MICROPROCESSOR

2 marks questions and answers

Unit I

1. Define microprocessor?
A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register-based
electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory
accepts binary data as input and processes data according to instructions, and provides
result as output.

2. Define microcomputer?
A computer that is designed using a microprocessor as its CPU. It includes
microprocessor, memory, and I/O.

3. Define ROM?
A memory that stores binary information permanently. The information can be
read from this memory but cannot be altered.

4. What is an ALU?
The group of circuits that provides timing and signals to all operation in the
computer and controls data flow.

5. Define small-scale integration?

The process of designing a few circuits on a single chip. The term refers to the
technology used to fabricate logic gates on a chip.

6. What is an instruction?
An instruction is a binary pattern entered through an input device in memory to
command the microprocessor to perform specific function.

7. What are the four primary operations of a MPU?

1. Memory read
2. Memory write
3. I/O read
4. I/O write

8. What do you mean by address bus?

The address bus is a group of 16 lines generally identified as A0 to A15. The
address bus is unidirectional: bits flow from MPU to peripheral devices.

9. How many memory locations can be addressed by a microprocessor with 14

address lines?
The 8085 MPU with its 14-bit address is capable of addressing 214 =16,384 (ie)
16K memory locations.
10. Why is the data bus bi-directional?
The data bus is bi-directional because the data flow in both directions between the
MPU and memory and peripheral devices.

11. What is the function of the accumulator?

The accumulator is the register used to store the 8-bit data to perform the
arithmetic and logical operations.

12. Define control bus?

This is single line that is generated by the MPU to provide timing of various
operations.

14. What is a flag?

The data conditions, after arithmetic or logical operations, are indicated by setting
or resetting the flip-flops called flags.

15. Why are the program counter and the stack pointer 16-bit registers?
Memory locations for the program counter and stack pointer have 16-bit
addresses. So the PC and SP have 16-bit registers.

16. Define memory word?

The number of bits stored in a register is called a memory word.

17. Specify the number of registers and memory cells required in a 128 x 4 memory
chip?
Number of registers = 128
Memory cells required is 128 x 4=512

18. Explain the function of ALE and IO/M signals in the 8085 architecture?
The ALE signal goes high at the beginning of each machine cycle indicating the
availability of the address on the address bus, and the signal is used to latch the low-
order address bus. The IO/M signal is a status signal indicating whether the machine
cycle is I/O or memory operation.The IO/M signal is combined with the RD and WR
control signals to generate IOR, IOW, MEMW,MEMR .

19. If the 8085 adds 87H and 79H, specify the contents of the accumulator and the
status of the S, Z, and CY flag?
The sum of 87H and 79H =100H. Therefore, the accumulator will have 00H, and
the flags will be S =0, Z = 1, CY = 1

20. Write down the control and status signals?

Two Control signals and three status signals
Control signals: RD and WR
Status signals: IO/M, S1, S2
21. Define machine cycle?
Machine cycle is defined, as the time required completing one operation of
accessing memory, I/O, or acknowledging an external request.

22. Define T-state?

T-state is defined as one subdivision of the operation of performed in one clock
period.

23. What is a transparent latch? Why is it necessary to latch with output devices
such as LED’s?
A transparent latch is a flip-flop; its output changes according to input when the
clock signal is high, and it latches the input on the trailing edge of the clock. The latch is
necessary for output devices to retain the result; otherwise the result will disappear

24. Give the bit positions reserved for the flags?

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z AC P CY

25. Define instruction cycle?

Instruction cycle is defined, as the time required completing the execution of the
instruction.
 UNIT-II
1.What is an instruction set?
The entire group of instructions, determines what functions the microprocessor
can perform is called instruction set.

2. Give the functional categories of 8085 microinstructions?

o Data transfer operations
o Arithmetic operations
o Logical operations
o Branching operations
o Machine control operations

3. Define Opcode and operand?

The operation to be performed is called Opcode. The data to be operated is called
operand.

4. Define the types of branching operations?

Jump: to test the conditions
Call, Return, And Restart: Change the sequence of the program

5. Define two-byte instruction with one example?

In a 2-byte instruction, the first byte specifies the Opcode; the second byte
specifies the operand.

