www.bookspar.

com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

Network Analysis (Subject Code: 06ES34)

Transient Behavior and Initial Conditions
• Introduction
• Initial Conditions in Networks
• V-I Relationship of Network Elements
• Initial Conditions in Network Elements
• Procedure for Evaluating Initial Conditions
• Solution of Initial Value Problems

I. Initial Conditions in Networks:

There are many reasons for studying initial (and final) conditions;
(i) The most important reason is that initial conditions must be known to evaluate the
arbitrary constants that appear in the general solution of the differential equations
(ii)The initial conditions give knowledge of the behavior of the elements at the instant
of switching
At reference time t=0, the switch is closed (we assume that switch act in zero
time). To differentiate between the time immediately before and immediately
after the operation of a switch, we will use –ve and +ve signs. Thus conditions
- -
existing just before the switch is operated will be designated as i (0 ), v (0 ) etc.
+ +
Conditions after as i (0 ), v (0 ) etc. Initial conditions in a network depend on the
- +
past history of the network prior to t =0 and the network structure at t = 0 , after
switching. The evaluation of all voltages and currents and their derivatives at t =
+
0 , constitutes the evaluation of initial conditions. Some times we use conditions
at t = ; these are known as final conditions

II. V-I Relationships of Network Elements:

(i) Resistor:

v(t)=R.i(t) and i(t) = v(t)/R

(ii) Inductor:
t
v(t)= L di(t)/dt and i(t) = v(t) dt
-
0

t
-
v(t)= L di(t)/dt and i(t) = (1/L) v(t) dt +iL (0 )
-
0

1
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

(iii)Capacitor:

t
v(t) = (1/C) i(t) dt and i(t) = C dv(t)/dt
-
0

t
-
v(t) = (1/C) i(t) dt +VC (0 ) and i(t) = C dv(t)/dt
-
0

III. Initial Conditions in Network Elements:

(i) Resistor: In resistor, current and voltage are related by ohm’s law v(t)=R.i(t).
From this relation, the current through a resistor will change
instantaneously if the voltage changes instantaneously.

(ii) Inductor:

When switch is closed at t = 0, the current through an inductor cannot change

instantaneously. As a result, closing of a switch to connect an inductor to a
source of energy will not cause current to flow at that instant and inductor will
act as an open circuit.
If a current of I0 amps flows in the inductor at the instant of switching takes
+
place, that current will continue to flow & for the initial instant the (t=0 )
inductor can be considered as a current source of I0 amps

t 0- t

i(t) = (1/L) v(t) dt = (1/L) v(t) dt + (1/L) v(t)dt

- - 0-
t
-
i(t) = i(0 ) + (1/L) v(t) dt putting t = 0+ on both sides
0-

2
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

0+
i(0+) = i(0-) + (1/L) v(t) dt
0-

Therefore i(0+) = i(0-)

If i(0-)=0, then i(0+)=0 This means that inductor acts as a open circuit

Element and Initial Condition Equivalent Circuit at t=0+

The final condition (steady state condition) equivalent circuit of an inductor is derived
from the basic relationship v =L di/dt
Under steady state condition di/dt=0
This means v =0 and hence L acts as a short circuit at t = (final or steady state). The
final condition equivalent circuits of an inductor is shown in figure

Element and Initial Condition Equivalent Circuit at t=

(iii) Capacitor:

At t=0, switch is closed

We have, t
0- t
v(t) = (1/C) i(t) dt
v(t) = (1/C) i(t) dt +1/C i(t)dt
-
- 0-
t
-
v(t) = v(0 ) +1/C i(t)dt
0-
3
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

Evaluating the expression at t = 0+, we get

0+
v(0+) = v(0-) +1/C i(t)dt
0-
Therefore v(0+) = v(0-)
Thus the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously.
If v(0-)= 0, then v(0+) = 0. This means that t = 0+, capacitor acts as a short circuit.
If v(0-)= q0/C, then v(0+) = q0/C. This means that t = 0+, capacitor acts as a voltage
source.

Element and Initial Condition Equivalent Circuit at t=0+

The final condition (steady state condition) equivalent circuit of an inductor is derived
from the basic relationship i(t) =C dv(t)/dt
Under steady state condition dv(t)/dt=0. i.e. at t = , i(t)=0 this means that, t = ,
(final or steady state) capacitor acts as an open circuit. The final condition equivalent
circuits of a capacitor is shown in figure

Element and Initial Condition Equivalent Circuit at t=

IV. Procedure for Evaluating Initial Conditions:

There is no unique procedure that must be followed in solving for initial
conditions.
We usually to solve for initial values of currents and voltages, an equivalent network
of the original network at t = 0+ is constructed according to the following rules;
(i) Replace all inductors with open circuits or with current source having source
current equal to that flowing at time t=0+
(ii) Replace all capacitors with short circuits or with a voltage source of value v0=q0/c
if an initial charge q0.
(iii) Resistors are left in the network without change.

