Phase Resolve Partial Discharge

(1):  Inception Where the discharge H. A. Illias, G. Chen and P.

occurs above inception L. Lewin L. Calcara, “Partial
Voltage. voltages large voltages Discharge Modeling in a
 Initial existed across cavity, Spherical Cavity within a
electron where the discharge occurs Dielectric Insulation
at inception voltage less Material as a Function of
generation voltage existed across Frequency,” IEEE Electrical
rate. cavity. Insulation Conference, pp.
 Partial 55-59, 2009.
Current will be flowing in
discharge the cavity when the
repetition voltage is applied across
the cavity, current flowing
rate.
is zero when the
 Charge conductivity before
magnitude. discharge is set to zero.
 Partial Total number of discharges
Discharge per cycle depends upon
decay rate. the total positive and
negative charge in the
 Partial cycle.
Discharge at
low/high At less frequency large
time gap exists between
frequency. consecutive discharges I:e,
 Extinction T(inception) is more
voltage. significant as compared to
high frequency, so less
partial discharges existed
per cycle.
(2): Polarity of charges Under A.C voltage, the Kumari. Swati, and R.
polarity of charge acquired Sarathi, “Investigation of
acquired by by particle changes every Partial Discharge Activity
particles under cycle, so particles keeps of a conducting Particle in
A.C. rolling on ground Nanofluid under
 electrode. The number of Composite Voltages,” IEEE
discharges are observed to International Conference
be higher at higher voltage on Industrial and
under AC voltages as Information Systems
compared to DC composite (ICIIS), pp. 358-361, 2018.
voltages.
(3): PRPD Patterns in: PD occurs in the void when Hazlee. Illias, Teo. Soon.
the electric field in the void Yuan, Ab. Halim. Abu.
is higher than the inception Bakkar, Hazlie. Mokhlis,
 Void field and there is an initial George. Chen and Paul. L.
Discharge. free electron to start an Lewin, “Partial Discharge
avalanche process. Since Patterns in High Voltage
 Surface the process of having a Insulation,” IEEE
Discharge. free electron is random, International Conference
 Corona the occurrence of a void on Power and Energy, pp.
discharge is also random. 750-755, 2012.
Discharge.
Surface discharge occurs
when the electric field at
the surface of the
electrode exceeds the
breakdown strength of gas,
ionizations of air near the
surface of electrode occur.
This is due to the
tangential field on the
insulation surface is high
enough to cause PDs along
the surface of the material.
The surface discharges
keep occurring until the
transient activity stops.
When the applied voltage
is increased, the number of
electrons ionization
increases and electron
avalanche can grow longer
along the material surface.

Corona Discharge occurs

when the applied voltage
at the electrode (sharp
point) exceeds the
 breakdown strength of the
gas, ionizations of the air
near the sharp point
electrode occur. Positive
and negative streamers are
formed depending on the
applied voltage polarity.
These streamers are
corona discharges. Corona
discharges keeps occurring
until the transient activity
stops, the discharge
becomes self-sustained
and a steady glow appears
close to the anode.

(4): Symmetry of PRPD If the void is located in the Hazlee. Illias, Teo. Soon.
middle of the material the Yuan, Ab. Halim. Abu.
pattern in void: electric field is symmetrical Bakkar, Hazlie. Mokhlis,
across the void therefore, George. Chen and Paul. L.
the PRPD pattern across Lewin, “Partial Discharge
the void is also Patterns in High Voltage
symmetrical. Insulation,” IEEE
International Conference
on Power and Energy, pp.
750-755, 2012.
(5): Size of cavities The cavities generated by L. Calcara, M. Pompili and
the initiating streamers F. Muzi, “Standard
resulting from have been determined to Evolution of Partial
streamer range in size from 2-10um, Discharge Detection in
initiation. Cavities are enclaves Dielectric Liquids,” IEEE
where the PD may take Trans. Dielectr. Electri.
place. PD first appearance Insul., Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 2-
produces expansion which 6, 2017.
will going to increase and
ultimately resulting in
breakdown.