Example: Opcode operand binary code hex code

MVI A, Data 0011 1110 3E First byte
DATA Data second byte

6. Write instructions to load the hexadecimal numbers 65H in register C, and 92h in
the accumulator A .Display the number 65H at PORT0 and 92H at PORT1?
MVI C, 65H
MVI A, 92H
OUT PORT1 ; DISPLAY 92H
MOV A, C ; COPY C INTO A FOR DISPLAY
OUT PORT0 ; DISPLAY 65H
HLT

7.What operation can be performed by using the instruction ADD A?

The instruction ADD a will add the content of the accumulator to itself; this is
equivalent to multiplying by 2.

8.What operation can be performed by using the instruction SUB A? Specify the
status of Z and CY?
The instruction SUB a will clear the accumulator. The flag status will be
CY = 0 and Z = 1.
9. Write instructions to a) load 00H to accumulator
b) Decrement the accumulator
c) Display the answer
MVI A, 00H (A = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DCR A - 00000001
OUT PORT# 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = FFH)
HLT

10. What is the machine control operations used in 8085 microprocessor?

HLT: Halt
NOP: No Operation

11. What is data transfer instructions?

The data transfer instructions copy data from one source in to a destination
without modifying the content of the source.

12. Give the flow chart symbols?

Rectangle: represents a process

Arrow: indicates the direction

Represents a predefined process

Represents beginning or end

Represents a decision making

13. What are the notations used in the 8085 instructions?

R = 8085 8-bit register
M=memory register
Rs = Register source
Rd = register destination
Rp = register pair
( ) = Contents of
14. How is the instruction set classified?
The instruction set is classified in three groups according to the word size:
1-byte instruction
2-byte instruction
3-byte instruction

15. What is JNC 16-bit address?

It change the program sequence to the location specified by the 16-bit
address if the carry flag is reset .

16. Give the instructions that perform the logical operations?

o AND, OR, Exclusive-OR
o Rotate
o Compare
o Complement

17. What is a three-byte instruction?

In a three-byte instruction, the first byte specifies the Opcode, and the
following two bytes specifies the 16- bit address.

18. Define a program?

A program is a sequence of instructions written to tell the computer to
perform a specific function.

19. Define ASCII code?

ASCII code is a 7-bit code that represents both decimal numbers,
alphabets. Extended ASCII is an 8-bit code.
20. What is STA in data transfer instruction?
Copy the data from the accumulator in the memory location specified by
the 16-bit address
21. What is an IN instruction?
This is a 2-byte instruction. It accepts data from the input port specified in
the second byte.
22. What is an OUT instruction?
This is a 2-byte instruction. It sends the content of the accumulator to the
output port specified in the second byte.
23. Give the difference between JZ and JNZ?
JZ change the program sequence to the location specified by the 16-bit
address if the zero flag is set
JNZ change the program sequence to the location specified by the 16-bit
address if the zero flag is reset.
24. What is CMA?
Complements the data in the accumulator.
25. What is CALL instruction?
CALL instruction change the sequence to the location of a subroutine.
 UNIT III
1. Why the number of out ports in the peripheral-mapped I/O is restricted to 256
ports?
The number of output ports in the peripheral I/O is restricted to 256 ports because
the operand of the OUT instruction is 8-bits; it can have only 256 combinations

2. If an input and output port can have the same 8-bit address how does the 8085
differentiate between the ports?
In The 8085 differentiates between the input and output ports of the same address
by the control signal. The input port requires the RD and the output port requires the WR
signal.

3. What are the control signals necessary in the memory mapped I/O?
RD, WR, I/O (low)

4. Why a latch is used for the output port and a tri-state buffer is used for the input
port?
A latch is necessary to hold the output data for display. The input data byte is
obtained by enabling a tri-state buffer and placed in the accumulator.

5. What happens when the 8085 execute the out instruction?

When the 8085 executes the out instruction, in the third machine cycle, it places
the output port address on the low-order address bus, duplicates the same port address on the
high-order bus, places the contents of the accumulator on the data bus and asserts the control
signal WR.

6. How will the port number be affected if we decode the high-order address lines A15 –
A8 rather than A7 – A0?
The port address will remain the same because the I/O port address is duplicated
on both segments of the address bus.

7. Define Memory mapped I/O?

Instead of a memory register, if an output device is connected at the address, the
accumulator contents will be transferred to the output device. This is called memory
mapped I/O.

8. What is an interrupt I/O?

The interrupt I/O is a process of data transfer whereby an external device or a
peripheral can inform the processor that it is ready for communication and it requests
attention

9. What is Partial Decoding?

The output port can be selected by decoding some of the address lines is called
partial decoding
10. Define absolute decoding?
All the eight lines are decoded to generate one unique output pulse. This is called
absolute decoding.