4
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

Step 1: Solve the initial values of variables namely currents, voltages and charge at
t=0+
Step 2: Solve the initial derivatives of variables at t =0+

V. Problems:
[1] In figure below, the switch ‘S’ is closed at t=0. Find the initial conditions i(0+)
and di(0+)/dt

Solution: At t =0+, the equivalent circuit is

Therefore i(0 +)=0

Applying KVL to the given circuit,

V = L di(t)/dt +R i(t)
At t =0+,
L di(0+)/dt +R i (0+)=V since i (0+)=0
di(0+)/dt=V/L

[2] In the network of figure below, If t=0, switch ‘k’ is closed. Find the values of
i, di/dt and d2i/dt2 at t =0+ for element values as follows; V= 100V, R= 1000
and L= 1H.

Solution: When t=0, switch ‘k’ is closed. Then, just after closing of switch, circuit
becomes

Therefore i(0 +)=0

5
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

Applying KVL to the given circuit, we have,

100 = R i(t) + L di(t)/dt (1)

+
At t =0
100 = R i(0+) + L di(0+)/dt (2)
Substituting the values of L, R, and i(0+), we get
100 = 1000 x 0 + 1x di(0+)/dt
Therefore di(0+)/dt =100 Amps/sec
Similarly, to find out second derivatives of the current, differentiate equation (2) with
respect to t.
0 = R di(0+)/dt + Ld2i(0+)/dt2
0 = 1000x100+1d2i(0+)/dt2
Therefore d2i(0+)/dt2 = -105 Amps/sec2

[3] Consider the R-C circuit shown below, switch ‘S’ is closed at t=0 and assume
that there is no initial charge in the capacitor. Find the initial conditions i(0+)
and di(0+)/dt

Solution: At t =0+, the equivalent circuit is

When t =0+, capacitor acts as a short circuit. Therefore i(0+)= v(t)/R

Applying KVL to the given circuit, we get

v(t) = i(t)R+1/C i(t)dt (1)
Differentiating equation (1), with respect to t, we get
0 =R di(t)/dt + i(t)/C
At t =0+, 0 =R di(0+)/dt + i(0+)/C
Rdi(0+)/dt = - i(0+)/C
di(0+)/dt = - i(0+)/RC
di(0+)/dt = - v/R2C (since i=v/R)

6
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

[4] In the given circuit, switch ‘K’ at t=0 is closed with the capacitor uncharged.
Find the values of (i) di/dt and (ii)d2i/dt2 at t =0+

Solution: When t=0, the switch ‘K’ is closed. Then circuit becomes

At t =0+, i(0+)= V/R=10/1000= 0.01 Amp.

Applying KVL to the given circuit, we get
V (t)= R i(t) +1/C i(t)dt (1)
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to t, we get
0 = R di(t)/dt + i(t)/C
At t =0+, R di(0+)/dt = - i(0+)/C
di(0+)/dt = - i(0+)/RC=-0.01/1000x1x10-6 = -10 Amps/sec
Differentiate equation (1) twice with respect to t, we get
R d2i(0+)/dt2 + 1/C di(0+)/dt =0
At t =0+, d2i(0+)/dt2 = -(1/CR)di(0+)/dt =-(1/1000x1x10-6) x(-10)=10000 Amps/sec2

[5] For the given circuit, find i(0+), di(0+)/dt and d2i(0+)/dt2 when t=0 switch ‘K’
is closed. Initially, Inductor having zero current and capacitor having zero
charge.

7
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

Solution: When t=0, switch ‘K’ is closed. Then circuit becomes

Therefore i(0 +)=0

Applying KVL to the given circuit at time t=0+

V (t)= R i(t) + L di(t)/dt +1/C i(t)dt (1)
Since Vc (0-)=0 Therefore 1/C i(t)dt =0 (because q0=0)
At t =0+, equation (1) becomes
V (t)= 0 + L di(0+)/dt +0
Therefore di(0+)/dt=V(t)/L Amps/sec
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to t, we get
0 = Rdi(t)/dt + L d2i(t)/dt2 +i(t)/C (2)
At t =0+, equation (2) becomes
0 = RV(t)/L + L d2i(0+)/dt2 + 0
Therefore d2i(0+)/dt2 = -RV(t)/L2 Amps/sec2

[6] In the given circuit, switch ‘K’ is closed at t=0 with capacitor uncharged and
zero current in the inductor. Find di(t)/dt and d2i(t)/dt2 at t = 0+

Solution: At t=0, the switch ‘K’ is closed. Then circuit becomes

Therefore i(0 +)=0

At t=0+, the inductor will act as an open circuit and capacitor will act as an short
circuit.

