PH100 Tutorial 02

Course: Mechanics and Thermodynamics (PH100)
TUTORIAL #02
Simple Thermodynamic Systems:
1. The equation of state of an ideal gas is PV = nRT , where n and R are constants.
(a) Show that the volume expansivity 𝛽 is equal to 1/T.
(b) Show that the isothermal compressibility 𝜅 is equal to 1/P.
2. The equation of state of a van der Waals gas is given as

(P + va2 ) (v − b) = RT ,
where a, b, and R are constants. Calculate the following quantities:
(a) (∂P /∂v)T
(b) (∂P /∂T )v
From parts (a) and (b) calculate (∂v/∂T )P .
3. The equilibrium states of superheated steam are represented by Callendar's equation, thus:
v − b = rT
P
− Tam ,
where b, r, a, and m are constants. Calculate the volume expansivity 𝛽 as a function of T and
P.
4. (a) A block of copper at a pressure of 1 atm (approximately 100 kPa) and a temperature of
5°C is kept at constant volume. If the temperature is raised to 10°C, what will be the final
pressure?
(b) If the vessel holding the block of copper has a negligibly small thermal expansivity and
can withstand a maximum pressure of 1000 atm, what is the highest temperature to which
the system may be raised?
(Note: The volume expansivity 𝛽 and isothermal compressibility 𝜅 are not always listed in
handbooks of data. However, 𝛽 is three times the linear expansion coefficient 𝛼, and 𝜅 is the
reciprocal of the bulk modulus B.
For this problem, assume that the volume expansivity and isothermal compressibility remain
practically constant within the temperature range of 0 to 20°C at the values of 4.95 x 10-5 K-1
and 6.17 x 10-12 Pa-1, respectively.)
5. A block of copper at a pressure of 1 atm, a volume of 100 cm3, and a temperature of 10°C
experiences a rise in temperature of 5°C and an increase in volume of 0.005 cm3. Assuming
the volume expansivity and isothermal compressibility given in problem 4, calculate the final
pressure.
6. Consider a wire that undergoes an infinitesimal change from an initial equilibrium state to a
final equilibrium state.
(a) Show that the change of tension is equal to
dℑ =− α A Y dT + AY L
dL .
(b) A nickel wire of cross-sectional area 0.0085 cm2 under a tension of 20 N and a
temperature of 20°C is stretched between two rigid supports 1 m apart. If the temperature
is reduced to 8°C, what is the final tension? (Note: Assume that 𝛼 and Y remain constant
at the values of 1.33 x 10-5 K-1 and 2.1 x 106 Pa, respectively.)
7. The equation of state of an ideal elastic substance is

ℑ = KT ( L
L0
−
L02
L2 ),
where K is a constant and L0 (the value of L at zero tension) is a function of temperature
only.
(a) Show that the isothermal Young's modulus is given by
ℑ 3KT L02
Y = A
+ AL2
.
(b) Show that the isothermal Young's modulus at zero tension is given by
Y 0 = 3KT
A
.
(c) Show that the linear expansivity is given by
3 3
ℑ 1 L /L0 −1
α = α0 − AY T
= α0 − T L /L3−2
3 ,
0
where α0 is the value of the linear expansivity at zero tension, or

1 dL0
α0 = L0 dT
.
(d) Assume the following values for a sample of rubber: T = 300 K, K = 1.333 ✕ 10-2 N/K, A
= 1 x 10-6 m2, 𝛼0 = 5 x 10-4 K-1. When this sample is stretched to length L = 2L0, calculate
ℑ , Y, and 𝛼.
8. The surface tension of water 𝛾 in dynes per centimeter is given by the empirical equation
𝛾 = 75.796 - 0.145𝜃 - 0.00024𝜃2,
where 𝜃 is the Celsius temperature. Calculate the change of surface tension with respect to
temperature 𝜃, d𝛾/d𝜃
, at 10°C and 60°C.
9. From the critical point, 5.2 K, down to the λ-point, 2.2 K, of liquid 4 He, the surface tension is
given approximately by
= 0.05 Nm (1 − 5.2T K ) .
Plot 𝛾 against T in this temperature range.
10. The emf of a Weston rechargeable electrochemical cell varies with temperature according to
ℰ = ℰ20 + α (θ − 20o ) + β (θ − 20o )2 + γ (θ − 20o )3 , where
ℰ20 = 1.01827 V ,
α = − 4.06 × 10−6 V /deg ,
β = − 9.5 × 10−7 V /deg 2 ,
γ = + 1.0 × 10−8 V /deg 3 .
Calculate ℰ and dℰ /dT at 25°C.
11. Calculate ( ∂E / ∂T ) and ( ∂ρ / ∂T ), for a dielectric material obeying the equation,

ρ
V
=(a+ Tb )E.
12. Calculate (∂ℋ/∂T )ɱ and (∂ɱ/∂T )ℋ ( for a paramagnetic material that obeying the equation,
Ccℋ
ɱ= T
where Cc is the Curie constant.

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Course: Mechanics and Thermodynamics (PH100)

Simple Thermodynamic Systems:

2. The equation of state of a van der Waals gas is given as

7. The equation of state of an ideal elastic substance is

where α0 is the value of the linear expansivity at zero tension, or

11. Calculate ( ∂E / ∂T ) and ( ∂ρ / ∂T ), for a dielectric material obeying the equation,

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