11. Give the characteristics of Memory mapped I/O?

Execution speed

Data transfer

Device address

12. What is SIM?

SIM: Set interrupt Mask. It is a 1-byte instruction. Used for three functions
a. To set the Mask
b. To reset the flip flop
c. Implement the I/O

13.What is RIM?
RIM: Read Interrupt Mask. Used for three functions
a. To read interrupt mask
b. To identify the pending interrupt
c. To receive serial data
14. What the two categories of an interrupt?
Four Maskable interrupt
One Non Maskable interrupt

15. What is the purpose of an interrupt enable?

The instruction Enable Interrupt sets the Interrupt Enable flip-flop and enables the
interrupt process

16. Write an instruction to enable all the interrupts in an 8085 system?

EI
. MVI A,08H
SIM

17. Give the commonly used priority modes?

Fully Nested mode
Automatic rotation mode
Specific rotation mode

18. What do you mean by control logic?

This has two pins. INT as an output, and INTA as an input. The INT is
connected to the interrupt pin of the MPU.

19. What are the two modes of DMA execution?

Slave Mode, Master mode
20. How the 8327 DMA controller transfers 64K bytes of data per channel with address
lines?
The most significant bits D15 and D14 of the count register are used to specify
DMA function and the remaining fourteen bits are used to specify the number of bytes to be
transferred.

21. Give the three formats of END of Interrupt?

NON-specific EOI command
Specific EOI command
Automatic interrupt

22. What are the signals used by the DMA controller?

The Signals are:
o HLDA
o DMA request
o DMA acknowledge
o AEN – address enable
o ADSTB- address strobe

23. Give the additional features of 8259A controller?

Input triggering
Interrupt Status
Poll Method

24. How the signals of the 8237 are classified?

The signals are classified in to two groups.
i. One group of signals are used for interfacing with the MPU
ii. Second group for communicating with the peripherals.

25. How long the INTR pulse stays high?

The INTR pulse can remain high until the interrupt flip-flop is set by the EI
instruction in the service routine.
 UNIT IV

1. What is the purpose for the 8255 PPI?

The 8255A is a widely used, programmable, parallel I/O device.It can be
programmed to transfer data under various conditions, from simple I/O to interrupt I/O.

2. List the operating modes of 8255A PPI?

♦ Two 8-bit ports (A and B)
♦ Two 4-bit ports (Cu and CL)
♦ Data bus buffer
♦ Control logic

3. Specify the bit of a control word for the 8255, which differentiates between the
I/O mode and the BSR mode?
BSR mode D7= 0, and I/O mode D5 = 1

4. Write the input/output feature in Mode 0 for the 8255A PPI?

Outputs are latched

Inputs are not latched

Ports do not have handshake or interrupt capability

5. Write the control word format in the BSR mode?

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0 X X X Bit Select S/R

BSR mode Not used Set = 1

Generally Set= 0 Reset = 0

6. Write down the output control signals used in 8255A PPI?

♦ OBF output Buffer Full
♦ ACK Acknowledge
♦ INTR Interrupt request
♦ INTE Interrupt Enable

7. What is the use of mode 2 in 8255A PPI?

This mode is used primarily in applications such as data transfer between
two computers or floppy disk controller interface.
8. List the major components of 8279 keyboard /display interface?
♦ Keyboard section
♦ Scan section
♦ Display section
♦ MPU interface

9. What is the purpose for scan section in Keyboard interface?

The scan section has a scan counter and four scan lines. These scan lines
can be decoded using a 4-to-16 decoder to generate 16 lines for scanning.

10. What is USART?

USART is an integrated circuit.It is a programmable device ;its function
and specifications for serial I/O can be determined by writing instructions in its
internal registers .

11. Define parallel-to-serial conversion?

In serial transmission, an 8-bit parallel word should be converted in to a
stream of eight serial bits. This is known as parallel-to-serial conversion

12. Define serial-to-parallel conversion?

In serial reception, the MPU receives a stream of eight bits and it is
converted in to 8-bit parallel word. This is known as serial -to- parallel conversion.
13. Define simplex transmission?
In simplex transmission, data are transmitted in only one direction.
Example: transmission from a microcomputer to a printer

14. Define Baud?

The rate at which the bits are transmitted is called Baud.

