CALCULUS 2

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

April 2017
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
1. DOUBLE INTEGRALS

2. DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER NONRECTANGULAR REGIONS

3. DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

4. SURFACE AREA; PARAMETRIC SURFACES

5. TRIPLE INTEGRALS

6. TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL

7. CENTERS OF GRAVITY USING MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

DOUBLE INTEGRALS
VOLUME
 Recall that the definite integral of a function of one variable

arose from the problem of finding areas under curves

 Integrals of functions of two variables arise from the problem of
finding volumes under surfaces.
VOLUME
VOLUME
DEFINITION OF A DOUBLE INTEGRAL

 If f has both positive and negative values on R, then :

 A positive value for the double integral of f over R means that
there is more volume above R than below
 A negative value for the double integral means that there is more
volume below R than above
 A value of zero means that the volume above R is the same as
the volume below R.
EVALUATING DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Iterated integrals
EVALUATING DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate
EVALUATING DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate
EVALUATING DOUBLE INTEGRALS

EXAMPLE
Use a double integral to find the volume of
the solid that is bounded above by the
plane z = 4 − x − y and below by the
rectangle R = [0, 1] × [0, 2]
EVALUATING DOUBLE INTEGRALS
The volume is the double integral of z = 4 − x − y over R. Using
Theorem 14.1.3, this can be obtained from either of the iterated
integrals
EVALUATING DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the double integral over the rectangle R = {(x, y) :
−3 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}.
PROPERTIES OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EXERCISE 1
1. Suppose that  f ( x, y) dA 3 ;  g ( x, y) dA 5
R R
find :

a.  3 f ( x, y)  g ( x, y) dA
R
b.  2 f ( x, y)  5g ( x, y) dA
R

2. Calculate   6  y  dA where R   x, y  : 0  x  1,0  y  1 

R

3. Calculate  1  x  dA where R   x, y  : 0  x  2,0  y  1 

R

4. Evaluate each of the iterated integral

2 3 1 1

  9  x  dy dx   dy dx
xy
a. b. xe
0 0 0 0
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER
NONRECTANGULAR REGIONS
ITERATED INTEGRALS WITH NONCONSTANT LIMITS OF
INTEGRATION
 Later in this section we will see that double integrals over
nonrectangular regions can often be evaluated as iterated integrals
of the following types
ITERATED INTEGRALS WITH NONCONSTANT LIMITS OF
INTEGRATION
EXAMPLE
Evaluate
ITERATED INTEGRALS WITH NONCONSTANT LIMITS OF
INTEGRATION
EXAMPLE
Evaluate
DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER NONRECTANGULAR
REGIONS
We will limit our study of double integrals to two basic types of regions,
which we will call type I and type II; they are defined as follows.
DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER NONRECTANGULAR
REGIONS
SETTING UP LIMITS OF INTEGRATION FOR EVALUATING
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Determining Limits of Integration: Type I Region
SETTING UP LIMITS OF INTEGRATION FOR EVALUATING
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate

over the region R enclosed between y = ½ x, y = √ x, x = 2, and x = 4.

SETTING UP LIMITS OF INTEGRATION FOR EVALUATING
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Determining Limits of Integration: Type II Region
SETTING UP LIMITS OF INTEGRATION FOR EVALUATING
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Evaluate

over the triangular region R enclosed between the lines y = −x + 1, y = x + 1,

and y = 3.
SETTING UP LIMITS OF INTEGRATION FOR EVALUATING
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Evaluate

over the triangular region R enclosed between the lines y = −x + 1, y = x + 1,

and y = 3.
SETTING UP LIMITS OF INTEGRATION FOR EVALUATING
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Use a double integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the
coordinate planes and the plane z = 4 − 4x − 2y.
SETTING UP LIMITS OF INTEGRATION FOR EVALUATING
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
SETTING UP LIMITS OF INTEGRATION FOR EVALUATING
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4 and the
planes y + z = 4 and z = 0
The solid shown in Figure is bounded above
by the plane z = 4 − y and below by the region
R within the circle x2 + y2 = 4.
The volume is given by
SETTING UP LIMITS OF INTEGRATION FOR EVALUATING
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
REVERSING THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION
EXAMPLE
Since there is no elementary antiderivative of ex2 , the integral