The partial discharge

pulses occur in bursts, with
pulses in ascending
magnitude as the bubble
within the liquid expands in
 volume under rising
vapour pressure.
(6): Impact of low and Slow streamer propagates Q. Liu and W. Lu,
because of ionization of “Prebreakdown and
high potential low ionization molecules, breakdown mechanisms of
molecules on slow oils consists of lower an inhibited gas to liquid
streamer and fast number of low ionization hydrocarbon transformer
potential molecules e:g, oil under positive lightning
streamer. (aromatic compounds), impulse voltage,” IEEE
possess high breakdown Trans. Dielectr. Electri.
voltage. Insul., Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.
2450-2461, 2016.
While Fast streamers
propagates because of
ionization of high
ionization potential
molecules like (napthalene
and paraffin), Oils having
high amount of these
compounds possess low
inception streamer
voltages.
(7): Impact of Oils having low inception Q. Liu and W. Lu,
voltage for Slow streamers “Prebreakdown and
Shielding effect on results in greater number breakdown mechanisms of
Slow and Fast of streamer branches and an inhibited gas to liquid
streamer offshoots, These increased hydrocarbon transformer
number of branches cause oil under positive lightning
propagation: shielding effect which impulse voltage,” IEEE
retards the initiation of fast Trans. Dielectr. Electri.
streamers as a result Oils in Insul., Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.
which slow streamer 2450-2461, 2016.
occurs at low voltages,
generally possess high
propagation voltages for
Fast streamers.
(8): Streamer growth: Streamer results from the J. Li, W. Si, X. Yao, and Y.
transition of liquid to gas Li, “Partial Discharge
phase, and is initiated at Characteristics over
the high field site, the Differently Aged
bubble at the head of Oil/pressboard Interfaces,”
streamer results in further IEEE Trans. Dielectr.
growth of streamer(tree)- Electri. Insul., Vol. 16, No.
branches, offshoots. 6, pp. 1640-1647, 2010.
(9): Deterioration When a partial discharge M. Ghaffarian Niasar, N.
occurs the coupling Taylor, P. Janus, X. Wang,
caused by partial capacitor transfers an H. Edin and R. Clemence
discharge, Transfer amount of apparent charge Kiiza, “Partial Discharges in
of charge by ( to the test object which a Cavity Embedded in Oil-
also pass through the
coupling capacitor. detection impedance in
Impregnated Paper: Effect
of Electrical and Thermal
series with the test object)
Aging,” IEEE Trans.
and builds a voltage across
it which can be detected. Dielectr. Electri. Insul., Vol.
22, No. 2, pp. 1071-1079,
Deterioration caused by PD 2015.
is mainly because of PD by-
products ( such as nitric
acids and ozone) and direct
physical attack on the
insulation by ion and
electron bombardment
causing bond-scissions.

(10): Size of Nanoparticles having size R. Kochetov, P. H. F.

smaller than 80nm are Morshuis, J. J. Smit, T.
nanoparticles. termed as small particles, Andritsch, and A. Krivda,
whereas those having size “Precautionary remarks
between 80nm-2000nm regarding synthesis of
are termed as medium size nanocomposites,” in
particles while greater than
proceedings of the 32nd
2000nm are termed as
Electrical Insulation
larger particles, small
particles tend to Conference, pp. 51-54,
agglomeration in air 2014.
resulting in larger particles
while small particles are
short lived and tend to
agglomerate resulting
larger particles.
(11): Stability and size A nanofluid is theoretically S. K. Das, S. U. S. Choi, W.
stable if the particle size is Yu, and T. Pradeep,
of nanoparticles. less than 100nm. Nanofluids Science and
Nevertheless, it is difficult Technology, Wiley-
to maintain this size due to
 attractive forces between Interscience, New York,
nanoparticles because of NY, USA, 2008.
gravity and the fact that
density of nanoparticles is
less than oil.
(12): Sonication time Size of nanoparticles tend I.Palabiyik, Z. Musina, S.
to decrease continuously Witharana, Y. Ding,
and size of with the increase in “Dispersion stability and
nanoparticles. sonication time and thermal conductivity of
becomes stationary after propylene glycol-based
reaching a specific nanofluids,” J. Nanopart,
sonication time.
Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 5049-
5055, 2011.
(13): Aglomeration of
nano-particles and
Vander wall
forces.

Methodology:

(Oil) (Concentration of nano-particles)

1: Sunflower Without With With With
nanoparticles 0.1gm/liter 0.5gm/liter 1gm/liter
Oil
2: Jamba Oil Without With With With
nanoparticles 0.1gm/liter 0.5gm/liter 1gm/liter

Expected Result:
Vander wall forces exists between nanoparticles with in oil, these forces
are stronger when the distance between particles is small and results in agglomeration, as in case
of 0.1gm/liter concentration of nanoparticle, no. Of particles dispersed are less in number So, the
distance between particles is larger and Vander wall forces are not dominant So, there are less
chances of agglomeration and partial discharge inception voltage, partial discharge magnitude,
no. Of partial discharges for positive and negative half cycle of applied AC is less, less no of
electrons in void and large extinction voltage.