15. Write an instruction for serial output data?

MVI A, 80H ;Set D7 in the accumulator = 1
RAR ;Set D6 = 1
SIM

16. List the major components of 8251A programmable communication inteface?

♦ Read/Write control logic
♦ Three buffer registers
♦ Data register
♦ Control registertransmission receiver
♦ Data bus buffer
♦ Modem control
17. Write the steps necessary to initialize a counter in write operations?
♦ Write a control word into the control register
♦ Load the low-order address byte
♦ Load the high order byte
18. Give the various modes of 8254 timer?
o Mode 0: interrupt or terminal count
o Mode 1: Rate generator
o Mode 3:square wave generator
o Mode 4: software triggered strobe
o Mode 5:hardware triggered strobe

19. What is read back command in 8254 timer?

The Read- Back Command in 8254 allows the user to read the count and
the status of the counter.

20. What is transmitter section in USART?

The transmitter section accepts parallel data from the MPU and converts
them in to serial data. It has two registers. A buffer register and an output register
 UNIT V

1. Define A/D and D/A converters?

D/A converters transform a digital signal to an equivalent analog signal,
and A/D converters transform an analog signal o an equivalent digital signal.
2. What is resolution?
Resolution of a converter determines the degree of accuracy in
conversion.It is equal to 1/2n.

3. To interface an A/D converter with the microprocessor ,what does the

microprocessor do?
The microprocessor should:

Send a pulse to the start pin

Wait until the end of the conversion

Read the digital signal at the input port

4. Write instructions for the EXEC module,assuming the memory address where
execution begin is in register DE?
EXEC: PUSH
RET
5. What are the functions of a single-board micocomputer?

Check the keyboard fro data or functions

Display memory address, data, and results.

Execute programs

6. What are the primary objectives of the 16-bit microprocessors

♦ increase memory addressing
♦ increase execution speed
♦ provide a powerful instruction set

7. What is BHE?
BHE is Bus High enable. This is an active low signal used only in the
8086 microprocessor to enable the high order byte of 16-bit data.

8. How many flags are included in the 8086 programming model?

Six data flags and three control flags.

9. Write down the additional flags included in the 8086?

OFoverflow
DFDirection Flag
IFInterrupt flag
TFTrap flag
10. Write the advanced design features of Pentium processor?
♦ Superscaler architecture
♦ On-chip cache memory fro code and data
♦ Branch prediction
 ♦ Performance monitoring

11. When a key closure is found, the microprocessor waits for 10 to 20 ms before it
accepts an input? Write a delay routine for the above?
DBONCE: PUSH B
PUSH PSW
LXI B,COUNT
DCX B
MOV A,C
ORA B
JNZ LOOP
POP PSW
POP BC
RET

12. Write a subroutine for KYCHK?

KYCHK: IN PORTA
CPI 0FFH
JNZ KYCHK
CALL DEBONCE

13. Write a subroutine for KYPUSH?

KYPUSH: IN PORTA
CPI OFFH
JZ KYPUSH
CALL DEBONCE
CMA
ORA A
JZ KYPUSH
RET

14. Write the data transfer from Master MPU to Slave MPU?
 The master mpu reads the status
 The master writes the data into port A
 The slave checks the OBF signal
 The slave MPU reads the data from port A

15. Give the status word format for the bi-directional data transfer?

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
OBFA INTE1 IBFA INTE2 INTRA X X X
 Long Answers
UNIT I
1. Explain the architecture of 8085 microprocessor?
Logic pin out of 8085 microprocessor
Address bus: unidirectional bus, used as high order bus
Data bus: bi-directional bus, used as low order address bus and
data bus
Control and status signals: two control signals, RD and WR
Three status signals: I/O, S1, and S2
Power supply and clock frequency: The signals are Vcc, Vss, X1,
X2, and CLK
Externally initiated signals, including frequency: five signals
INTA, RESET, HOLD, READY, INTR
Serial I/o ports: two signals, SID, SOD

2. Explain the Internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor?

Block Diagram
` ALU: performs computing functions. Includes accumulator, temporary
register, five flags
The five flags are: sign flag
Zero flag
Auxiliary carry flag
Parity flag
Carry flag
Timing and control unit: communication between microprocessor and
peripherals
Instruction register and decoder: decodes the instruction
Register array: used to hold the 8-bit data

3. Describe the 8085 microcomputer with an example?

Machine cycles and Bus Timings
Communication functions are divided in to three categories:
1.memory read / write
2. I/O read and write
3. Request Acknowledge