cannot be evaluated by performing the x-integration first. Evaluate this

integral by expressing it as an equivalent iterated integral with the order of
integration reversed.
REVERSING THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION
AREA CALCULATED AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL
 Although double integrals arose in the context of calculating
volumes, they can also be used to calculate areas
AREA CALCULATED AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL
EXAMPLE
Use a double integral to find the area of the region R enclosed between the
parabola y = ½ x2 and the line y = 2x
AREA CALCULATED AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL
EXERCISE 2
1. Evaluate each of the iterated integral
1 3x 3 3y 2 x

x   x  dx dy e
 x2
a. 2
dy dx b. 2
y 2
c. dy dx
0 0 1 0 0 x

2. Evaluate 
R
xy dA where R is the region bounded by y=x2 and y=1.

3. Evaluate   x  y  dA where R is the triangular region with vertices

R

(0,0), ( 0,4) and (1,4)

4. Find the volume of the tettrahedron bounded by the coordinate plane and
the plane z=6-2x-3y
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR
COORDINATES
SIMPLE POLAR REGIONS

 Some double integrals are easier to evaluate if the region of

integration is expressed in polar coordinates

 This is usually true if the region is bounded by a cardioid, a rose

curve, a spiral, or, more generally, by any curve whose equation is

simpler in polar coordinates than in rectangular coordinates.
SIMPLE POLAR REGIONS
 For example, the quarter-disk in Figure is described in rectangular
coordinates by

 However, in polar coordinates the region is described more simply

by
SIMPLE POLAR REGIONS
 Moreover, double integrals whose integrands involve x2 + y2 also
tend to be easier to evaluate in polar coordinates because this sum
simplifies to r2 when the conversion formulas x = r cos θ and y = r
sin θ are applied
SIMPLE POLAR REGIONS

A polar rectangle is a simple polar region for which the bounding

polar curves are circular arcs
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES
If f(r, θ) is continuous on R and has both positive and negative
values, then the limit

represents the net signed volume between the region R and the
surface z = f(r, θ)
EVALUATING POLAR DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EVALUATING POLAR DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EVALUATING POLAR DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EVALUATING POLAR DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate

where R is the region in the first quadrant that is outside the circle r = 2 and
inside the cardioid r = 2(1 + cos θ).
EVALUATING POLAR DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EVALUATING POLAR DOUBLE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
The sphere of radius a centered at the origin is expressed in rectangular
coordinates as x2 + y2 + z2 = a2, and hence its equation in cylindrical
coordinates is r2 + z2 = a2. Use this equation and a polar double integral to
find the volume of the sphere.

SOLUTION
In cylindrical coordinates the upper hemisphere is given by the equation

so the volume enclosed by the entire sphere is

EVALUATING POLAR DOUBLE INTEGRALS
FINDING AREAS USING POLAR DOUBLE INTEGRALS

EXAMPLE
Use a polar double integral to find the area enclosed by the three-petaled
rose r = sin 3θ.
CONVERTING DOUBLE INTEGRALS FROM RECTANGULAR TO
POLAR COORDINATES

 Sometimes a double integral that is difficult to evaluate in

rectangular coordinates can be evaluated more easily in polar
coordinates by making the substitution x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
CONVERTING DOUBLE INTEGRALS FROM RECTANGULAR TO
POLAR COORDINATES
EXAMPLE
Use polar coordinates to evaluate
EXERCISE 3
1. Evaluate each of the iterated integral
 /2 cos  2 
a.  
0 0
r 2 sin  dr d b.   r dr d
0 0

2. Sketch the region and find the area

 /4 2 2 3
a.   r dr d
0 0
b.   r dr d
0 1
QUIZ
  25  x  y 2  dA where R   x, y  : 0  x  2,0  y  3 
2
1. Calculate
R

2. Evaluate each of the iterated integral

2 3  /2 1

   xy  y  dx dy   x sin xy dy dx
2
a. b.
1 0 0 0

  x  xy  dA ; S is the region between y=x and y=3x-x2

2
3.
S
1 1 x2

  4  x 
2 1/2
4. Evaluate by using polar coordinates
2
y dy dx
0 0

5. Evaluate
 /4 2  /2 cos 
a.   r dr d
0 0
b.  
0 0
r dr d
SURFACE AREA; PARAMETRIC
SURFACES
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)
• Recall that a limit of the form

gives the area of the surface that is generated by revolving the

portion of the curve y = f(x) over the interval [a, b] about the x-
axis, assuming that f is smooth and nonnegative on the interval.

• We now obtain a formula for the surface area S of a surface of the

form z = f(x, y).
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)

 Theportion of σ that lies over Rk will be some curvilinear patch on

the surface that has a corner at Pk(xk , yk , f(xk , yk )); denote the area
of this patch by Sk
 To obtain an approximation of Sk, we will replace σ by the
tangent plane to σ at Pk
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)
 The equation of this tangent plane is

 The portion of the tangent plane that lies over Rk will be a

parallelogram τk .
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)
EXAMPLE
Find the surface area of that portion of the surface
that lies above the rectangle R in the xy-plane whose coordinates
satisfy 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 4.
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)
EXAMPLE
Find the surface area of the portion of the paraboloid z = x2 + y2
below the plane z = 1
SURFACE AREA FOR SURFACES OF THE FORM z = f (x, y)

We substitute x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ in the integrand, replace dA

by r dr dθ, and find the limits of integration by expressing the region
R in polar coordinates
PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF SURFACES
 We have seen that curves in 3-space can be represented by three
equations involving one parameter, say :

 Surfaces in 3-space can be represented parametrically by three

equations involving two parameters, say :
PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF SURFACES
EXAMPLE
Consider the paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y2. One way to parametrize this surface
is to take x = u and y = v as the parameters, in which case the surface is
represented by the parametric equations
PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF SURFACES
EXAMPLE
The paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y2 that was considered in the last example can
also be parametrized by first expressing the equation in cylindrical
coordinates. We make the substitution x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ,
PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF SURFACES
EXAMPLE
Find parametric equations for the portion of the right circular cylinder x2 + z2 = 9
for which 0 ≤ y ≤ 5 in terms of the parameters u and v shown in Figure. The
parameter u is the y coordinate of a point P(x, y, z) on the surface, and v is the angle
shown in the figure.

The radius of the cylinder is 3, so it is evident from the figure that y = u, x = 3 cos
v, and z = 3 sin v. Thus, the surface can be represented parametrically as
REPRESENTING SURFACES OF REVOLUTION PARAMETRICALLY
REPRESENTING SURFACES OF REVOLUTION PARAMETRICALLY

EXAMPLE
Find parametric equations for the surface generated by revolving the
curve y = 1/x about the x-axis.

0.7 ≤ u ≤ 5 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π
VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
 Recall that the parametric equations

can be expressed in vector form as

 is the radius vector

 is a vector valued function of

one variable
VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
 Similarly, the parametric equations

can be expressed in vector form as

 The vector-valued function of two variables

VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
 The paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y2 was expressed parametrically as

 These equations can be expressed in vector form as

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
 Partial derivatives of vector-valued functions of two variables are
obtained by taking partial derivatives of the components.

 EXAMPLE
TANGENT PLANES TO PARAMETRIC SURFACES
 Our next objective is to show how to find tangent planes to parametric
surfaces. Let σ denote a parametric surface in 3-space, with P0 a point on
σ.
TANGENT PLANES TO PARAMETRIC SURFACES
TANGENT PLANES TO PARAMETRIC SURFACES
EXAMPLE
Find an equation of the tangent plane to the parametric surface

at the point where u = 2 and v = −1.

TANGENT PLANES TO PARAMETRIC SURFACES
SURFACE AREA OF PARAMETRIC SURFACES
 We now obtain a formula for the surface area S of a parametric
surface σ. Let σ be a parametric surface whose vector equation is
SURFACE AREA OF PARAMETRIC SURFACES
EXAMPLE
The parametric equations

represent the cone that results when the line y = x in the xy-plane is
revolved about the x-axis. Find the surface area of that portion of the cone
for which 0 ≤ u ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π
SURFACE AREA OF PARAMETRIC SURFACES
The surface can be expressed in vector form as
EXERCISE 4
Find the area of the indicated surface. Make a sketch in each case.

1. The part of the plane 3x – 2y + 6z= 12 that is bounded by the plane

x=0, y=0 and 3x + 2y=12

2. The part of the paraboloid z=x2+y2 that is cut off by the plane z=4

3. The part of surface z=x2/4 + 4 that is cut off by the plane x=0, x=1,
y=0 and y=2
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
DEFINITION OF A TRIPLE INTEGRAL
 A single integral of a function f (x) is defined over a finite closed
interval on the x-axis

 A double integral of a function f (x, y) is defined over a finite

closed region R in the xy-plane

 Our first goal in this section is to define what is meant by a triple

integral of f (x, y, z) over a closed solid region G in an xyz-
coordinate system
DEFINITION OF A TRIPLE INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES OF TRIPLE INTEGRALS
EVALUATING TRIPLE INTEGRALS OVER RECTANGULAR
BOXES
EVALUATING TRIPLE INTEGRALS OVER RECTANGULAR
BOXES
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the triple integral

over the rectangular box G defined by the inequalities −1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2

EVALUATING TRIPLE INTEGRALS OVER MORE GENERAL
REGIONS
 Next we will consider how triple integrals can be evaluated over
solids that are not rectangular boxes
 For the moment we will limit our discussion to solids of the type
shown in Figure
EVALUATING TRIPLE INTEGRALS OVER MORE GENERAL
REGIONS
EVALUATING TRIPLE INTEGRALS OVER MORE GENERAL
REGIONS
EXAMPLE
Let G be the wedge in the first octant that is cut from the cylindrical solid y2 + z2 ≤
1 by the planes y = x and x = 0. Evaluate
EVALUATING TRIPLE INTEGRALS OVER MORE GENERAL
REGIONS
VOLUME CALCULATED AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL

EXAMPLE
Use a triple integral to find the volume of the solid within the
cylinder x2 + y2 = 9 and between the planes z = 1 and x + z = 5
VOLUME CALCULATED AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL
VOLUME CALCULATED AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL

EXAMPLE
Find the volume of the solid enclosed between the paraboloids
VOLUME CALCULATED AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL
INTEGRATION IN OTHER ORDERS
INTEGRATION IN OTHER ORDERS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate this integral by integrating first with respect to x
INTEGRATION IN OTHER ORDERS
 The solid is bounded in the back by the plane x = 0 and in the front
by the plane x = y, so
EXERCISE 5
1. Evaluate the iterated integrals
7 2 x x 1 4 2 z y2 z 2 z x/ z
a.    dz dy dx
3 0 y
b.  
1 z 1 0
dx dy dz c.  
0 1 0
2 xyz dy dx dz

2. Volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by y = 2x2 and

y + 4z=8
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL
COORDINATE
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
 Recall that in rectangular coordinates the triple integral of a continuous
function f over a solid region G is defined as

where Vk denotes the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped interior to G

is a point in this parallelepiped

 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinate are defined similarly, except that

the region G is divided not into rectangular parallelepipeds but into
regions more appropriate to these coordinate systems.
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
 In cylindrical coordinates, the simplest equations are of the form

 The dimensions θ2 − θ1, r2 − r1, and z2 − z1 are called the central angle,
thickness, and height of the wedge.
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
EXAMPLE
Use triple integration in cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of the solid G
that is bounded above by the hemisphere below by the xy-
plane, and laterally by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 9.
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
CONVERTING TRIPLE INTEGRALS FROM RECTANGULAR
TO CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

 Sometimes a triple integral that is difficult to integrate in

rectangular coordinates can be evaluated more easily by making
the substitution x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z to convert it to an
integral in cylindrical coordinates.
CONVERTING TRIPLE INTEGRALS FROM RECTANGULAR
TO CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
EXAMPLE
Use cylindrical coordinates to evaluate
 EXERCISE 6
1. Evaluate the iterated integrals
2 3 12  /4 3 9  r 2  sin  2
a.    r dz dr d
0 0 0
b.   
0 0 0
z r dz dr d c.    r dz dr d
0 0 0

2. Use cylindrical coordinates to find the indicated quatity

a. Volume of solid bounded by the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and the
plane z = 4
b. Volume of the solid bounded above by the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 9,
below by the plane z = 0 and laterally by the silinder x2 + y2 = 4
CENTERS OF GRAVITY USING
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
DENSITY AND MASS OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
 An idealized flat object that is thin enough to be viewed as a two-
dimensional plane region is called a lamina

 A lamina is called homogeneous if its composition is uniform

throughout and inhomogeneous otherwise
 The density of a homogeneous lamina is its mass per unit area.
Thus, the density δ of a homogeneous lamina of mass M and area A
is given by δ = M/A.
DENSITY AND MASS OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
 For an inhomogeneous lamina the composition may vary from
point to point, and hence an appropriate definition of “density”
must reflect this

 The density at a point (x, y) can be specified by a function δ(x, y),

called the density function
DENSITY AND MASS OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
DENSITY AND MASS OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
EXAMPLE
A triangular lamina with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 0) has density function δ(x,
y) = xy. Find its total mass
CENTER OF GRAVITY OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
 Recall that the center of gravity of a lamina occupying a region R in the
horizontal xy-plane is the point such that the effect of gravity on the
lamina is “equivalent” to that of a single force acting at .
CENTER OF GRAVITY OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
CENTER OF GRAVITY OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
EXAMPLE
Find the center of gravity of the triangular lamina with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), and (1,
0) and density function δ(x, y) = xy.
CENTER OF GRAVITY OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
EXAMPLE
Find the center of gravity of the triangular lamina with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), and (1,
0) and density function δ(x, y) = xy.
CENTER OF GRAVITY OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
CENTER OF GRAVITY OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS
LAMINA
EXAMPLE
Find the centroid of the semicircular region in Figure
CENTER OF GRAVITY AND CENTROID OF A SOLID
 For a three-dimensional solid G, the formulas for moments, center of gravity, and
centroid are similar to those for laminas.
 If G is homogeneous, then its density is defined to be its mass per unit volume.
 Thus, if G is a homogeneous solid of mass M and volume V , then its density δ is
given by δ = M / V.
 If G is inhomogeneous and is in an xyz-coordinate system, then its density at a
general point (x, y, z) is specified by a density function δ(x, y, z) whose value at
a point can be viewed as a limit.
CENTER OF GRAVITY AND CENTROID OF A SOLID
CENTER OF GRAVITY AND CENTROID OF A SOLID
EXAMPLE
Find the mass and the center of gravity of a cylindrical solid of height h and radius
a, assuming that the density at each point is proportional to the distance between
the point and the base of the solid.
CENTER OF GRAVITY AND CENTROID OF A SOLID
Moment Inertia
Moment Inertia
EXAMPLE
A lamina with density δ(x, y) = xy is bounded by the x-axis, the line x=8 and the
curve y=x2/3. Find the moment of inertia about the x, y and z axes .
EXERCISE 7
1. Find the mass and the center of mass lamina bounded by the given
curves and with the indicated density
a. x  0, x  4, y  0, y  3 ;   x, y   y  1
b. y  1 / x, y  x, y  0, x  2 ;   x, y   x
c. r  2sin  ;   r,    r

2. Find the moment of inertia Ix, Iy and Iz for the lamina bounded by
the given curves and with the indicated density

a. y  x , x  9, y  0 ;   x, y   x  y
b. y  x 2 , y  4 ;   x, y   y
QUIZ
1. Evaluate the integral
2 z x/ z 2 3 12
a.  
0 1 0
2 xyz dy dx dz b.    r dz dr d
0 1 0

2. Find the area of the part of the paraboloid z=x2+y2 that is cut off by
the plane z=4
3. Find volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by y = 2x2 and
y + 4z = 8
4. Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the sphere x2 + y2 +
z2 = 9, below by the plane z = 1 and laterally by the silinder x2 +
y2 = 5