the conduct of the required baseline survey to
ascertain the pulse of the Cordillerans in the region’s renewed quest for autonomy
and the succeeding pulse surveys, information education campaign, capability
building among others. For more than 12 years now, the RDC-CAR was able to
gain headway in the region’s renewed quest for autonomy having convinced all
Cordillera congressmen to file House Bill 5343 in the House of Representatives
and Senate Bill 1678 in the Senate.
In 2012, the RDC-CAR embarked in the Unity Gong Relay as one of the
major activities of the Cordillera month celebration wherein the gong, which is
commonly used in the celebration of rituals ad festivals in the region, is circulated
in the different provinces and cities to drum beat the region’s clamor for self-
governance. Now on its 7th year, the Unity gong Relay was able to instill
awareness among the people in the provinces the importance of achieving
autonomy in terms of charting their development thrusts although most of the time,
the informed sectors are the ones being met for the supposed information and
education campaign.
“We know that the sound of the gong when it is played is a call to all
people in the community to come and unite for celebration of life. We are
doing this not simply to commemorate Cordillera Day but to make known
our full support to House Bill 5343 entitled An Act Establishing the
Autonomous Region for the Cordillera,” Edubba (Vice Governor of
Kalinga) stressed.
Next, this whole journey towards national integration for the people of the
Cordillera from the time of the Commonwealth to the present Republic is another
historical process that must be evaluated and weighed objectively in order to steer
development towards a more sound, a more just, and a more sustainable
development for us in our region. This is in fact saying that the integration of the
Cordillera region and its people into the mainstream over the past century have
resulted in not a small measure to the socio-cultural, political, and economic
disintegration of our region. We should recall that at one time, a slice of the
Cordillera Region was integrated into Region I while the other half of our region
was integrated into Region II.
Many of our political decisions are being made above and outside of the
region for us. Most of our natural resources which include our mineral resources,
our trees and forests, as well as our rivers were transferred into the control of big
interests. Our region in the Cordillera has virtually been used and treated as a
resource base by and for bigger interests to our disadvantage. Integration and
development in its many faces for us has meant disadvantage. Meanwhile under
the present set-up our region continues to receive one of the lowest allocations
from the national budget. And so this is what we get for all the wealth of natural
resources that is being taken away from us. If this is the type of development that
will remain with us for the years to come it is not difficult to see where this will
lead us to. The creation of the Cordillera Administrative Region which was
supposed to prepare the way for an autonomous region of the Cordillera as
government’s recognition and response to correcting a past imbalance and an
unjust set-up. It should not therefore come as a surprise if the Regional
Development Council should sound out the call for the continued “quest for
autonomy” because it is only fulfilling a constitutional mandate.
DESIRED OUTCOME
In the 31 years of the 1987 Constitution, the Cordillera region has yet to
achieve real autonomy. It is today a progressive region contributing 1.8 percent to
the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP), principally through its agricultural
production of cabbage, rice, and corn.
With greater autonomy as the ARC, the Cordilleras under the House Bill No.
5343 will continue to have an annual assistance of P10 billion for the first five
years and P5 billion for the next five years, while the local government units will
continue to receive their Internal Revenue Allotments (IRA) like the rest of the
nation’s LGUs.
We, the people of the Cordillera Region are well known to the rest of the
country for their distinctive mountain culture. We live in the provinces of Abra,
Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Mountain Province, and the city of Baguio.
The provinces and city which vote in a plebiscite for the establishment of the
autonomous region would form the ARC.
The organization of ARC in the far north of the country could serve as
model for other regions of the country should a federal system of government is set
up for the country under a new Constitution. There will be the other region in the
far south – the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region, for which a law has also been
filed in Congress.
Thus, in previous and initial discussions, formal and informal, some points
and consensus have become clearer:
(a) That the concept of autonomy for the Cordillera Region should
never be discriminating in any manner against any particular person or group
of people but should consider all people living in the region as natives and
citizens of the region with equal rights, privileges, and opportunities. If
Cordillera autonomy does not carry this principle then it should not even be
discussed at all.