Opcode fetch machine cycle

Memory read machine cycle
o Calculated as

Clock frequency

T-state

Execution time for Opcode fetch

Execution time for Memory read

Execution time for Instruction

4. Describe the concepts of memory interfacing?

Memory structure and its requirements
 • R/W memory: 2048 registers, 11 address lines, one chip
select, Two control lines
• EPROM: 4096 registers, 12 address lines
• Diagram
Concepts of memory interfacing
♦ Primary function is to read and write in to a given
register and write in to a given register.
♦ Timing diagram for reading in to a register
♦ Timing diagram for writing in to a register
Address decoding and memory address
♦ Identify the result of the given register
♦ Two methods
♦ One using NAND gate
♦ Other using 3- to- 8 Decoder
♦ Diagram

UNIT II
1. Explain the instruction Classification?
♦ Define the instruction set
♦ Classification of the instruction
• Data transfer operation: a group of instruction copies fron one
location to another location
• Arithematic operation: Addition, subtraction, Inc/dec
• Logical operations: to perform logical operations

AND, Or, Exclusive-OR

Rotate

Compare
♦ Branching Operations: alters the sequence of the program
• Jump, Call, Return

2. Describe the concept of Instructions and data format?

Instruction size
Classified in to three groups
 1-byte instruction: Opcode and operand in the same byte
 2-byte instruction: first byte specifies the Opcode and second byte
specifies the operand
 3-byte instruction: first byte specifies the Opcode 2, 3, byte specifies
the 16- bit address
Opcode format:
 All operations, registers have specific code .
Code : 000 001 010 011 100 101 111 110
registers :B C D E H L A memory
 Examples
Data Format
 Data formats used are
♦ ASCII code
♦ BCD code
♦ Signed integer
♦ unsigned integer

3. Write an assembly language program to add two 16-bit numbers?

Problem statement
Program to perform addition of 16 bit numbers
Program analysis
Load the number in one register
Load the other no in another register
Increment
add
Program
MVI D,88h
MVI C, 82H
INR C
MOV A,C
ADD D
OUT PORT1
HLT
Program Description
Program Output

4. Explain the 8085 instruction set?

Data transfer instruction
♦ MOV Rd,Rs
♦ MVI R,8 BIT
♦ IN 8-BIT
♦ LXI Rp, 16-BIT
♦ STAX Rp
Arithmetic instruction
♦ ADD R
♦ ADI 8-BIT
♦ SUB R
♦ SUI 8-BIT
♦ INX Rp
♦ DCX Rp
♦ SUB M
♦ INR M
♦ DCR M
♦ ADD M
 Logical instruction
♦ ANA R/M
♦ ANI 8-BIT
♦ ORI 8-BIT
♦ XAI 8-BIT
♦ CMA
♦ RLC
♦ RAL
♦ RRC

Branch instruction
♦ JMP 16-BIT ADDRESS
♦ JZ
♦ JNZ
♦ JC
♦ JNC
♦ CALL
♦ RET

Machine control instruction

♦ HLT
♦ NOP

5. Write an assembly language program to subtract a BCD number

from another BCD number?
Problem statement
Program to perform BCD subtraction
Program analysis
Program
MVI A,99H
MVI B, 82H
MVI C, 48H
SUB C
INR A
ADD B
DAA
OUT PORT1
HLT
Program Description
Program Output
UNIT III

1. Describe the 8085 Interrupts?

Describing the interrupt process in eight steps

RST instructions

Contains 8 RST instructions

Built with the help of resistors and tri state Buffer

When the processor encounters the Restart instruction in the
subroutine , the program returns the address that was stored
on the stack.

Implementation of 8085 interrupt

Problem Statement

Main programT-state

Description

Multiple interrupt
2. Illustrate the Data Input from the DIP switches?

Description of the hardware

 Use tri state octal buffer,
 3- to-8-decoder
Interfacing Circuit
A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 84H
Multiple port address
♦ the address lines A3 and A4 may be 0 or 1
Instructions to read input Port
To read the instructions from the input port, the instruction
IN 84H is used. When the instruction is executed, during the M3 cycle,
the 8085 places the address 84H on the low-order bus

3. Explain the concept of memory mapped I/O?

 The input and output devices are identified by 16-bit address
 Uses memory related instructions and control signals
 Instead of a memory register, if an output device is connected at the
address, the accumulator contents will be transferred to the output
device. This is called memory mapped I/O
Execution of memory related data transfer instructions
♦ Decode the address bus to generate the deviceaddress
pulse
♦ AND the control signal
♦ Use the device select pulse to enable the I/O
Output port and its address
Input port and its address
Instructions are
 READ: LDA FFF9H
CMA
STA FFF8H
JMP READ

