CHAPTER 5

THREE PHASE AC CIRCUIT

INTRODUCTION

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 Used for generation, transmission and distribution
of an electrical energy

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 It’s a combination of three single phases (R-Y-B)

 Each phase has same amplitude and frequency

 Each phase separated by 120o

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CONNECTION

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Single-Phase System Three-Phase System

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WHY 3-PHASE ARE PREFERRED OVER SINGLE
PHASE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF POWER?
• Thinner conductors in three phase systems can be used to transmit
the same kVA at the same voltage, which reduces the amount of

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copper required (typically about 25% less) and in turn reduces
construction and maintenance costs

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• The lighter lines in three phase systems are easier to install, and the
supporting structures can be less massive and farther apart

• Three phase equipment and motors have preferred running and

starting characteristics compared to single phase systems because
of a more even flow of power to the transducer can be delivered

• Most larger motors are three phase because they are essentially
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self-starting and do not require a special design or additional
starting circuitry
ADVANTAGES OF 3-PHASE SYSTEM
• Three phase has a constant magnitude and output power

• Uniform power transmission and less vibration in machine

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• Higher efficiency and better power factor

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• More economical – the amount of wire required for three
phase is less than that required for equivalent single phase

• Require less cable size though same VA with single phase

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 Definition:
BALANCED 3-PHASE VOLTAGE

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 3-PHASE CONNECTION
There are two connection methods of three-phase system
called star () and delta () connections.

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6.9 kV 132 kV 11 kV 415 V

Step Up TX Step Down TX Step Down TX 3-Phase Load 7

3-Phase Generator
BALANCED 3-PHASE CONNECTION LOAD

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Y-connected loads Delta-connected loads
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 PHASE SEQUENCE
Definition: The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages
pass through their respective maximum values.

Positive Sequence abc Negative Sequence acb

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Positive Sequence abc Negative Sequence acb

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PHASE SEQUENCE

Positive Sequence abc Negative Sequence acb

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STAR CONNECTION (Y)
R R
 There two types of the
connection: 3 lines and 4
lines connections

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R'
B' S
'
Y
Y
Y B  3 lines is a common

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B connected on one side of
each winding at point S
R R
 4 lines has an extra line
which called neutral and
R' is combining with the
N
B' S N
'
Y other three windings
Y 11
Y B

B
PHASE – LINE RELATIONSHIP
IR
R
 Line voltage is a voltage
across line to line (VRY , VYB

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& VBR) VRN VRY

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 Phase voltage is a voltage IN VBR
across line to neutral S N
(VRN , VYN & VBN) VYN
IY
Y
VBN
IB VYB
B 12
Tutorial
Three loads, each of resistance 30 Ω, are connected
in star to a 415 V, 3-phase supply. Determine:

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a) The system phase voltage

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b) The phase current
c) The line current

Answer: 239.6 V, 7.99 A, 7.99 A

VL VP
VP  IP  I L  I P (Star)
3 Zl
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Tutorial
A star connected load consists of three identical coils
each of resistance 30 Ω and inductance 127.3 mH.

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When the line current is 5.08 A and the supply
frequency is 50 Hz, determine the line voltage.

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Answer: 439.89 V

X L  2fL Z  R 2  X L2 VP  I P Z (I L  I P ) VL  3VP

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DELTA CONNECTION (∆)
 The triple windings are connected in series
 Also known as a 3 lines system

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PHASE – LINE RELATIONSHIP
IR
R
 Line voltage is a voltage
IRY
across between lines

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 Phase voltage is a voltage VRY
across each phase winding VBR

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 Line current is a current IBR
flows through each line (IR, IYB IY
Y
IY, IB)
 Phase current is a current VYB
flows through each winding B
(IRY, IBR, IYB) IB
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Tutorial
Three identical coils each of resistance 30 Ω and
inductance 127.3 mH are connected in delta to a

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440 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. Determine:

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a) The phase current
b) The line current

Answer: 8.8 A, 15.24 A

VP
X L  2fL Z  R 2  X L2 IP  IL  3I P
Z

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Tutorial
Each phase of a delta connected load comprises a resistance
of 30 Ω and 80 μF capacitor in series. The load is connected to
a 400 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. Evaluate the system by

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calculating:
1
XC 
2fC

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VP
a) The phase current IP 
Z
b) The line current IL  3I P
c) The power factor  X 
pf  cos tan 1 C 
 R 
d) The total power dissipated
P  3VP IP cos 
e) The kVA rating of the load
kVA  3VP IP
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Answer: 8.03 A, 13.9 A, 0.6, 5.8 kW, 9.64 kVA
CONNECTION OF BALANCED LOAD