8
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

Applying KVL to the given circuit at time t=0+

V (t)= R i(t) + L di(t)/dt +1/C i(t)dt (1)
At t =0+, equation (1) becomes
V (0+)= R i(0+) + L di(0+)/dt +1/C i(0+)dt
100 = 100x0 +1x di(0+)/dt +(1/1x10-6) 0 dt
Therefore di(0+)/dt=100 Amps/sec

Differentiate equation (1) with respect to t, we get

0 = Rdi(t)/dt + L d2i(t)/dt2 +i(t)/C (2)
At t =0+, equation (2) becomes
0 = Rdi(t)/dt + L d2i(0+)/dt2 + 0
Therefore d2i(0+)/dt2 = - (R/L)di(t)/dt = (100/1)x100 =-10000Amps/sec2

[7] In the network shown below, the switch ‘K’ is opened at t=0 after the
network has attained a steady state with the switch closed. Find (a) the
expression for the voltage across the switch at t =0+ (b) If the parameters are
adjusted such that i(0+)=1 and di(t)/dt = -1, what is the value of the derivative
of the voltage across the switch dVk(0+)/dt =?

Solution:

(a) Before opening the switch ‘K’, circuit is

Therefore i(0 -)= V/R2

9
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

After opening the switch k, circuit is

At t=0+ , i(0-)= i(0+)= V/R2

The voltage across the switch Vk= R1x i + (1/C) idt (1)
+
At t=0 , (1/C) idt=0
Therefore Vk= R1x i(0+)= R1 xV/R2= Vx(R1/R2)
(b) Differentiate equation (1) w. r. t. t, we get
dVk/dt=R1di/dt +i/C
di(0+)/dt= -1; i(0+)=1 are given
At t=0+
dVk(0+)/dt=R1di(0+)/dt +i(0+)/C
= R1(-1) +1/C =(1/C)-R1

[8] The following figure with switch ‘k’ is closed, steady state has been reached.
At t=0, the switch is open. Find Vk(0+) and d2Vk (0+)/dt2

Solution: Just before opening the switch (t<0) i.e. at t=0-, The circuit becomes

10
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

Therefore i(0-)= 2/1=2Amps = i(0+)

At t=0 switch ‘k’ is opened, the circuit becomes

Apply KVL to the circuit, we get

V= (1/C) idt +Ldi/dt +Rxi (1)
At t=0+ ,
2 = 0 + 1 di(0+)/dt +1x i(0+)
di(0+)/dt=2- 1x i(0+)=2-(1x 2)= 0 Amps/sec
Differentiate equation (1) w. r. t. t, we get
0 = i/C + Ld2i/dt2+ R di/dt
At t=0+,
d2i(0+)/dt2=-(R/L) di(0+)/dt –i(0+)/LC
= 1/1 di(0+)/dt – i(0+)/[1x(1/2)]=
= 0 –2x 2= -4 Amps/sec2
Differentiate equation (1) twice w. r. t. t, we get
0= (1/C) di/dt + L d3i/dt3+ R d2i/dt2
At t=0+,
d3i(0+)/dt3=-2di(0+)/dt –d2i(0+)/dt2
= -2x0-(-4)= 4Amps/sec3
From (1) Vk+Ldi/dt +Rx i=2 (since (1/C) idt= Vk
Differentiate above equation twice w. r. t. t, we get
d2 Vk /dt2 + Ld3i/dt3+Rd2i/dt2=0
At t=0+,
d2 Vk(0+)/dt2 = - Ld3i(0+)/dt3-Rd2i(0+)//dt2
= -1x 4-1x(-4) =0 Volts/sec2

11
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

[9] In the given circuit, switch ‘k’ is opened at t=0. Find the values of v, dv/dt,
d2v/dt2 at t = 0+.

Solution: At t = 0-
v(0-) = 0
iL(0-) = 0
iL(0+) = 0 since current through
the inductor cannot
change instantaneously
At t = 0+,

v(0+) = i x R =2x1000=2000V

Apply KCL to the given circuit at t = 0+, we get

v/R+(1/L) vdt = 2 (1)
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to t, we get
(1/R)dv/dt +(1/L)v = 0 (2)
At t = 0+, equation (2) becomes
(1/R) dv(0+)/dt +(1/L)v(0+) = 0
dv(0+)/dt = - (R/L)v(0+)
= (-1000/1) x 2000=-2x106 volts/sec
Differentiate equation (2) with respect to t, we get
(1/R)d2v/dt2 +(1/L)dv/dt = 0 (3)
At t = 0+, equation (3) becomes
(1/R)d2v(0+)/dt2 +(1/L)dv(0+)/dt = 0
d2v(0+)/dt2 = -(R/L)dv(0+)/dt = - (1000/1)x(-2x106) = 2x109 volts/sec2

12
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

[10] In the given circuit, switch ‘k’ is opened at t=0. Find the values of v, dv/dt,
d2v/dt2 at t = 0+.