4. Explain the concept of interrupt Controller with 8259A ?

Block Diagram
Read /Write Logic
Control Logic: two pins: INT, INTA
Interrupt register and priority resolver: has eight request lines
Cascade Buffer/Comparator: used to expand number of interrupt
levels
Interrupt operation
The sequence of events occur are
• The IRR stores the requests
• priority register checks the three registers
• The MPU acknowledges the interrupt
• The program sequence is transferred to the memory location

Priority Modes
♦ Specific rotation mode
♦ Automatic rotation mode
♦ Fully Nested mode

End of interrupt
♦ NON specific EOI command
♦ Specific EOI command

Programming the 8259A

` DI
MVI A, 76H
OUT 80H
MVI 20H
OUT 81H

5. Decribe the DMA controller

♦ Direct memory Access is an I/O technique commonly used

for high speed data transfer
♦ introduces two signal:HOLD, HLDA

8237 DMA controller

• DMA channels and interfacing
 • DMA signals
♦ DREQ0-DREQ3
♦ DACK0-DACK3
♦ AEN, ADSTB
♦ HRQ, HLDA
• Diagram
• System interface

Programming the 8237

♦ Write the control word in the mode register
♦ Write a control word in the command register that specifies
the parameters
♦ Write the starting address
♦ Write the count in the channel count

UNIT IV

1. Explain the 8255 Programmable peripheral interface?

Block Diagram of 8255A

Control Logic

Control word
Mode 0:Simple input/output

Outputs are latched

Inputs are not latched

Ports do not have handshake or interrupt capability
BSR mode
♦ BSR control word
♦ Port address
♦ Subroutine
Mode 1:Input /output with hand shake
Mode 2:Bidirectional data transfer

2. Explain the concept of 8251 USART?

 USART is an integrated circuit.It is a programmable device ;its function
and specifications for serial I/O can be determined by writing instructions in its
internal registers
Read/write control logic and registers

Chip select

Control/data

Write

Read

RESET

CLK

Transmitter Section

TxD

TxC

TxRDY

TxE

Receiver Section

Rxd

RxC

RxRDY

Block Diagram And initializing the 8251A

3. Explain 8279 keyboard display controller

Block Diagram of the 8279
Keyboard Section
♦ Eight lines
♦ The keys are automatically debounced
♦ Also includes 8 x 8 FIFO
Scan Section
♦ Scan counter
♦ Four scan lines
Display section
♦ Has eight output lines
♦ Display can be blanked by using BD line
MPU interface section
♦ 8 bidirectional data lines
• 1 interrupt request line
• six lines for interfacing
Programming the 8279
 ♦ Circuit description
♦ Decoding logic and port addresses
♦ Initializations instructions

UNIT V

1. Describe how to interface an 8-bit D/A converter with the 8085?

D/A Converter Circuits
 Diagram
 Requires three elements
 R/2R ladder network
Interfacing the 8-bit D/A converter
 Shareware description
 Program
 Operating the D/A converter

2. Explain bi-directional data transfer between tow microcomputers

Problem statement
Design a interfacing circuit to set up the bi-directional data
communication in the master slave format between two microcomputers.
Problem Analysis
Data transfer from master to slave
 The master mpu reads the status
 The master writes the data into port A
 The slave checks the OBF signal
 The slave MPU reads the data from port A
Data transfer from slave to master
 The slave checks the hand shake signal
 The salve MPU places data on the data bus
 The master checks the OBF signal
 The master MPU reads the data from port A
Hardware signal
Program
3. Illustrate: Interfacing Keyboard and Seven-Segment Display?
Problem Statement:
Write a program to monitor the keyboard sense a key is pressed and
display the number of the key at the seven-segment display
Problem Analysis:
Programming can be divided in to four categories
1. Check if a key is pressed
2. Debounce a key
3. Identify and encode the key
4. Obtain the seven-segment code and display it

Keyboard: subroutines for KYCHK and KYCODE

Key DEBOUNCE: Write a delay routine
DBONCE: PUSH B
PUSH PSW
LXI B,COUNT
DCX B
MOV A,C
ORA B
JNZ LOOP
POP PSW
POP BC
RET
Main Program