 Y-Y connection (generator – load)

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 Δ-Y connection (generator – load)

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 Y - Δ connection (generator – load)

 Δ- Δ connection (generator – load)

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 (Zs & Zl << ZL)

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 Wye – Wye Connection (Y-Y)

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 Wye – Wye Connection (Y-Y)

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Wye – Wye Connection (Y-Y)

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Phase voltage, VP
VP = VL / √3

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For star, IL = IP
Line current, IL

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 Tutorial
A Y-connected balanced three phase generator is
connected to a Y-connected balanced load with an
impedance of (10 + j8) . The line joining the

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generator and the load has an impedance of (5 - j2) 
per phase. Assuming a positive sequence for the

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source voltages and that Van = (110 + j0) V, find the line
current.

Answer :
Ia = 6.81-21.8 A, ZT  ZP  ZL
Ib = 6.81-141.8 A, VP 24
IP 
Ic = 6.8198.2 A ZT
 Wye – Delta Connection (Y-Δ)

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Wye – Delta Connection (Y-Δ)

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Convert load to Y connection

Wye – Delta Connection (Y-Δ)
I line , IL

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VL = VP

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150°

I phase , Ip
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Tutorial
One line voltage of a balanced Y-connected source is
VAB = 120-20 V. If the source is connected to a
∆-connected load of 2040 , by assuming

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the abc sequence find the phase and line currents.

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a) The phase currents
b) The line currents

Answer:
a) IAB = 6-60 A, IBC = 6-180 A, ICA = 660 A
b) Ia = 10.39-90A, Ib = 10.39150A, Ic = 10.3930A
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 BPB11203 Electrical Circuit
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 Delta – Delta Connection (Δ-Δ)

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 Delta – Delta Connection (Δ-Δ)
I phase , Ip G – generator
L - load

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V LG = VLL = VPL

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Apply KCL at Node A, B and C :

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I LG = ILL
Tutorial
A balanced -connected load having an impedance
(10 - j15)  is connected to a -connected positive
sequence. Generator having V = 3300 V.

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Determine:

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a) The phase currents of the load
b) The line currents

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 Solution
a) The phase currents of the load
Z   10  j15  18.028  56.31
V AB  Vab

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V AB 3300
I AB    18.30556.31 A
Z 18.028  56.31

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I BC  I AB   120  18.305  63.69 A
I CA  I AB 120  18.305176.31 A

b) The line currents

Ia  I AB 3  30  (18.30556.31A)( 3  30)  31.70526.31A
Ib  I AB  150  31.705  93.69A
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Ic  I AB90  31.705146.31A
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I LG = ILL
Delta – Wye Connection (Δ-Y)

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Tutorial
A balanced Y-connected load with a phase impedance of (40 +
j25)  is supplied by a balanced, positive sequence ∆-
connected source with a line voltage of 210 V. Calculate the
phase currents. Use Vab as a reference.

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Answer:

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Ia = IAB = 5.09-32 A,
Ib = IBC = 5.09-152 A,
Ic = ICA = 5.0988 A,

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Summary of Phase and Line Voltages /Currents
for Balanced Three- Phase Systems

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Summary of Phase and Line Voltages/Currents
for Balanced Three- Phase Systems

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 Power

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 Power

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Power
For either a star or a delta balanced connection; P, Q
and S are given by:

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 Tutorial

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3 PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT

Single Wattmeter Method

A current coil with very low impedance
(ideally zero) is connected in series with

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the load and responds to the load current.

The current coil acts like a short circuit.

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The voltage coil with very high
impedance (ideally infinite) is connected
in parallel with the load and responds to
the load voltage.

The voltage coil behaves like an open

circuit.

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 3 PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT
Two or three single-phase wattmeter's are useful to
measure power if the systems is unbalanced.

Two Wattmeter Method

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The two-wattmeter method is the most commonly used method for three-phase
power measurement.
 3 PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT
Three Wattmeter Method

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The three-wattmeter method is well suited for power measurement in a

three-phase system where the power factor is constantly changing.
Tutorial
Three similar coils each having a resistance of 8 Ω and
inductive reactance of 8 Ω are connected (a) in star and (b) in
delta across a 415 V, 3 phase supply. Analyze the three phase

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AC circuit by determining the following;

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a) The reading on two wattmeters to measure power in
star connection
b) The reading on two wattmeters to measure power in
delta connection

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Solution
a) The reading on two wattmeters to measure power in star connection

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Solution
b) The reading on two wattmeters to measure power in delta connection

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 THREE PHASE AC
END OF CHAPTER 5

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