Raqueeb A.

Basaro
Roll No: 100

1.) Explain the terms.

i.) Instructions: An instruction is an order given to a computer processor by a

computer program. At the lowest level, each instruction is a sequence of

0s and 1s that describes a physical operation the computer is to perform
(such as Add, Substract) and, depending on the particular instruction
type, the specification of special storage areas called register’s that may
contain data to be used in carrying out the instruction, or the location in
computer memory of data. In a computer's assembler language, each language
statement generally corresponds to a single processor instruction. In high-level

languages, a language statement generally results (after program compilation) in

multiple processor instructions.

ii.) Program: A set of coded instructions that enables a machine, especially

a computer, to perform a desired sequence of operations. The program
contains a one-at-a-time sequence of instructions that the computer
follows. Typically, the program is put into a storage area accessible to the
computer. The computer gets one instruction and performs it and then
gets the next instruction. The storage area or memory can also contain the
data that the instruction operates on.

iii.) Software: It is the collection of computer programs and related data that
provide the instructions telling a computer what to do. We can also say software
refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the
computer for some purposes. Program software performs the function of
 the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the
computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software.

iv.) Debugging: In computers, Detecting, tracing, and eliminating mistakes in

programs and other software is debugging. It is the process of locating and fixing
bugs (errors) in computer program code or a hardware device. To debug a
program or hardware device is to start with a problem, isolate the source of the
problem, and then fix it. Debugging is a necessary process in almost any new
software or hardware development process,

2.) What are programming languages? how do you classify them.?

A programming language is a Coded language used

by programmers to write instructions that a computer can
understand to do what the programmer (or the
computer user) wants. The most basic (called low-
level) computer language is the machine
language that uses binary ('1' and '0') code which a computer
can run (execute) very fast without using
any translator or interpreter program, but is tedious
and complex. The high-level languages (such as Basic, C, Java)
are much simpler (more 'English-like') to use but need to use
another program (a compiler or an interpreter) to convert the
high-level code into the machine code, and are therefore slower.
There are dozens of programming languages and new ones are
being continuously developed. Also called as a computer
language.

The below diagram shows the classification of the programming

languages. i.e,
1.) Machine Language.
2.) Assembly Language.
 3.) High-Level Language.

Machine Language

In machine language program, the computation is based on binary numbers.

All the instructions including operations, registers, data and memory locations are
given in there binary equivalent.

The machine directly understands this language by virtue of its circuitry

design so these programs are directly executable on the computer without any
translations. This makes the program execution very fast. Machine languages
are also known as first generation languages.

Assembly language
A program written in assembly language consists of a series of instructions--
mnemonics that correspond to a stream of executable instructions, when
translated by an assembler that can be loaded into memory and executed.

An assembly language is a low level programming language

for computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits. It
implements a symbolic representation of the binary machine codes and other
constants needed to program a given CPU architecture.
High Level Language
A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a
programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type
of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to
human languages and further from machine languages. The main advantage of high-
level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to read, write, and
maintain.

3.) What are Translators? Differentiate between

Compiler & Interpreter.

A Program which converts a source code in any other language ‘mostly machine
code’ are called translator translate its program. Translated programs are directly
executable because they are in machine language (i.e. binary language) which is
directly understandable by any computer.

A translator is a program that takes as input a program written in one

programming language(e.g. a high level language) known as source language
and procedures as output a program in another language (machine language)
known as target language).”

Compiler

Compilers are programs which translate the high level procedural language
programs into machine instructions. Compiler goes through a series of steps to
examine and modify source code during the several compilation processes. Each
source code instruction typically gives a list to several machine code
instructions. Compiler is a program which takes as input a program of a high
level language and produces object program in machine code”.
Interpreter

An Interpreter is the language translator translator for the third generation

languages. Rather than generating object code for the entire source code, this
class of translators examines and executes source code on a line by line basic.
Each line code scanned, parsed, translated and executed before moving on to
the next line.
“Interpreter is smaller than compiler and facilitates the implementation of complex
programming language construct by translating, interpreting and executing each
line one by one.”

4.) How are Software’s classified.

Explain.
Software’s can be classified into 2 types. They are
1.) System Software.
2.) Application Software.

A system software is any computer software which manages and controls

computer hardware so that application software can perform a task.
Operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS or Linux, are
prominent examples of system software. System software contrasts with
application software, which are programs that enable the end-user to
perform specific, productive tasks, such as word processing or image
manipulation.

System software performs tasks like transferring data from memory to disk,
or rendering text onto a display device. Specific kinds of system software
include loading programs, operating systems, device drivers, programming
tools, compilers, assemblers, linkers, and utility software.

while an application software is a subclass of computer software that

employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that
the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software
which is involved in integrating a computer's various capabilities, but
typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that
benefit the user. In this context the term application refers to both the
application software and its implementation.
These programs are specifically designed to meet end-user requirements.
(e.g: spreadsheets, word processors, media players and database
applications).
The main difference between aplication software and system software :
Application software allows u to perform some task such as msword
,powerpoint imges, ms excel ect so that u can urself create it modify it
delete it where as in system software u can't perform all this task it is like
operating system such as windows 95,linux,unix,macintos so that u can
use the enhance features that is system soft ware simply system sofware
cant be change for example can u change the file menu as life menu or
can u change the edit menu as tdie menu no because there are predefined
we can only use the contents (like save as,save) but in application soft
ware u can write the text and delete the text or u can update the text in
application software