The quest for Cordillera autonomy is a decades-old struggle awash with the
blood of martyrs, like Kalinga chieftain Macli-ing Dulag and nameless others who
fought attempts by multinational corporations, private armies and the national
government to seize control of our ancestral land and the natural resources. It is
borne out of years of oppression and exploitation. Autonomy’s roots were
imbedded more than a century ago when Cordillera tribes fought Spanish rule even
without the concept of nationhood in their minds. Simply put, Cordillerans will kill
and die for their land.
The Americans established their dominion over the region by embracing the
culture of the tribes and becoming “White Apos” or self-proclaimed adopted sons.
Succeeding governments tried to cajole the people into assimilating
themselves into mainstream society through scholarship programs and jobs in the
mines.
I believe we voted not on the issue of autonomy itself but on the structure of
autonomy as contained in the organic act and the personalities behind the drive for
autonomy.
People voted “no” for various reasons. The Catholic hierarchy launched its
“no” campaign with the message that autonomy would just add another layer of
corruption where politicians would grease themselves with the pork of P10 billion
a year. The Left boycotted the plebiscite, saying that the organic act left
sovereignty over natural resources at the behest of the national government.
I ask myself what seems to be the conundrum, considering that most of the
region’s political leaders are behind autonomy. And there’s no doubt that billions
of pesos in funds promised in the proposed bill could lead to economic growth in
the region.
Perhaps this was the reason the previous attempts failed. Perhaps there were
feelings of indifference, apathy and indecision about autonomy because we were
fixated on the money and the political power that accompanied it. We failed to
focus on the essence of autonomy, on the reason our ancestors fought and died so
that we could talk of self-rule today—which is the right to self-determination.
House Bill 5343 aims to establish a political entity and provide for its basic
structure of government in recognition of the justness and cause of the Cordillerans
and to secure their identity and posterity and allow for meaningful governance.In
his explanatory note of the bill, Baguilat said the two previous Organic Acts for an
ARC were enacted but failed ratification mainly because of the people’s lack of
information and discussion on the pros and cons of governance.
During the hearing, Deputy Minority Leader and ABS Party-list Rep.
Eugene Michael de Vera said the basic problem in any failure of implementation of
the law is leadership deficiency.Mercado said the implementation of some local
government projects have not been completed although funds were properly given
to different departments.
“How come that some roads or buildings are not yet completed… there are
buildings that have no roof,” said Mercado. Mercado said the national government
can coordinate the needs of a specific region, but the implementation in the
localities is the problem.
Considering the question stated above, is it really a key for this region
to become more progressive? I’ve done my research, I’ve weighed the
consequences and benefits, and I can confidently say that it is a key, or maybe if
not a key, a stepping stone for the Cordillerans to become a more progressive
region as compared to what progress means to them now. This article below is one
of the articles written by the friend of my father who is a proud supporter of the
Autonomy Campaign since its first introduction and appeal to the Congress:
2) The powers and benefits of the region, including the different units within
it, shall not be diminished;
3) Nationally paid officials and employees will continue to be nationally
paid and the budgetary needs of the regional agencies where they belong
shall continue to be provided by the national government;
1. Administrative organization;
2. Creation of sources revenue;
3. Ancestral domain and natural resources;
4. Personal, family, and property relations;
5. Regional, urban, and rural planning development;
6. Economic, social, and tourism development;
7. Educational policies;
8. Preservation and development of the cultural heritage;
9. Powers, functions, and responsibilities now being exercised by the
departments of the national government, except with respect to certain
areas such as national security, postal management, foreign affairs,
postal service, coinage and fiscal and monetary policies, quarantine,
customs and tariffs, citizenship, naturalization, immigration and
deportation, general auditing, civil service and elections and foreign
trade.
In a consultation held in Mt. Province lately last year, the Indigenous
People raised a fearsome issue, “is the Ampatuan case a failure of
Autonomy?”
The rationale of autonomy is noble, and the concept does provide many
avenues for the people of the Cordilleras to develop themselves. I for one believe
that some form of self-determination is necessary for our people to realize their
potentials. We might even fail miserably in the exercise of this right, but in the end
we shall be better off realizing our folly. But current proponents must convince the
Cordillera people of the reality of oppression, and cite examples of how the current
dispensation is instrumental in suppressing the people’s right to self-determination.
Only when the people understand the problem shall they appreciate the solution.
However, the RDC and other government offices that are pushing for autonomy
are hardly expected to condemn the very government and system that they are part
of. They should point to current and actual examples of oppression and
exploitation that autonomy will solve. If they however continue on their current
path, then the “renewed quest for autonomy” shall fail, and rightly so.
“Only when the real intent of autonomy will be implemented can
autonomy be good.”
This was how Dr. Nagasura Madale, a cultural anthropologist who was
among the 58-man commission who drafted the organic act in Mindanao, describes
autonomy. He said that while funds are already allocated in Mindanao, if the
leaders in Mindanao will not lobby for their release, these will not be received by
the people. He said that this system continues to affect the development in
Mindanao. He said that when they drafted the organic act, it reflected what the
people clamored for in Mindanao. However, aside from not being able to finish the
organic act due to the limited time given to the commission, what they
accomplished was again revised by Congress before its approval. He added that
many provisions were changed which did not reflect what Mindanao wanted. He
said autonomy is good if it can be assured that the intention for its passage, which
the drafter of the organic act will come up with, will really be carried by Congress
which will pass the act.
Twenty two years ago Congressman, Atty. Billy Claver addressed the House
of Representatives quoting, “a Kalinga”, whom he described as, “Whose wisdom
now belongs to the ages”. Here, I lift passages from the book of selected speeches
by William F. Claver.
“Land is a grace that must be nurtured, enriched, made to bear fruit. Land is
sacred and beloved. From its womb spring the lives of the indigenous people of the
Cordillera.”
The words I have just quoted form part of the historic legacy bequeathed to
the Filipino people by Kalinga leader Macliing Dulag, who led the Cordillera
struggle for self-determination against the oppressive imposition of development
planned from above, without consultation with and consent from the people who
stood to be affected.
This is why the way some of us talk and negate each other in the current
autonomy quest is still too far in the dark. We seem to be in it so we can repeat the
same self-serving mistake one more time. This is not my personal opinion by the
way. It is a public perception that characterized how the quest’s past plebiscites
were judged.
However, what is the guarantee that when more funds will be at the
disposition of the regional leadership courtesy of the dawning of Cordillera
autonomy the same will be put to proper use this time? Now if there is no such
guarantee could be made, what good will autonomy brings to the people of the
region? As far as I am concerned, for so long as we do not change our
reprehensible attitude and ways when it comes to government funds, the Cordillera
could become autonomous or even become an independent country but its lot will
not change as a result.
SOME of the “what if” questions about autonomy keep recurring, but the
real answers would never come unless we go and try self-rule as provided in the
1987 Constitution. We cannot, for one, use the actual and real problems of the
existing autonomous region in Mindanao to measure the outcome of autonomy up
here in the Cordillera.
In the same token, the failure of democracy in one country cannot be the
basis to believe that it would fail in another nation before it is even tried. In the
same vein, a system’s actual success in one area is never an assurance of its
triumph in another.
This was the lesson I learned from one of my mentors when I was still in
college. What are the situations in which we can prove the truthfulness of this
idea? I’ll leave this question for your mind to ponder, dear legislators.
I may not yet be a lawyer to understand all the provisions of the bill but as
an optimistic leader, I don’t want us to be imprisoned by the “nightmares” or
negative experiences of other people in the past to hinder us in pursuing some good
proposals or programs towards peace and development in the region.
The supposed sad experiences in the ARMM will serve as a guide for
stakeholders in the quest for Cordillera autonomy in order to refine the bill and in
order for our region to catch up in terms of development with other regions by
coming up with policies, programs and projects for the Cordillera and for
Cordillerans.
At this juncture let me encourage that those at the helm of development for
our region should really sit down occasionally to study and assess what this
exercise and quest for autonomy is and what it means for us, specially the greater
majority of people in the Cordillera Region.
AUTONOMOUSLY YOURS,
THEA MAE M. WACAS