Solution: At t = 0-

v(0-) = 0

At t = 0+,

v (0+) = 0 since voltage across

the capacitor cannot
change instantaneously

Apply KCL to the given circuit at t = 0+, we get

V/R+ C dV/dt = 10 (1)

At t = 0+, equation (1) becomes

dV(0+)/dt = (10/C) – v(0+)/RC

= 10/(1x10-6) – 0 =107 Volts/sec

Differentiate equation (1) with respect to t, we get

(1/R) dV/dt + cd2v /dt2 = 0 (2)

At t = 0+, equation (2) becomes

cd2V (0+)/dt2 = - (1/R) dV(0+)/dt

d2V(0+)/dt2 = -(1/RC)dv(0+)/dt = - [1/(100x1x10-6)]x107) = -1011 volts/sec2

13
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

[11] In the given circuit, switch ‘k’ is opened at t=0. Find the values of v1, v2
dv1/dt and dv2/dt at t = 0+.

Solution: At t = 0-
v1(0-) = 0
v2(0-) = 0

At t = 0+,

v1(0+) = ixR1 = 10x10=100V

v2(0+) = 0 and i2(0+) = 0

Apply KCL to the given circuit at t = 0+, we get

v1/R1+ (1/L) ( v1- v2)dt = 0 (1)
v2/R2 +(1/L) ( v2- v1)dt + c dv2/dt = 0 (2)
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to t, we get
(1/R1) dv1/dt +(1/L)(v1- v2) = 0
At t = 0+,
(1/R1) dv1(0+)/dt + (1/L)v1(0+) - (1/L )v2(0+) = 0
dv1(0+)/dt = -R1/L v1 (0+) +(R/L )v2(0+)
= -(10/1)x 100 + (10/1) x 0 = -1000 volts/sec.
From equation (2)
v2(0+)/R2 + iL(0+)+ cdv2(0+)/dt = 0
0 + 0 + cdv2(0+)/dt = 0
cdv2(0+)/dt = 0 volts/sec.

14
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

[12] In the given circuit shown in figure below, the steady state is reached with
switch ‘k’ is open. At t=0, switch ‘k’ is closed. For the element values given,
determine the value of Va(0-) and Va(0+).

Solution: At t=0,

Va(0-)=Vb(0-)=5 V
Vb(0-)=5V= Vb(0+) since voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously
At t = 0+, Apply KCL to the given circuit, we get
(Va-5)/10 + (Va/10) + (Va -Vb)/20 = 0 (1)
(Vb-5)/10 + (Vb-Va)/20 + CdVb/dt = 0 (2)
+
From (1), At t = 0 ,
[Va(0+) -5]/10 + [Va(0+)] /10 + [Va(0+) -Vb(0+)]/20 = 0
[Va(0+) -5]/10 + [Va(0+)] /10 + [Va(0+) -5]/20 = 0
[2Va(0+) -10 + 2Va(0+) + Va(0+) -5]/20 = 0
[5Va(0+) -15]/20 = 0
Va(0+) = 15/5=3V0lts

15
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS
 www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

[13] In the given circuit, switch ‘k’ is closed at t=o. Prove at t = 0+,
di1/dt =(Vo/R)[ cos t- (sin t/RC)] and di2/dt =Vosin t /L

Solution: At t = 0+,

i1(0+) = Vosin t /R and i2(0+) =0

Apply KVL to the given circuit at t = 0+, we get
Vosin t = R i1+ (1/C) i1 dt (1)
Vosin t = R i2+ Ldi2/dt (2)
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to t, we get
Vo cos t = Rdi1/dt+ i1/C
At t = 0+,
Vo cos t (0+) = Rdi1(0+)/ dt+ i1(0+) /C
di1(0+)/ dt = [ Vo cos t (0+)] / R - + i1(0+) /RC
di1(0+)/ dt = (Vo / R){[ cos t (0+)] – (sin t /RC)}
From equation (2)
Vosin t /R = R i2 + L di2/dt
At t= 0+,
L di2(0+) /dt = Vosin t(0+) - R i2(0+)
Therefore di2(0+) /dt = Vosin t(0+) /L

16
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS