Tradicijske Sorte I Pasmine Dalmacije - UVOD, SADRZAJ I OPCI DIO PDF

Impresum
Tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije Recenzenti

Toni Nikolić, Martin Schneider †, Borut Stumberger
Nakladnik
Program Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj Veliku zahvalnost dugujemo iznimnom prirodoslovcu
Martinu Schneideru (1956.–2012.) koji je svojim struč-
Za nakladnika nim komentarima i savjetima sudjelovao u recenziji ove
Sandra Vlašić knjige. Martin Schneider bio je jedan od rijetkih biolo-
Louisa Vinton ga koji je još prije trideset godina upozoravao na ulogu i
važnost tradicijskih sorti i pasmina u zaštiti prirode.
Sunakladnici
Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode Lektura
Javna ustanova ‘’Nacionalni park Krka’’ Juliette Janušić
Zadarska županija
Javna ustanova ReraSD za koordinaciju i Prijevod i lektura engleskog teksta
razvoj Splitsko - dalmatinske županije Graham McMaster
Dubrovačko - neretvanska županija
Autori fotografija
Glavni i odgovorni urednici Sandro Bogdanović, Ljiljana Borovečki Voska, Ivan
Roman Ozimec, Snježana Mihinica Bura, Ivo Kara Pešić, Gordana Kožarić Silov, Ivica
Lolić, Edi Maletić, Semir Maslo, Zdravko Matotan,
Autori Bojan Mazanek, Thomas Mravičić, Toni Nikolić,
Roman Ozimec Roman Ozimec, Ana Peraica, Ivo Pervan, Darko
Jasminka Karoglan Kontić Petanjek, Gordana Petrovčić, Mira Radunić, Ivan
Edi Maletić Raič, Frane Strikić, Borut Stumberger, Marija Ševar,
Zdravko Matotan Stanislav Štambuk
Frane Strikić
Oblikovanje i priprema za tisak
Kudos studio
Idejno rješenje naslovnice

Krešimir Kraljević
2 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Publication details
Traditional varieties and breeds of Dalmatia Reviewers
Toni Nikolić, Martin Schneider †, Borut Stumberger
Publisher
United Nations Development Programme We are greatly indebted to the outstanding naturalist
Martin Schneider (1956-2012), who made a significant
For the publisher contributing to the reviewing of this book with his well-
Sandra Vlašić informed comments and suggestions. Martin Schneider
Louisa Vinton was one of the few biologists to draw attention, as long
as thirty years ago, to the role and importance of traditi-
Co-publishers onal varieties and breeds in nature protection.
State Institute for Nature Protection
Public Institution Krka National Park Copy editing
Zadar County Juliette Janušić
Public Institution ReraSD for coordination and
development of Split-Dalmatia County English translation and editing
Dubrovnik-Neretva County Graham McMaster
Editors in-chief Photographs by

Roman Ozimec, Snježana Mihinica Sandro Bogdanović, Ljiljana Borovečki Voska, Ivan
Bura, Ivo Kara Pešić, Gordana Kožarić Silov, Ivica
Authors Lolić, Edi Maletić, Semir Maslo, Zdravko Matotan,
Roman Ozimec Bojan Mazanek, Thomas Mravičić, Toni Nikolić,
Jasminka Karoglan Kontić Roman Ozimec, Ana Peraica, Ivo Pervan, Darko
Edi Maletić Petanjek, Gordana Petrovčić, Mira Radunić, Ivan
Zdravko Matotan Raič, Frane Strikić, Borut Stumberger, Marija Ševar,
Frane Strikić Stanislav Štambuk
Design and prepress

Kudos studio
Original idea for the cover

Krešimir Kraljević
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 3
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koordinaciju i razvoj Splitsko-dalmatinske županije te
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Sadržaj/Contents
Sadržaj/Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 6 A.10. Sorte i pasmine Dalmacije, osnova tradicijskih proizvoda/
Predgovor (undp) / Foreword (undp)................................................................................ 12 Varieties and breeds of Dalmatia, the foundation of
traditional products ......................................................................................................... 72
Predgovor (dzzp) / Foreword (sinp)...................................................................................... 14
A.11. Osobna prirodoslovna karta Dalmacije i Hrvatske/ A
physicogeographical ID of Dalmatia and Croatia .......................... 78
A tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije/ traditional varieties
Literatura/References ....................................................................................................... 82
and breeds of dalmatia
opći dio/ general part (R. Ozimec) ................................................................................ 16
B tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije
A.1. Povijesne i geografske osnove Dalmacije/Historical and
geographical foundations of Dalmatia ......................................................... 18 Specijalni dio ............................................................................................................................................. 86
A.2. Geološka, hidrogeomorfološka i krajobrazna podloga

Dalmacije/Geological, hydrological, geomorphological and Maslina (F.Strikić) .................................................................................................................................. 88
landscape background of Dalmatia ................................................................. 24 Prikaz najvažnijih sorti Dalmacije .................................................................... 96
A.3. Klima i vegetacija Dalmacije/Climate and vegetation in Bjelica ....................................................................................................................................................... 98
Dalmatia ......................................................................................................................................... 30 Buharica ................................................................................................................................................ 100
A.4. Stanišna i biološka raznolikost Dalmacije/ Habitat and Crnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 102
biological diversity in Dalmatia ........................................................................... 36
Drobnica ............................................................................................................................................... 104
A.5. Razvoj poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji/ Development of
Karbunčela ......................................................................................................................................... 106
agriculture in Dalmatia .................................................................................................. 42
Krvavica ................................................................................................................................................. 108
A.6. Genetička osnova i nastanak sorti i pasmina Dalmacije/
Lastovka ................................................................................................................................................ 110
Genetic foundation and origin of varieties and breeds in
Dalmatia ......................................................................................................................................... 48 Levantinka .......................................................................................................................................... 112
A.7. Zakonski okvir za sorte i pasmine Dalmacije/ Legislative Lumbardeška ................................................................................................................................... 114
background for varieties and breeds of Dalmatia ............................ 54 Oblica ....................................................................................................................................................... 116
A.8. Ukupna agrobioraznolikost Dalmacije i važnost njenog Dužica ...................................................................................................................................................... 120
očuvanja/ Overall agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia and the Grozdača ............................................................................................................................................... 121
importance of its preservation ............................................................................... 60
Jeruzalemka ....................................................................................................................................... 122
A.9. Povijesni pregled istraživanja agrobioraznolikosti
Kosmača ................................................................................................................................................ 123
Dalmacije/ Historical survey of research into the
Murgulja ................................................................................................................................................ 124
agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia ................................................................................... 66
Paštrica .................................................................................................................................................... 125 Maraština .............................................................................................................................................. 180
Piculja ....................................................................................................................................................... 126 Mladenka ............................................................................................................................................. 182
Sitnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 127 Muškat ruža ...................................................................................................................................... 184
Uljarica .................................................................................................................................................... 128 Ninčuša .................................................................................................................................................. 186
Velika lastovka ................................................................................................................................. 129 Palagružanka bijela .................................................................................................................. 188
Brindićanka ........................................................................................................................................ 130 Petovka ................................................................................................................................................... 190
Divljaka ................................................................................................................................................... 130 Plavac mali ......................................................................................................................................... 192
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 131 Plavina .................................................................................................................................................... 194
Pošip bijeli .......................................................................................................................................... 196
Vinova loza (J. Karoglan Kontić & E. Maletić) ........................................................ 132 Prč ................................................................................................................................................................ 198
Prikaz najvažnijih sorti Dalmacije ..................................................................... 140 Vlaška ...................................................................................................................................................... 200
Babica ........................................................................................................................................................ 142 Vugava bijela .................................................................................................................................... 202
Babić ........................................................................................................................................................... 144 Zlatarica blatska ........................................................................................................................... 204
Bogdanuša ............................................................................................................................................ 146 Zlatarica vrgorska ....................................................................................................................... 206
Bratkovina bijela ........................................................................................................................... 148 Žilavka ..................................................................................................................................................... 208
Cetinka ..................................................................................................................................................... 150 Literatura ............................................................................................................................................ 210
Cipar ........................................................................................................................................................... 152
Crljenak kaštelanski .................................................................................................................. 154 Voćne kulture (F. Strikić, dijelom R.Ozimec) ........................................................ 212
Crljenak viški .................................................................................................................................... 156 Žižula (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ...................................................................................... 220
Debit ........................................................................................................................................................... 158 Domaća žižula............................................................................................................................ 222
Dobričić .................................................................................................................................................. 160 Rogač........................................................................................................................................................... 224
Drnekuša ............................................................................................................................................... 162 Komiški ............................................................................................................................................ 226
Gegić ........................................................................................................................................................... 164 Šipanski ........................................................................................................................................... 227
Glavinuša ............................................................................................................................................... 166 Puljiški .............................................................................................................................................. 228
Grk ................................................................................................................................................................ 168 Boglić .................................................................................................................................................. 229
Krstičevica ............................................................................................................................................ 170 Medunac ......................................................................................................................................... 229
Kujundžuša ......................................................................................................................................... 172 Šipak ........................................................................................................................................................... 230
Lasina ........................................................................................................................................................ 174 Barski slatki ................................................................................................................................. 232
Ljutun ....................................................................................................................................................... 176 Dubrovački kasni .................................................................................................................. 233
Malvasija dubrovačka .............................................................................................................. 178 Glavaš ................................................................................................................................................. 234
Konjski zub .................................................................................................................................. 235 Gorka naranča (R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................... 272
Sladun ............................................................................................................................................... 236 Bajam ......................................................................................................................................................... 274
Zamorski ........................................................................................................................................ 237 Čarski kasni ................................................................................................................................ 276
Slatki tankokorac .................................................................................................................. 238 Knez črnomir ............................................................................................................................. 277
Šerbetaš ........................................................................................................................................... 239 Princeza smokvička ............................................................................................................ 278
Karaderviš ..................................................................................................................................... 240 Smokvički polumekiš ....................................................................................................... 279
Mojdeški krupnozrni ........................................................................................................ 240 Sutivanski ...................................................................................................................................... 279
Šipak crnog zuba ................................................................................................................... 241 Župski ................................................................................................................................................ 280
Murva (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................... 242 Nešpola (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ................................................................................. 282
Domaća crna i bijela murva ...................................................................................... 244 Domaća krupna nešpola ............................................................................................... 284
Smokva .................................................................................................................................................... 246 Oskoruša .(F. Strikić & R. Ozimec).............................................................................. 286
Bjelica ................................................................................................................................................ 248 Domaća oskoruša ................................................................................................................. 288
Petrovača bijela ....................................................................................................................... 249 Trešnja ...................................................................................................................................................... 290
Šaraguja ........................................................................................................................................... 250 Tugarka ............................................................................................................................................ 292
Termenjača .................................................................................................................................. 251 Gomilička ...................................................................................................................................... 293
Zamorčica ...................................................................................................................................... 252 Stonska ............................................................................................................................................. 294
Bružetka crna ............................................................................................................................ 253 Stonska duge peteljke ...................................................................................................... 295
Vodenjača ...................................................................................................................................... 253 Višnja maraska ................................................................................................................................ 296
Crnica ................................................................................................................................................ 254 Brač-2 ................................................................................................................................................. 298
Petrovača crna .......................................................................................................................... 255 Brač-6 ................................................................................................................................................. 299
Zimica ................................................................................................................................................ 256 Poljička ............................................................................................................................................. 300
Zlatna smokva .......................................................................................................................... 257 Recta ................................................................................................................................................... 301
Četrun (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) .................................................................................... 258 Sokoluša .......................................................................................................................................... 302
Domaći četrun ......................................................................................................................... 260 Pendula ............................................................................................................................................ 303
Limun (R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................................................... 262 Visulja ................................................................................................................................................ 303
Mandarina ............................................................................................................................................ 264 Vodica ................................................................................................................................................ 304
Zorica rana ................................................................................................................................... 266 Jabuka (R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................................................... 306
Naranča ................................................................................................................................................... 268 Žrnovska ......................................................................................................................................... 308
Kuparka ........................................................................................................................................... 270 Tršlja (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................. 310
Katarinka ....................................................................................................................................... 271 Domaća tršlja ............................................................................................................................ 312
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 314
Povrtnice (Z. Matotan, dijelom R.Ozimec) ................................................................ 316 Domaći bob ................................................................................................................................. 354
Prikaz najvažnijih sorti Dalmacije ..................................................................... 322 Grah (R. Ozimec) .......................................................................................................................... 356
Dinja (R. Ozimec) ........................................................................................................................ 324 Grah rogač .................................................................................................................................... 356
Paška dinja ................................................................................................................................... 324 Sjekirica .................................................................................................................................................. 358
Artičoka .................................................................................................................................................. 326 Domaća sjekirica ................................................................................................................... 358
Hvarska artičoka .................................................................................................................... 326 Slanutak .................................................................................................................................................. 360
Endivija ................................................................................................................................................... 328 Domaći krupnozrni slanutak .................................................................................. 360
Dalmatinska kopica ........................................................................................................... 328 Rajčica ...................................................................................................................................................... 362
Salata .......................................................................................................................................................... 330 Šibenski šljivar ......................................................................................................................... 362
Dalmatinska ledenka ........................................................................................................ 330 Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 364
Brokula .................................................................................................................................................... 332
Župski kavulin .......................................................................................................................... 332 Ratarske i krmne kulture (R.Ozimec) ........................................................................ 366
Cvjetača ................................................................................................................................................... 334 Prikaz najvažnijih kultura i sorti Dalmacije ...................................... 378
Trogirska srednje rana cvjetača ............................................................................. 334 Agava .......................................................................................................................................................... 380
Kupus (R. Ozimec) ...................................................................................................................... 336 Pitomi broć........................................................................................................................................... 382
Sinjski kupus .............................................................................................................................. 336 Domaći pitomi broć ........................................................................................................... 382
Žegarski kupus ........................................................................................................................ 338 Buhač ......................................................................................................................................................... 384
Raštika ...................................................................................................................................................... 340 Dalmatinski buhač .............................................................................................................. 384
Domaća raštika ....................................................................................................................... 340 Brnistra .................................................................................................................................................... 386
Blitva (R. Ozimec) ....................................................................................................................... 342 Djetelina rumena ......................................................................................................................... 388
Domaća blitva .......................................................................................................................... 342 Leća ............................................................................................................................................................. 390
Češnjak .................................................................................................................................................... 344 Domaća leća ............................................................................................................................... 390
Ljubitovački češnjak .......................................................................................................... 344 Lucerka .................................................................................................................................................... 392
Polački ozimi češnjak ....................................................................................................... 346 Mediteranska lucerka ....................................................................................................... 392
Kozjak ....................................................................................................................................................... 348 Slanutak .................................................................................................................................................. 394
Domaća ljutika ........................................................................................................................ 348 Domaći sitnozrni slanutak ......................................................................................... 394
Luk ................................................................................................................................................................ 350 Vučika bijela ...................................................................................................................................... 396
Dolačka kapulica ................................................................................................................... 350 Dalmatinska bijela vučika ........................................................................................... 396
Konavljanska kapula (R. Ozimec) ....................................................................... 352 Duhan ....................................................................................................................................................... 398
Bob ............................................................................................................................................................... 354 Ravnjak ............................................................................................................................................. 398
Duhan kržak ...................................................................................................................................... 400 Aromatično, začinsko, ljekovito, medonosno, ukrasno i
Ružić ................................................................................................................................................... 400 samoniklo jestivo bilje (R.Ozimec) ................................................................................ 428
Krumpir .................................................................................................................................................. 402 Prikaz najvažnijih kultura i sorti Dalmacije ...................................... 438
Počiteljka ........................................................................................................................................ 402 Smrič obični ....................................................................................................................................... 440
Škuljevac ......................................................................................................................................... 404 Smilje ......................................................................................................................................................... 442
Ječam obični ...................................................................................................................................... 406 Indijska smokva ............................................................................................................................. 444
Domaći višeredni ječam ................................................................................................ 406 Kapar .......................................................................................................................................................... 446
Kostrika perasta ............................................................................................................................. 408 Riga .............................................................................................................................................................. 448
Kršin primorski .............................................................................................................................. 410 Dubrovačka riga ..................................................................................................................... 448
Kukuruz .................................................................................................................................................. 412 Divlja riga .............................................................................................................................................. 450
Domaći tvrdunac .................................................................................................................. 412 Lovor .......................................................................................................................................................... 452
Oštrica primorska ....................................................................................................................... 414 Oštrolisna šparoga ...................................................................................................................... 454
Pir pravi ................................................................................................................................................... 416 Mirta ........................................................................................................................................................... 456
Domaći pir .................................................................................................................................... 416 Ilirska perunika .............................................................................................................................. 458
Pšenica tvrda brkulja ................................................................................................................ 418 Sunovrat žuti ..................................................................................................................................... 460
Dalmatinska tvrda brkulja .......................................................................................... 418 Župski žuti sunovrat ......................................................................................................... 460
Raž ................................................................................................................................................................ 420 Komorač ................................................................................................................................................. 462
Domaća raž .................................................................................................................................. 420 Matar .......................................................................................................................................................... 464
Sirak zrnaš ............................................................................................................................................ 422 Bosiljak .................................................................................................................................................... 466
Domaći sirak zrnaš ............................................................................................................. 422 Murtela ............................................................................................................................................. 466
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 424 Kadulja ljekovita ............................................................................................................................ 468

Primorska kadulja ................................................................................................................ 468
Lavandin ................................................................................................................................................ 470
Budrovka ........................................................................................................................................ 470
Ružmarin ............................................................................................................................................... 474
Uspravni ružmarin .............................................................................................................. 474
Primorski vrisak ............................................................................................................................ 476
Planika ..................................................................................................................................................... 478
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 480
Domaće životinje (R.Ozimec) .................................................................................................. 484 C tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije
Prikaz najvažnijih pasmina Dalmacije ............................................................. 492 sažetak / summary (R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................. 538
Konj ............................................................................................................................................................. 494
Dalmatinski bušak .............................................................................................................. 494 D tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije
Magarac .................................................................................................................................................. 496 Prilozi/ Annexes ................................................................................................................................. 550
Primorsko-dinarski magarac ................................................................................... 496 Popis vrsta, podvrsta, hibrida, tradicijskih sorti i pasmina
Govedo ..................................................................................................................................................... 500 Dalmacije / The list of species,subspecies, hybrids, traditional
Buša ...................................................................................................................................................... 500 varieties and breeds of Dalmatia ...................................................................................... 552
Sivo dalmatinsko govedo .............................................................................................. 504 Kazalo vrsta, podvrsta, hibrida, sorti i pasmina / The index of
species, subspecies, hybrids, varieties and breeds .................................... 573
Ovca ............................................................................................................................................................ 506
Dalmatinska pramenka .................................................................................................. 506
Dubrovačka ruda ................................................................................................................... 508
Paška ovca ..................................................................................................................................... 510
Koza ............................................................................................................................................................. 512
Hrvatska šarena koza ....................................................................................................... 512
Hrvatska bijela koza .......................................................................................................... 516
Svinja .......................................................................................................................................................... 518
Šiška ..................................................................................................................................................... 518
Pas ................................................................................................................................................................. 520
Dalmatinski pas ...................................................................................................................... 520
Tornjak ............................................................................................................................................. 522
Kokoš ......................................................................................................................................................... 524
Dalmatinska kokoš ............................................................................................................. 524
Puran .......................................................................................................................................................... 526
Dalmatinski puran .............................................................................................................. 526
Golub ......................................................................................................................................................... 528
Dalmatinska zimovka ...................................................................................................... 528
Medna pčela ....................................................................................................................................... 530
Mediteranska siva pčela ................................................................................................. 530
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 534
Predgovor (undp)
Drago čitateljstvo,
Ujedinjeni narodi čuveni su po svojoj nepristrano- Ova opsežna publikacija pripremljena je uz potporu uzgojene masline, grožđe, smokve, višnje, ljekovito i za-
sti te se nadam da moj status bivše šefice Programa UNDP-a kao dio šireg, sedam milijuna dolara vrijed- činsko bilje, posebno ako su ekološkog porijekla.
Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj u Hrvatskoj neće biti nog projekta, koji je u razdoblju od 2006. do 2013. go-
ugrožen kada kažem da je Dalmacija najljepše mje- dine iznjedrio više od 100 zelenih poslova u Dalmaciji. Bez sumnje, jedna je Dalmacija, no modeli zelenog po-
sto u ovoj zemlji nebrojenih čuda. Od prvog pogleda Vodili smo se idejom stvaranja modela za obiteljska gos- duzetništva uspostavljeni s lokalnim partnerima kroz
na more koje blista među stijenama i grmolikim ra- podarstva koji će uključivati tri cilja: očuvanje prirodnog projekt UNDP-a daju nadu svim regijama jedinstve-
slinjem kada se spuštate od tunela Sveti Rok, krajolik okoliša i zaštitu bioraznolikosti, stvaranje održivih život- nih ekosustava i prepoznatljivog lokalnog kolorita. Ka-
je jedinstven te brzo primijetite da su takve i biljke i nih uvjeta za lokalne poljoprivrednike kako bi se uspori- talogizacija autohtonih sorti i pasmina koje određuju
životinje, kultura i tradicija, hrana i glazba, čak i jezik lo iseljavanje, te njegovanje specifičnih dalmatinskih tra- regiju samo je jedan od koraka prema njezinom zele-
i smisao za humor koji su tijekom stotina godina na- dicija, krajolika, hrane i kulture. Za regiju blagoslovlje- nom razvoju, a ako će pomoći žiteljima i donositeljima
stajali u ovom surovom okruženju. nu stotinama kilometara obale i kristalno čistim Jadran- odluka u razumijevanju važnosti nezamjenjivih prirod-
skim morem, zeleno poduzetništvo je trajnija alternativa nih bogatstava koja ih okružuju, takav popis može biti
Ponosna sam što će UNDP podijeliti s vama iscr- “suncu i moru” kao glavnom turističkom adutu. i ključan poticaj za njihovo očuvanje i zaštitu.
pan pregled poljoprivredne bioraznolikosti Dalmaci-
je, ilustriran fotografijama koje pokazuju impresivnu Na tim je temeljima i nastala knjiga Tradicijske sorte i Mi u UNDP-u se nadamo kako će ova publikacija po-
raskoš ove regije. pasmine Dalmacije. Uz potporu UNDP-a, lokalni su duprijeti zelenu viziju razvoja Dalmacije: onu koja će
poljoprivrednici među ostalim vratili u život autohto- omogućiti napredak istovremeno čuvajući njezine pre-
Knjiga je osmišljena kako bi se čitatelji upoznali s bo- ne vinske sorte grk i palagružanka, maslinu sorte krva- krasne panoramske vidike– stada ovaca na ispaši koja su
gatstvom i raznolikošću prirode u Dalmaciji. Međutim, vica i govedo bušu. Ovi napori nisu bili vođeni isklju- i zaslužna za ime Dalmacija još od vremena Ilira, masli-
ona nije samo za gledanje unatoč izvanrednim fotogra- čivo nostalgijom ili jednostavnom željom da se zaštite nike i vinograde te jasan pogled na kamen i more – koje
fijama. Također, nije izričito ni znanstvena studija, ia- ugrožene sorte i pasmine osuđene na polagano izumi- ostavlja neizbrisiv trag u umu i srcu svakog posjetitelja.
ko se temelji na ozbiljnim istraživanjima. Ona je više ranje. Također su bili prisutni jaki gospodarski razlo-
od toga, to je poziv na zaštitu, revitalizaciju i promo- zi. Kao prvo, autohtone sorte i pasmine su otpornije i Louisa Vinton
ciju tradicijskih sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina doma- manje zahtjevne za uzgoj od komercijalnih i uvoznih Stalna predstavnica UNDP-a u Hrvatskoj
ćih životinja zbog kojih je Dalmacija tako raznolika i kultivara i vrsta te su bolje prilagođene ekstremnim od 2010. do 2014.
jedinstvena regija – i nad koju se sada nadvila prijetnja vremenskim uvjetima kao nesretnoj posljedici klimat- Sadašnja Stalna predstavnica UNDP-a u
industrijalizirane poljoprivrede i klimatskih promjena. skih promjena. Drugo, autohtone sorte i pasmine mo- Bivšoj Jugoslavenskoj Republici Makedoniji
gu dati vrhunske proizvode namijenjene kupcima koji
cijene izvorne dalmatinske brendove. Naše je iskustvo
pokazalo kako su kupci spremni platiti više za lokalno
Foreword (undp)
Dear readers,
The United Nations is renowned for its impartiality This comprehensive publication was prepared with distinctively Dalmatian brands. Our experience has
in world affairs, so I hope that it will not compromise UNDP’s support as part of a broader USD 7-million shown that people are willing to pay more for genu-
my status as the former head of the UN Development project, which in the period from 2006-2013 helped inely local olives, grapes, figs, cherries and herbs, es-
Programme in Croatia to assert that Dalmatia is the create more than 100 “green businesses” in Dalma- pecially when they have an organic pedigree.
most wondrous location in this country of uncount- tia. The thinking here was to create a model for fam-
able wonders. From the first glimpse of the sea glis- ily businesses that would combine three goals: preserv- There is only one Dalmatia, of course. But the green
tening among the rocks and scrub when you descend ing the natural environment and protecting biodiversi- models established with local partners through the
from the Sveti Rok tunnel, the landscape is unique ty; generating sustainable livelihoods for local farmers, UNDP project hold great promise for any region
and so, you soon realize, are the plants and animals, and thus slowing outward migration; and cultivating with its own distinct ecosystem and its own distinct
the culture and tradition, the cuisine and the mu- specifically Dalmatian traditions, landscapes, cuisine local character. Cataloguing the native varieties and
sic, even the language and sense of humor that have and culture. For a region blessed with hundreds of kil- breeds that define a region is just one step in building
emerged over centuries in these rugged surroundings. ometres of coastline and crystal-clear Adriatic waters, a rationale for a greener approach to development.
“green business” was also viewed as a more durable al- But it if helps residents and policy makers alike to
It is with great pride that we at UNDP share with you ternative to generic “sun and fun” tourism. understand the irreplaceable natural treasures around
this comprehensive inventory of the agricultural bi- them, such an inventory can serve as a crucial impulse
odiversity of Dalmatia, illustrated with photographs Traditional varieties and breeds featured large- to protection and preservation.
that convey the breathtaking grandeur of the region. ly in this effort. With UNDP’s support, local farm-
ers worked to reintroduce the Grk and Palagružanka Our hope at UNDP is that this publication will sup-
This book is designed to convey the richness and di- grape varieties, the Krvavica olive variety and the port a green vision of development for Dalmatia: one
versity of the Dalmatian natural environment to Buša breed of cattle, just to name a few. These efforts that brings prosperity while preserving the vistas –
readers. But this is not just a coffee table book, how- were not driven by nostalgia, or by a simple desire the grazing sheep that gave Dalmatia its name in Il-
ever stunning the photos. And it is not just an aca- to protect endangered varieties and breeds from the lyrian times, the olive groves and vineyards, the stark
demic study, however rigorous the science behind it. slow march to extinction. There were strong econom- views of stone and sea – that leave such an indelible
More than that, it is a call to action to protect, re- ic reasons, too. First, indigenous varieties and breeds trace in the mind and heart of any visitor.
vitalize and promote the traditional varieties of crop tend to be more resilient and less resource-intensive
plants and the breeds of domestic animals, that have than commercial and imported cultivars and species, Louisa Vinton,
made Dalmatia such a diverse and unique region – and they are better suited to withstand the weather UNDP Resident Representative
and that now face the threat of competition from in- extremes that are an unhappy consequence of climate in Croatia 2010-2014
dustrialized agriculture and the ominous shadow of change. Second, native sorts and breeds can yield pre- Current UNDP Resident Representative
climate change. mium products that appeal to consumers seeking in FYR Macedonia
Predgovor (dzzp)
Veći dio bioraznolikosti kakvu danas nalazimo u Eu- procjena ugroženosti svake pojedine pasmine. Tako-
ropi nastala je međudjelovanjem prirode i čovjeka. đer, donosi i pregled izumrlih i nedovoljno poznatih
Danas je ruralni prostor Hrvatske suočen s depopula- pasmina, što predstavlja i biokulturološko bogatstvo
cijom, a time i gubitkom tradicijskih poljoprivrednih naše zemlje. Na tragu te edicije, Državni zavod za za-
djelatnosti, što rezultira gubitkom tradicijskih, izvor- štitu prirode priprema i publikaciju o izvornim sorta-
nih i udomaćenih, sorti i pasmina diljem cijele Hrvat- ma vinove loze u Hrvatskoj.
ske pa tako i na području Dalmacije. Te su pasmine i
sorte najčešće nastale u lokalnim uvjetima, mijenjaju- Ova knjiga, koja obrađuje tradicijske sorte i pasmine
ći se tijekom stoljeća kako ih je čovjek birao i prila- Dalmacije, predstavlja važan dio u inventarizaciji po-
gođavao svojim potrebama, te su kao takve vrijedan stojećeg stanja u Dalmaciji kao regiji s iznimno boga-
izvor genetičke raznolikosti. S druge strane, već se de- tom bioraznolikosti te približavanju važnosti tradicij-
setljećima borimo protiv promjena u tradicionalnom, skih pasmina i sorti široj javnosti. Na sveobuhvatan
ruralnom krajobrazu, prije svega planinskih i otočnih način donosi informacije o svim pasminama domaćih
pašnjačkih površina, gdje su izvorne pasmine savršeno životinja te vrstama i sortama kultiviranih biljaka koje
oruđe za očuvanje prirodnih staništa i karakteristič- su se pokazale važnima za život čovjeka kroz stoljeća
nih kulturnih krajobraza budući da su bolje prilagođe- na ovom prostoru. Stoga sam siguran da će se poka-
ne staništu od suvremenih, visokoprinosnih pasmina. zati kao neprocjenjiv dodatak svakoj biblioteci koja
Nažalost, upravo je ekonomski manja isplativost tradi- cijeni Dalmaciju, izvornost, tradiciju i bioraznolikost.
cijskih pasmina i sorti jedan od glavnih razloga njiho-
vog nestanka, kao rezultat promjena u poljoprivrednoj
praksi i zahtjeva suvremenog tržišta. Svjestan potrebe Matija Franković,
očuvanja izvornih i udomaćenih pasmina i sorti te nji- ravnatelj Državnog zavoda za zaštitu prirode
hove važnosti u ukupnoj bioraznolikosti, Državni za-
vod za zaštitu prirode izdao je 2011. godine Zelenu
knjigu izvornih pasmina Hrvatske, publikaciju koja na
opsežan način obrađuje važnost tradicijskih pasmina u
modernom društvu. Na jednom mjestu sažet je prikaz
domestikacije, rasprostranjenosti, tradicijske uporabe i
izvornosti domaćih životinja, njihov utjecaj na okoliš,
krajobraze, staništa i bioraznolikost, kao i analiza te
Foreword (sinp)
Most of the biodiversity to be found in Europe today their effect on the environment, on landscapes, habi-
was created by way of interaction between man and na- tats and biodiversity. Also contained was an analysis and
ture. Today the rural space of Croatia is faced with de- evaluation of the threat to each individual breed. In ad-
population, and accordingly with the loss of traditional dition it gives a survey of extinct and insufficiently well-
farming, which has in turn resulted in the loss of tra- known breeds, indicating something of the biocultural
ditional landraces, plant and animal, throughout Croa- richness of the country. Following up this edition, the
tia, and no less so in Dalmatia. These breeds and varie- State Institute for the Protection of Nature is preparing
ties were created in local conditions, changing over the a publication of indigenous grape vines in Croatia.
centuries as people selected them and adjusted them to
their needs. They are thus a valuable source of genetic This book, which deals with the traditional varieties and
diversity. On the other hand, we have for decades been breeds of Dalmatia is an important part in the effort to
combating changes in the traditional rural landscape, inventory the existing state of affairs in Dalmatia, a re-
above all in the pasturelands of the mountains and is- gion that is extremely rich in terms of biodiversity and in
lands, in which the landraces are a perfect tool for the giving the general public the opportunity to be more fa-
preservation of the natural habitats and the character- miliar with the importance of the traditional breeds and
istic cultural landscapes, for they are better adjusted to varieties. It provides comprehensive information about
such pastures than contemporary high-yielding breeds. all the breeds of domestic animals and species and varie-
Unfortunately, it is the lower profitability of the tradi- ties of cultivated plants that have been proved to be very
tional breeds and varieties that is one of the main rea- important for the life of the people in this area over the
sons for their disappearance, consequent upon chang- centuries. Accordingly, I am sure that it will turn out to
es in farming practice and the demands of the contem- be an invaluable supplement to every library that values
porary market. Very conscious of the need to preserve Dalmatia, originality, tradition and biodiversity.
indigenous and domesticated breeds and varieties, and
of their importance in overall biodiversity, the State In-
stitute for the Protection of Nature issued in 2011 its Matija Franković,
Green Book of Landraces of Croatia, a publication that Director, State Institute for Nature Protection.
gave extensive coverage to the importance of the tradi-
tional breeds in modern society. In a single place there
is a succinct review of the domestication, distribution,
traditional use and indigenousness of domestic animals,
Foto: Ivo Pervan 1 6 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
tradicijske
sorte i pasmine
dalmacije
opći dio
traditional
varieties and
breeds of dalmatia
general part
Stado dalmatinskih pramenki s tornjacima na

poplavljenom Vrgoračkom polju
A flock of Dalmatian Pramenka sheep with

Tornjak dogs on the flooded Vrgoračko polje
a.1
Povijesne i
geografske
osnove Dalmacije
Historical and
geographical
foundations of
Dalmatia
Suhozidna baština otočića Baljenac,

šibenski arhipelag
The dry stone wall heritage of the islet of

Baljenac in the Šibenik archipelago
Foto: Ivo Pervan
“Etimološki,
D
almacija (lat. Dalmatia; tal. Dalmazia; njem. znači postojbina Delmata, koji su ime dobili prema ilir-
Dalmatien; engl. Dalmatia) je tradicijski na- skoj imenici delma što znači ovca. Predstavljala je dio
Dalmacija znači ziv za povijesnu regiju smještenu na sjever- rimskog Ilirika – kako su širi prostor istočne obale Ja-
postojbina Delmata, nom dijelu Sredozemlja, odnosno na jugu Europe. Dio

je istočne obale i otoka Jadranskog mora, na potezu od
drana, nastanjen ilirskim plemenima, nazivali Rimlja-
ni. S vremenom se pojam Dalmacije širi i na dio Ne-
koji su ime dobili masiva Velebita do Bokokotorskog zaljeva. Dalmaciju retvanske kneževine, a danas i na područje nekadašnje
čini izdužen primorski pojas koji se sastoji od kontinen- Dubrovačke Republike. U prošlosti se prostorni opseg
prema ilirskoj talnog i od otočnog dijela. Kontinentalni dio, duljine oko Dalmacije znatno mijenjao te je obuhvaćao primorske
imenici delma što 400 km te do 70 km širine, pruža se u smjeru sjeveroza- dijelove danas susjednih država Bosne i Hercegovine,
pad – jugoistok. Otočni dio s mnogobrojnim otocima, Crne Gore i Albanije. Zanimljivo je da se i nekadašnji
znači ovca.” otočićima, hridima i grebenima, većinom je istog smjera centar ilirske Dalmacije, grad Delminium (Županjac,
pružanja, uz širinu oko 150 km. Na sjeverozapadnom je Duvno, danas Tomislavgrad), nalazi na području da-
dijelu Dalmacije kontinentalna granica najdublja te pro- našnje Bosne i Hercegovine.
lazi najvišim vrhovima planinskih lanaca Velebita (1 757
m), Dinare (1 831 m) i Kamešnice (1 810 m), točno po Suvremena Dalmacija dio je Republike Hrvatske i
nekadašnjim granicama ljetnih pašnjaka dalmatinskih i obuhvaća područje četiriju županija: Zadarske, Šiben-
bosanskih stočara. Prema jugoistoku, prirodna se konti- sko-kninske, Splitsko-dalmatinske i Dubrovačko-ne-
nentalna granica Dalmacije približava neposrednom za- retvanske, te se proteže od otoka Paga, južnog Velebita
leđu priobalnog pojasa, dok kod Dubrovnika obuhvaća i rijeke Zrmanje na sjeverozapadu, do Konavala, odno-
samo najuži primorski pojas do rta Oštra na sjeveroza- sno rta Oštra na jugoistoku. Prostire se na površini od
padnom rubu zaljeva Boke kotorske. 12 673 km2 i obuhvaća oko 22,4% kopnene površine
Hrvatske. Površina obalnog mora Dalmacije iznosi 23
Geopolitički, Dalmacija se nastavlja na Kvarner i sje- 107 km2 i ima udjel od gotovo 75% obalnog mora Hr-
verno Hrvatsko primorje te završava na granici s Cr- vatske. Uobičajeno Dalmaciju dijelimo na tri podregije:
nom Gorom. Jadransko more se nakon teritorijalnih Sjevernu Dalmaciju koja obuhvaća područje Zadarske
voda nastavlja međunarodnim vodama u pravcu Ape- i Šibensko-kninske županije; Srednju Dalmaciju koja
“Etymologically, ninskog poluotoka odnosno Italije, dok na kontinen- obuhvaća područje Splitsko-dalmatinske županije te
Dalmatia is the tu Dalmacija graniči s Bosnom i Hercegovinom te

Crnom Gorom, točnije u sjevernom dijelu s Bosnom,
Južnu Dalmaciju koja obuhvaća područje Dubrovač-
ko-neretvanske županije, zapravo najveći dio područja
homeland of the u srednjem dijelu s Hercegovinom te u južnom s Her- nekadašnje gotovo tisućljetne Dubrovačke Republike.
cegovinom i Crnom Gorom.
Delmati, who took Dalmacija ima iznimno razvedenu obalu uz koju se
their name from the Naziv Dalmacija prvi se put spominje u 1. stoljeću na- nalazi čak 926 otoka, otočića, hridi i grebena – goto-
kon Krista za vrijeme Rimskog Carstva, a odnosi se vo 74% od sveukupno 1 246 koliko ih se nalazi uz hr-
Illyrian noun delma, na područje između rijeka Krke i Cetine na kojem je vatsku obalu Jadrana. Obalna linija Dalmacije sastoji
which means sheep.” obitavalo ilirsko pleme Delmati. Etimološki, Dalmacija se od obale kontinentalnog dijela Dalmacije, te obale
D
almatia (Latin, Dalmatia; Italian, Dalma- The name Dalmatia was first mentioned in the first area of the Dubrovačko-neretvanska county, in other
zia; German, Dalmatien; English, Dalma- century AD, during the Roman Empire, and referred words, most of the territory of the one-time almost
tia) is the traditional name for a historic re- to the area between the Krka and Cetina rivers, in- one thousand years old Dubrovnik Republic.
gion located in the northern part of the Mediterra- habited by the Illyrian tribe the Delmati. Etymologi-
nean and the south of Europe. It is part of the eastern cally, then, Dalmatia is the homeland of the Delmati, Dalmatia has a very indented coastline, off which
coastline and archipelago of the Adriatic Sea, along who took their name from the Illyrian noun delma, there are as many as 926 islands, islets, rocks and reefs
the tract from the Velebit massif to the Bay of Boka which means sheep. It was a part of Roman Illyricum, – almost 74% of the all told 1246 islands lying off the
Kotorska. Dalmatia consists of an elongated coastal as the Romans called the general area of the eastern Adriatic coast of Croatia. The coastal line of Dalmatia
zone composed of a mainland and an insular part. The coast of the Adriatic settled by the Illyrian tribes. In consists of the coast of the mainland part of Dalma-
mainland part is about 400 km long and 70 km wide; time, the concept of Dalmatia was extended to part of tia and of the coasts of all the islands and islets, which
it extends in the north-west to south-east direction. the Princedom of Neretva, and to the area of the for- come all told to 4 324 kilometres. Indeed this type
The insular part, with its many islands and islets, rocks mer Dubrovnik Republic. In the past, what was cov- of indented, island-dotted coastline is called in geo-
and reefs, on the whole extends in the same direction, ered by the idea of Dalmatia varied considerably, and graphical studies the Dalmatian coastline type. The
with a width of about 150 km. On the north-west part covered the coastal area of the currently neighbour- biggest Dalmatian islands are Brač (394.6 km2), Hvar
of Dalmatia, the boundary with the inland is deepest, ing states of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro (295.7 km2), Korčula (276 km2), Dugi otok (114.4
and passes over the highest mountain peaks of Velebit and Albania. It is interesting that the former centre of km2), Mljet (100.4 km2), Vis (88.3 km2), Pašman
(1 757 m), Dinara (1 831 m) and Kamešnica (1 810 Illyrian Dalmatia, the city of Delminium (Županjac, (63.3 km2), Šolta (58.2 km2), Ugljan (50.2 km2) and
m), precisely over the former boundaries of the sum- Duvno, today called Tomislavgrad) lies in the area of Lastovo (46.9 km2). Pag , with 284,6 km2, would be
mer pastures of the Dalmatian and the Bosnian herds- today’s Bosnia and Herzegovina. the third largest Dalmatian island, but does not be-
men. To the south-east, the natural inland boundary long to Zadarska county in its entirety. The islands
of Dalmatia approaches the immediate hinterland of Contemporary Dalmatia is part of the Republic of cover about 1 770 square kilometres, or about 15% of
the coastal zone, while at Dubrovnik, it covers only Croatia and covers the area of four counties: Zadar- the area of Dalmatia. The biggest peninsula is Pelješac
the southernmost coastal zone to Oštro Point on the ska, Šibensko-kninska, Splitsko-dalmatinska and (348 km2), the second largest peninsula in Croatia
north-west edge of the Gulf of Boka Kotorska. Dubrovačko-neretvanska. It extends from the island (after Istria), and stretches more than 70 km.
of Pag, southern Velebit and the Zrmanja River in
In geopolitical terms, Dalmatia is a continuation of the north-west, to Konavle, or Oštro point [Cape Although the most frequent image of Dalmatia is that it
the Bay of Kvarner and the northern Hrvatsko Pri- Oštro] in the south-east. It covers of an area of 12 673 has a highly Mediterranean character, in fact, Dalmatia
morje region; it ends on the border with Montene- square kilometres and occupies about 22.4% of the has a considerable relief energy or vertical articulation, in
gro. The Adriatic Sea, after the territorial waters, con- land area of Croatia. The coastal waters of Dalmatia which the chain of the Dinaric mountains are dominant,
tinues in international waters in the direction of the cover 23, 107 square kilometres, or 75% of the whole with their numerous mountain massifs, of the typically
Apennine peninsula, in other words, of Italy, while of the coastal waters of the country. It is common Dinaric north-west to south-east lie, like the whole of
on the mainland, Dalmatia borders with Bosnia and to divide Dalmatia into three sub-regions: North- Dalmatia. From Velebit (1 757 m) at the extreme north
Herzegovina and Montenegro, to be precise, in the ern Dalmatia, which covers the area of the Zadars- of Dalmatia, leads on to: Poštak (1 446 m), Bukovica
northern part with Bosnia, in the central part with ka and Šibenkso-kninska counties; Central Dalma- and Orljak (674 m); Dinara (1 831 m), whose high-
Herzegovina and in the southern part with Herzego- tia, which covers the area of the Splitsko-dalmatinska est peak is Veliki Troglav (1 913 m) located in Bosnia
vina and Montenegro. county and Southern Dalmatia, which occupies the and Herzegovina; and also Kamešnica (1 810 m), the
svih otoka i otočića koja ukupno iznosi čak 4 324 ki- Na području Dalmacije teče dvanaest stalnih rijeka: Zr- rijetkost i prisutna je samo na ušću rijeke Neretve, dok
lometara, tako da je ovakav tip otočne razvedene obale manja (69 km), Guduča (7 km), Krka (72,5 km), Čikola su kod ostalih rijeka nastali riječni kanjoni – estuariji,
u geografiji nazvan dalmatinskim tipom obale. Najveći (47,8 km), Cetina (101 km), Jadro (4,5 km), Žrnovni- primjerice Zrmanje, Krke i Cetine.
su dalmatinski otoci: Brač (394,6 km2), Hvar (295,7 ca (4,8 km), Vrljika (70 km), Neretva (225 km), Om-
km2), Korčula (276 km2), Dugi otok (114,4 km2), Mljet bla (0,03 km) i Ljuta (6 km). Iako uslijed krške podloge Zbog okršene vapnenačke podloge, na dalmatinskom
(100,4 km2), Vis (88,3 km2), Pašman (63,3 km2), Šol- često velikim dijelom teku podzemno i ponekad su vr- je području prisutno više tisuća speleoloških objekata
ta (58,2 km2), Ugljan (50,2 km2), Lastovo (46,9 km2) i lo kratkog nadzemnog toka, ističu se količinom i kvali- od kojih velik broj, posebno na planinskim masivima,
drugi. (Pag je s 284,6 km2 također među najvećim oto- tetom vode. Za Omblu ili Rijeku dubrovačku često se još nije istražen. Trenutačno je najdublja dalmatinska
cima iako ne pripada u cijelosti Zadarskoj županiji, tj. navodi kako je sa svojih 30 m nadzemnog toka i prosje- jama Mokre noge na Biokovu s - 842 m dubine, a naj-
Dalmaciji.) Otoci zapremaju oko 1 770 km2, odnosno čnim protokom od 2 390 l/s, koji u maksimalnoj fazi do- dulja je špilja Kotluša s 3 418 m duljine.
oko 15% površine Dalmacije. Najveći poluotok je Pe- seže i do 11 300 l/s, najkraća rijeka na svijetu, s estuari-
lješac (348 km2), po veličini drugi poluotok Hrvatske jem od oko 5 km. Iznimno je zanimljiva i ponorna rijeka Na području je Dalmacije prema popisu iz 2011. go-
nakon Istre, a pruža se u duljini od gotovo 70 km. Vrljika koja u svega 70 km toka, na razmeđi Hrvatske dine živjelo 857 743 stanovnika ili 19,99% populaci-
i BiH, čak devet puta mijenja ime. Izvire kao Culuša, a je Hrvatske. Prosječna gustoća naseljenosti niža je od
Iako je najčešća predodžba Dalmacije kao regije na- zatim nakon poniranja i ponovnog izviranja postaje: Ri- hrvatskog prosjeka i iznosi oko 68 stanovnika na kva-
glašeno mediteranskog karaktera, prisutna je znatna čina – Brina – Suvaja (Posušje) – Matica – Vrlika (Imot- dratni kilometar. Premda je kroz dugo vremensko raz-
energija reljefa ili vertikalna raščlanjenost, koju tvori ski) – Tihaljina – Mlada, te konačno kao Trebižat uvire doblje centar Dalmacije bio Zadar, danas grad Split sa
ulančano dinarsko gorje s brojnim planinskim masi- u Neretvu. Iako je po duljini nadzemnog toka najdulja 178 192 stanovnika predstavlja geografski makrocen-
vima, tipičnog dinarskog smjera pružanja sjeveroza- rijeka Neretva (225 km), u Dalmaciji se nalazi samo 22 tar s tri regionalna centra, gradovima Zadrom (75 082),
pad – jugoistok, kao i cijela Dalmacija. Od Velebita (1 km završne delte, dok je najdulja rijeka koja cijelom du- Šibenikom (46 372) i Dubrovnikom (42 641).
757 m) na krajnjem sjeveru Dalmacije nastavljaju se: ljinom teče Dalmacijom rijeka Cetina sa 101 km duljine.
Poštak (1 446 m), Bukovica i Orljak (674 m); Dina- Iako zbog krške podloge u Dalmaciji ne možemo očeki- Dalmacija je krajobrazno i biološki, razmjerno svojoj ve-
ra (1 831 m) s najvišim vrhom Velikim Troglavom (1 vati veća jezera, upravo je Vransko jezero kod Biograda ličini, jedno od najraznolikijih područja Europe s čak
913 m) smještenim u Bosni i Hercegovini; te Kameš- sa 30,7 km2 površine ujedno i najveće prirodno jezero na devet parkova, i to četiri nacionalna parka (NP): Pakle-
nica (1 810 m), čiji je najviši vrh Konj (1 855 m) tako- području Hrvatske. Ističe se i Crveno jezero kod Imot- nica, Kornati, Krka i Mljet te pet parkova prirode (PP):
đer smješten na području Bosne i Hercegovine. Slije- skog, ogromna urušena jama duboka 528 m i otprilike jugoistočni dio Velebita, Telašćica, Vransko jezero, Bio-
de: Promina (1 148 m), Veliki Kozjak (1 207 m), Svi- do polovice ispunjena vodom. Jezero je u stvari odušak kovo i Lastovsko otočje, a u pripremi je proglašenje dva-
laja (1 508 m), Moseć (838 m), Boraja (739 m), Mali snažne podzemne rijeke, a njegova razina ovisi o količi- ju dodatnih zaštićenih područja (vjerojatno regionalnih
Kozjak (779 m), Mosor (1 339 m), Omiška Dinara ni protoka i varira više od 30 m. Unatoč površini od sve- parkova) Delte Neretve i planine Dinare. U Dalmaci-
(863 m), Biokovo (1 762 m), Šibenik (1 314 m), Rilić ga 150x180 m, ovo jezero sadrži čak oko 16 milijuna m3 ji nalazimo 19 posebnih rezervata – botaničkih, šum-
(920 m), Matokit (1 062 m), Mala Žaba (681 m), dok vode, što ga čini jednim od većih spremnika podzemne ske vegetacije, ornitoloških, ihtioloških i geomorfološ-
južnu granicu s Hercegovinom zatvara Sniježnica (1 vode na svijetu. ko-hidroloških, 10 park šuma, 36 značajna krajobraza,
234 m), a s Crnom Gorom masiv Bjelotine (1 089 m), 38 spomenika prirode i 19 spomenika parkovne arhitek-
pri čemu su oba ova masiva dio složene cjeline Orje- Uslijed male količine riječnih sedimenata koji se uli- ture. Zaštićena područja obuhvaćaju 2 060,4 km², od-
na, čiji se najviši istoimeni vrh Orjen (1 894 m) nalazi jevaju u Jadransko more te podizanja razine mora od nosno više od 16% kopnene površine Dalmacije i nešto
u Crnoj Gori. posljednje oledbe, široka riječna delta u Dalmaciji je manje od 6% ukupne površine, računajući i obalno more.
highest peak of which is Konj (1 855 m) also located of its length in Dalmatia is the Cetina, 101 km in Zadar, it is the city of Split, with its population of 178
in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then come: Promina (1 length. Although because of the karstic substrate in 192, that is the geographical macrocentre of the re-
148 m), Veliki Kozjak (1 207 m), Svilaja (1 508 m), Dalmatia large lakes are not to be expected, Vransko gion, with three sub-centres, Zadar (75 082), Šibenik
Moseć (838 m), Boraja (739 m), Mali Kozjak (779 Lake, by Biograd, which has an area of 30.7 km2 is al- (46 372) and Dubrovnik (42 641).
m), Mosor (1 339 m), Omiška Dinara (863 m), Biok- so the biggest natural lake in Croatia. Also important
ovo (1 762 m), Šibenik (1 314 m), Rilić (920 m), Ma- is Crveno [Red] Lake by Imotski, a vast sinkhole 528 In proportion to its size, Dalmatia is one of the most
tokit (1 062 m), Mala Žaba (681 m), while the south- m deep and about half filled with water. The lake is in diverse areas in Europe, in terms of landscape and
ern border with Herzegovina is closed by Sniježnica fact the outlet of a powerful subterranean river, and biology, holding nine parks, including four nation-
(1 234 m), and that with Montenegro by the Bjelo- its level depends on the flow, varying more than 30 m al parks (NP): Paklenica, Kornati, Krka and Mljet
tine massif (1 089 m), with the proviso that both of up and down. In spite of having an area of no more and five Nature Parks (PP in Croatian): the south-
these massifs are part of the complex mass of Orjen, than 150 x 180 m, this lake contains as much as 16 east part of Velebit, Telašćica, Vransko jezero, Biok-
the highest peak of which shares the same name, Or- million m3 of water, making it one of the major reser- ovo and the Lastovo islands. Preparations are under
jen (1 894 m), and lies inside Montenegro. voirs of subterranean water in the world. way for making two more areas protected areas, prob-
ably to be classified as regional parks: the delta of the
Twelve permanent rivers flow in the Dalmatian ar- Because of the small quantity of riverine sediments Neretva and Mt Dinara. There are 19 special reserves
ea: the Zrmanja (69 km), Guduča (7 km), Krka (72.5 delivered into the Adriatic and the rising of the sea – botanical, forest, vegetation, ornithological, ich-
km), Čikola (47.8 km), Cetina (101 km), Jadro (4.5 level from the last Ice Age, a broad river delta is a rar- thyological and geomorphological and hydrological,
km), Žrnovnica (4.8 km), Vrljika (70 km), Neretva ity in Dalmatia, and is to be found only at the mouth 10 forest parks, 36 important landscapes, 38 monu-
(225 km), Ombla (0.03 km) and the Ljuta (6 km). The of the Neretva River, while in other rivers the outlets ments of nature and 19 monuments of park architec-
Ombla River, sometimes called Rijeka Dubrovačka, have taken shape as canyons, as in the Zrmanja, Krka ture. Protected areas occupy a total of 2 060.4 square
may be said, with its length above ground of a mere and Cetina. kilometres, which is to say more than 16% of the land
30 m, and an average flow of 2 390 l/s, reaching as area of Dalmatia, and a little less than 6% of the total
much as 11 300 l/s maximum, to be the shortest riv- Because of the karstified limestone bedrock, there are area if the coastal waters are taken into consideration.
er in the world, with an estuary of about 5 km. Also several thousand cave and pothole features in Dal-
exceptionally interesting is the disappearing river the matia, a large number of which, particularly in the
Vrljika, which in its 70 km long course along the bor- mountain massifs, are still unexplored. The currently
der between Croatian and Bosnia and Herzegovina deepest known Dalmatian pothole is Mokre noge on
changes its name nine times. It rises as the Culuša, Mt Biokovo, which is 842 m deep; the longest cavern
and then after repeated disappearances underground is Kotluša, 3 418 metres in length.
and re-emergences becomes the: Ričina – Brina – Su-
vaja (Posušje) – Matica – Vrlika (Imotski) – Tihalji- According to the 2011 census, the population of Dal-
na – Mlada and finally the Trebižat, which runs in- matia was 857 743, that is, 19.99% percent of the
to the Neretva. Although in terms of length above population of the whole country. The average pop-
ground the Neretva is the longest watercourse (225 ulation density is lower than the Croatian average,
km), in Dalmatia there is only the 22 km-long con- coming to 68 persons per square kilometre. Although
cluding delta; the longest river that flows the whole for a long period of time the centre of Dalmatia was
a.2
Geološka,
hidrogeomorfološka i
krajobrazna podloga
Dalmacije
Geological,
hydrological,
geomorphological and
landscape background
of Dalmatia
Voda i kamen tvore osebujne krajobraze

Nacionalnog parka Krka
Water and stone create the distinctive landscapes

of the Krka National Park
Foto: Ivo Pervan
“Osobitost Dalmacije
G
eološka građa Dalmacije relativno je jedno- ili mehaničkim putem (erozija). Okršavanju bitno po-
stavna. Uz dominantne kredne vapnence i maže raspucanost stijena uslijed potresa i drugih tek-
je izraziti krški reljef s dolomite, u manjoj su mjeri mozaičko pri- tonskih pomaka u Zemljinoj kori. Zahvaljujući proto-
istaknutim planinskim sutni vapnenci iz razdoblja trijasa i jure. Za poljopri-

vredu su najvažniji paleogeni flišni i vapnenački slo-
ku, ali i smrzavanju vode, pore i pukotine u stijenama
se šire, a stijene se drobe i pucaju, pri čemu se stvaraju
masivima, krškim jevi koje nalazimo na području Ravnih kotara, u pri- brojne krške pojave: krška polja, ponikve (vrtače), uva-
obalju od Trogira do Baćinskih jezera te na području le, kamenice, škrape, ponornice i krške riječne doline,
poljima i brojnim drugim Dubrovačkog primorja i Konavala, kao i delte Neretve prirodni kameni mostovi, krški izvori, ponori i estavele.
krškim pojavama uz s debelim riječnim nanosima i močvarnim staništima.
Na cijelom području Dalmacije prevladava krški reljef s
otočni pojas od 926 Geomorfologiju Dalmacije obilježava geotekton- istaknutim planinskim masivima, krškim poljima i broj-
otoka i otočića.” ska cjelina Dinarida, vrlo zanimljive geneze. Naime u nim drugim krškim pojavama. Planinski masivi pruža-
gornjem trijasu prije 220 milijuna godina, taloženjem ju se duž cijele obale, ponegdje strmo nad samu obalu,
drevnih morskih organizama na dnu plitkog mora, na- smanjujući mediteranski utjecaj Jadrana ponegdje na
staje Jadranska karbonatna platforma, dio južne europ- svega nekoliko stotina metara. U zaleđu priobalnoga
ske ploče. Putujući kroz prostor i vrijeme, od južnog planinskog niza srednje Dalmacije, između rijeke Krke i
do sjevernog ruba drevnog sredozemnog mora Tethis, donjeg toka Neretve, pruža se oko 150 km dug krški po-
platforma prolazi suše, poplave, oluje, uzdizanja i spu- jas Dalmatinske zagore najvećim dijelom ogoljelog krša.
štanja biblijskih razmjera, danas vidljive u više od 2 km
debelom sloju karbonatnih stijena dinarskih planina. Primorski karakter Dalmacije ojačan je velikim udje-
Prije oko 49 milijuna godina, sjeverna se afrička tek- lom otočnog pojasa s 926 otoka i otočića. Po postanku
“The distinctiveness tonska ploča počinje utiskivati u Jadransku mikroploču, i građi otoci su dio susjednog dinarskog kopna, nepo-
pri čemu se uzdižu Dinaridi, mlađe ulančano gorje ko- topljeni dijelovi reljefnih uzvišenja odnosno vrhovi pla-
of Dalmatia lies in its je se u duljini od oko 650 km prostire od Italije do Al- nina koji su još prije oko 10 000 godina bili dio kopna.
marked karstic relief banije, odnosno od jugoistočnih Alpa na sjeverozapadu Podizanjem mora za oko 100 m, kopnene gorske uzvi-
sve do rijeke Drim, gdje se na jugoistok prema Grč- sine postale su otoci. Međutim, manji broj jadranskih
with the prominent koj nastavljaju Tauridi. Širina Dinarida varira od 50 – vanjskih otoka: Biševo, Sv. Andrija, Sušac, Jabuka, Pa-
mountain massifs, 160 km te uz površinu od oko 72 000 km2 predstavlja lagruža i drugi, odijeljeni su od kopna još u razdoblju
najveće kontinuirano krško područje Europe. Vrhunac tercijara, odnosno glacijacija nije imala utjecaj na nji-
karstic poljes and Dinarida je Maja Jezerces (2 694 m) u masivu Prokleti- hovo razdvajanje od obale.
many other karstic ja na granici Albanije i Crne Gore. Osobitost Dinarida

naročito vidljiva u Dalmaciji jest krš – bezvodni, kame- Otoci se pružaju paralelno s obalom i planinskim nizom
phenomena, along with niti reljef bez ili sa vrlo plitkim slojem tla, koji prekri- u zaleđu, u tzv. dinarskom smjeru pružanja sjeverozapad
the island zone of 926 va topive vapnenačke stijene. Proces okršavanja započi-
nje kad voda obogaćena s ugljičnim dioksidom (CO2)
– jugoistok. Dijelimo ih, sukladno podjeli Dalmacije, na
sjevernodalmatinske: Pag, Dugi otok, Ugljan, Pašman,
islands and islets.” počinje trošiti kamenu podlogu kemijskim (korozija) Kornatsko otočje i drugi; na srednjodalmatinske: Brač,
T
he geological build of Dalmatia is relative- feature of the Dinarides very visible in Dalmatia is the mountains that were still part of the mainland until
ly simple. Along with the dominant Creta- karst – a waterless, stony relief without any or with a about 10 000 years ago. When the sea rose by about
ceous limestones and dolomites, also present very shallow layer of soil, covering a soluble limestone 100 m, the mainland mountain tops became islands.
to a smaller extent in a mosaic pattern are limestones rock. The process of karstification begins with water However, a smallish number of the outer islands of the
from the Triassic and Jurassic. Most important for holding carbon dioxide (CO2) in solution starting to Adriatic - Biševo, Sv. Andrija, Sušac, Jabuka, Palagruža
agriculture are the palaeogenic flysch and limestone eat away the stone bedrock chemically (corrosion) or and others - were separated from the land in the Ter-
strata to be found in the area of Ravni Kotari and wearing it away mechanically (erosion). Karstifica- tiary, and it was not glaciation that was instrumental in
along the very coast from Trogir to the Baćinsko lakes tion is particularly aided by the fissuring of the rocks dividing them from the coast. The islands extend in a
and in the area of Dubrovačko Primorje and Konavle, as a result of earthquakes and other tectonic shifts in direction parallel to the coast and the mountain range
as well as the Neretva delta, with its rich riverine sedi- the Earth’s crust. Thanks to the flow of water, and the in the hinterland, in what is called the Dinaric direc-
ments and wetland habitats. freezing process, the pores and cracks in the rocks ex- tion, north-west to south-east. We can classify them,
pand, the rocks crumble and break, numerous karstic according to the division of Dalmatia, into the north
The geotectonic unit of the Dinarides has left its mark phenomena thus being formed: the karst plain, usu- Dalmatian islands: Pag, Dugi otok, Ugljan, Pašman,
on the geomorphology of Dalmatia. In the Upper Tri- ally called polje after the Croatian, sink holes, valleys, the Kornati group and others; then the central Dalma-
assic, 220 million years ago, the Adriatic carbonate plat- karren, dolines, sinking streams, solution hollows, dry tian group, including Brač, Hvar, Vis, Šolta, Biševo, Sv.
form, part of the southern European plate, was formed river valleys, natural stone bridges, karst springs, swal- Andrija and the south Dalmatian islands of Korčula,
by the sedimentation of ancient marine organisms on lowholes and estavelles. Mljet, Lastovo, the Elaphite islands, Sušac and oth-
the bottom of the shallow sea. In its passage through ers. To the west of Vis island lie the open sea islands
time and space, from the southern to the northern rim In the whole area of Dalmatia it is karstic relief that of Jabuka and Brusnik, and to the south of them, the
of the ancient Mediterranean sea of Tethys, the plat- prevails, with prominent mountain massifs, karst Palagruža islands. All the outer islands are unlike the
form knew droughts and floods, storms, emergence poljes and many other limestone landscape features. other limestone, islands, of volcanic origin.
and submergence of Biblical proportions, visible today The mountain massifs stretch down the whole of the
in the more than 2 km thick stratum of the carbon- coastline, sometimes dropping sharply down to the Hydrological relations in the Dinaric karst are ex-
ate rocks of the Dinaric mountains. About 49 million very coastline, reducing the Mediterranean influ- tremely complex. The great depth of the limestone
years ago, the northern African tectonic plate began to ence of the Adriatic in some cases to just a few hun- rocks enables the water to penetrate very deeply all
push into the Adriatic microplate; this elevated the Di- dred metres. In the hinterland of the coastal moun- the way down to the impermeable strata that stop
narides, a young mountain that for a length of about tain range of Central Dalmatia, between the Krka riv- the water, which then flows underground towards the
650 km extends from Italy to Albania, in other words er and the lower course of the Neretva, extends the Adriatic, coming to the surface again in the form of
from the south-east Alps in the north-west, to the Riv- cca 150 km long karst zone of Dalmatinska Zagora, karstic springs, or under the sea in the form of the
er Drin, where the Taurides go on in a south-easterly which is mostly of bare karst. submarine springs known as the vrulja (the biggest of
direction to Greece. The width of the Dinarides varies which is Vruja by Brela).
from 50 to 160 km, and, with an area of about 72 000 The maritime character of Dalmatia is enhanced by
square kilometres is the greatest continuous karst area the great share of the island belt with its 926 islands In the area of Imotski town there are two karst phe-
in Europe. The highest peak of the Dinarides is Maja and islets. In their origins and structure, the islands nomena that are world famed. One is Modro jezero/
Jezerces (2 694 m) in the Prokletija massif on the bor- are a part of the neighbouring Dinaric landmass, un- Blue Lake, right alongside the city of Imotski, which
der between Albania and Montenegro. The particular submerged parts of relief elevations, i.e. the tips of the took its name from the lovely blue of the water. It is
Hvar, Vis, Šolta, Biševo, Sv. Andrija i drugi te na juž- litološkog sastava podloge. Najčešći predstavnik takvih što su osnovni elementi vizualne atraktivnosti prostora
nodalmatinske: Korčula, Mljet, Lastovo, Elafitski otoci, tala je crvenica (terra rossa), nastala kao rezultat otapa- i nositelji raznovrsnih staništa s pratećom bioraznoli-
Sušac i drugi. Zapadno od otoka Visa nalaze se pučin- nja karbonatne osnove. U Ravnim kotarima i na pote- kosti, pojedini krajobrazi Dalmacije imaju iznimnu ar-
ski otočići Jabuka i Brusnik, a južno od njih Palagruški zu od Kaštelanskog zaljeva do Bačine nalazimo smeđa hitektonsku vrijednost, nastalu razvojem poljoprivrede
otoci. Svi ovi pučinski otoci su za razliku od ostalih, va- tla na vapnencima i nerazvijena tla na flišu. U delti Ne- na kršu. Izgradnja višenamjenskih suhozida i drugih
pnenačkih otoka, vulkanskoga porijekla. retve prevladavaju aluvijalna tla, mlađi riječni nanosi sa strukturnih oblika antropogenog reljefa (kao što su dol-
slabo izraženim pedološkim svojstvima i karakteristi- ci, torovi, stanovi, lokve i bunari) stvorila je jedinstvenu
Hidrogeološki odnosi na području Dinarskog krša vr- kama močvarnih tala riječnih nizina. Iako navedena tla, krajobraznu vizuru kulturnih krajobraza, nepokretnog
lo su složeni. Velika debljina vapnenačkih stijena omo- s izuzetkom doline Neretve, nisu naročito bogata hra- kulturnog dobra koje ukazuje na razvoj poljoprivrede,
gućuje vrlo duboko poniranje vode sve do nepropusnih njivima i pogodna za poljoprivredu, predstavljaju naj- zajednice i pripadajućeg teritorija kroz povijest te de-
naslaga koje zaustavljaju vodu, koja tada teče podzemno važnija poljoprivredna tla Dalmacije i na njima je ra- finira kulturni i prostorni identitet Dalmacije. Neki su
prema Jadranskom moru gdje ponovo istječe na površi- zvijena intenzivna poljoprivredna proizvodnja. takvi prostori posebno vrijedni. Krajobrazna jedinica
nu u obliku krških izvora ili pod morem u obliku pod- Donja Neretva izdvojena je kao zasebna upravo zato
morskih izvora – vrulja (najveća je Vruja kod Brela). Najveća i najvažnija krška polja Dalmacije su Imotsko što su nizinski močvarni i kultivirani dijelovi s obiljem
polje (95 km2), od kojeg je oko 45 km2 u Hrvatskoj, za- vode, okruženi brdovitim kršem i spojeni s morskom
Na području grada Imotskog nalaze se dva svjetski tim Konavosko polje (75 km2), Sinjsko polje (64 km2), obalom i morem, krajobrazna posebnost ne samo u na-
važna krška fenomena. Jedan je Modro jezero – ne- Petrovo polje (57 km2), Vrgoračko polje (37 km2), polje cionalnim okvirima. Iz naplavljene ravnice mjestimice
posredno uz grad Imotski – koje je ime dobilo po pre- Dicmo (35 km2), Kosovo polje (34 km2), Kninsko polje poput otoka izniču vapnenačke glavice ili se otvaraju
krasnoj modroj boji vode. Dužine je oko 800, a širine (24 km2), te druga polja manja od 10 kvadratnih kilome- potopljene jame – oka, što ukupnu krajobraznu sliku
oko 250 m. Duboko je do 90 m i omiljeno je kupa- tara. Kako krške rijeke unose vrlo malu količinu sedime- čini izuzetnom. Važan element krajobraza su poljo-
lište Imoćana iako u najsušim godinama zna i presu- nata u more, sedimenti ostaju na području krških polja privredne površine nastale jendečenjem, tradicionalnim
šiti. Još je impozantniji krški fenomen Crveno jezero gdje čine nepropusne slojeve koji zadržavaju vodu. Zbog stvaranjem plodnog tla u vodi kopanjem kanala i nasi-
smješteno 1,5 km sjeverozapadno od grada Imotskog. toga su krška polja ne samo ključna za poljoprivrednu panjem izvađenog mulja na novonastalu parcelu. Pri-
Već prvi pogled na okomite stijene koje se strmogla- proizvodnju na kršu, već su povremeno plavljena krška moštenski vinogradi jedinstven su i atraktivan primjer
vo ruše prema tamnoj površini jezera odaje odakle je polja svojevrsne oaze bioraznolikosti, gdje je njihov hi- zaštićenog poljoprivrednog kulturnog krajobraza te se
jezero dobilo ime; naime, veći sadržaj željeznih oksida drološki režim osnova održanja bioraznolikosti. nalaze na tentativnoj listi UNESCO-a. Starigradsko
daje stijenama karakterističnu crvenu boju. Uz jezero polje na otoku Hvaru, nastalo u 4. st. pr. Kr., najbolje
je vezana legenda o Gavanovim dvorima, propalima u Krajobrazi Dalmacije obuhvaćaju sljedećih pet osnov- je očuvani grčki sustav podjele poljoprivrednog zemlji-
bezdan zbog beskrajne oholosti gospodara. nih krajobraznih jedinica: sjevernodalmatinsku zara- šta na Mediteranu. Čini ga sačuvana antička podjela na
van, zadarsko-šibenski arhipelag, Dalmatinsku zagoru 75 parcela (hora) s tradicionalnim mediteranskim kul-
U Dalmaciji su u vrlo velikom udjelu prisutna izrazito te obalno područje srednje i južne Dalmacije sa zaseb- turama vinovom lozom, maslinama i smokvama, kon-
skeletna tla, u najizraženijem obliku poznata kao goli no izdvojenim krajobrazom donje Neretve. Na kraj- tinuirano u uzgoju od grčke kolonizacije. Polje je upi-
ili ljuti krš, to jest tla dinarskih kamenjara i pašnjaka. njem sjeverozapadnom dijelu Dalmacije, najsjeverni- sano na UNESCO-ovu listu svjetske baštine 2008. go-
U područjima gdje je došlo do razgradnje skeletne, ka- ja dalmatinska (Zadarska) županija obuhvaća još kraj- dine. Kulturni krajobrazi još nisu valorizirani u smislu
mene podloge građene od vapnenaca i dolomita, dola- nji jugoistočni dio sa sljedeća tri krajobraza: vršni po- gospodarskog korištenja iako imaju velik potencijal za
ze tla koja su se razvila pod prevladavajućim utjecajem jas Velebita, kvarnersko-velebitski prostor i Liku. Osim ekološku poljoprivredu te ekološki i kulturni turizam.
about 800 metres long and 250 wide. It is 90 m deep The largest and most important karst poljes in Dalma- property that indicates the development of agricul-
and is a favourite bathing place for Imotski people, al- tia are Imotsko polje (95 km2), of which about 45 km2 ture, the community and the accompanying territory
though in the driest years it will sometimes dry up. is in Croatia, and then Konavosko polje (75 km2), Sin- through history, and defines the cultural and spatial
A still more impressive karstic phenomenon is Crve- jsko polje (64 km2), Petrovo polje (57 km2), Vrgoračko identity of Dalmatia. Some of these spaces are partic-
no jezero / Red Lake, some 1.5 km to the north-west polje (37 km2), polje Dicmo (35 km2), Kosovo polje ularly valuable. The landscape unit of the Lower Ner-
of Imotski. At a first glance at the vertical rocks that (34 km2), Kninsko polje (24 km2) and other poljes less etva is set apart precisely because the lowland wetland
plunge headily towards the dark surface of the lake, the than 10 square kilometres in area. Since the karst riv- and cultivated parts with their abundance of water are
source of the lake’s name is clear: the high quantity of ers take very little sediment into the sea, the sediments surrounded by rocky karst and are joined with the sea
iron oxide gives the rocks a characteristic reddish hue. remain in the karstic poljes, where they form an im- coast and the sea, a particular landscape feature in not
Connected to the lake is the legend of Gavan and his permeable layer that retains the water. For this reason merely national terms. Limestone hillocks sometimes
mansion, which was said to have been swallowed up the karstic poljes are not only crucial for agricultur- rear out of the flood plain, or there will be submerged
into the abyss because of the owner’s boundless pride. al production in the karst, but the occasionally inun- pits, which makes the overall image of the landscape
dated karst poljes are in a sense oases of biodiversity, exceptional. And important element of the landscape
Very markedly skeletal soils are present to a great ex- their hydrological regime being the basis of the main- consists of the farm land created by dredging, the tra-
tent, known in their most highly expressed form as tenance of biodiversity. ditional way of creating fertile soil in water by dig-
bare or ljuti [savage, harsh] karst. This is the soil of the ging out channels and piling the mud extracted on
Dinaric stony areas and pastures. In areas where the The landscapes of Dalmatia comprehend the follow- the newly created plot. The Primošten vineyards are
skeletal stone bedrock of limestone or dolomite has de- ing five basic landscape units: the north Dalmatian a unique and attractive example of a protected ag-
graded, there are soils that have developed under the plateau; the Zadar and Šibenik archipelago; Dal- ricultural cultural landscape, which is on the tenta-
prevailing influence of the composition of the sub- matinska Zagora and the coastal area of central and tive UNESCO World Heritage List. The Stari Grad
strate. The most common representative of this kind southern Dalmatia with the distinct landscape of the Plain, on the island of Hvar, created about the 4th
of soil is terra rossa, red soil, which has been created as Lower Neretva. At the extreme north-west part of century BC, is the best preserved Greek cadastre in
a result of the solution of the carbonate rock. In Ravni Dalmatia, the northernmost Dalmatian county (that the Mediterranean. It is formed by the still existing
Kotari and along the stretch from the bay of Kaštela to of Zadar) also includes the extreme south-east parts ancient division into 75 plots (constituting the chora)
Baćina, we find brown soil on limestone and undevel- of these landscapes: the peak zone of Velebit, the with traditional Mediterranean crops, the grape vine,
oped soil on flysch. In the delta of the Neretva there Kvarrner and Velebit area, and Lika. Apart from be- the olive and the fig, under continuous cultivation
are mainly alluvial soils, young riverine sediments the ing the basic elements of the visual attractiveness of since the Greek colonisation. This plain was inscribed
pedological properties of which are weakly expressed, the space and support for various habitats with their in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2008. The
with characteristics of wetland soils of the river low- accompanying biodiversity, the individual landscapes cultural landscapes have not yet been evaluated in the
lands. Although these soils, with the exception of the of Dalmatia have outstanding architectural value, cre- sense of economic use, but they do have a great po-
valley of the Neretva, are not particularly nutrient-rich ated by the development of agriculture on the karst. tential for ecological farming and ecological and cul-
or suitable for agriculture, they do constitute the most The construction of the multipurpose dry stone walls tural tourism.
important farming land of Dalmatia, and intensive ag- and other structural forms of anthropogenic relief
ricultural production has developed on them. (such as the cultivated depressions, folds, shealings,
pools and wells) has created a unique landscape vi-
sion of cultural landscapes, an immoveable cultural
a.3
Klima i vegetacija
Dalmacije
Climate and
vegetation in
Dalmatia
Duga iznad Mosora – zlatne planine (Mons

aureus) ponad Splita
Rainbow over Mosor, or golden mountain, Mons

Aureus, over Split
Foto: Ivica Lolić
“Raspon od
K
lima Dalmacije izrazito je raznovrsna, a nje- • Submediteranska klima proširena je cijelim područ-
zin utjecaj je mozaički i gradijentno raspo- jem unutarnjih Ravnih kotara i Dalmatinske zago-
mediteranske do ređen. Na području otočne i obalne Dalma- re, većim dijelom Imotske i Vrgoračke krajine, dije-
oštre visokoplaninske cije prisutna je sredozemna (mediteranska) klima ko-

ja zbog izraženo visokih obalnih planinskih masiva,
lom doline Neretve, zaleđem Dubrovačkog primorja
i Konavala. Odlikuje je daleko veći utjecaj kontinen-
klime u Dalmaciji ponekad već s povećanjem nadmorske visine od ne- talne klime, dakle vruća ljeta i prilično hladne zime.
koliko stotina metara, prelazi u submediteransku kli-
uvjetovao je jednu od mu pa ubrzo i u planinsku, i tako sve do oštre visoko- • Planinska klima proširena je svim planinskim ma-
vrstama najbogatijih planinske klime koju imaju neke dalmatinske planine sivima Dalmacije iznad otprilike 1 000 m nadmor-
u svom orografski najvišem dijelu. Biokovo i Snijež- ske visine, ali je naročito izražena na području masiva
europskih flora nica duguju svoje ime upravo snijegu koji na najvišim Velebita, Kremena, Poštaka, Dinare, Kamešnice, Svi-
te vruću točku vrhuncima, vidljivim i s obale i iz zaleđa, ostaje i više laje, Biokova i Sniježnice. Disjunktno je prisutna na
od pola godine. Spuštanjem planina prema kontinen- masivu Vidove gore na otoku Braču te na masivu Sv.
bioraznolikosti.” tu u krška polja, pa ponovnim usponima i spuštanjima Ilija na Pelješcu.
koja se višekratno ponavljaju, opada utjecaj Medite-
rana, a jača utjecaj kontinentalne i planinske klime pa • Snježna, visokoplaninska klima, prisutna je samo
govorimo o submediteranskoj klimi s vrlo raznolikim iznad otprilike 1 500 m visine, disjunktno raspoređe-
mikroklimatskim pojavama. na na najvišim vrhuncima Velebita, Dinare i Bioko-
va. Odlikuju je svježa ljeta i vrlo hladne, snježne zime.
Prema Köppenovoj klimatskoj podjeli, na području Dal-
macije srećemo čak pet osnovnih tipova klime: semia- Raznovrsnost klime u Dalmaciji možda je najupečat-
“The climate in ridna (Csa), mediteranska (Csax), submediteranska (Cf- ljivija na području Biokova. U listopadu se još može-
sa), planinska (Cfsb) i snježna, visokoplaninska (Dfsb). mo okupati u okolici Makarske i nakon toga uživa-
Dalmatia, which ti na snijegom prekrivenom Biokovu. Naime srednja
ranges from • Semiaridna klima ili klima masline obuhvaća samo

naše pučinske otoke, odnosno viški, lastovski i pa-
godišnja temperatura kreće se od 15,5°C u Makarskoj
do 3,9°C na najvišem vrhu Sv. Juri, uz izrazitu klimat-
Mediterranean lagruški arhipelag te najjužniji dio otoka Korčule. sku razliku od čak 11,6°C na zračnoj udaljenosti od
to severe high Odlikuje je izrazita vrućina i suhoća, dok su obori-

ne prisutne samo u najhladnijem dijelu godine.
samo 5 km. Na Sv. Juri padne oko 2 500 mm obori-
na godišnje, ali se prema podnožju oborine smanjuju,
mountainous, has tako da s kontinentalne strane Biokova padne oko 1
resulted in one of the • Mediteranska klima proširena je južnije od Ravnih

kotara i kanjona Krke, gotovo samo uskim obalnim
500 mm, a s primorske ne više od 1 300 mm oborina.
most species-rich pojasom i na otocima, uključujući i riječne doline, U Dalmaciji puše osam glavnih vjetrova: sa sjevera tra-
gdje utjecaj mediteranske klime nije spriječen pla- muntana i bura; s istoka levant; s juga jugo i oštro, s ju-
European floras, and a ninskim masivima pa prodire daleko dublje u ko- gozapada lebić, sa zapada pulenat, a sa sjeverozapada
biodiversity hot-spot.” pno. Slična je semiaridnoj, ali s bitno više oborina. maestral. Najjači vjetrovi karakteristični za Dalmaciju
T
he climate of Dalmatia is very diverse; its in- Krka River, almost only along the narrow coastal difference in only 5 km as the crow flies. About 2 500
fluence is however distributed in a mosaic belt and on the islands, including the river valleys, mm of precipitation falls a year on Sv. Jura, but towards
and is gradient-dependent. In the area of is- where the influence of the Mediterranean climate the foothills the rainfall decreases, and on the inland
land and coastal Dalmatia, there is the Mediterranean is not hindered by the mountain massifs and pen- part of Biokovo 1 500 mm falls, and on the maritime
climate, which, because of the very high coastal moun- etrates deep into the mainland. It is similar to the side, no more than 1 300 mm.
tain massifs, sometimes with an increase of height semi-arid, but has much more rainfall.
above sea level of several hundred metres, transits into In Dalmatia, on the whole eight winds blow. From the
the sub-Mediterranean climate, and then readily into • The sub-Mediterranean extends over the whole north comes the tramontane and the bora; from the east,
the mountain and the severe high mountain climate area of the interior Ravni Kotari and Dalmatin- the levant; from the south the sirocco and the oštro; from
that is characteristic of some of the Dalmatian moun- ska Zagora, most of the Imotski and Vrgorac areas the south west the lebić; from the west the pulenat, and
tains in their highest parts. Biokovo and Sniježnica (krajine), partially along the valley of the Neret- from the north-west the maestral. The strongest winds
owe their names precisely to the snow that is visible va, in the hinterland of Dubrovačko Primorje and characteristic of Dalmatia are the sirocco and the bo-
on their highest peaks from the coast and from the Konavle. It is characterised by a much greater in- ra. The bora is a katabatic wind that gains in power and
hinterland, and stays for more than half the year. As fluence of the continental climate, that is, by hot speed as it drops down a steep slope, and it is no sur-
the mountains drop inland to the karst poljes, and rise summers and fairly cold winters. prise that the strongest such winds are those of Biokovo
again and fall again, which happens several times, the and Velebit. They blow from the north east, in gusts, and
influence of the Mediterranean fades again, and that • The mountain climate is found on all the mountain come without warning and in a short time can achieve
of the continental and mountain climate gains, and we massifs of Dalmatia over about 1000 m above sea lev- huge velocity and power. The record speed for the bora
talk of a sub-Mediterranean climate with very diverse el, but it is particularly marked in the area of the mas- is 308 km an hour, measured at Maslenica bridge, below
micro-climatic phenomena. sifs of Velebit, Kremen, Postak, Dinara, Kamešnica, Velebit. They say that it is impossible to make true Dal-
Svilaja, Biokovo and Sniježnica. It is disjunctively matian cured ham (pršut) without the bora, for only that
According to the Köppen climatic classification, in the present on the massif of Vidova gora on the island of wind can cure it properly. The sirocco is a southern wind
area of Dalmatia we find five basic types of climate: Brač and on the massif of Sv. Ilija on Pelješac. that comes off the sea, raising waves and halting ship-
semi-arid (Csa), Mediterranean (Csax), sub-Mediter- ping; it can reach hurricane speeds. Since the sirocco can
ranean (Cfsa), mountainous (Cfsb) and snowy, high • The snowy, high mountain climate is present only blow for several days, it has an effect on the way people
mountain (Dfsb). above about 1 500 m above sea level, is disjunc- feel, and in Dalmatia they simply say južina, a southerly.
tively distributed on the highest peaks of Velebit,
• The semi-arid or “olive” climate covers only our Dinara and Biokovo. It has cool summers and very The vegetation of Dalmatia, as a result of the parsimo-
open sea islands, that is, the archipelagos of Vis, cold, snowy winters. nious stone substrate is apparently very poor and quite
Lastovo and Palagruža and the southernmost often does not show any rapid alteration of plant com-
part of Korčula island. It is characterised by pro- The diversity of climate in Dalmatia is perhaps most munities, as in the area of the northern Dinaric region.
nounced heat and dryness, while precipitation striking in the area of Biokovo. In October we can still However, the range from the semi-arid plant commu-
comes only in the coldest part of the year. swim around Makarska, and after that revel in snow- nities to the high mountain beech and fir forest associa-
capped Biokovo. The mean annual temperature rang- tions in conjunction with the many micro-communi-
• The true Mediterranean climate extends south- es from 15.5 °C in Makarska to 3.9 °C on the highest ties, has in fact formed the basis for the origin of one of
wards of Ravni Kotari and the canyon of the peak of Sv. Jura, which is a very pronounced climatic the most species-rich European flora. Thus Dalmatia,
su jugo i bura. Bura je gravitacijski vjetar koji dobiva na brojni drugi. Unutar ovog vegetacijskog područja zajednice priobalnih stajačica i tekućica, obalni pijes-
snazi i brzini kada se spušta niz strminu, zato ne čudi proširen je i alepski bor (Pinus halepensis), a na vi- ci, slanjače, antropogena staništa (maslinici, vinogra-
da je najjača velebitska i biokovska bura. Puše sa sjeve- šim područjima i endemični dalmatinski crni bor di) i drugo. Na velikim površinama prošireni su de-
roistoka, na refule, odnosno mahove, a dolazi bez upo- (Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica). gradacijski stadiji šuma: čuvena dalmatinska makija,
zorenja i u kratkom roku može postići enormnu brzinu polumakija, bušici i drugo.
i snagu. Za sada je rekordna bura od 308 km/h izmje- • Šuma hrasta medunca i drugih hrastova s bjelo-
rena na Masleničkom mostu u podnožju Velebita. Ka- grabom: proširena je cijelim brdskim područjem Na području Dalmacije utvrđeno je 15 prirodnih i
že se da bez bure nema pravog dalmatinskog pršuta, jer Dalmacije kao nastavak šuma hrasta crnike. Tipični potencijalnih vegetacijskih pokrova koji se u idealnim
ga jedino bura može najbolje osušiti. Jugo je južni vjetar predstavnici uz medunac (Quercus pubescens) i bjelo- uvjetima mogu razviti, sukladno edafsko-klimatskim
koji dolazi s mora, diže valove i onemogućuje plovidbu, grab (Carpinus orientalis) su: hrast sladun (Quercus čimbenicima:
a može doseći orkansku snagu. Kad jugo puše nekoliko frainetto), jasen (Fraxinus ornus), smrdljika (Pista-
dana, loše utječe na psihičko stanje ljudi i u Dalmaciji cia terebinthus), pucalina (Colutea arborescens), smrič • šume i makije hrasta crnike,
se jednostavno kaže – južina. (Juniperus oxycedrus), šparoga (Asparagus officinalis), • šume i makije hrasta crnike s crnim grabom,
bodljikava veprina (Ruscus aculeatus) i brojni drugi. • šume i makije hrasta crnike s crnim jasenom,
Vegetacija Dalmacije, uslijed škrte kamene podloge, na- • makija tršlje i divlje masline,
izgled je vrlo siromašna te često i ne pokazuje izrazito • Šuma hrasta medunca i crnograba: nastavlja se na • jadranska šuma hrasta sladuna,
brzu izmjenu biljnih zajednica kao na području sjever- viša brdska područja cijelom dužinom Dalmacije, • šuma hrasta medunca i bjelograbića,
nodinarske regije. Međutim, raspon od semiaridnih bilj- kao nastavak medunca s bjelograbom. Tipični pred- • šuma hrasta medunca i crnog graba,
nih zajednica do visokoplaninskih zajednica bukovo-je- stavnici uz medunac i crnograb (Ostrya carpinifolia) • šuma hrasta lužnjaka i jasena,
lovih šuma uz brojne mikrozajednice, uvjetovao je na- su: medunac dub (Quercus virgiliana), makljen (Acer • šuma hrasta lužnjaka i žutilovke,
stankom jedne od vrstama najbogatijih europskih flora. monspessulanum), brekinja (Sorbus torminalis), drijen • šuma poljskog jasena i kasnog drijemovca,
Tako je Dalmacija, kao refugijsko područje flore za vri- (Cornus mas), perasta kostrika (Brachypodium pinna- • klekovina,
jeme oledbi, danas globalna vruća točka bioraznolikosti. tum) i drugi. • šuma bukve i jesenje šašike,
Taksonomski status pojedinih biljnih vrsta, kao npr. bio- • šuma bukve i jele,
kovske jele do danas nije razriješen. • Primorska bukova šuma: proteže se na najviša pla- • subalpinska šuma bukve,
ninska područja Dalmacije, kao granična zajednica • trščaci.
Duž jadranske obale i na otocima dominira primor- primorske i kontinentalne vegetacije te ne obuhva-
ski, odnosno mediteranski pojas vegetacije, sastavljen ća prave mediteranske biljke. Tipični predstavnici uz
od četiri glavna vegetacijska područja: bukvu (Fagus sylvatica) su: gorski javor (Acer pseudo-
platanus), jarebika (Sorbus aria), gorski brijest (Ulmus
• Šuma hrasta crnike: proširena je razmjerno uskim glabra) te jesenja šašika (Sesleria autumnalis). U ovom
priobalnim područjem, a tipični predstavnici uz cr- području prisutne su i reliktne šume jele (Abies sp.)
niku (Quercus ilex) su: zelenika (Phyllirea sp.), mir-
ta (Myrtus communis), planika (Arbutus unedo), lo- Unutar ovih glavnih vegetacijskih područja pojavlju-
vor (Laurus nobilis), velika crnjuša (Erica arborea), je se mozaično veći broj biljnih zajednica i staništa:
tetivika (Smilax aspera), tršlja (Pistacia lentiscus) i zajednice stijena, mediteranski pašnjaci i travnjaci,
as a refuge area for flora from the glacial period, is to- oriental hornbeam.Typical representatives with pu- • Adriatic pubescent oak forest,
day a global biodiversity hotspot. The taxonomic status bescent oak and hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifo- • pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam forest,
of some of the plant species, like the Biokovo fir, is still lia) are Quercus virgiliana, Montpellier mapble (Acer • pubescent oak and hop hornbeam forest,
not properly determined. monspessulanum), wild service tree (Sorbus torminal- • common oak and ash forest,
is), European cornel (Cornus mas) tor grass (Brachy- • common oak and gorse forest
Along the Adriatic coast and on the islands, a maritime podium pinnatum) and others. • common ash and late snowflake forest,
or Mediterranean vegetation zone dominates, com- • juniper scrub
posed of four main vegetation areas: • Maritime beech forests: these extend to the high- • beech and autumn moor grass forest,
est mountain areas of Dalmatia, bordering com- • beech and fir forest,
• Holm oak forest: it is distributed over a relatively munity between maritime and continental vegeta- • subalpine beech forest,
narrow coastal area, and typical representatives are, tion, and does not cover real Mediterranean plants. • canebrakes / reed beds.
along with holm oak (Quercus ilex), evergreens of Typical examples along with the beech (Fagus syl-
the genus Phyllirea, the myrtle (Myrtus communis), vatica) are: the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplata-
the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), laurel (Lau- nus), whitebeam (Sorbus aria), witch elm (Ulmus
rus nobilis), tree heath (Erica arborea), rough bind- glabra) and autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumna-
weed (Smilax aspera), mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) and lis).Also to be found in this region are relict fir for-
many others. Well distributed in this vegetation ests (Abies sp.)
area is the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), and in
higher areas the endemic Dalmatian black pine Within these main vegetation areas a quite large
(Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica). number of plant communities and habitats appear
in a mosaic: rock communities, Mediterranean pas-
• Pubescent oak and other oaks with oriental horn- tures and swards, communities of the coastal stag-
beam forest: this goes on to high mountain areas the nant and running waters, coastal sands, haline soils,
whole length of Dalmatia, a continuation of holm anthropogenic habitats (olive groves, vineyards) and
oak forest. Typical components are, along with pu- others. Extending over very large areas are forest deg-
bescent oak and the oriental hornbeam (Carpinus radation stages: the famed Dalmatian maquis, semi-
orientalis): Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto), man- maquis, garrigue and other kinds.
na ash (Fraxinus ornus), terebinth (Pistacia terebin-
thus), bladder senna (Colutea arborescens), prickly ju- Fifteen natural and potential vegetation covers have
niper (Juniperus oxycredrus), asparagus (Asparagus been determined in Dalmatia, all able to develop in ideal
officinalis), butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and conditions, in line with the edaphic and climatic factors:
many others.
• holm oak forest and maquis,
• Pubescent oak and hop hornbeam: this contin- • holm oak and hop hornbeam forest and maquis
ues on high mountain areas over the whole length • holm oak and black ash forest and maquis,
of Dalmatia, a continuation of pubescent oak with • wild olive and mastic maquis,
a.4
Stanišna i biološka
raznolikost
Dalmacije
Habitat and
biological diversity
in Dalmatia
Biokovsko zvonce (Edraianthus pumilio),

endem Dalmacije
Biokovo bells (Edraianthus pumilio), a

Dalmatian endemic
Foto: Ivo Pervan
“U Dalmaciji se sreću
O
d ekoloških sustava na području Dalmacije njima nalazimo mediteranske, submediteranske, bal-
prisutni su: šume, krš i podzemlje, močvare kanske, ilirske, srednjoeuropske, pontske, eurazijske,
brojne endemične i i vode, more, krški travnjaci, obala i otoci, s a na vrhovima najviših dalmatinskih planina alpske,
reliktne vrste, a neke više stotina raznovrsnih staništa. Od kopnenih staništa

ističu se obalna i slana staništa, obalne pješčane sipine,
čak i borealne biljne vrste. U Dalmaciji se sreću broj-
ne endemične i reliktne vrste, a neke od njih nala-
od njih obitavaju slatkovodna staništa, sklerofilne makije, prirodni i po- zimo isključivo na planinskim masivima ili otocima
luprirodni travnjaci, stjenovita staništa i špilje te šume, Dalmacije. Osobito se ističu endemične vrste iz rodo-
isključivo na pojedinim od kojih su za Dalmaciju tipične primorske vazdazele- va: kozlinaca (Astragalus), zečina (Centaurea), zvonči-
planinskim masivima ne šume i makije te primorske termofilne šume i šika- ća (Campanula; Edraianthus), oštrika (Onosma), lazar-
re medunca. Od kultiviranih nešumskih staništa ističu kinja (Asperula), mrižica (Limonium), kaćuna (Ophrys;
ili otocima.” se mozaične kultivirane površine te tradicionalni voć- Orchys) i druge. Također, posebno su prepoznatljivi
njaci, vinogradi i maslinici. Velika je raznovrsnost pod- dalmatinski endemi: dalmatinski crni bor (Pinus ni-
zemnih staništa: krške špilje i jame, morske špilje, an- gra ssp. dalmatica), dalmatinsko i biokovsko zvonce
hijaline špilje te intersticijska podzemna staništa. Od (Edraianthus dalmaticus; E. pumilio), dubrovačka zeči-
morskih staništa prisutna su staništa morske obale kona (Centaurea ragusina), dalmatinska iglica (Geranium
ja se dijelom preklapaju s kopnenim staništima, zatim dalmaticum) i brojni drugi.
brojna staništa u moru te kompleksi staništa: estuariji,
obalne lagune i velike plitke uvale i zaljevi. Dalmacija je vrlo bogata životinjskim vrstama: ko-
pnenim, slatkovodnim i morskim. Od 90 vrsta sisa-
Kao centri endemizma Dalmacije i Hrvatske, gdje na vaca Hrvatske, najugroženiji su šišmiši s 34 vrste, od
relativno maloj površini srećemo brzu izmjenu razno- kojih neke vrste dolaze samo na području Dalmacije.
vrsnih staništa, ističu se masivi Velebita i Biokova s vr- To su meheljev potkovnjak (Rhinolphus mehely) i veli-
lo velikim brojem endemičnih vrsta. Relativno dobra ki večernjak (Nyctalus lasiopterus), dok su blazijev pot-
očuvanost staništa i pravovremena zakonska zaštita kovnjak (Rhinolophus blasii) i kolombatovićev dugou-
“In Dalmatia, pojedinih područja u okviru čak četiri nacionalna par- šan (Plecotus kolombatovici) nađeni na svega par loka-
ka i pet parkova prirode pridonijela je izraženoj bio- cija izvan Dalmacije. U Dalmaciji obitavaju tri najve-
numerous endemic loškoj, stanišnoj i krajobraznoj vrijednosti Dalmacije. ća kopnena predatora Europe: medvjed (Ursus arctos),
and relict species are U Hrvatskoj raste 4 528 vrsta te 1 169 podvrsta, od-
vuk (Canis lupus) i ris (Lynx lynx). Selekcija pasa za
potrebe uzgoja stoke na području Dalmacije (tornjak)
encountered. Some of nosno 5 018 biljnih svojti te je na 6. mjestu u Europi. provodi se prije svega za zaštitu stoke od velikih pre-
them are to be found Međutim, brojem vrsta po jedinici površine je na 3.

mjestu, iza Slovenije i Albanije, a na osnovi prostor-
datora. Vuk, ali u manjoj mjeri i medvjed i ris, direk-
tno ovise o domaćim životinjama, koje su zamijeni-
only on the mountain ne rezidualne vrijednosti prva, s preko 542 vrste unu- le nekadašnje divlje preživače Dalmacije, tako da bez
tar jedne prostorne jedinice od 35 km2. Sama Dal- opstanka tradicionalnog stočarstva nema ni opstanka
massifs or on the macija je s oko 3 500 svojti bilja, brojem vrsta po je- velikih zvijeri. Također, prisutni su neki rijetki, ende-
islands of Dalmatia.” dinici površine među prvim regijama Europe. Među mični i ugroženi sisavci. Endemi dinarske Hrvatske
E
cological systems in the area of Dalmatia in- of spatial residual value, first, with over 542 species in Dalmatia (the tornjak) was carried out primarily
clude: forests, karst and the subterranean re- inside a single spatial unit of 35 square kilometres. to protect the animals from the large predators. The
gion, wetlands and waters, sea, karst grass- Dalmatia itself, with its approximately 3 500 taxa of wolf, and to a lesser extent the bear and the lynx, are
lands, coastland and islands, with several hundred plants is in terms of number of species per unit of area directly dependent on domestic animals, which re-
heterogeneous habitats. Particularly interesting of the among the leading regions of Europe. Among them placed the former wild cattle of Dalmatia, and the
land habitats are the coastal and salty habitats, coastal we find Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Balkan- large beasts of prey cannot survive without the tra-
sand dunes, fresh water habitats, sclerophyll maquis, ic, Illyrian, Central European, Pontic, Eurasian and, at ditional livestock rearing. Also present are some ra-
natural and semi-natural grasslands, rocky habitats the tips of the highest Dalmatian mountains Alpine re endemic and endangered mammals. Endemic to
and caverns and forests, typical of which for Dalmatia and even Boreal plant species. In Dalmatia, numerous Dinaric Croatia are the Dalmatian garden dormouse
are the coastal evergreen forests and maquis, and the endemic and relict species are encountered. Some of (Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus), the Balkan snow
coastal thermophile forests and pubescent oak scrub. them are to be found only on the mountain massifs vole (Dinaromys bogdanovi), the Balkan chamois
As for cultivated non-forest habitats, the mosaic ally or on the islands of Dalmatia. Particularly to the fore (Rupicapra rupicapra ssp. balcanica). As for marine
cultivated surfaces and the traditional orchards, vine- are the endemic species from the genera: vetches (As- mammals, the following are endangered: the bottle-
yards and olive groves stand out There is a great deal tragalus), cornflowers (Centaurea), bellflowers (Cam- nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the Mediterra-
of diversity in the subterranean habitats: the karst panula; Edraianthus), (Onosma), woodruffs (Asperula), nean monk seal (Monachus monachus), which was de-
caves and pits, the sea caverns, anchialine caves and sea lavender and marsh rosemary (Limonium), orchid scribed in 1779 on the basis of a specimen captured
interstitial underground habitats. Marine habitats in- (Ophrys; Orchys) and others. Especially distinctive are alongside Cres island. Numerous Dalmatian marine
clude seashore habitats that are partially imbricated the Dalmatian endemics: the Dalmatian black pine caves, in which the Mediterranean monk seal once
with terrestrial habitats, then numerous habitats in (Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica), Biokovo and Dalmatian lived, are named after this sea she-bear.
the sea as well as complex habitats – estuaries, coastal bellflowers (Edraianthus dalmaticus; E. pumilio), Du-
lagoons and large shallow bays and coves. brovnik cornflower (Centaurea ragusina), Dalmatian Some 390 species of bird inhabit Croatia, and 244
cranesbill (Geranium dalmaticum) and many others. species nest here, most of them in Dalmatia too. Un-
Very distinct centres of endemism in Dalmatia and til recently there were four species of carrion bird fly-
Croatia, where in a relatively small area we encounter a Dalmatia is very rich in animal species: terrestrial, ing here: the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnop-
rapid alteration of diverse habitats, are the Velebit and fresh water and marine. of the 90 species of mam- terus), the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), the bearded
Biokovo massifs, with a very large number of endem- mals in Croatia, the most endangered are the bats, 34 vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and the cinereous vulture
ic species. The relatively good preservation of habitats species of them, some of which only come to the area (Aegypius monachus). For all these vultures, until the
and prompt statutory preservation of individual areas of Dalmatia; Mehely’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolphus me- beginning of the 20th century, Dalmatia was one of
within the framework of as many as four national parks hely) and the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus), the population centres in Europe, where they direct-
and five nature parks has contributed to the great bio- while Blasius’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii) and ly depended on the developed traditional livestock
logical, habitat and landscape values of Dalmatia. Kolombatović’s long eared bat (Plecotus kolombatovici) keeping. Their populations presented a kind of proof
are found in only a handful of places outside Dalma- of the thousand-years of human management of the
There are 4 528 plant taxa and 1 169 subspecies in tia. Dalmatia is home to three of the biggest Euro- landscapes of Croatia, as well as a peak of biodiversi-
Croatia, or 5 018 taxa in all, which is the sixth high- pean terrestrial predators: the brown bear (Ursus arc- ty. After the decline of herding, particularly of sheep,
est in Europe. In terms of species per unit of area, it is tos), wolf (Canis lupus) and lynx (Lynx lynx). The se- and after a hundred years of poisoning and hunting,
in 3rd place, after Slovenia and Albania, and in terms lection of dogs for the purpose of livestock breeding these vultures became extinct. Reintroduction of the
su: krški puh (Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus), di- europskih populacija obitavala je na širem području (Delminychthys), koje su ujedno i najstarije europske
narski voluhar (Dinaromys bogdanovi), balkanska di- Neretve, uglavnom vezana za plitke močvare i perio- ribe te brojne druge endemske vrste. U Jadranu živi
vokoza (Rupicapra rupicapra ssp. balcanica). Od mor- dički potopljena krška polja bogata ribom. Nažalost, oko 450 vrsta morskih riba, odnosno preko 65% sre-
skih sisavaca ugrožen je dobri dupin (Tursiops trunca- danas je regionalno izumrla vrsta, zbog regulacije to- dozemnih vrsta, po čemu je Jadran treće područje po
tus) te sredozemna medvjedica (Monachus monachus), ka Neretve i isušivanja okolnih prostranih močvara te bioraznolikosti morskih riba u Mediteranu.
endem Mediterana, koja je opisana 1779. godine na hidrotehničkih regulacija krških polja. Ipak, nad Dal-
osnovi primjerka ulovljenog uz otok Cres. Brojne dalmacijom još uvijek lete najveće europske grabljivice: Daleko su najbrojniji i najčešći beskralješnjaci, među
matinske morske špilje u kojima je sredozemna med- suri orao (Aquila chrysaetos), zmijar (Circaetus gallicus) kojima se brojem vrsta ističu: kukci (Insecta), paučnja-
vjedica obitavala dobile su ime po morskom medvidu. i sova ušara (Bubo bubo). ci (Arachnida), rakovi (Crustacea), puževi (Gastropo-
da) s bezbrojnim vrstama endemičnim za Dalmaciju,
U Hrvatskoj obitava 390 vrsta ptica, a 244 vrsta i gni- U Hrvatskoj živi 15 vrsta zmija, 17 vrsta guštera, 7 vrsta a od morske faune: morske spužve (Porifera), koralji
jezdi od čega većina i u Dalmaciji. Ovdje su done- kornjača i 20 vrsta vodozemaca, od kojih neke srećemo (Anthozoa), školjke (Bivalvia), ježinci (Echinoidea),
davno letjele četiri vrste lešinara: crkavica (Neophron i u moru, primjerice morsku kornjaču, najčešće glavatu zvjezdače (Asteroiedea), glavonošci (Cephalopoda) i
percnopterus), bjeloglavi sup (Gyps fulvus), kostoberi- želvu (Caretta caretta), ali i ogromnu dvometarsku sed- brojne druge skupine. U okviru ogromne skupine be-
na (Gypaetus barbatus) i sup starješina (Aegypius mo- moprugu usminjaču (Dermochelys coriacea). Dalmacija je skralješnjaka, velik je udjel vrsta koje pripadaju pra-
nachus). Za ove lešinare Dalmacija je sve do početka domovina najotrovnije europske zmije – poskoka (Vi- tećoj agrobioraznolikosti, kako fauna direktno veza-
20. stoljeća bila jedan od populacijskih centara u Eu- pera ammodytes), ali i krajnja granica nekih južno prona za dalmatinske sorte i pasmine (predatori, fitofagi,
ropi, gdje su izravno ovisili o razvijenom tradicijskom širenih gmazova kao što su zmija sljeparica (Typhlops paraziti, napasnici, koprofagi, nekrofagi), tako i prate-
stočarstvu. Njihove populacije predstavljale su svoje- vermicularis), turski dvoplaz (Blanus strauchi) i riječna ća fauna staništa travnjaka i krških lokvi.
vrsni dokaz tisućgodišnjeg ljudskog upravljanja krajo- kornjača (Mauremys rivulata). Velik je broj endemičnih
brazima Dalmacije, ali i krunu bioraznolikosti. Nakon gušterica na području Dalmacije: mosorska gušterice Pri spominjanju beskralješnjaka i faune uopće, valja
smanjenja stočarstva, posebno ovčarstva te stogodiš- (Archaeolacerta mosorensis), brusnička gušterica (Podar- posebno istaknuti vrlo bogatu dinarsku špiljsku faunu
njeg trovanja i lova, ovi su lešinari izumrli. Reintro- cis melisellensis ssp. melisellensis), lastovska gušterica (Po- s velikim brojem endemičan i reliktnih vrsta. Ukupno
dukcija lešinara, možda ponajprije na prostoru Naci- darcis melisellensis ssp. n.), jadranska primorska gušteri- je s dalmatinskog područja – iz preko 130 tipskih špilj-
onalnog parka Paklenica i Parka prirode Biokovo nije ca (Podarcis sicula ssp. adriatica) i dubrovačka gušterica skih lokaliteta – opisano više od 230 svojti, od kojih
moguća bez upravljanja krajobrazima, pri čemu su je- (Podarcis sicula ssp. ragusae). U Dalmaciji obitavaju čak je najveći broj endemičan za Dalmaciju. Tek predstoji
dini optimalni resurs autohtone pasmine domaćih ži- četiri odvojene populacije čovječje ribice (Proteus angu- sustavno istraživanje faune tla (edafske faune) i faune
votinja. Obnova tradicionalnog korištenja postojećih inus), simbola dinarskog krškog podzemlja. krških pukotina (Mesovoid Shallow Substratum). Po-
krajobraza ispašom domaće stoke ujedno će održati i sebno bogatstvo i sigurno velik broj endemskih svojti
svu ostalu prateću bioraznolikost, posebno travnjač- Biološko bogatstvo slatkih voda Dalmacije ogleda se u očekuje nas i u carstvu gljiva (Fungi), koje su na po-
kog bilja i pratećih beskralješnjaka. Drugim riječima, velikom broju endemičnih slatkovodnih riba jadran- dručju Dalmacije vrlo slabo istražene, dok su daleko
lešinari na nebu dokaz su iznimne bioraznolikosti na skog sliva, koje čine znatan udjel od 154 vrsta slat- bolje istraženi lišaji (Lichenes).
tlu! Kudravi nesit (Pelecanus crispus) opisan je 1842. kovodnih riba Hrvatske. Po broju slatkovodnih vrsta
godine prema ulovljenim primjercima s područja del- riba, Hrvatska je nakon Turske najbogatija europska
te Neretve, a u svijetu je i danas poznat kao dalma- država. Od endemičnih vrsta ističu se mekousne pa-
tinski pelikan (Dalmatian Pelican). Jedna od većih strve (Salmothymus), gobice (Knipowitschia), gaovice
vultures, perhaps first of all in the area of the Paklen- worm lizard (Blanus strauchi) and the Balkan pond are connected with agrobiodiversity, fauna directly
ica National Park and of Biokovo Nature Park is im- turtle (Mauremys rivulata). There are a large number connected to Dalmatian varieties and breeds (preda-
possible without management of the landscapes, in of endemic lizards in Dalmatia, such as the Archaeol- tors, herbivores, parasites, napasnici, coprophages and
the context of which the only optimal resource con- acerta mosorensis, the Dalmatian wall lizard (Podarcis necrophages), as well as the accompanying fauna of the
sists of the indigenous breeds of domestic animals, melisellensis ssp. melisellensis), the Lastovo version of the karst pool and grassland habitats.
the landraces. The revival of traditional use of existing same species (Podarcis melisellensis ssp. n.), the Italian
landscapes with the pasturing of domestic livestock wall lizard, in its Dalmatian (Podarcis sicula ssp. adri- While discussing the invertebrates and fauna in gen-
will also maintain all the other accompanying biodi- atica) and Dubrovnik subspecies (Podarcis sicula ssp. eral, it is particularly worth pointing out the very rich
versity, particularly of grassland vegetation and the ragusae). In Dalmatia there are four separate popula- Dinaric cavernicolous fauna, with the large number
pertaining invertebrates. In other words, vultures in tions of olm (Proteus anguinus), symbolic of the Dinar- of endemic and relict species. Totally from the Dal-
the sky are a proof of great biodiversity down below ic karstic underground. matian area – from over 130 cavern type localities,
on the soil. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) more than 230 taxa have been described, most of
was described in 1842 from specimens caught in the The biological richness of freshwater in Dalmatia can which are endemic to Dalmatia. Still to come is sys-
Neretva delta. One of the larger European popula- be seen in the large number of endemic freshwater tematic research into soil or edaphic fauna and the
tions lived in the general area of the Neretva, primar- fish of the Adriatic drainage basin, comprising a con- fauna of the karstic fissures (MSS or the mesovoid
ily bound to the shallow wetlands and periodically siderable part of the 154 species of freshwater fish in shallow substratum). Particular richness and certainly
flooded karst poljes rich in fish. Today alas it is a re- Croatia. In terms of numbers of freshwater fish spe- a large number of endemic taxa await us in the king-
gionally extinct species, as a result of the regulation cies, Croatia is the second richest (after Turkey) Eu- dom of Fungi, which are very poorly investigated in
of the course of the Neretva and the draining of the ropean country. Particularly prominent among en- the area of Dalmatia, while the lichens are much bet-
surrounding spacious wetlands and the hydraulic endemic species are the Adriatic trout (Salmothymus), ter researched.
gineering operations in the karst poljes. Still, the big- the gobies (Knipowitsschia) and fish of Delminych-
gest European birds of prey still fly above Dalmatia: thus, the oldest European fish, and many other en-
the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), the short-toed demic species. About 450 species of marine fish live
snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus) and the Eurasian eagle in the Adriatic, or over 65% of all Mediterranean spe-
owl (Bubo bubo). cies, making the Adriatic the third most biodiverse
region for marine fish in the Mediterranean.
Fifteen species of snakes, 17 species of lizards, 7 species
of turtles and 20 species of amphibians live in Croa- Far the most numerous and common are the inverte-
tia; some of them are to be found in the sea, for exam- brates, among which Insecta, Arachnida and Crusta-
ple, the sea turtles, particularly the loggerhead (Caret- cea and Gastropoda are important in terms of numbers
ta caretta), as well as the vast two-metre long leather- of species with numerous species endemic to Dalma-
back (Dermochelys coriacea). Dalmatia is home to the tia. Sea fauna includes sponges (Porifera), corals (An-
most venomous European snake, the horned viper (Vi- thozoa), shellfish (Bivalvia), urchins (Echinoidea), star-
pera ammodytes) and also the ultimate border of some fish (Asteroiedea), cephalopods (Cephalopoda) and many
reptiles widespread in the south such as the Europe- other groups. In the framework of this vast group of
an blind snake (Typhlops vermicularis), the Anatolian invertebrates, there is a large proportion of species that
a.5
Razvoj
poljoprivrede u
Dalmaciji
Development of
agriculture in
Dalmatia
Ograđeni dolac sa stanovima i torovima iznad

Basta u Parku prirode Biokovo
An enclosed small karstic valley with shielings

and folds over Bast in Biokovo Nature Park
Foto: Roman Ozimec
“Razvoj poljoprivrede
P
oljoprivreda je u Dalmaciji bila presudna za gradnjom skupina stanova nastajala prava sela u koji-
opstanak ljudi, a vinova loza, maslina, voće, ma su periodički živjele cijele obitelji. Slične su i bu-
u Dalmaciji započeo je povrće, žitarice te ovce, koze i goveda njen nje, suhozidnom tehnikom građene poljske kućice za
oko 6 000 godine pr. su temelj. Tradicijski stari maslinici, vinogradi, liva-
de, pašnjaci, oranice, vrtovi, obrađene vrtače te izvor-
smještaj i sklonište alata i ljudi. Lokve i bunari građe-
ni su za održanje oborinske vode, kišnice i snijega. Za
Kr., čime nastaje krški ne sorte i pasmine od iznimne su važnosti za nastanak razliku od lokvi do kojih stoka može sama prići i na-
poljoprivredni krajobraz dalmatinskih krajobraza i staništa te očuvanje cjelo-

kupne biološke raznolikosti Dalmacije. Poljoprivre-
pajati se, do vode u bunarima može samo čovjek te su
zbog toga uz bunare redovita kamena ili drvena pojila.
s brojnim tradicijskim da se počela razvijati krajem neolitika, prije oko 14 Na području Dalmacije prirodne lokve koriste se još
000 godina u okviru neolitske poljoprivredne evolu- od neolitika, dok se u željezno doba počinju graditi na
arhitektonskim cije. Pretpostavlja se da je poljoprivredna proizvodnja pogodnim lokacijama te se tako kontinuirano koriste
elementima.” na području Dalmacije započela prije oko 10 000 go- i više tisuća godina.
dina, a prije otprilike 8 000 godina razvila se inten-
zivnija poljoprivredna proizvodnja. Tada se masovnije Od početka poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Dalmaciji,
započinju krčiti šume, što se pojačava u brončano do- poljoprivrednik je osuđen na korištenje pretežno nepo-
ba, prije oko 5 000 godina kada se preusmjeravaju vo- ljoprivrednog zemljišta. Naime udjel poljoprivrednog
dotokovi, grade lokve, suhozidi, pastirske nastambe i zemljišta četiri dalmatinske županije iznosi svega oko
drugi elementi poljoprivredne arhitekture. 13%. Zato ne treba čuditi da Dalmacija duguje svoje
ime upravo ovcama (delma = ovca), kojih je na područ-
Razvojem poljoprivrede mijenjao se i razvijao poljo- ju Dalmacije svojevremeno bilo više od milijun i koje
privredni krajobraz. Naime za poljoprivrednu pro- su za pašu koristile škrte kamenite dinarske travnjake.
izvodnju poljoprivrednik mora osigurati zemljište i
objekte, te dodatnu hranu i vodu. Kako bi stvorio po- Jedan od najvažnijih elemenata razvoja poljoprivrede
ljoprivredno zemljište, krševita površina je čišćena od je udomaćivanje ili domestikacija divljih vrsta biljaka i
kamenja od kojeg su građeni suhozidi i dolci, torovi, životinja i njihova introdukcija u poljoprivrednu proi-
stanovi, bunje, lokve i bunari – osebujni elementi dal- zvodnju. Prve kulture koje su se počele uzgajati na po-
“The development of matinskih krajobraza. Suhozidi su služili kao granica dručju Dalmacije od srednjeg neolitika, prije oko 6 000
agriculture in Dalmatia između porodica, dobra zaštita od bure, ali i staništa

za pojedine biljke i životinje, dok su posebno visoki i
godina su: pirevi i pšenice (Triticum sp.), ječam (Hor-
deum vulgare), zob (Avena sp.), bob (Vicia faba), sjeki-
started about 6,000 BC, nagnuti zidovi građeni kao zapreka za koze i ovce ka- rica (Lathyrus sativus), kupus ili raštika (Brassica sp.),
ko ne bi ulazile u dolce. Dolci su suhozidom ograđene vinova loza (Vitis vinifera), maslina (Olea europea), a od
creating the karstic farm pogodne vrtače koje na dnu imaju ravnu površinu ko- domaćih životinja uzgajaju se najprije pas (Canis fami-
landscape with its many ja se obrađuje. Ukoliko se dolac nikako ne može obra- liaris), ovca (Ovis sp.), koza (Capra sp.) i govedo (Bos
đivati, u njemu se kosi trava za stoku. Torovi su grube sp.). Pojavljuju se prva poljoprivredna oruđa: kameni
traditional architectural kamene građevine građene za smještaj stoke, a stano- žrvnjevi za mljevenje žita, primitivni kremeni srpovi,
elements.” vi nešto bolje građeni za smještaj ljudi. Povremeno su kamene motike i drugo.
A
griculture was a crucial factor for the surviv- flat cultivable bottom, surrounded by dry stone wall. sp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sp.), broad
al of human beings in Dalmatia. It is found- If no one could cultivate a dolac, then grass would be bean (Vicia faba), vetchling (Lathyrus sativus), cab-
ed on the grape vine, the olive tree, fruit and cut in it for the livestock. A tor or fold is a rough stone bage and borecole (Brassica sp.), grape vine (Vitis vin-
vegetables, grains, sheep, goats and cattle. Traditional building meant for keeping the livestock in, while a ifera), olive tree (Olea europea), while of domestic ani-
old olive trees, vineyards, meadows, pastures, ploughed stan is a little bit better building meant for people – a mals first to be domesticated were the dog (Canis fa-
fields, gardens, cultivated sinkholes and original varieties shieling. Occasionally the building of a group of sheal- miliaris), sheep (Ovis sp.), goat (Capra sp.) and cow
and breeds are exceptionally important in the origins of ings would lead to the rise of a real village in which, (Bos sp.). The first farm tools appeared: stone querns
the Dalmatian landscapes and habitats as well as for the periodically, whole families would be living. The same for grinding grain, rudimentary stone sickles, stone
preservation of biological diversity as a whole in Dalma- thing holds for the bunja or beehive’shaped stone hut mattocks and so on.
tia. Agriculture started to develop at the end of the Neo- built in dry stone wall technique meant for keeping
lithic, about 14 000 years ago, within the context of Neo- tools in and sheltering in the fields. Pools and wells In the Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages, in the period
lithic agricultural evolution. It is hypothesised that farm were made to retain the surface water, rainfall and from about 3,000 years BC to AD 100, farm pro-
production in Dalmatia started about 10 000 years ago, snow. A pool, or lokva, could be accessed by the live- duction developed essentially, and alongside the al-
and that more intensive agricultural production started stock directly for drinking; only the farmer could draw ready familiar crops came: millet (Panicum milliace-
about 8 000 years ago. At that time the forests started water from the wells, and the wells are thus usually ac- um) and rye (Secale cereale) as well as lentils (Lens culi-
to be cleared on a large scale, which was stepped up in companied by stone or wooden drinking troughs. In naris), peas (Pisum sativum), the fig (Ficus carica) and
the Bronze Age, about 5 000 years ago, when the water- Dalmatia natural pools have been used since the Neo- many other fruit trees. The Delmats, Illyrians, who
courses were redirected, precipitation pools or wells were lithic, while in the Iron Age they started to be built at were dominant in this period, are known for their
built, dry stone walls, herdsmen’s dwellings and other el- handy locations, and have been thus used continuously worship of cereals, which was their main branch of
ements of the farming architecture. for several thousand years. production and even had a special patron, Messer, de-
ity of reapers. They were also known for their fond-
As agriculture developed, the agricultural landscape al- From the beginning of farm production in Dalma- ness of drinking wine. As for tools, they were famil-
so changed and developed. For farm production, land tia, man the farmer was condemned to use a non- iar with the wooden plough, metal sickles and other
and structures have to be provided, as well as addition- agricultural land. The proportion of real agricultural things. They primarily raised sheep, goats and pigs,
al food and water. In order to create agricultural land, land in the four Dalmatian counties is no more than and horses and donkeys would also appear. The Del-
the karstic, i.e. rocky, area is cleared of stone, which 13%. For this reason it is no matter for wonder that mat god of animal husbandry Silvanus regularly ap-
is used for the building of dry stone walls, depression Dalmatia actually owes is name to the sheep (delma – pears with a goat, while the northern Dalmatian Il-
gardens, folds, shealings, beehive huts, pools and wells sheep), a million of which once grazed on the scanty lyrian tribe of the Iapodi is known for raising swine.
– all particular elements of the Dalmatian landscapes. stony Dinaric grasslands. In the middle of the Iron Age, in the 8th century BC,
Dry stone walls were used as boundaries between fam- the Greeks moved in, founding several colonies: Issa
ilies, for shelter from the north wind, as well as habitats One of the most important elements behind the de- (Vis), Pharos (Hvar), Korkyra (Korčula), Tragurion
for individual plants and animals. Especially high and velopment of agriculture is the domestication of wild (Trogir), Epetion (Stobreč) and Salona (Solin). They
sloped walls were built as obstacles against sheep and species of plants and animals and their introduction brought new crops with them: olives, vines, figs, prob-
goats, to prevent them from entering the small patches into farming practice. The first crops began to be ably the myrtle too (Myrtus communis). During his-
of cultivation in the karstic funnel-shaped depressions. raised in Dalmatia from the Middle Neolithic, about tory the mistaken opinion took root that the ancient
Dolci as they are called are suitable depressions with a 6 000 years ago. They were: spelt and wheat (Triticum Greeks had brought both the olive and the grape vine
U bakreno, brončano i željezno doba, u razdoblju od (Prunus persica), agrumi (Citrus sp.), brojne povrtnice, (Lycopersicum lycopersicum), paprika (Capsicum anu-
prije oko 3 000 godina prije Krista do 1. stoljeća, po- među kojima artičoka (Cynara scolymus), riga (Eruca um), kukuruz (Zea mays), grah (Phaseolus sp.), duhan
ljoprivredna proizvodnja se bitno razvija, a uz već po- vesicaria), ali i mak (Papaver somniferum) i pinija (Pi- (Nicotiana sp.), agava (Agave americana), od kojih su
znate kulture pojavljuju se: (Panicum milliaceum) i raž nus pinea) te neke danas zaboravljene kulture, lećasta neke postale vrlo važne u poljoprivredi Dalmacije,
(Secale cereale) te leća (Lens culinaris), grašak (Pisum sa- grahorica (Vicia ervilia) i sjetveni podlanak (Cameli- posebno krumpir, kukuruz i duhan. Pojavljuju se i no-
tivum), smokva (Ficus carica) i brojne druge voćke. Iliri na sativa). Od domaćih životinja povećava se uzgoj ve domaće životinje kao što je puran (Meleagris gallo-
Delmati, koji dominiraju u tom razdoblju, poznati su konja (Equus caballus), magaraca (Equus asinus), svi- pavo), u Dalmaciji zvan „tuka“.
po štovanju žitarica koje su im glavna proizvodna gra- nja (Sus scrofa), pčela (Apis mellifera) i golubova (Co-
na te čak imaju posebnog zaštitnika Messera, boga že- lumba livia). Otok Brač čuven je po uzgoju koza, rim- Konačno, krajem 19. i tijekom 20. stoljeća u Dalmaciji se
telaca, ali su također poznati i po sklonosti pijenja vina. ski veterani uzgajaju konje, a na tržnicama Rimskog počinju uzgajati i neke autohtone vrste kao što su buhač
Od alata poznaju drveno ralo, metalne srpove i drugo. Carstva prodaje se dalmatinski sir (caseus dalmati- (Tanacetum cinerarifolium), ružmarin (Rosmarinus offici-
Uzgajaju najviše ovce, koze i svinje, a pojavljuju se i ko- cus) i šoltanski med. U poljoprivredu se uvodi želje- nalis), šafran (Crocus sp.), ali i neke introducirane kao što
nji i magarci. Delmatski bog stočarstva Silvan redovito zni plug, unaprjeđuju sustav proizvodnje i drugo. Dok je lavanda (Lavandula sp.), te brojne ukrasne vrste.
se prikazuje s kozom, dok je sjevernodalmatinsko ilir- je u kontinentalnoj, ilirskoj Dalmaciji bilo jače razvi-
sko pleme Japoda poznato po svinjogojstvu. Polovicom jeno stočarstvo i uzgoj žitarica, primorska je Dalma- Razvojem poljoprivrede pojedine kulture evoluiraju,
željeznog doba, u 8. stoljeću prije Krista, na područje cija pod utjecajem Grka i Rimljana postala jedan od razvijaju se ili izumiru. Od trenutka kada su se poja-
Dalmacije doseljavaju Grci koji osnivaju više koloni- važnih proizvođača maslinova ulja i vina. vile, određene se kulture u Dalmaciji uzgajaju konti-
ja: Issu (Vis), Pharos (Hvar), Korkyru (Korčula), Tra- nuirano već više tisućljeća, neke tek stotinjak godina,
gurium (Trogir), Epetion (Stobreč) i Salonu (Solin). Doseljavanjem Slavena u 7. stoljeću, Dalmacija je a neke su možda i zauvijek nestale. Tako su primjerice
Sa sobom donose i pojedine nove sorte svojih kultu- obogaćena novim kulturama, posebno novim sorti- sve žitarice koje su se u Dalmaciji uzgajale neprekid-
ra: masline, vinove loze, smokve, a vjerojatno i mirtu mentom ratarskih kultura te voćkama kao što su ja- no više od 5 000 godina, danas gotovo potpuno nesta-
(Myrtus communis). Kroz povijest se uvriježilo pogreš- buka (Malus domestica), kruška (Pyrus communis), du- le, kao i zajednica strnišnih korova. Broj konja, maga-
no mišljenje kako su stari Grci na područje Dalmacije nja (Cydonia oblonga), šljiva (Prunus domestica), trešnja raca, goveda i svinja pao je na samu granicu opstanka,
donijeli kulture maslinu i vinovu lozu. No svakako su (Cerasus avium) i drugo, ali i novim pasminama konja, dok su neke kulture prisutne tek posljednjih nekoliko
pokrenuli njihovu snažniju proizvodnju i uvelike obo- goveda, ovaca i pasa, vjerojatno i pčela, jer su Slaveni stotina godina, na primjer rajčica ili krumpir, postale
gatili poljoprivrednu raznolikost ovih kultura. Grci su bili poznati kao vrsni pčelari. karakteristične za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju na po-
uzgajali i stoku, posebice koze i goveda koje nalazimo dručju Dalmacije. S druge strane maslinarstvo i vino-
na metalnom novcu grčkih kolonija Pharosa i Isse. Je- U srednjem vijeku u uzgoju se javljaju kulture kineskog gradarstvo se neprestano razvijaju od samih začetaka
dan od najznačajnijih grčkih poljoprivrednih spome- odnosno dalekoistočnog porijekla kao što su: mandari- sve do 21. stoljeća, pa se danas Dalmacija diči upravo
nika je starogradski Agris na otoku Hvaru, ponajbolje na (Citrus reticulata), žižula (Zyzyphus jujuba), nešpola ovim dvjema perjanicama svoje poljoprivrede.
očuvano grčko polje na području Mediterana, danas (Eriobotrya japonica) i druge, a uz razvoj svilarstva po-
dio svjetske kulturne baštine. činje se uzgajati dudov svilac (Bombyx mori).
Za antike, od 1. stoljeća do 476. godine, u razdoblju Otkrićem Novoga svijeta u 15. stoljeću, postu-
dominacije Rimskog Carstva, u Dalmaciji se poči- pno se do kraja 18. stoljeća pojavljuju nove kulture
nju uzgajati: bajami (Ammygdalus communis), breskve u Dalmaciji: krumpir (Solanum tuberosum), rajčica
to Dalmatia. Certainly they did set off much more such as, for instance, the apple (Malus domestica), pear for thousands of years, some for just a hundred or so,
vigorous production and greatly enriched the agri- (Pyrus communis), quince (Cydonia oblonga),plum some have perhaps vanished forever. Thus for example
cultural diversity of these products. The Greeks also (Prunus domestica) and cherry (Cerasus avium). Al- all the cereals that were grown in Dalmatia incessant-
raised livestock, particularly goats and cattle, which so coming with the Slavs were new breeds of horses, ly for over 5 000 years have almost vanished, as well
we can find on the metal coins of the Greek colo- cattle, sheep and dogs, and probably of bees, for they as the community of stubble field weeds. The number
nies of Pharos and Issa. One of the most important were known as excellent apiarists. of horses, asses, cattle and pigs has fallen to the very
Greek agricultural monuments is the Stari Grad Ag- boundary of survival, while some crops have been pre-
er on the island of Hvar, the best preserved Greek ca- In the Middle Ages produce of Chinese or other Far sent just for the last several hundred years and yet, like
dastre in the Mediterranean, today inscribed on the Eastern origin appeared, such as the mandarin orange the tomato and potato, have become completely char-
World Heritage List. (Citrus reticulate), the jujube (Zizyphus jujuba), the lo- acteristics of agricultural production in the area of Dal-
quat (Eriobotrya japonica) and others and the rearing matia. On the other hand, olive growing and viticul-
During the Roman period, from the 1st century AD to of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) started in conjunction ture have been developing from their very origins, all
AD 476, during the period of the Empire, the following with the development of the silk industry. the way down to the 21st century, and today Dalmatia
began to be grown in Dalmatia: almonds (Ammygdalus prides itself particularly on these two feathers in the
communis), peaches (Prunus persica), citrus fruits (Citrus When the New World was discovered in the 15th cen- cap of its agriculture.
sp.), numerous vegetables including the artichoke (Cy- tury, gradually, until the end of the 18th century, new
nara scolymus), rocket (Eruca vesicaria), and poppy too crops appeared in Dalmatia: the potato (Solanum tu-
(Papaver somniferum) and the pine (Pinus pinea) and beraceum), tomato (Lycopersicum lycopersicum), bell
some crops forgotten today such as bitter vetch (Vicia pepper (Capsicum anuum), maize (Zea mays), bean
ervilia) and false flax (Camelina sativa). As for domestic (Phaseolus sp.), tobacco (Nicotiana sp.), and agave
animals, there was an increase in the raising of horses (Agave americana), some of which became extremely
(Equus caballus), asses (Equus asinus), pigs (Sus scrofa), important for Dalmatian agriculture, particularly the
bees (Apis melifera) and pigeons (Columba livia). The is- potato, corn and tobacco. Some new domestic ani-
land of Brač was famed for its goats, Roman veterans mals also appeared, such as the turkey (Meleagris gal-
raised horses, and on the markets of the Roman Em- lopavo), called “tuka” in Dalmatia.
pire, they sold Dalmatian cheese (caseus dalmaticus)
and honey from Šolta. The iron ploughshare was in- Finally, at the end of the 19th and during the 20th cen-
troduced, production systems were improved. While in tury some indigenous species started to be cultivated:
inland, Illyrian Dalmatia, cereal production and animal pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerarifolium), rosemary (Ros-
husbandry were better developed, maritime Dalmatia, marinus officinalis), and crocus (Crocus sp.), as well as
under the influence of the Greeks and Romans, became some introduced species such as lavender (Lavandula
an important producer of olive oil and wine. sp.) and numerous ornamental species.
When the Slavs arrived in the 7th century, Dalma- As agriculture develops, some crops evolve, develop or
tia was enriched with some new crops: particularly die out. From the moment when they appeared, some
with a new range of arable crops and with fruit trees, crops in Dalmatia have been reared uninterruptedly
a.6
Genetička osnova
i nastanak sorti i
pasmina Dalmacije
Genetic foundation
and origin of
varieties and breeds
in Dalmatia
Plodne oranice u kršu Dalmacije, pokraj

Vranskog jezera
Fertile ploughland in the karst of Dalmatia, by

Vransko Lake
Foto: Ivo Pervan
“Dalmacija je sastavni
D
almacija je domovina vrlo velikog broja sor- graveolens), cikorija (Cichorium intybus), pastrnjak (Pa-
ti kulturnog bilja i pasmina domaćih životi- stinaca sativa), riga (Eruca vesicoria), rabarbara (Rheum
dio mediteranskog nja, čiji se ukupan broj penje na više stotina. officinale); te brojne aromatične biljke: kim (Carum car-
centra poljoprivredne Ovu izrazitu agrobioraznolikost Dalmacija zahvaljuje

kako krajobraznoj raznovrsnosti tako i burnom povije-
vi), anis (Pimpinella anisum), timijan (Thymus vulgaris),
metvica (Mentha piperita), kadulja (Salvia officinalis),
raznolikosti unutar snom razvoju, te položaju na prijelazu srednje i južne te hmelj (Humulus lupulus) i brojne druge.
kojeg su udomaćene zapadne i istočne Europe. Posebno je značajan položaj u

istočnom Mediteranu te utjecaj Dinarida, odnosno krška Osim iz vlastitoga, mediteranskog, na područje Dalma-
ili domesticirane 84 osnova. Čuveni ruski genetičar Nikolaj Vavilov (1887. – cije unesene su brojne biljne kulture i pasmine domaćih
1943.) desetljećima je istraživao raznolikost kulturnog životinja iz svih ostalih centara, osobito centralnoazijskog
kulture te unesene bilja i skupio najveću svjetsku kolekciju sjemena sorti. i bliskoistočnog. Kod nekih vrsta nije lako razlučiti jesu
brojne alohtone vrste.” Utvrdio je kako cjelokupna svjetska agrobioraznolikost li izvorne ili unesene, je li se vrsta ikada i u kojem razdo-
biljnih kultivara potječe iz osam centara, a razvila se zbog blju u povijesti kultivirala odnosno je li arheofit ili neofit.
osiguranja neophodnih proizvoda i sirovina te sigurnosti Suradnjom znanstvenika, prije svega agronoma, biologa
njihove proizvodnje. Ovi centri od istoka prema zapadu ekologa i genetičara, ali i povjesničara i arheologa, doći
su: kineski, indijski s podcentrima hindustanskim i indo- ćemo do daljnjih važnih spoznaja.
malajskim, centralnoazijski, bliskoistočni, mediteranski,
abesinijski, meksičko-centralnoamerički te južnoamerič- Valja naglasiti kako su za posebno zahtjevno podru-
ki s podcentrima peruansko-ekvadorsko-bolivijskim, či- čje Dalmacije, a interakcijom genetičke osnove doma-
leanskim i brazilsko-paragvajskim. ćih kultivara, želje i potrebe čovjeka te utjecajem okoliša
nastale neke jedinstvene, krškom području prilagođene
Dakle Dalmacija je sastavni dio mediteranskog centra sorte i pasmine. Tako je naš plavac mali izvrsna sorta vi-
poljoprivredne raznolikosti unutar kojeg su udomaćene nove loze za proizvodnju crnog vina posebno prilagođe-
“Dalmatia is a ili domesticirane 84 kulture, među kojima su najvažnije na krškim područjima. Dalmatinski magarac jedna je od
component part of žitarice: brojne vrste pšenica i pireva (Triticum sp.), zo- najmanjih pasmina magaraca na svijetu, razmjerno ve-
bi (Avena sp.) te kanarska trava (Phalaris canariensis); ličini najjači i najizdržljiviji za prijenos tereta te s vrlo
the Mediterranean mahunarke: grahorica (Lathyrus sativus), krupnozrni tvrdim kopitima, posebno prilagođenim krškom terenu.
agricultural diversity grašak (Pisum sativum), lupine (Lupinus albus); krmne

kulture: egipatska djetelina (Trifolium alexandrinum),
Sorta masline oblica prilagođena je na udare bure i ek-
stremne klimatske uvjete. Sve naše ovce pramenke ima-
centre, within which bijela djetelina (Trifolium repens), inkarnatka (Trifoli- ju runo koje ne upija vodu, već se hladna kiša slijeva niz
84 crops have been um incarnatum) i seradela (Ornithopus sativus); uljano i

predivo bilje: lan (Linum usitatissimum), repice (Brassica
grube pramenove. Upravo je nevjerojatno u kakvim lo-
šim edafskim i u sušnim uvjetima, mjesecima bez obori-
domesticated and napus), gorčice (Brassica nigra), maslina (Olea europaea); na, uspijeva rasti i dati odlične prinose dalmatinska rašti-
povrtnice: cikla (Beta vulgaris) repe (Brassica campestris, ka. Naša buša jedno je od najmanjih goveda na svijetu, ali
numerous alien species B. napus), kupusnjače (Brassica oleracea), salata (Lactu- sposobna opstati i na najvišim velebitskim, dinarskim i
have been introduced.” ca sativa), šparoga (Asparagus oficinalis), celer (Apium biokovskim vrhovima. Tvrde, durum pšenice centar svoje
D
almatia is the homeland of a very large (Olea europaea); vegetable plants: beet (Beta vulgar- climatic conditions. All our pramenka sheep have a
number of varieties of cropping plants and is), turnip (Brassica campestris, B. napus), the cabbag- fleece that will not absorb water, rather the cold rain
breeds of domestic animals, the total num- es (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), aspar- slides down the coarse tufts of wool. It is quite remark-
ber of them rising to several hundreds. This marked agus (Asparagus oficinalis), celery (Apium graveolens), able in what poor edaphic and droughty conditions,
agrobiodiversity is owing to Dalmatia’s landscape di- chicory (Cichorium intybus), parsnip (Pastinaca sati- with no rainfall for months, the Dalmatian borecole
versity, as well as to its agitated historical development, va), rocket (Eruca vesicoria), rhubarb (Rheum officina- manages to grow and give excellent yields. The buša,
to its position at the transition from central to south- le); and numerous aromatic plants: caraway (Carum one of the smallest cattle in world, is able to survive
ern and from western to eastern Europe. Its position carvi), anise (Pimpinella anisum), thyme (Thymus vul- on the highest peaks of Velebit, Dinara and Biokovo.
in the eastern Mediterranean and the influence of the garis), mint (Mentha piperita), sage (Salvia officinalis), Hard durum wheat has the centre of its biodiversity
Dinarides are particularly important, as is the karst hops (Humulus lupulus) and many others. precisely in the eastern Mediterranean. It was to look
substrate. Famed Russian geneticist Nikolai Vavilov after and guard the flocks, to guard the boundaries and
(1887-1943) explored for decades the diversity of cul- Not only are there indigenous Mediterranean plants to hunt that the Dalmatian dog and the tornjak were
tivated plants and collected the world’s biggest collec- and animals, but many other crops and breeds have developed. The marasca is probably the highest quality
tion of seeds of varieties. He claimed that the whole of been introduced from all the other centres, particu- black cherry in the world (perhaps indeed a separate
world agrobiodiversity of plant cultivars sprang from larly the Central Asian and the Near Eastern. With species, to be proved by further genetic research), and
eight centres, and developed in order to ensure essen- some breeds it is not easy to tell if they are indigenous the Dalmatian honey bee creates world-quality honey.
tial products and raw materials, as well as production or introduced, whether a species was ever and in what
centres. These centres, from east to west, are: the Chi- period in history cultivated, i.e. whether it is an ar- The great range of cultivars, of varieties of cultivat-
nese; Indian, with Hindustani and Indo-Malayan sub- chaeophyte or a neophyte. Through the collaboration ed plants and breeds of domestic animals are an ir-
centres; Central Asian; Near Eastern; Mediterranean; of scientists, particularly of agronomists, ecologists replaceable part of our historical tradition, cultural
Abyssinian; Mexican and Central American; South and geneticists, as well as of historians and archaeolo- and natural history. Traditional varieties and breeds
American, with the Peruvian-Ecuadoran- Bolivian, gists, we will arrive at further important information. are at the same time one of the most important tools
Chilean and Brazilian/Paraguayan sub-centres. for the preservation of existing landscapes, habitats
It should be pointed out that for the particularly de- and biological diversity of Dalmatia, the importance
Dalmatia, then, is a component part of the Mediter- manding area of Dalmatia, and via the interaction of and role of which was recognised by the UN Biologi-
ranean agricultural diversity centre, within which 84 the genetic stock of domestic cultivars, the wishes and cal Diversity Convention, proclaimed in 1992 in Rio
crops have been domesticated, the most important of needs of people and the impact of the environment, de Janeiro. The fame of Dalmatia was carried a few
which are the cereals: numerous species of wheat and some unique landraces, plant and animal, adapted to centuries ago by the spotted beauty the Dalmatian
spelt (Triticum sp.), oats (Avena sp.) and Canary grass the karst area, have been produced. Thus the Small dog, while one of the oldest breeds of pigeon in the
(Phalaris canariensis);legumes: goat pea (Lathyrus sa- Plavac is an excellent variety of grape vine for the pro- world is the golden Dalmatian zimovka. Zadar was
tivus), the pea (Pisum sativum), lupin (Lupinus albus); duction of red wine particularly adapted to karstic ar- known in the world at large as a city in which mara-
fodder crops: Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandri- eas. The Dalmatian ass is one of the smallest breeds of schino was produced, famed liqueur with a marasca
num), white clover (Trifolium repens), crimson clover ass in the world, but has extremely tough hoofs, and in black cherry fruit and leaf basis. The symbol of Dal-
(Trifolium incarnatum)and serradella (Ornithopus sa- proportion to its size, the strongest and most resilient matia, the hardy, intelligent and indefatigable tovar
tivus); oil and fibre plants: flax (Linum usitatissimum), for the transport of burdens. The olive variety oblica is or ass is today a threatened species on the edge of
rape (Brassica napus), mustard (Brassica nigra), olive adapted to the gusts of the north wind and extreme extinction. Somewhat contemptuously, Dalmatians
bioraznolikosti imaju upravo na području istočnog Me- pasmine. Sorte i pasmine nisu taksonomska kate- koje su upisane na Sortnu listu kao novostvoreni kul-
diterana. Za držanje i zaštitu stada, čuvanje granica ili gorija, već predstavljaju populacije osnovne vrste ili tivari, iako u stvari nose stare, izvorne gene pojedinih
lov nastali su dalmatinski pas i tornjak. Maraska je vje- podvrste koje se odlikuju jedinstvenim fenotipskim izvornih populacija. Tako su na području Hrvatske kla-
rojatno najkvalitetnija višnja na svijetu (možda i zaseb- i genotipskim osobinama, po kojima se razlikuju od sičnim metodama selekcije stvorene brojne sorte i hi-
na vrsta, što će pokazati daljnja genetička istraživanja), a drugih sorti i pasmina iste vrste ili podvrste te svoje bridi naročito kod pšenice, kukuruza i drugih žitarica,
dalmatinska medna pčela stvara med svjetske kvalitete. osobine prenose na potomstvo. Kultivar je međuna- ali i krmnog bilja te krumpira i drugog povrtnog bi-
rodnim kodeksom (Utrecht, 1958.) usvojena oznaka lja: brojne BC sorte pšenice i hibridi kukuruza, krum-
Bogatstvo kultivara, sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina do- prije svega za sortu ili odliku kulturnog, odnosno uz- pir dalmatinka (1991.), goran (1984.), istra (1984.) i lika
maćih životinja nezamjenjiv je dio naše povijesne tra- gojenog bilja i označava se kraticom cv. (1980.), pastrnjak podravkin bijeli (1981.), paprika boti-
dicije, kulturne i prirodne baštine. Tradicijske sorte i nečka žuta (1984.) i majkovačka žuta (1993.) te brojne
pasmine ujedno su jedno od naših najvažnijih oruđa Tradicijski kultivari su osnova agrobioraznolikosti ne- druge. Većina ovih sorti selekcionirana je na osnovi po-
za očuvanje postojećih krajobraza, staništa i biološke kog područja. Oni su nastali na određenom području pulacija iz kontinentalne Hrvatske, ali u prijavnom po-
raznolikosti Dalmacije čiji značaj i ulogu prepoznaje i pa su izvorni ili autohtoni te ih zovemo domaći kultiva- stupku su i sorte rajčice s područja Dalmacije. Ipak, tre-
UN-ova Konvencija o biološkoj raznolikosti proglaše- ri, ili su u prošlosti doneseni ili introducirani te su po- ba naglasiti kako je postupak oplemenjivanja izostao za
na 1992. godine u Rio de Janeiru. Stare sorte kulturnog stali udomaćeni kultivari, primjerice: pšenica frassineto, brojne populacije kultura s područja Dalmacije.
bilja i pasmine domaćih životinja sastavni su dio kraj- raž petkus, kukuruz quarantin, duhan virginia, krumpir
obraza i staništa Dalmacije, čak tvore zasebna staništa, bintje, lubenica sugar baby, dinja ananas i medna rosa, raj- Za razliku od tradicijskih kultivara te klasičnog ople-
ali su ujedno i njen simbol. Slavu Dalmacije još je pri- čica volovsko srce, saint-pierre i rutgers, blitve srebrnolisna menjivanja i selekcije bilja, suvremene industrijske sor-
je više stoljeća pronio pjegavi ljepotan dalmatinski pas, i lukulus, kupus ditmar, likoriški i futoški; paprika kurtov- te i hibridi ne nastaju in situ, već in vitro, dakle u labora-
te jedna od najstarijih pasmina goluba na svijetu zlat- ska kapia te brojni drugi. Za mnogo prisutnih kultivara toriju primjenom suvremenih tehnika odabira (selekci-
na dalmatinska zimovka. Zadar je u svijetu bio poznat porijeklo nije jasno, pogotovo zato što udomaćeni kul- je), od kojih je najkontroverznije genetičko preinačavanje
kao grad u kojem se proizvodi maraskino, čuveni liker tivari često vremenom dobiju domaća imena. Prisutna (modificiranje; GM hibridi). Kod hibrida se zbog izra-
na bazi ploda i listova višnje maraske. Simbol Dalmaci- je i sinonimija kultivara, razna imena za istu sortu (pri- žene heterozigotnosti poželjna svojstva roditelja pojav-
je, ustrajan, inteligentan i neslomljiv dalmatinski tovar mjerice oblica ima preko 30 sinonima), ali i homonimi- ljuju kod vrlo malog broja potomaka, za razliku od sorti
danas je ugrožena vrsta kojoj prijeti nestanak. Pomalo ja, odnosno isto ime za različite sorte (tako sorte vinove i pasmina koje su visoko homozigotne i daju potomstvo
pogrdno, Dalmatinci se nazivaju „blitvarima“ po omi- loze zlatarica s Korčule i područja Vrgorca te crljenak s vrlo sličnih karakteristika. Kao posljedica, proizvođač ne
ljenoj povrtnici – blitvi. Dubrovnik je u Domovinskom Visa i područja Kaštela zapravo nisu iste sorte). Zbog može dalje sam umnažati kultivar, već mora svake godine
ratu (1991. – 1995.) gotovo izgubio svoju izvornu ovcu toga im dodajemo „geografske“ pridjeve: zlatarica blat- kupovati sjeme te tako ovisi o sjemenskim kućama. Du-
dubrovačku rudu, koju hitno treba revitalizirati, popu- ska i zlatarica vrgorska, odnosno crljenak kaštelanski i goročno, ovaj proces vodi do drastičnog smanjenja agro-
larizirati i zaštititi, ali srećom nije izvornu župsku po- crljenak viški. Buduća znanstvena istraživanja koja će bioraznolikosti, ali i uvođenja monopola nad proizvod-
stranjsku crvenu brokulu. uključivati i molekularne genetičke analize razlučit će njom hrane. Pojedine tradicijske sorte, posebno voćnih
porijeklo te nastanak pojedinih kultivara, ali i posložiti kultura, vinove loze, masline i drugih, ali i neke povrtnice
U okviru morfološki i genetički dosta raznovrsne po- točnu sinonimiju i homonimiju. Dakle lokalni kultiva- (krumpir, kozjak, češnjak) u stvari su klonovi, genetički
pulacije lokalnih kultura, uglavnom odabirom po- ri obično su i tradicijski, međutim tehnikama poljopri- isti organizam koji se vegetativno razmnožava (kalemlje-
ljoprivrednika, ali i pod velikim utjecajem okolišnih vrednog oplemenjivanja iz postojećih tradicijskih kulti- njem, odjeljivanjem ili kulturom tkiva) te se tako održa-
uvjeta nastaju pojedine sorte, a kod domaćih životinja vara selekcionirale su se pojedine sorte novijeg datuma vaju povoljna svojstva, davno uočena i odabrana.
are called blitvari, which is to say, chard-eaters, from Kurtovska Kapia and many others. The origin of many been no improvement process for many populations
their favourite green vegetable. In the Homeland War cultivars is not clear, particularly because domesticat- of crops from the area of Dalmatia.
of 1991 to 1995 the people of Dubrovnik practically ed cultivars quite often take on other local names in
lost their landrace sheep the Dubrovnik ruda, which the course of time. There is also the phenomenon of Unlike traditional cultivars, and classical plant im-
needs urgently revitalising, popularising and protect- synonymy, with various names being used for the provement and selection, modern industrial varieties
ing, but luckily this was not the case with the landrace same variety (Oblica for example has more than 30 and hybrids do not come into being in situ but in vit-
red broccoli from Župa. synonyms), and homonyms, that is, the same name ro, in the laboratory, with the use of modern selection
for different varieties (for example, the Zlatarica techniques, the most controversial of which is genetic
In the framework of the morphologically and geneti- grape is a different thing in Korčula and in Vrgorac, modification. In these hybrids, because of the marked
cally fairly heterogeneous population of local crops, and Crljenak from Vis is not the same as the Crljenak heterozygosity the desirable parent characteristics ap-
individual varieties or in the case of domestic animals from Kastela). For this reason we add on geographi- pear in very few progeny. In consequence, the produc-
breeds come into being, primarily because of the se- cal modifiers: Zlatarica Blatska (from Blato) or Zla- ers cannot themselves multiply the cultivar, but every
lection process in farming, but also much impacted by tarica Vrgorska, then Crljenak Kaštelanski and Crljenak year have to buy seed, thus becoming dependent on
environmental conditions. These landraces, plant and Viški. Future scientific research including molecular the suppliers. Over the long term, this is a process
animal, are not taxonomic categories, but represent genetic analysis will determine the origin and crea- that leads to a drastic reduction of agricultural biodi-
populations of the basic species or subspecies that are tion of individual cultivars, and will also put in or- versity, as well as to the introduction of a monopoly
characterised by unique features of phenotype or gen- der the synonymy and homonymy. The local cultivars on the production of food. Some traditional varieties,
otype, which differentiate them from all other varie- are usually traditional as well, but with the techniques particularly fruit crops, grapes, olives and others, as
ties and breeds of the same species or subspecies and of agricultural enhancement, from existing tradition- well as some vegetables (potato, scallions, garlic) are
are able to transmit them to the following genera- al cultivars, individual varieties of a newer date that in fact clones, genetically the same organism, which
tions. A cultivar is by the international code (Utre- are entered into the variety list as newly created culti- reproduced in a vegetative way (grafting, division and
cht, 1958) the label adopted primarily for a variety or vars are selected, although they in fact bear the same tissue culture) and thus reflect the desirable qualities
the characteristic of a cultivated plant, and is marked old original genes of the individual original popula- long ago noticed and selected.
with the cv abbreviation. tions. Thus in the area of Croatian through classical
selection methods various varieties and hybrids have
Traditional cultivars are the basis of the agricultural been created, particularly in the cases of wheat, maize
biodiversity of an area. They were created in a given and other cereals, as well as with fodder plants, po-
area, and are thus landraces, and we call them domes- tatoes and other vegetable plants: the many BC va-
tic cultivars, and they were introduced n the past, and rieties of wheat and maize hybrids, the Dalmatin-
became domesticated cultivars, for example: Frassi- ka potato (1991), the Goran (1984), Istra (1984) and
neto wheat, Petkus rye, the maize Quarantin, Virginia Lika (1980), the Podravkin Bijeli parsnip (1981), the
tobacco, the Bintje potato, the Sugar Baby water mel- Botinečka Žuta (1984.) and Majkovačka Žuta (1993)
on, the cantaloupe cultivars Ananas and Medna Rosa, bell peppers. Most of these varieties were selected on
the tomatoes Volovsko Srce, Saint-Pierre and Rutgers, the basis of populations from inland Croatia, but va-
the Srebrnolisna and Lukulus chard, the cabbage cul- rieties of tomato from Dalmatia are in the registra-
tivars Ditmar, Likoriški and Futoški; the bell pepper tion process. Still, one has to admit that there has
a.7
Zakonski okvir za
sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije
Legislative
background for
varieties and breeds
of Dalmatia
Starigradsko polje na otoku Hvaru, najbolje

očuvan grčki ager na Mediteranu
Stari Grad Plain on Hvar island, the best

preserved Greek ager in the Mediterranean
Foto: Ivo Pervan
U
običajen postupak službenog priznavanja Za pasmine je tek 1998. godine objavljen prvi služ- ostalih sigurno u nekoj od kategorija ugroženosti. To
sorte i pasmine uključuje objavljen opis, od- beni Popis izvornih i zaštićenih pasmina i sojeva doma- se posebno odnosi na ratarske i povrtne kulture Dal-
nosno standard sorte ili pasmine te propisa- ćih životinja (NN 127/98), koji je naknadno više puta macije, a najviše na žitarice, mahunarke i kupusnjače.
nu službenu proceduru prijave, koja se često mijenja s nadopunjavan, i to 2003., 2006., 2007. i 2009. godi-
izmjenama zakonodavstva. Hrvatsko zakonodavstvo ne (NN 73/03; 39/06, 126/07, 70/09). Popis se na- Konačno, usklađivanjem postojeće hrvatske Sortne li-
u području biljnih sorti i sjemenarstva usklađeno je dopunjava pasminama za koje se potvrdi izvornost, ste sa zakonskom regulativom EU-a, sa sortne liste iz-
sa zakonodavstvom Europske unije. Zakon o sjemenu, a sukladno Pravilniku o postupku priznavanja novih brisane su brojne voćne sorte. Tako su, sukladno Popi-
sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog pasmina, sojeva i hibrida (NN164/04). Ovaj popis su sorti voćnih vrsta brisanih sa Popisa voćnih vrsta, od
bilja (NN 140/05; 35/08 i 55/11) predstavlja zakon- ne obuhvaća pse koje definira Zakon o veterinarstvu ožujka 2011. godine do danas izbrisane brojne intro-
ski okvir za uključivanje sorte u Sortnu listu Repu- (NN 41/07, 155/08, 55/11) i Zakon o zaštiti životi- ducirane, ali i naše izvorne tradicijske sorte, od kojih su
blike Hrvatske. Upisom sorte u Sortnu listu Republike nja (NN 135/06), a službeni Registar pasmina pasa vo- mnoge navedene i u ovoj knjizi: masline krvavica, pa-
Hrvatske, poljoprivredni reprodukcijski materijal sor- di Hrvatski kinološki savez (HKS). Sukladno nave- štrica, velika lastovka, žabarka; bajam čarski kasni, knez
te (sjeme ili sadni materijal) može se proizvoditi, pri- denom Popisu te Registru, danas u Hrvatskoj imamo črnomir, smokvički polumekiš, princeza smokvička; doma-
javiti za stručni nadzor, te uvoziti i/ili staviti na tržište. trenutačno prepoznate 33 pasmine životinja. ća krupna nešpola; domaća oskoruša; rogač komiški, korču-
lanski, medunac, puljiški, šipanski; višnja maraska pendu-
Priznate sorte popisane su u službenoj Sortnoj listi Sortna lista odraz je trenutačnog stanja poznavanja sor- la, poljička i visulja; brojne sorte smokava i drugo. Ove
Republike Hrvatske koja je prvi put uspostavljena timenta, dakle nikada ne obuhvaća sve sorte – tako da sorte mogu se naći u proizvodnji ili na tržištu sukladno
1967. godine i sastojala se od dva dijela: Liste doma- uvijek postoje one koje struka prepoznaje, ali formalno stavku 3. članka 13. Pravilnika o upisu sorti u popis sorti
ćih i udomaćenih sorti sjemena poljoprivrednog bilja te nisu uvedene na listu, npr. sorte masline brindićanka, voćnih vrsta (NN 98/09). Međutim, sukladno navede-
Spiska novostvorenih sorti sjemena poljoprivrednog bilja. divljaka i jeruzalemka; sorte vinove loze cipar, crljenak nom stavku, za većinu brisanih sorti proizvodnja i trže-
Od 2011. godine Sortna lista sastoji se od sljedećeg: viški i krstičevica te brojne druge sorte. Isto tako na po- nje bit će zabranjeni od 30. lipnja 2014., a za sve ostale
Nacionalne sortne liste Republike Hrvatske, koja obu- stojeću Sortnu listu Republike Hrvatske nisu upisane od 30. lipnja 2015. godine.
hvaća popis svih domaćih i udomaćenih stranih sorti, ni postojeće sorte, odnosno populacije kulturnog bilja:
novostvorenih sorti te priznatih stranih sorti repa, kr- domaća raštika, domaći plavi i domaći srednje dugi pa- Očuvanje postojećih sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina
mnog bilja, uljanog i predivog bilja, žitarica, krumpi- tliđan, domaći stogodišnji i domaći biserni luk, domaći domaćih životinja naša je obaveza, i to ne samo prema
ra i povrća; Sortne liste Republike Hrvatske, koja obu- luk kozjak (ljutika), domaći vlasac, domaći ozimi i ja- nama samima već i prema međunarodnoj zajednici i
hvaća sorte navedenog bilja koje su priznate na teme- ri češnjak, domaći hren, domaći sitnozrni i krupnozrni nadolazećim generacijama. U tom smislu treba poseb-
lju ispitivanja različitosti, ujednačenosti i postojanosti slanutak, domaći bob, domaći lisnati kelj, razne doma- no istaknuti UN-ovu Konvenciju o biološkoj raznoli-
(DUS: Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) te is- će buče, domaća leća i drugo. Pod ovim imenima kri- kosti koju je Hrvatska potpisala 1996. godine. Prema
pitivanja gospodarske vrijednosti (VCU: Value Com- je se više tradicijskih sorti pojedine navedene kulture; Konvenciji, biološku raznolikost ne čini samo divlja
pare Unit), kao i sorte povrća na temelju DUS ispiti- drugim riječima, iz postojećih raznovrsnih populacija flora i fauna, već i svojte koje je čovjek kroz svoju po-
vanja; te konačno Popisa sorti voćnih vrsta i Popisa sorti navedenih domaćih kultura nisu izdvojene sorte, kao vijest na bilo koji način promijenio te uzgojem i oda-
vinove loze. Administrativni postupak upisa u Sortnu što su primjerice iz domaćeg ozimog češnjaka izdvoje- birom određenih svojstava prilagodio svojim potreba-
listu te DUS i VCU ispitivanja provodi Hrvatski cen- ne sorte brgudski i polački. Kako tradicijska agrobiora- ma, odnosno to su pasmine i sorte kultiviranih živo-
tar za poljoprivredu, hranu i selo, odnosno Zavod za znolikost postupno nestaje, neke od ovih neistraženih tinja i biljaka. Dužnost svake potpisnice je inventari-
sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo u Osijeku. sorti već su sigurno zauvijek izgubljene, dok je većina zacija vlastite biološke raznolikosti, te njeno očuvanje.
T
he regular procedure for official acknowledge- List, and for DUS and VCU testing is carried out by the the individually listed crops, that is, from the existing di-
ment of a breed or variety includes a published Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Af- verse populations of the said domestic cultures, the vari-
description, a standard for the variety or breed, fairs, or the Institute for Seeds and Seedlings in Osijek. eties have not been distinguished, such as, from the do-
and the required official registration or application pro- mestic winter garlic, the separate varieties that are called
cedure, which often changes in line with changes in leg- For breeds, it was not until 1998 that the first official List Brgudski and Polački. Since traditional agrobiodiversity is
islation. Croatian legislation in the area of plant varie- of Original and Protected Breeds and Strains of Do- gradually vanishing, some of these uninvestigated varie-
ties and seed production is harmonised with EU leg- mestic Animals was issued (OG 127/98), subsequently ties must have been lost forever, while most of the oth-
islation. The Law on Seeds, Plant Material and Recogni- supplemented a number of times (in 2003, 2006, 2007 ers are surely in one of the endangered categories. This
tion of Varieties of Agricultural Plants (OG, 140/05, 35/08 and 2009; OG 73/03, 39/06, 126/07, 70/09). This list holds particularly true for arable and vegetable crops in
and 55/11) is the statutory framework for the inclusion is supplemented with breeds confirmed to be authentic Dalmatia, primarily for cereals, legumes and brassicas.
of a variety in the Variety List of the Republic of Cro- and in line with the Regulations on the recognition of
atia. When a variety has been inscribed in the Variety new breeds, strains and hybrids (OG 164/04). This list Finally, then the existing Croatian Variety List was
List, the agricultural reproduction material of the variety does not cover dogs, defined in the Veterinary Law (OG harmonised with the EU legislation, several fruit vari-
(seed or seedling) can be produced, registered for expert 41/07, 155/08, 55/11) and the Law on Animal Protec- eties were dropped from the variety list. Thus, for ex-
supervision and introduced and/or marketed. tion (OG 135/06), while the official Register of Canine ample, in line with the List of Varieties of Fruit Spe-
Breeds is kept by the Croatian Kinological Association cies erased from the List of Fruit Species from March
Acknowledged varieties are listed in the official Varie- (Kennel Club). According to this List and Register, to- 2011 until this day, numerous introduced varieties as
ty List of the Republic of Croatia, established for the day there are in Croatian 33 recognised breeds. well as landraces have been deleted, many of which are
first time in 1967, and consisting of two parts: List of listed in this book: the Krvavica, Paštrica, Velika Last-
domestic and domesticated varieties of seeds of agricul- The Variety List is a reflection of the current state of ovka, Žabarka olives; the Almonds Čarski Kasni, Kn-
tural plants and the List of newly created varieties of knowledge concerning varieties, and never covers all va- ez Črnomir, Smokvički Polumekiš, Princeza Smokvička;
seeds of agricultural plants. From 2011 the Variety List rieties, and so there are always those that the discipline Domaća Krupna Nešpola or medlar; Domaća Oskoruša or
has consisted of: the National Variety List of the Re- recognises, but that are not formally put on the list; for service tree; the carobs Komiški, Korčulanski, Medunac,
public of Croatia, which includes a list of all domestic example, there are the olive varieties called Brindićanka, Puljiški, Šipanski; the marasca cherry Pendula, Poljička
and domesticated foreign varieties, newly created vari- Divljaka, Jeruzalemka; the grape vine varieties Cipar, Cr- and Visulja; numerous varieties of fig tree and others.
eties, and recognised foreign varieties of turnip, fodder, ljenak Viški, Krstičevica and many other varieties. At the These varieties can be found in production or on the
oil and fibre plants, cereals, potatoes and vegetables; of same time, not only varieties, but whole existing popu- market in line with Paragraph 3 Article 13 of the Regu-
the Variety list of the Republic of Croatia, which covers lations of cultivated plants are inscribed on the existing lations on the entry of varieties into the list of varieties
varieties of these plants that are recognised on the basis Variety List of the Republic of Croatia: domestic borecole; of fruit species (OG, 98/09). However, in line with this
of the testing of the diversity, uniformity and stability domestic blue and domestic medium long aubergine, domes- paragraph, there will be a ban on the production and
(DUS: Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) and the tic hundred year old and domestic pearl onion, domestic scal- marketing of most of these varieties from June 30, 2014,
testing of their value for cultivation and use (VCU: Val- lion (ljutika), domestic chives, domestic winter and spring and for all the others from June 30, 2015.
ue Compare Unit), and vegetable varieties on the basis garlic, domestic horseradish, domestic small grained and
of DUS testing; and finally the List of varieties of fruit large grained chickpea, domestic broad bean, domestic leafy Preservation of existing varieties of cultivated plants and
species and List of varieties of grape vines. The adminis- kale, various domestic pumpkins, domestic lentils and so on. breeds of domestic animals is an obligation on us, not on-
trative procedure for inscribing a variety on the Variety These names hide a number of traditional varieties of ly for our own sakes, but for the international community
Nasuprot prisutnoj eroziji ne samo tradicijskih sorti i europske ekološke mreže NATURA 2000 iznimno je Naime, tek je dio ove bogate bioraznolikosti službeno
pasmina, već i eroziji stečenog iskustva i znanja, danas važno očuvanje staništa i vrsta koje se zasniva na dvi- prepoznat, dok se brojne autohtone sorte i pasmine
u Dalmaciji postoji i pozitivna protuteža, zahvaljujući je regulative: Direktivi o staništima (92/43/EEC) i Di- Dalmacije ne nalaze na službenoj Sortnoj listi Repu-
djelovanju više pojedinaca i udruga pa dijelom i insti- rektivi o pticama (79/409/EEC). Njihovom primjenom blike Hrvatske, odnosno na službenom Popisu izvor-
tucija koje pokušavaju očuvati stečene vrijednosti i mo- može se također utjecati na bolje očuvanje ugroženih nih i zaštićenih pasmina i sojeva domaćih životinja.
gu predstavljati jezgru budućeg učinkovitijeg očuvanja sorti i pasmina. Poljoprivredne površine koje se na- Nažalost, prema novom Zakonu o sjemenarstvu, op-
mediteranskih krških kultiviranih krajobraza. laze unutar Natura 2000 mreže trebaju se obrađivati stanak svake sorte na Sortnoj listi ovisi o službenom
ekološkim i održivim metodama uključujući primje- održivaču, koji se brine o održavanju njenog genet-
Za praćenje stanja sorti i pasmina u svijetu zadužen je nu poljoprivredno okolišnih mjera, a treba istaknuti da skog identiteta, ali što je u praksi i važnije, plaća go-
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), krovna in- su dosadašnji poticaji za izvorne pasmine u Hrvatskoj dišnju pristojbu Zavodu za sjemenarstvo i rasadni-
stitucija Ujedinjenih naroda za strateško upravljanje bili među najvišima u Europi. Isto tako, vrlo je važno čarstvu za njen ostanak na listi. Budući da službena
hranom i poljoprivrednim resursima na globalnoj, re- izraditi plan upravljanja za očuvanje omjera kulturnih i nadzirana proizvodnja sjemena navedenih tradicij-
gionalnoj i lokalnoj razini. Za razvoj i provedbu Glo- krajobraza i prirodnih staništa, u okviru Hrvatske eko- skih sorti ne postoji, velika je vjerojatnost da se zbog
balnog akcijskog plana za očuvanje i održivo korište- loške mreže (CRO-NEN), odnosno europske mreže nepostojanja održivača, jednostavnom primjenom za-
nje biljnih genetičkih resursa za hranu i poljoprivredu NATURA 2000. kona, svi navedeni tradicijski kultivari automatizmom
(The Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Su- brišu sa Sortne liste. Posljedica je nemogućnost legal-
stainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Fo- Agrobioraznolikost je osnova razvoja i opstanka poljo- nog prometovanja njihovim sjemenom i vegetativnim
od and Agriculture) te Globalne strategije upravljanjem privrede u Dalmaciji te preduvjet za stvaranje premij- materijalom. Stoga za tradicijske sorte i pasmine koje
farmskim genetičkim resursima (The Global Strategy for skih proizvoda – što može omogućiti otvaranje novih i nisu na Sortnoj listi i na Popisu izvornih i zaštićenih
the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources) pri perspektivnih ekonomskih niša. Međutim to naše bo- pasmina treba osmisliti model njihove registracije, a
FAO-u, od godine 1995. odgovorna je Komisija za ge- gatstvo tradicijskih sorti i pasmina danas ubrzano ne- za sve tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije pronaći
netske resurse u poljoprivredi (CGRFA - Commission staje. Uz brojne i složene razloge, osnovni uzrok ugro- model održavanja, ali i razvoja izabranih i gospodar-
on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture). Europ- ženosti je sustavna industrijalizacija poljoprivrede koja ski potencijalno vrijednih kultivara. Uspostavljanje
ska uredba (Regulation 2078/92) sadrži poljoprivred- se očituje prije svega u zamjeni tradicijskih kultivara s upisnika održivača sjemena tradicijskih kultura i ma-
no-okolišne programe koji obuhvaćaju mjere za uz- modernima, preciznije rečeno sintetskima. Pri tome se tičnih grla tradicijskih pasmina upotpunit će sustavnu
goj izvornih pasmina i sorti, odnosno godišnje premi- osigurava visoka produktivnost suvremenih kultivara, a brigu o očuvanju tradicijskih sorti i pasmina, naše tra-
je u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Globalni akcijski plan njihova neprilagođenost okolišnim čimbenicima poku- dicijske baštine.
prihvaćen u okviru deklaracije na FAO međunarod- šava se ublažiti složenim i skupim tehnološkim zahva-
noj tehničkoj konferenciji za biljne genetičke resurse tima (sofisticirana mehanizacija, fertilizacija, kemizaci-
održanoj 1996. godine u Leipzigu (Leipzig Declarati- ja, genetički inženjering). Posljedično, dolazi do naru-
on on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant šavanja ravnoteže u agroekosustavima, kao i u ostalim
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture), definira da pratećim ekosustavima (naročito travnjacima, šumama
postojeća agrobioraznolikost biljnih resursa, u kombi- i vodama), uz znatno povećanje ukupnih realnih troš-
naciji sa suvremenom tehnologijom, mora biti osnova kova proizvodnje. No isto tako treba jasno naglasiti da
održive poljoprivrede zbog očuvanja biljnih genetičkih neprikladno zakonodavstvo predstavlja velik problem i
resursa. Isto tako za ciljeve uspostavljanja i provedbe kočnicu boljem očuvanju agrobioraznolikosti.
and the generations to come. From this point of view the and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for engineering). In consequence, the balance in the agro-
UN Convention on Biological Diversity, signed by Croa- Food and Agriculture and says that the existing agricul- ecosystems is disturbed, as it is in the other accompany-
tia in 1996, needs particular focus. According to the Con- tural biodiversity of plant resources, in combination with ing ecosystems (primarily in the grasslands, forests and
vention, biological diversity is not vested only in wild flora modern technology, has to be the foundation of sustain- waters), with a considerable enlargement of the total re-
and fauna, but also in the taxa that people have through- able agriculture because of the need to preserve plant al costs of production. But it has also to be said clearly
out history changed in any way, and that they have by genetic resources. Exceptionally important for the aims that the inappropriate legislation is a big problem and a
breeding and selecting certain characteristics adjusted to behind the establishment and implementation of the brake on the better preservation of agrobiodiversity.
their needs, that is, breeds and varieties of animals and European Ecological Network NATURA 2000 is the
cultivated plants. It is the duty of each signatory to make preservation of habitats and species, founded on two di- For only a small part of all this wealth of biodiversity
an inventory of its own biological diversity, and to pre- rectives: Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and Birds Di- is officially recognised, while many Dalmatian landrac-
serve it. As against the omnipresent erosion of not only rective (79/409/EEC). If they are implemented, they can es are not on the official Variety List of the Republic
traditional varieties and breeds, but of acquired experi- also have an effect on the better preservation of endan- of Croatia or the official List of Original and Protect-
ence and knowledge, there is today a positive counter- gered varieties and breeds. Farm land inside the Natura ed Breeds and Strains of Domestic Animals. Unfortu-
weight, thanks to the activity of several individuals and 2000 network has to be cultivated with ecological and nately, according to the new Seed Production Law, the
associations, partially too of institutions that are attempt- sustainable methods, including the application of agri- survival of every variety on the List depends on the of-
ing to preserve acquired values and that might constitute cultural environmental measures. It should be pointed ficial maintainer, which takes care of the maintenance
the core of a more effect and better preservation of the out that grants for landraces in Croatia have been among of its genetic identity, but, which is in practice even
Mediterranean and karstic cultivated landscapes. the highest in Europe. Also, it is very important to work more important, involves the payment of an annual fee
out a management plan for the preservation of the ratios to the Seeds and Seedlings Institute to keep it on the
Charged with monitoring the state of varieties and of cultural landscapes and natural habitats, within the list. Since there is no official and controlled production
breeds the world is FAO (Food and Agriculture Organ- framework of the Croatian Ecological Network CRO- of seeds of these traditional varieties, the great prob-
isation), the UN umbrella institution for strategic food NEN and the European network NATURA 2000. ability is that because of the absence of a maintainer,
and agricultural resources management at global, region- by simple application of the law, all these traditional
al and local levels. Since 1995, FAO’s CGRFA - Com- Agricultural biodiversity is the basis for the develop- cultivars will be automatically dropped from the Va-
mission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture ment and survival of agriculture in Dalmatia, and a riety List. The result will be that it will be impossible
has been responsible for the development and imple- sine qua non for the creation of premium products that to trade legally in their seeds and vegetative material.
mentation of the Global Plan of Action for the Conserva- might enable the creation of new and promising eco- Accordingly registration model needs to be devised for
tion and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resourc- nomic niches. But the richness of Croatian traditional traditional varieties and breeds that are not on the Va-
es for Food and Agriculture and the Global Strategy for the varieties and breeds is today vanishing at great speed. riety List or the List of Original and Protected Breeds,
Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources. European Along with many other complex reasons, the basic cause and for all the traditional breeds and varieties of Dal-
Regulation 2078/92 contains agricultural and environ- of the threat is the systematic industrialisation of agri- matia, a maintenance model needs finding, as well as
mental programmes that cover measures for the rearing culture, which is manifested primarily in the replace- the development of selected and economically valuable
of landraces, animals and plants, i.e., annual premiums ment of traditional by modern, synthetic cultivars. The cultivars. The establishment of a register of maintain-
for agricultural production. The Global Plan of Action high yields of modern cultivars are thus ensured, while ers of seeds of traditional crops and breeding heads of
was accepted within the outline of a declaration at an in- their unsuitability for the environmental factors is pal- the traditional breeds will be a complement to system-
ternational conference for plant genetic resources held liated with complex and expensive technological oper- atic care for the preservation of traditional varieties and
in Leipzig in 1996 - Leipzig Declaration on Conservation ations (mechanisation, fertilisation, chemistry, genetic breeds, our traditional heritage.
a.8
Ukupna
agrobioraznolikost
Dalmacije i važnost
njenog očuvanja
Overall
agrobiodiversity of
Dalmatia and the
importance of its
preservation
Bunari kod Ciste Velike na lokalitetu Crljivica,

Dalmatinska zagora
Wells by Cista Velika at Crljivica,

Dalmatinska zagora
Foto: Ivo Pervan
“Razvoj poljoprivrede u
A
grobioraznolikost je dio cjelokupne biora- je vrlo velik broj ovih svojti; više od stotinu bilj-
znolikosti, a možemo je podijeliti na dvi- nih vrsta koristi se u prehrani i za druge namje-
Dalmaciji, temeljen na je osnovne grupe: uporabne organizme ili ne (divlje šparoge, kostriš, kadulja, planika, mirta
uzgoju tradicijskih sorti agrobioraznolikost u užem smislu te neuporabne or-

ganizme ili agrobioraznolikost u širem smislu.
itd.), kao i veliki broj životinja ( puževi, žabe, slat-
kovodne i morske ribe, brojne ptice itd). Genetički
i pasmina, doveo je do su to raznoliki organizmi.
nastanka brojnih novih A. Agrobioraznolikost u užem

smislu (Uporabni organizmi) B. Agrobioraznolikost u širem
staništa uz iznimnu smislu (Neuporabni organizmi)
1. Tradicijski kultivari: udomaćene (domesticirane)
prateću bioraznolikost svojte, uglavnom bakterija, gljiva, biljaka i životi- 4. Divlji srodnici: obuhvaćaju dio bioraznoliko-
gljiva, flore i faune.” nja, koje su stvorene ljudskom selekcijom tijekom sti samoniklih populacija i populacija izvan kul-
tisućljeća u uvjetima tradicijske poljoprivrede, od- ture („podivljalih“) koje su u srodstvu s kultiva-
nosno uz paralelnu prirodnu selekciju te selekcio- rima. Oni se vjerojatno nikada neće koristiti kao
nirane u raznovrsne sorte i pasmine. To su svi kul- uporabni, ali imaju potencijal za korištenje u se-
tivari obrađeni u ovoj knjizi. Mogu biti autohtone lekciji kultivara. To su redovito autohtone svojte,
ili alohtone svojte te su genetički raznoliki kultivari. a treba istaknuti više divljih kupusa (Brassica), lu-
kova (Allium), veći broj divljih ječmova (Hordeum)
2. Suvremeni kultivari: kultivari stvoreni suvreme- i drugih, iznimno prilagođenih na sušu, a čija se
nim selekcijskim metodama (standardna genetička svojstva mogu koristiti u budućoj selekciji.
selekcija, križanje u srodstvu, genetički modificira-
“The development of ni organizmi, kloniranje). Postoje novi kultivari na- 5. Divlje (nedomesticirane) svojte agroekosustava:
stali selekcijom postojećih izvornih, hrvatskih po- živi organizmi koji su izravno vezani uz agroeko-
farming in Dalmatia, pulacija kultura, ali većinom su to uvozni kultiva- sustave, odnosno svojte koje obligatno pripadaju
based on the cultivation ri, plod tuđeg genetičkog nasljeđa i stručnog rada. agroekosustavima (mikro- i makrobioti tla, opra-
Mogu biti autohtone ili alohtone svojte te su gene- šivači, specijalizirani štetnici, korovi, napasnici,
and rearing of traditional tički uniformni (neraznoliki) kultivari. Kao primjer paraziti, predatori štetnika). Ove se svojte ne kori-
varieties and breeds, led u Dalmaciji možemo istaknuti najnovije hibride ste, ali izravno utječu na uspješnost poljoprivredne
rajčica (Hector F1, Belle F1) nizozemske selekcije, proizvodnje bilo pozitivno bilo negativno. Postoji
to the creation of many dok od domaćih selekcija imamo primjer domaćih mogućnost da i ove svojte budu predmet selekcije i
new habitats, with an sorti krumpira (dalmatinka, istra, lika, goran). proizvodnje kao mjera poboljšanja u poljoprivred-
noj proizvodnji, kao što se primjerice već selekci-
exceptional accompanying 3. Izvorne (nativne, samonikle) ili autohtone svojte: oniraju i razmnožavaju kulture bakterija dušičnih
biodiversity of fungi, flora dio su opće bioraznolikosti koju standardno koristi-

mo u prehrani i za druge namjene, a u budućnosti bi
fiksatora, bumbara i solitarnih pčela, raznih preda-
tora biljnih štetnika itd.
and fauna.” mogli prijeći u prve dvije kategorije. U Dalmaciji
A
grobiodiversity is part of overall biodiversi- into the first two categories. In Dalmatia there are 6. Accompanying biodiversity: taxa that primarily
ty, and can be divided into two basic groups: many such taxa: more than a hundred plant species belong to accompanying ecosystems, above all to
use organisms or agrobiodiversity in the are used for food or other purposes (wild asparagus, the habitats of grasslands, forests and aquatic eco-
strict sense and non-use organisms, or agrobiodiver- sage, sow thistle, strawberry tree, myrtle) and a large systems, and are only optionally related to domes-
sity in the wider sense. number of animals (snails, frogs, fresh- and saltwater ticated taxa and agroecosystems: larger predators,
fish, birds). These are genetically diverse organisms. coprophages and necrophages. In conditions of the
disappearance or degradation of accompanying
A. Agrobiodiversity in the strict
habitats and ecosystems, these taxa can become de-
sense (use organisms) B. Agrobiodiversity in the wider
pendent only on agroecosystems, as is the wolf in
sense (Non-use organisms)
1. Traditional cultivars: domesticated taxa, primarily Dalmatia, the griffon vulture on Cres, a large num-
bacteria, fungi, plants and animals created by hu- 4. Wild relatives: these cover part of the biodiversi- ber of coprophagic fungi, insects and so on.
man selection over the millennia in the conditions ty of the wild populations and populations escaped
of the traditional agriculture, that is, with parallel from cultivation (gone wild) that are relatives to Particularly important for landscapes and the biologi-
natural selection and selection into diverse varieties cultivars. They will probably never be used as use- cal diversity of Dalmatia are the karst grasslands, i.e.
and breeds. These are all the cultivars discussed in organisms, but do have a potential for use in the se- the pastures and hay meadows. When the grasslands
this book. They can be native or introduced species, lection of cultivars. These are regularly native taxa, are created and maintained, numerous fungi, plants
and are genetically diverse cultivars. and one ought to particularly mention several wild and animals also subsist, whole plant communities
representatives of the genus Brassica, Allium and a even, particularly rich in species. Thus the community
2. Modern cultivars: cultivars created with mod- number of wild barleys (Hordeum) and others, ex- of the karst grassland has a number of species several
ern selection methods (standard genetic selection, ceptionally well adapted to drought, the properties times larger than a forest community in the same re-
crossing in relatives, genetically modified organ- of which could be used in future selection. gion, and accordingly a larger fauna community. To-
isms, cloning). There are modern cultivars that day the grasslands are disappearing as a result of natu-
were created by the selection from existing pop- 5. Wild (undomesticated) taxa of the agroecosys- ral succession, i.e. because they become overgrown, but
ulations of Croatian landraces, but most of them tem: live organisms directly related to the agroeco- also because of the omnipresent development and ur-
are imported cultivars, the fruit of alien genetic system, or taxa that necessarily belong to agroeco- banisation. Livestock grazing prevents the succession
heritages and expertise. They can be introduced or systems (micro and macrobiotes of the soil, polli- and maintains the grassland habitat, and it is also use-
native taxa and are genetically uniform (non-di- nators and specialised pests, weeds, napasnici, par- ful to keep down maquis vegetation, encouraging the
verse) cultivars. For example, in Dalmatia we can asites and pest predators). These taxa are not used, establishment of forests. When livestock is absent, the
refer to the modern tomato hybrids Hector F1, but do have a direct effect on the success of agricul- maquis expands, becoming impassable, which helps
Belle F12, selected in Holland, while domestic va- tural production, negatively as well as positively. It forest fires to spread, and leading to the disappearance
rieties of potato Dalmatinka, Istra, Lika and Goran is possible for these taxa to be the object of selec- of many plant species that cannot tolerate so much
are the results of domestic selection. tion and production as measure for improvement in shade. It is important to optimise pasturing, for mod-
agricultural production, as for example the follow- erate livestock raising maintains greater biodiversity as
3. Native or landrace taxa: these are part of the gen- ing are already selected and reproduced: cultures of against the climazonal vegetation, although excessive
eral biodiversity that we use as standards in food or bacteria of nitrogen fixers, bumblebees and solitary grazing will devastate it, as can be seen in history in
for other purposes, and in future might be moved bees, various predators of plant pests. many areas of Dalmatia and the Mediterranean.
6. Prateća bioraznolikost: svojte koje primarno pri- ostaci plijena predatora kao i jedinke uginule uslijed Poronia punctata i halucinogena gnojištarka Panaeo-
padaju pratećim ekosustavima, prije svega staništu bolesti, pri okotu, zbog pada s litica, ugriza zmije i dru- lus sphinctrinus, a novijim su istraživanjem na područ-
travnjaka, šuma i vodenih ekosustava te su samo gih uzroka, hrana su za lešinarske vrste. Naš ornitološki ju Biokova utvrđene čak i neke za znanost nove vrste
fakultativno vezane uz udomaćene svojte i agroe- ponos, bjeloglavi sup ne može opstati bez stada ovaca koprofilnih gljiva.
kosustave: veći predatori, koprofagi i nekrofagi. U pa su nestankom stada, nestali i supovi, a drugi lešinari
uvjetima nestanka ili degradacije pratećih stani- Dalmacije poput crkavice, kostoberine i supa starješi- Domaće životinje prenose sjemenke, plodove ili dru-
šta i ekosustava, ove svojte mogu postati ovisne is- ne, još davno prije. Strvinama se hrane kukci, kornja- ge dijelove biljke, te ih tako proširuju, što zovemo
ključivo o agroekosustavima; takvi su vuk u Dal- ši iz obitelji strvinara (Silphidae), osobito rod grobara zoohorija. Neke sjemenke se kukicama hvataju za kr-
maciji, bjeloglavi sup na Cresu, veliki broj kopro- (Necrophorus) te muhe zujare (Calliphoridae) i mesaru- zno (epizoohorija), dok ih druge životinje pojedu s
fagnih gljiva, kukaca i slično. še (Sarcophagidae), koje u njih polažu jaja. plodovima te ih šire svojim izmetom (endozohori-
ja). Migracija ovaca iz Dalmacije i Bosne u Štajersku
Posebno su za krajobraze i biološku raznolikost Dal- Domaće životinje domaćini su brojnih parazita: meti- pogodovala je ekspanziji divljih orhideja, primjerice
macije važni krški travnjaci, odnosno pašnjaci i livade lja, trakavice, glista, buha, uši, krpelja, štrkova, te napa- jadranske kozonoške (Himantoglossum adriaticum).
košanice za sijeno. Stvaranjem i održanjem travnjaka snika: muha, komaraca, obada, pijavica. Biljni su kulti- Nakon prestanka migracija populacije su kolabirale i
opstaju brojne gljive, biljke i životinje, čak cijele biljne vari domaćini brojnih parazitskih i saprofitnih gljiva, samo još nekoliko biljaka u Štajerskoj uz granicu s
zajednice koje se ističu bogatstvom vrsta. Tako zajed- virusa, bakterija, paučnjaka, kukaca, a njihovi plodovi Hrvatskom bori se za opstanak! Otkad se ovce ne od-
nica krškog travnjaka ima nekoliko puta veći broj vrsta i drugi dijelovi biljaka osnova ili važan dio prehrane voze na ispašu na izolirani vulkanski otočić Brusnik, s
bilja, a time i prateće faune, od šumske zajednice istog brojnih viših vrsta životinja, ponajprije ptica i sisava- njega je nestalo 17 vrsta vaskularnog bilja!
područja. Danas travnjaci nestaju uslijed prirodne suk- ca. Iako se, osobito poljoprivrednicima, čini da bi ovu
cesije odnosno zarastanja, ali i sveprisutne izgradnje i „štetnu“ bioraznolikost vezanu uz domaće životinje i Medna pčela, po kojoj je Dalmacija bila čuvena u raz-
urbanizacije. Napasanje stoke sprječava sukcesiju i odr- poljoprivredno bilje trebalo trajno istrijebiti – i ove su doblju antike, osim što sakuplja nektar i proizvodi
žava staništa travnjaka, ali je korisno i vegetaciji makije, vrste dio bioraznolikosti Dalmacije te hrana drugim med, ujedno oprašuje biljke, a korist od oprašivanja
gdje potiče podizanje šume. Nestankom stoke maki- parazitskim i predatorskim vrstama gljiva, virusa, pra- višestruko je veća od vrijednosti svih pčelinjih proi-
ja se širi i buja do neprohodnosti, što pogoduje širenju životinja, kukaca, ptica i sisavaca, posebno šišmišima. zvoda: meda, voska, peludi, matične mliječi i drugog.
požara i nestanku brojnih biljnih vrsta koje ne podno-
se zasjenjenost. Važno je optimizirati napasivanje, jer Za biljke je balega domaćih životinja najbolje gnoji- Staništa lokvi su posebno značajna jer uz njih raste
umjereno stočarstvo održava veću bioraznolikost u od- vo, a neke životinje i gljive bez njega ne mogu opsta- močvarno bilje, domaćin gusjenicama leptira i drugim
nosu na klimazonalnu vegetaciju, no prekomjerna ispa- ti. Rod kornjaša zujaka (Geotrupes) kopa podzemne biljojednim kukcima, a lokve su dom za kopnene i vo-
ša je devastira, što se kroz povijest već događalo u mno- hodnike koje puni balegom i u nju polaže jaja. Ču- dene kornjače, zmije, vodenjake, žabe, kornjače, vre-
gim područjima Dalmacije i Mediterana. veni sveti kotrljan (Scarabeus sacer), obožavan u drev- tenca, vodencvjetove, tulare, puževe i druge vrste koje
nom Egiptu, iz izmeta formira kuglicu koju kotrlja na tom području ne mogu opstati bez vode. Tako je
Stoka je dio prehrambenog lanca naših najvećih pre- stražnjim nogama do pripremljene rupe, zakapa i u od 74 vrsta vretenaca (Odonata) utvrđenih za Hrvat-
datora, u Dalmaciji najviše vuka. Janjad, kozlad, pe- nju polaže jaja. Konkurencija su im muhe balegarke sku veliki broj vezan za krške lokve te druga antropo-
rad, kunići, golubovi, plijen su manjih predatora: ča- (Scatophagidae) koje u izmet polažu jaja, u skladu s gena poljoprivredna vodena staništa, kanale i manje
glja, divlje mačke, lisice, tvora, kune, lasice, orla i dru- poslovicom „k’o muhe na balegu“. Na izmetu rastu akumulacije vode za navodnjavanje.
gih. U tradicijskom sustavu držanja domaćih životinja, neke zanimljive vrste gljiva, primjerice rijetka vrsta
Livestock is part of the good chain of the greatest For plants, the dung of domestic animals is the best The habitats of pools are particularly important, for
predators, primarily the wolf. Lambs, kids, poultry, fertiliser; some animals and plants cannot survive with- alongside them grow marsh plants, hosts to the cat-
rabbits and pigeons are the prey of the smaller preda- out it. The genus of dor beetles (Geotrupes) dig under- erpillars of butterflies and other herbivorous insects;
tors: of jackals, wild cats, foxes, stoats, martens, wea- ground corridors that they fill with dung in which they the pools themselves are home to turtles and tortois-
sels, eagles and so on. In the traditional system in lay their eggs. The famed scarab (Scarabeus sacer), wor- es, snakes, newts, frogs, dragonflies, mayflies, caddis
which domestic animals are kept, the remains of the shipped in ancient Egypt, forms little balls from excre- flies, snails and other species that cannot survive in
prey of predators and individuals that have died from ment that it rolls with its rear legs to a ready-prepared the area without water. Of the 74 species of dragonfly
sickness, during littering, falling from a cliff, snake- hole, buries and in it lays its egg. It has competition (Odonata) established in Croatia, a large number are
bite and other causes are the food of scavengers. The from the dung flies (Scatophagidae) that also lay eggs bound to the karstic pools and other anthropogenic
pride of Croatian ornithology, the griffon vulture, in dung, in line with the proverb “like flies onto dung”. agricultural aquatic habitats, channels and small ac-
cannot exist without flocks of sheep, and when the Several interesting species of mushroom, for example, cumulations of water for irrigation.
sheep vanished, so did the griffon vultures, and did the rare species Poronia punctata and the hallucinogen
other vultures of Croatia, such the Egyptian vulture, petticoat mottlegill or Panaeolus sphinctrinus. New re-
the bearded vulture and the cinereous vulture long search in Biokovo has established some species of co-
before it. Also feeding on carrion are insects, beetles prophile mushrooms previously unknown to science.
from the carrion beetles, Silphidae, particularly from
the Necrophorus or burying beetle genus and blow flies Domestic animals carry seeds, fruits and other parts of
from the Calliphoridae as well as the flesh flies, Sar- the plants, and thus disperse them, which is called zo-
cophagidae, which lay their eggs in carrion. ochory. Some plants are caught onto the coats of ani-
mals with little hooks or barbs (epizoochory) and oth-
Domestic animals are hosts to numerous parasites: to er animals eat them in the fruit and so transport them
liver flukes, tapeworms, worms, fleas, lice, ticks and via their excrement (endozoochory). The migration of
bots, as well as gadflies, mosquitoes, leeches. Plant cul- sheep from Dalmatia and Bosnia to Styria helped the
tivars are hosts to numerous parasitic and saprophyt- expansion of wild orchids, for example of the Himanto-
ic fungi, viruses, bacteria, arachnids, and insects; and glossum adriaticum. After migrations stopped, the pop-
their fruits and other parts of the plants are the basis ulations collapsed and there are only a few plants in St-
for or an important part of the food of many high- yria, bordering on Croatia, fighting for their existence.
er species of animal, primarily of birds and mammals. Since sheep stopped being transported to the isolated
Although it would seem, particularly for famers, that volcanic island of Brusnik, 17 species of vascular plant
this “harmful” biodiversity related to domestic animals vanished from it.
and agricultural plants should be eradicated forever,
these species too are parts of the biodiversity of Dal- The honey bee, for which Dalmatia was famed in an-
matia, and are food for other parasitical or predatory tiquity, apart from collecting nectar and producing
species of fungi, viruses, protozoans, insects, birds and honey, also pollinates the plants, and this service is
mammals, bats in particular. much more valuable than all the various products of
bees, of honey, way, pollen, royal jelly and so on.
a.9
Povijesni pregled
istraživanja
agrobioraznolikosti
Dalmacije
Historical survey
of research into the
agrobiodiversity of
Dalmatia
Vinogradi na brdu Bucavac kod Primoštena,

kandidat za listu UNESCO-a
Vineyards on Bucavac Hill by Primošten, a

candidate for the UNESCO WHL
Foto: Ivo Pervan
“Istraživanja
D
osadašnja istraživanja agrobioraznoliko- brojna, danas neprocjenjiva djela, svojevrsne etnomo-
sti Dalmacije nikada nisu provođena inte- nografije, od kojih se za područje Dalmacije posebno
agrobioraznolikosti gralno, već se u okviru agrobioraznolikosti ističu Poljica – narodni život i običaji iz pera don Fra-
Dalmacije provode se u u užem smislu najviše provode istraživanja tradicij-

skih sorti i pasmina te donekle samoniklog uporabnog
ne Ivaniševića, objavljivanoj u nastavcima od 1903. do
1906. godine te Život i običaji u Runovićim, jednoj župi
okviru biologije, ekologije, bilja, a u okviru agrobioraznolikosti u širem smislu Imocke krajine, započetoj 1924. godine, dovršenoj 1937.,
uglavnom istraživanja pratećih štetnika i korova. Div- a objavljenoj prvi puta tek 1993. godine.
poljoprivrede, biotehnologije, lji srodnici i prateća bioraznolikost istraživani su vrlo
veterine, farmacije, parcijalno, u sklopu pojedinih, većinom taksonomskih U novije doba sve se više koriste tehnike molekularne
istraživanja. Ipak, treba istaknuti dva djela koja obra- biologije te se provode genetička istraživanja pojedinih
šumarstva, ali i etnologije.” đuju užu agrobioraznolikost. Najprije Jugoslavenski sorti i populacija kulturnog bilja, pri čemu je za područ-
imenik bilja koji je napisao akademik Bogoslav Šulek je Dalmacije najviše istraživana vinova loza, donekle i
na osnovi dugogodišnjih istraživanja, a objavila ga je maslina, dok ostale kulture još nisu obuhvaćene.
Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti 1879. godi-
ne. Djelo je sinteza svekolikog tadašnjeg nazivlja bilja Podaci o agrobioraznolikosti u širem smislu rasuti su
pa i kultiviranih vrsta, s navedenim brojnim sortama. po brojnim specijalističkim botaničkim, entomološ-
Drugo djelo, Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlosti, pisao kim i drugim zoološkim radovima ili izvještajima o
je krajem 30-ih i početkom 40-ih godina 20. stoljeća pojavama pojedinih štetnika. Ipak, valja istaknuti dje-
poljoprivredni stručnjak Stanko Ožanić, a objavljeno lo Primijenjena entomologija u tri knjige, koje je u raz-
je posthumno 1955. godine. U njemu autor daje po- doblju od 1950. do 1956. godine objavio sveučilišni
datke o sortimentu i pasminama Dalmacije, iako po- profesor Željko Kovačević. Posebno je značajna druga
malo šture. knjiga Poljoprivredni štetnici u kojem sustavno takso-
nomski raščlanjuje štetnike poljoprivrednih kultura. U
Istraživanja agrobioraznolikosti provode se prije sve- djelu Kornjaši jadranskog primorja kojeg je Akademi-
ga u okviru prirodoslovnih i prirodoslovno-tehničkih ja objavila 1952. godine, autor entomolog Petar No-
znanosti: biologije, ekologije, poljoprivrede, biotehno- vak na temelju dugogodišnjeg iskustva navodi vrste
“Research into the logije, veterine, farmacije, šumarstva, ali i društvenih kornjaša sakupljene na pojedinim biljnim vrstama ili
agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia znanosti, uglavnom etnologije, pri čemu posebno treba na njima uzgojene, ali sakupljene i na obrađenim po-
istaći jedinstvenu publikaciju Zbornik za narodni život ljoprivrednim površinama, u balezi domaćih životinja
is carried out within the i običaje Južnih Slavena, kojeg od 1896. godine počinje i slično. Treba istaknuti da ovo djelo obrađuje samo
confines of biology, ecology, izdavati Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. U

naputku Osnova za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o na-
kornjaše (Coleoptera), dok je obrada i sinteza ostalih
faunističkih skupina za područje Dalmacije izostala,
farming, biotechnology, rodnom životu iz 1897. godine, glavnog urednika i et- kako za pojedine kulture ili taksonomske skupine, ta-
veterinary science, pharmacy, nologa Ante Radića, detaljno se navode svi elementi za
istraživanje etnobaštine, pa tako i sorte i pasmine, ali i
ko i za pojedina biogeografska područja.
forestry and also ethnology.” samoniklo bilje u uporabi. Kao rezultat pojavila su se
R
esearch into the agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia Arts started publishing in 1896. The instruction Foun- entomologist Petar Novak, on the basis of many years
to date has never been carried out integrally, dation for collecting and study material about the life of of experience, gives an account of the species of beetles
rather, in the frame of agrobiodiversity, in the the people (Osnova za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o collected on given plant species, either bred on them or
narrow sense, research into traditional breeds and vari- narodnom životu) of 1897, by the editor the ethnolo- collected on tilled fields, as well as in the dung of do-
eties has principally been carried out, and to an extent gist Ante Radić, gives a detailed list of all elements mestic animals and the like. It should be said that only
into wild use plants; while in the framework of agrobio- for research into the ethnological heritage, including coleopterans are dealt with in this work, while there was
diversity in an extended sense, there has primarily been breeds and varieties, as well as wild plants in use. As a no study and synthesis of other faunistic groups for the
research into the accompanying pests and weeds. The result numerous works appeared, today of incalculable area of Dalmatia, either for given crops or for taxonom-
wild relatives and the accompanying biodiversity have value, a kind of ethno-monograph. For Dalmatia, par- ic groups, or for individual biogeographical regions.
been investigated only partially, as part of some main- ticularly important are Poljica – life and customs of the
ly taxonomic researches. Still, it is worth particularly people (Poljica – narodni život i običaji) by the Rev. Fra- The varieties of olives in Dalmatia were dealt with in
mentioning two works that do concern themselves with no Ivanišević, published in part numbers from 1903 to most detail by Stjepan Bulić in the work Material for
agrobiodiversity in the strict sense. First of all there is 1906 and Life and customs in Runovići, a parish in the a study of Dalmatian elaiography (Građa za dalmatinsku
the Jugoslavenski imenik bilja / Yugoslav Plant Directory Imotski region (Život i običaji u Runovićim, jednoj župi elajografiju) of 1921, in which he publishes data that he
written by Academician Bogoslav Šulek on the foun- Imocke krajine), started in 1924, finished in 1937 and collected between 1889 and 1910. He lists 101 varie-
dation of many years of research, published by the Yu- first published only in 1993. ties of olive, and over 200 synonyms. In the period from
goslavia Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1879. It is a 1989 to 1910, the distinguished expert Pavel Bakarić
synthesis of the whole of the nomenclature of plants of In more recent times, molecular biology techniques published a series of papers and books about olive lan-
that time, including cultivated plants, with the numer- are used more and genetic research is being carried draces of the islands of Lokrum, Mljet, Korčula and the
ous varieties also mentioned. The second work Agricul- out into some of the varieties and populations of crop Elaphites, as well as the areas of Pelješac, Konavle and
ture of Dalmatia in the Past or Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u plants. With respect to Dalmatia, most explored is Dubrovačko primorje. In the last few years, publica-
prošlosti was written at the end of the 1930s and early the grape vine, and to an extent the olive tree, while tions about olive landraces of individual areas of culti-
1940s by agricultural expert Stanko Ožanić, and pub- other crops are not yet comprehended. vation have appeared in greater numbers.
lished posthumously in 1955. The author provides in-
formation about the varieties and breeds of Dalmatia, Information about agrobiodiversity in the broader sense The range of grapevine varieties in Dalmatia has been
somewhat terse though it may be. is scattered around numerous specialised botanical, en- covered excellently in the excellent work Dalmatian
tomological and other zoological papers and reports Ampelography (Dalmatinska ampelografija), which
Investigation of agrobiodiversity is conducted primar- about the appearances of some pests. Still, it is worth was produced on the basis of many years of research
ily within the context of natural history and natural pausing on the work Applied Entomology (Primijenje- by Stjepan Bulić. Although the book was complet-
history technical sciences: biology, ecology, agricul- na entomologija) in three books, which was published ed in 1925, it was not published until 1949. It estab-
ture, biotechnology, veterinary science, pharmacy, for- from 1950 to 1956 by Professor Željko Kovačević. Par- lished in Dalmatia more than 300 varieties of grape
estry, as well as the social sciences, primarily ethnolo- ticularly important is the second book, Agricultural pests vine and over 1 000 synonyms. Viticulture specialist
gy. Needing to be stressed here is a unique publication (Poljoprivredni štetnici) in which the pests of farm crops Zdenko Turković in 1952 published his Ampelograph-
Collected papers for the Life of the People and Customs are systematically taxonomically analysed. In the work ic Atlas (Ampelografski atlas), with outstanding draw-
of the South Slaves (Zbornik za narodni život i običaje Beetles of the Adriatic Coast (Kornjaši jadranskog pri- ings by his wife, Greta Turković, and in 2003 this At-
Južnih Slavena), which the Academy of Sciences and morja) published by the Academy in 1952, the author, las was substantially supplemented, particularly with
Sortiment masline Dalmacije najdetaljnije je obradio Već spomenuti S. Ožanić objavljuje još 1902. godine opsežnom djelu na preko 1 100 stranica, koje predstavlja
Stjepan Bulić u djelu Građa za dalmatinsku elajografi- u Zadru djelo Povrtljarstvo. Međutim, iako je djelo pravi biser u našoj poljoprivrednoj literaturi, u kojem se
ju iz 1921. godine, u kojem objavljuje podatke koje je vrlo obimno te osim povrtnica obuhvaća i neke aro- dobrim dijelom obrađuju i izvorne ukrasne kulture Dal-
prikupio u razdoblju od 1889. do 1910. godine. Navodi matične i ljekovite biljke, pa čak daje i detaljan ta- macije uz navedene tradicionalne metode uzgoja.
101 sortu maslina te preko 200 sinonima. U razdoblju dašnji sortiment, dosta šturo obrađuje autohtone sor-
od 1989. do 2007. godine naš istaknuti stručnjak Pavle te povrtnica Dalmacije. Ipak, u djelu Najvažnije vrsti Podaci o pasminskoj strukturi Dalmacije publicirani
Bakarić objavio je seriju radova i knjiga o izvornim sor- povrća i njihovo gajenje na Primorju objavljenom 1938. su po brojnim specijalističkim radovima, a posebno
tama masline otoka Lokruma, Mljeta, Korčule i Elafita, godine daje već detaljniji prikaz. Stručnjakinja iz In- se ističe profesor Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagre-
te područja Pelješca, Konavala i Dubrovačkog primorja. stituta za jadranske kulture u Splitu Marija Znidarčić bu Albert Ogrizek s više radova i monografskih djela.
Zadnjih godina pojavljuje se sve više publikacija o izvor- je početkom 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća iz populacije Brojne podatke daje S. Ožanić u djelu Poljoprivreda
nim sortama maslina pojedinih naših uzgojnih područja. autohtonih povrtnica selekcionirala endiviju dalma- Dalmacije u prošlosti, te grupa autora u djelu Specijal-
tinsku kopicu te ranu i srednje ranu trogirsku cvjeta- no stočarstvo objavljenom 1958. godine. Novije sinte-
Sortiment vinove loze na području je Dalmacije vr- ču, o kojima objavljuje interna institucijska izvješća. ze daju najprije Šandor Horvath 1996. godine u djelu
lo dobro obrađen zahvaljujući vrhunskom djelu Dal- Hrvatske baštinjene pasmine te Staro blago-novi sjaj iz
matinska ampelografija koje je na osnovi dugogodiš- Vrlo zanimljivo nazivlje sorti pojedinih ratarskih i kr- 2003., kao i grupa autora u Katalogu pasmina Repu-
njih istraživanja izradio Stjepan Bulić. Iako je knji- mnih kultura za područje Dalmacije navode B. Šu- blike Hrvatske, objavljenom 2002. godine te u Enci-
ga dovršena još 1925. godine, publicirana je tek 1949. lek u Jugoslavenskom imeniku bilja, te F. Ivanišević i S. klopediji hrvatskih domaćih životinja iz 2003. Najno-
U njoj je za područje Dalmacije utvrđeno preko 300 Kutleša u svojim monografijama. Uz njih, treba ista- vija sinteza stanja i ugroženosti izvornih pasmina Hr-
sorti vinove loze s preko 1 000 sinonima. Vinogradar- knuti pojedina monografska djela koja agronom Pe- vatske objavljena je u Zelenoj knjizi izvornih pasmina
ski stručnjak Zdenko Turković objavio je 1952. godi- tar Biankini objavljuje u razdoblju od 1882. do 1889. Hrvatske iz 2011. godine.
ne Ampelografski atlas s izvanrednim crtežima koje je godine u Zadru i Šibeniku o predivom bilju, duhanu
izradila njegova supruga Greta Turković, a 2003. go- i buhaču te njihovu sortimentu. Osnovni sortiment
dine ovaj Atlas je značajno dopunio, posebno s dal- ratarskih kultura daje S. Ožanić u djelu Poljoprivre-
matinskim sortama, profesor vinogradarstva na Agro- da Dalmacije u prošlosti. Ipak, najopsežnija istraživa-
nomskom fakultetu Nikola Mirošević. nja izvornih ratarskih sorti i populacija provodi profe-
sor Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu Alojz Tavčar,
Sortiment ostalih voćnih vrsta Dalmacije objavljen je koji polovicom 20. stoljeća vrši sustavna sakupljanja
u brojnim specijalističkim radovima. Ipak, treba ista- sjemenskog materijala na području Dalmacije te po-
knuti monografiju Smokva iz 1989. godine koju je nastavlja proizvodne pokuse u Arboretumu Trsteno kod
pisao Pavle Bakarić sa suradnicima, s detaljno nave- Dubrovnika. Iako objavljuje brojne godišnje izvješta-
denim sortimentom i sinonimijom. Svojevrsnu sin- je, nedostaje završna sinteza ostvarenih rezultata.
tezu voćarstva Dalmacije daje profesor voćarstva na
Agronomskom fakultetu Ivo Miljković u djelu Suvre- Ukrasno bilje obrađuje spomenuti P. Biankini u dje-
meno voćarstvo iz 1991. godine, u kojemu navodi veći lu O uzgoju i njegovanju cvieća, uresnog grmlja i drveća
broj izvornih sorti trešnje, maraske, bajama, smokve, dovršenom početkom 1886., objavljenom u Šibeniku,
nara, rogača, agruma, ali i masline. a tiskanom u Dubrovniku 1888. godine. Radi se o vrlo
Dalmatian varieties, by viticulture professor at the and S. Kutleša in their monographs. Also needing ac- Croatian inherited breeds (Hrvatske baštinjene pas-
Agriculture Faculty Nikola Mirošević. knowledgement are some monographic works that mine) and in Old Livestock – A New Lustre (Staro bla-
were published by agronomist Petar Biankini in the go-novi sjaj) of 2003 and then in a work of sever-
Studies of the assortment of other fruit species in Dal- period from 1882 to 1889 in Zadar and Šibenik on al hands Catalogue of Breeds of the Republic of Croatia
matia have been published in numerous specialised fibre plants, tobacco and pyrethrum and the assort- (Katalog pasmina Republike Hrvatske), published in
works. Nevertheless, worth pausing on is the mono- ment. The basic assortment of arable crops was listed 2002 and in Encyclopaedia of Croatian Domestic An-
graph The Fig (Smokva) of 1989, written by Pavle by Ožanić in his work Agriculture of Dalmatia in the imals (Enciklopedija hrvatskih domaćih životinja) of
Bakarić et al., with varieties and synonyms listed in Past (Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlosti). However, the 2003. The most recent synthesis of the state of and
detail. A synthesis of fruit growing in Dalmatia was most extensive research into landrace arable varieties threat to landrace breeds in Croatia was published in
provided by Agriculture Faculty fruit growing profes- and populations was carried out by Alojz Tavčar, pro- Green book of original breeds of Croatia (Zelena knjiga
sor Ivo Miljković in his Contemporary Fruit Growing fessor of the Agriculture Faculty in Zagreb, who in the izvornih pasmina Hrvatske), 2011.
(Suvremeno voćarstvo) of 1991, in which he mentions middle of the 20th century carried out systematic col-
a large number of landraces of cherries, marasca black lecting of seeds in Dalmatia and set up production ex-
cherries, almonds, figs, pomegranates, carobs, citrus periments in the Trsteno Arboretum by Dubrovnik.
fruits and olives. Although he published numerous annual reports, any
concluding synthesis of the results is wanting.
In 1902, Ožanić, as mentioned earlier, also published in
Zadar his Povrtljarstvo (Vegetable Growing). However, In the work The cultivation and care of flowers, ornamen-
although this work is extremely capacious, and covers tal shrubs and trees (O uzgoju i njegovanju cvieća, uresnog
not only vegetables but some aromatic and medicinal grmlja i drveća) at the beginning of 1886 and published
herbs, giving a detailed account of the assortment of in Šibenik although printed in Dubrovnik in 1888 Bi-
the time, it deals fairly briefly with the landrace vegeta- ankini discussed ornamental plants. This is an extreme-
bles of Dalmatia. Yet in the work Most important species ly copious work containing over 1100 pages, a real jewel
of vegetables and their cultivation in the maritime region in our agricultural literature, in which to a large extent
(Najvažnije vrsti povrća i njihovo gajenje na Primorju) he deals with landrace ornamental plants in Dalmatia
published in 1938 in Split he provides a more detailed with the traditional methods of cultivation.
survey. In the early 1960s, an expert from the Institute
of Adriatic Crops in Split, Marija Znidarčić , from the Details of the structure of breeds in Dalmatia were
population of landrace vegetables selected the endive, published in numerous specialist works. Particular-
Dalmatinska Kopica and early and medium early Trogir ly to the fore is professor of the Agriculture Facul-
cauliflower, concerning which she published an inter- ty in Zagreb Albert Ogrizek who had numerous pa-
nal report for the institution. pers and monographs. Ožanić provided many data in
his Agriculture of Dalmatia in the Past as did a group
A very interesting nomenclature of some arable and of authors in Special Livestock Husbandry (Specijalno
fodder crops in the area of Dalmatia was quoted in stočarstvo) published in 1958. More recent syntheses
Sulek’s Jugoslavenski imenik bilja and by F. Ivanišević were given first of all by Šandor Horvath in 1996 in
a.10
Sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije, osnova
tradicijskih
proizvoda
Varieties and breeds

of Dalmatia, the
foundation of
traditional products
Hvarska čipka izrađena od niti agave, hrvatska

kulturna baština
Hvar lace made of agave fibres, part of the

cultural heritage of Croatia
Foto: Ana Peraica
“Velika prilika Dalmacije
L
okalni tradicijski kultivari te staništa tradici- šipka, a koje su još donedavno bile dio Sortne liste (kr-
onalnih maslinika, vinograda, vrtova, voćnja- vavica, paštrica, bružetka, lopudka, knez črnomir, čarski
je u stvaranju vlastite ka i oranica sve su ugroženiji i nestaju. Na- kasni bajam, poljička maraska, komiški, korčulanski i
ekonomske niše ime suvremena industrijska poljoprivreda traži na-

mjenske hibridne kultivare i velike proizvodne cjeline
šipanski rogač, šerbetaš i dubrovački rani šipak).
kroz ekološki uzgoj i kod kojih nema mjesta za zajednice koje se razvijaju Poljoprivredne proizvode Dalmacije možemo podije-
uz manje, mozaički raspoređene površine, za travnja- liti na prehrambene proizvode, preciznije hranu i pića
proizvodnju izvornih i ke, šumarke, međe, poljske putove, pašnjake i lokve. te neprehrambene proizvode. U okviru hrane široka je
tradicijskih proizvoda Intenzivna primjena pesticida (u stvari biocida) kakvu i raznovrsna paleta proizvoda: brašno i pekarski pro-
zahtijevaju suvremene sorte i hibridi, bitno smanjuje izvodi, jestiva ulja, kvasina (ocat), masline i prerađe-
premijske kvalitete.” korovnu i ruderalnu floru, ali istodobno uništava i go- vine od maslina, prerađevine voća – suho i ušećereno
tovo svu prateću faunu. voće, kompoti, pekmezi, džemovi, marmelade, prera-
đevine povrća – suho povrće, koncentrati, ukiseljeno
Dok neke kulture u Dalmaciji, kao što su maslina, vi- povrće, povrće u ulju, zatim meso i mesne prerađevi-
nova loza, mandarina i jagoda, doživljavaju pravu re- ne, mlijeko i mliječni fermenti, sir te med i proizvodi
nesansu ili se znatno povećavaju površine pod njiho- na bazi meda te ostali pčelinji proizvodi.
vom proizvodnjom, druge doživljavaju kataklizmu.
Površine s tradicijskim krmnim kulturama kao što su Pića Dalmacije su sokovi, vina i desertna vina, desti-
kukuruz, ječam, zob, lucerka, djeteline, sirak, sikirica, lati odnosno razne rakije i likeri te fermentati. Mara-
lupina, stočna mrkva, kelj, repa i rotkva, uslijed sma- skin višnjik gusti je domaći sok od maraske. Uz njega
njenja stočnog fonda, gotovo su nestale, a još je gore se tradicionalno proizvodi sok od šipka te sok od aro-
s industrijskim kulturama kao što su duhan, lan i ko- matičnog bilja. Čuvena su dalmatinska bijela i crna sor-
noplja te buhač i brnistra u uzgoju. tna vina, ali i desertno vino prošek. Brojni su destilati, a
maraskino, dalmatinska lozovača, travarica, orahovica,
“A great opportunity Velik broj tradicijskih sorti i pasmina Dalmacije na- rogačuša, mirtovača, smrikovača te likeri od gorke na-
lazi se u neravnopravnoj, ali i strateški neodgovornoj ranče, nešpole, žižule, čak i plodova košćele (Celtis au-
for Dalmatia lies in the tržnoj utakmici s industrijskim kultivarima. Nisu samo stralis), tek su djelić bogate ponude.
creation an economic nestale s proizvodnih površina, već su dijelom izbrisa-

ne i iz Sortne liste, a uskoro će biti i iz našeg kolektiv- Tko još nije čuo za dalmatinski pršut, kaštradinu, paš-
niche of its own through nog pamćenja. Danas potpuno nepoznato zvuče sorte ki i dubrovački sir, dalmatinske suhe smokve, viške
ecological cultivation and krumpira bilač, ruževac, škuljevac; kukuruz brnda, čin-
kvatin, morac; ječmovi spasitelj i golić ili raznoliki drev-
rogače? Manje su poznati, čak i pomalo zaboravlje-
ni: župski baškot, poljički soparnik, džem od svježih
the production of premium ni pirevi, prethodnici plemenitih pšenica te konačno i smokava, viški hib ili hjib, arancini, kotonjata, rakija
same pšenice. Međutim bez hitne akcije uskoro će ne- od cvijeta kadulje, crna rakija od plodova mirte, liker
quality landrace and poznate postati i neke naše izvorne sorte maslina, smo- od gorke naranče, ljutika, kapulica ili matar u kvasini,
traditional products.” kava, rogača, bajama, višnje maraske, limuna, naranči i sir iz mišine i brojni drugi proizvodi.
T
raditional local cultivars and the habitats of the finer wheats and, ultimately, varieties of wheat it- Who has not heard of Dalmatian pršut (raw ham),
the traditional olive groves, vineyards, gar- self. Without urgent action some of our landraces of cured mutton, cheese from Pag and Dubrovnik, Dal-
dens, orchards and ploughland are increasin- olives, figs, carob, almonds, marasca cherries, lemons, matian dried figs, Vis carob? Perhaps a little less
gly under threat and tending to disappear. Contempo- oranges and pomegranates will also become unknown, known, even forgotten are local specialities like Župa
rary industrial agriculture seeks special purpose hybrid varieties that were still a short time ago part of the Va- cookies, Poljica chard pie, fresh fig jam, Vis fig flat-
cultivars and large production units, in which there riety List (Krvavica, Paštrica, Bružetka, Lopudka, Kn- cake, candied orange peels, quince paste, sage flower
is no room for communities that develop alongside ez Črnomir, Čar Late Almond, Poljica Marasca, Komiža, brandy, black brandy from myrtle fruits, Seville orange
smaller surfaces deployed in a mosaic pattern, no room Korčula and Šipan Carob, Šerbetaš Pomegranate and Du- liqueur, shallots, onions or rock samphire in vinegar,
for grasslands, copses, boundaries, field paths, pasture- brovnik Early Pomegranate) cheese out of a lambskin and many other products.
land and pools. The intensive application of pesticides
(biocides, in actually fact) of the kind that are required The agricultural products of Dalmatia can be divid- Particularly worth highlighting is the rich and diverse
b contemporary varieties and hybrids essentially redu- ed into food products, i.e. food and drink, and non- traditional cooking and the traditional foods of Dalma-
ces weed and ruderal flora, and at the same time de- food products. There is a broad and diverse range of tia, into which go not only the landrace varieties and
stroys almost the whole of the accompanying fauna. products under the heading of food: flour and bakery breeds, but also examples of wild flora and fauna, par-
products, edible oils, vinegar, olives and olive prod- ticularly wild herbs. Non-food products include various
While some crops in Dalmatia, such as the olive tree, ucts, fruit processed in various ways – dried and can- groups, from pharmaceuticals, natural pigments, aromas,
vine, mandarins and strawberries are undergoing a re- died, bottled, jam and jelly, then vegetable products tobacco products, dyes and other things, to use objects
naissance and the area devoted to the cultivation of – dried vegetables, concentrates, pickles, vegetables such as clothing and footwear, lace, bags, baskets, lobster
them is being much enlarged, others are disaster areas. in oil, meat and meat products, milk and fermented pots, leather products – lambskin bags, belts, honey and
Land with the traditional fodder crops, such as maize, milk products, cheese, and honey and products deriv- wax products, brushes and brooms and many other use
barley, oats, lucerne, clover, sorghum, goat pea, lupins, ing from honey and other apiary products. objects: jewellery, instruments, kitchen and household
fodder carrot, kale, turnip and radish, as a result of a re- equipment and many other things.
duction in the herds, have practically disappeared, and The beverages of Dalmatia are juices, wines and des-
the situation is even worse with industrial crops such as sert wines, distillates or various brandies and liqueurs Just how old the tradition of production of individual
tobacco, flax, hemp, pyrethrum, and gorse. and fermentations. Marasca cherry is a thick home- Dalmatian products might be is hard to judge. Strabo
style juice of marasca cherries. Alongside, tradition- praised the wine of Vis in the 1st century BC; hon-
A large number of traditional varieties and breeds in ally produced juices are from pomegranate and aro- ey from Šolta, alongside that from Mt Hymettus by
Dalmatia find themselves in an unequal and strategi- matic plants. There are famed Dalmatia red and white Athens, was said in the 1st century by Pliny the El-
cally irresponsible race with industrial cultivars. Not wines, as well as the dessert wine, Prošek. There are al- der to be the best in the world. On the markets of the
only have they actually disappeared from the produc- so many distilled spirits, called Maraskino, Dalmatinska Roman Empire, they sold Dalmatian cheese. Mara-
tive land, but they have been partially expunged from Lozovača, Travarica, Orahovica, Rogačuša, Mirtovača, schino sent the name of Zadar around the world, and
the Variety List, and will soon be gone from our collec- Smrikovača (respectively, cherry brandy, grappa, herb it was sought by crowned heads.
tion memory. Today the potato varieties Bilač, Ruževac, grappa, walnut liqueur, carob and myrtle and juniper li-
Škuljevac sound completely unknown; as do the maize queurs); then come liqueurs from bitter oranges, med- This interesting and absolutely laudable tradition cer-
varieties Brnda, Činkvatin, Morac and the barley Spa- lars, jujuba, even the fruits of the nettle tree (Celtis aus- tainly needs scientific and expert study. It is also es-
sitelj and Golić or various ancient spelts, precursors of tralis); these are just part of the extensive range. sential to find and renew the ancient recipes for food
Posebno treba istaknuti bogatu i raznovrsnu dalma- po posebnim cijenama, ali i s garancijom geograf- zapada. Traži se i bio- i agroraznolikost, očuvana i
tinsku tradicionalnu gastronomiju i tradicionalna jela skog porijekla i izvornosti te osobite kvalitete. S tom autentična povijesna i kulturna baština. Dosljednost
u čiju pripremu su osim izvornih sorti i pasmina često je namjerom potrebno izvršiti katalogizaciju tradicij- vlastitoj tradiciji i onome što nam je priroda sama po-
uključeni i pripadnici divlje flore i faune, a posebno skih poljoprivrednih proizvoda uz prijedloge za dalj- darila te kult vlastitih čuvenih i čuvanih proizvoda
brojno samoniklo jestivo bilje. nja istraživanja, menadžmentsko planiranje, poticanje nastalih uz čovjekovu plemenitu intervenciju može i
proizvodnje, promociju, zaštitu izvornosti i drugo. treba postati nezaobilazan segment svakodnevnog ži-
Neprehrambeni proizvodi obuhvaćaju raznovrsne vota, ali i cjelokupne turističke ponude.
skupine, od farmaceutskih proizvoda, prirodnih bo- U Dalmaciji poljoprivredna proizvodnja na kršu, s tek
ja, aromata, duhanskih proizvoda, bojadisera i drugog, nešto više od deset posto udjela poljoprivrednog zemlji- Povratak gotovo zaboravljenih okusa i mirisa u tradici-
sve do uporabnih predmeta kao što su odjeća, obuća, šta, na kamenitim, skeletoidnim tlima u uvjetima bezvo- onalnu dalmatinsku gastronomiju kao djela mediteran-
čipke, torbe, košare, vrše, kožni predmeti – mišine, re- dice i suša, na udaru jakih vjetrova, ljetnih sparina i zim- ske nemoguć je bez poljoprivrednika i zelenih podu-
menje, medičarsko-svjećarski proizvodi, metle i četke skih hladnoća i nije moguća bez otpornih i prilagođenih zetnika koji su u agrobioraznolikosti prepoznali svoju
te brojni ostali uporabni predmeti: nakit, instrumenti, kultivara koje smo stvorili tijekom proteklih tisućljeća. priliku za iskorak u novu poslovnu dimenziju i razvoj.
kuhinjski i kućni pribor te brojni drugi. Potrebno je izraditi plan upravljanja (menadžment-plan)
i očuvanja izvornih pasmina i sorti zasvaki pojedini kul- Sorta ili pasmina koja je sada zanemarena i čini nam
Koliko je drevna tradicija proizvodnje pojedinih dal- tivar, a za one komercijalno zanimljive proizvesti sjeme, se nevažna može već sutra postati itekako dragocjena i
matinskih proizvoda, teško je i povjerovati. Viška vina sadnice i mlade životinje. potpuno nezamjenjiva. No to je moguće samo uz uvjet
hvalio je Strabon još u 1. stoljeću prije Krista, a šol- da, bez iznimke, očuvamo od nepovratnog gubitka sve
tanski med je uz himetski kod Atene Plinije stariji u Dalmacija nema potencijal, ali ni potrebu sudjelovati one izvorne i tradicijske sorte i pasmine koje su nam još
1. stoljeću isticao kao najbolji na svijetu. Na tržnicama u globalnoj, svjetskoj tržišnoj utakmici poljoprivred- preostale. Ova genetska raznolikost ima neprocjenjivu
Rimskog Carstva prodavao se dalmatinski sir. Po ma- nih proizvoda i industrijski proizvedene hrane. Njena vrijednost i ulogu u sve osjetljivijem opstanku cjeloku-
raskinu se u svijetu čulo za Zadar i Dalmaciju, a traži- je velika prilika u stvaranju vlastite ekonomske niše pne svjetske, a posebno ruralne populacije, kao i broj-
le su ga i pile okrunjene glave. kroz ekološki uzgoj i proizvodnju izvornih i tradicij- nih ekosustava. U svjetlu trenutačnih velikih globalnih
skih, prepoznatljivih poljoprivrednih proizvoda, ko- ekoloških, klimatskih, socijalno-ekonomskih i kultur-
Ovu zanimljivu i hvalevrijednu povijesnu tradiciju tre- je gotovo da i ne mora izvoziti, već ih može plasirati no-duhovnih promjena, agrobioraznolikost je jedna od
ba još svakako znanstveno i stručno obraditi. Također, kroz domaću potrošnju i turizam. malobrojnih preostalih slamki koja omogućuje spas i
neophodno je pronaći i obnoviti prastare recepture je- sigurnost čovječanstvu u opskrbi hranom.
la, pića i izvornih proizvoda te ih ponovo uz primjerenu Ekološki uzgoj tradicijskih sorti i pasmina te proi-
promociju i priznanje uvrstiti u današnju gastronomsku zvodnja tradicijske i ekološke hrane na obiteljskim
ponudu Dalmacije, vratiti ih u etno- i ekosela, u konobe poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima u Dalmaciji, održat
i kužine, ali zašto ne u određenoj mjeri i u naše hotele. će ruralni prostor Dalmacije, ali i upotpuniti i oboga-
titi sve vidove ruralnog turizma. Upravo ta vrsta tu-
Proizvodi od tradicijskih izvornih sorti i pasmina: rizma dobiva danas sve više na snazi i važnosti. Gosti
prerađevine proizvedene od ratarskih i industrijskih i posjetitelji traže istinske lokalne vrijednosti i običa-
kultura, povrća i voća te izvornih pasmina predstav- je, originalnu tradicijsku gastronomsku ponudu bez
ljaju premijske proizvode koji se na tržište plasiraju primjesa i dodataka globalističkog i monokulturnog
and drinks and original products, and include them, Ecological cultivation of traditional varieties and In the light of the current great global ecological, cli-
with appropriate marketing, into the fare of Dalma- breeds, and production of traditional and ecologi- matic, socio-economic as well as cultural and spiritual
tian tables, put them back into the ethno and eco vil- cal food on family farms in Dalmatia will keep up changes, agrobiodiversity is one of the very remaining
lages, into the cellars and kitchens, but also, why not, the rural space of Dalmatia, and will also supplement straws that enable the salvation of mankind and its
to a certain extent, to the hotels. and enrich all forms of rural tourism. This kind of security in the supply of food.
tourism is today gaining in importance and strength.
Products from landrace varieties and breeds; processed Visitors and customers seek genuine local values and
from arable and industrial crops, fruit and vegetables customs, original fare on the tables, without admix-
and landrace breeds are premium products that are tures and additions of the west with its globalisation
marketed with special prices, and a guarantee of geo- and monocultures. Bio- and agrodiversity is sought,
graphical origin, authenticity and particular quality. It an authentic and well preserved historical and cul-
is accordingly necessary to catalogue additional agri- tural heritage. Being true to our own tradition and to
cultural products, with proposals for further research, what nature has itself bestowed upon us, and the cult
management planning, production incentives, promo- of one’s own celebrated and well-guarded products,
tion, protection of authenticity and so on. created with the noble intervention of man, can and
should become a not-to-be-missed part of everyday
In Dalmatia agricultural production on the karst, with life and the whole of the tourist product.
just more than ten percent of cultivable land, on stony
and skeletal soils, in conditions of drought and aridity, The return of almost forgotten scents and savours to
exposed to strong winds, sweltering summers and win- the traditional Dalmatian gastronomy, which is part
ter colds is not possible without the resistant and adapt- of that of the Mediterranean as a whole, is impossi-
ed cultivars that we have created during the past mil- ble without farmers and green entrepreneurs who have
lennia. It is needful to draw up a management plan and identified agrobiodiversity as their door into a new
a plan to keep up the landraces, both animal and plant, business dimension, new development.
and for those that are commercially interesting, to pro-
duce both seeds and seedlings as well as young animal. A variety or breed previously neglected and seeming-
ly unimportant can tomorrow become very valuable
Dalmatia has no chance of taking part in the global and completely irreplaceable. But this is possible on-
market competition of agricultural products and in- ly if we preserve from irretrievable loss all those lan-
dustrially produced food, and no need. Its great oppor- drace varieties and breeds that remain to us, without
tunity is in creating its own economic niche through exception. This genetic diversity has incalculable val-
ecological cultivation and the production of authen- ue and a vital role in the increasingly vulnerable sur-
tic, traditional, distinctive agricultural products, which vival of the whole of the world population, particular-
hardly even need exporting and can be sold through ly the rural population, as well as of many ecosystems.
domestic consumption and the tourist industry.
a.11
Osobna
prirodoslovna
karta Dalmacije i
Hrvatske
A physicogeographical
ID of Dalmatia and
Croatia
Delta Neretve, oaza bioraznolikosti i krajobrazne

ljepote. Posljednjih desetljeća osobito ugrožena
intenzivnom poljoprivredom.
The Neretva Delta, oasis of biodiversity and

landscape beauty. In the last few decades it has been
particularly under threat from intensive agriculture.
Foto: Ivo Pervan
Dalmacija Hrvatska
Broj županija 4 21
Površina kopna 12 673 km 2
56 594 km2
Površina obalnog mora 23 107 km2 31 067 km2
Površina ukupno 35 780 km 2
87 661 km2
Broj stanovnika (gustoća) 861 482 (68/km2) 4 437 460 (78,4/km2)
Najveći grad (broj stanovnika) Split (188 694) Zagreb (779 145)
Obalna linija (km) 4 324 km 5 835 km (6 116 km)A
Broj otoka, otočića, hridi i grebena (km2) 926 (1 770 km2)B 1 246 (3 259 km2)
Najveći otok (km2) Brač (394,6 km2) Krk, CresC (405,8 km)
Najviši vrh (m) Dinara (1 831 m) Dinara (1 831 m)
Najdulja rijeka (ukupna duljina /duljina u Neretva (225 km/22 km) Dunav (2 857 km/188 km)
Hrvatskoj)
Najdulja rijeka cijelim tokom u Hrvatskoj Cetina (101 km) Kupa (296 km)
(duljina)
Najveće jezero (km2) Vransko jezero (30,7 km2) Vransko jezero (30,7 km2)
Najdublja jama (dubina) Jama Mokre noge (-831 m) Sustav Lukina jama −
Trojama (-1 431 m)
Najdulja špilja (duljina) Kotluša špilja (4 507 m) Jamski sustav Kita Gaćešina –
Draženova puhaljka (27 802 m)
Najveće krško polje (km2) Imotsko polje (95 km2)D Ličko polje (465 km2)E
Broj krajobraza 8 16
Broj staništa oko 500 > 600
Zaštićene površine (udjel ukupne površine) 2 060,4 km² (5,76%) 6 967,8 km² (7,95%)
Broj zaštićenih područja F
131 461
Broj nacionalnih parkova 4 8
Broj parkova prirode 5 11
Broj regionalnih parkova - 2
A
Prema Kovačić i sur., 2008.
B
Procijenjena površina.
C
Otoci Krk i Cres imaju istu površinu.
D
U Hrvatskoj se nalazi 45 km2.
E
Skupina od pet polja (Lipovo, Kosinjsko, Pazarišno, Brezovo i Gospićko).
F
Uključujući preventivno zaštićena područja.
Dalmatia Croatia
Number of counties 4 21
Land area 12 673 km 2
56 594 km2
Coastal sea area 23 107 km2 31 067 km2
Total area 35 780 km 2
87 661 km2
Population size (density) 861 482 (68/km2) 4 437 460 (78,4/km2)
Biggest city (population) Split (188 694) Zagreb (779 145)
Coastline (km) 4 324 km 5 835 km (6 116 km)A
Number of islands, islets, rocks 926 (1 770 km2) B 1 246 (3 259 km2)
and reefs (km2)
Biggest island (km2) Brač (394,6 km2) Krk, CresC (405,8 km)
Highest peak (m) Dinara (1 831 m) Dinara (1 831 m)
Longest river (total length/ length in Neretva (225 km/22 km) Dunav (2 857 km/188 km)
Croatia)
Longest river with the whole of its course Cetina (101 km) Kupa (296 km)
in Croatia
Biggest lake (km2) Vransko jezero (30,7 km2) Vransko jezero (30,7 km2)
Deepest pothole (depth) Jama Mokre noge (-831 m) System Lukina jama −
Trojama (-1 431 m)
Longest cave (length) Kotluša špilja (4 507 m) Cavern system Kita Gaćešina –
Draženova puhaljka (27 802 m)
Biggest karst polje (km2) Imotsko polje (95 km2)D Ličko polje (465 km2)E
Number of landscapes 8 16
Number of habitats oko 500 > 600
Protected areas (ratio to total area) 2 060,4 km² (5,76%) 6 967,8 km² (7,95%)
Number of protected areas F 131 461
Number of national parks 4 8
Number of nature parks 5 11
Number of regional parks - 2
A
After Kovačić et al., 2008.
B
Estimate.
C
The islands Krk and Cres are the same in area.
D
45 km2 in Croatia
E
A group of five poljes (Lipovo, Kosinjsko, Pazarišno, Brezovo and Gospićko).
F
Including preventatively protected areas.
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Impresum

Tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije Recenzenti

Idejno rješenje naslovnice

Editors in-chief Photographs by

Design and prepress

Original idea for the cover

A.2. Geološka, hidrogeomorfološka i krajobrazna podloga

Ječam obični ...................................................................................................................................... 406 Indijska smokva ............................................................................................................................. 444

Domaći višeredni ječam ................................................................................................ 406 Kapar .......................................................................................................................................................... 446

Kršin primorski .............................................................................................................................. 410 Dubrovačka riga ..................................................................................................................... 448

Oštrica primorska ....................................................................................................................... 414 Oštrolisna šparoga ...................................................................................................................... 454

Domaći pir .................................................................................................................................... 416 Ilirska perunika .............................................................................................................................. 458

Pšenica tvrda brkulja ................................................................................................................ 418 Sunovrat žuti ..................................................................................................................................... 460

Domaći sirak zrnaš ............................................................................................................. 422 Murtela ............................................................................................................................................. 466

Stado dalmatinskih pramenki s tornjacima na

A flock of Dalmatian Pramenka sheep with

Suhozidna baština otočića Baljenac,

The dry stone wall heritage of the islet of

postojbina Delmata, nom dijelu Sredozemlja, odnosno na jugu Europe. Dio

Dalmatia is the tu Dalmacija graniči s Bosnom i Hercegovinom te

Voda i kamen tvore osebujne krajobraze

Water and stone create the distinctive landscapes

istaknutim planinskim sutni vapnenci iz razdoblja trijasa i jure. Za poljopri-

many other karstic ja na granici Albanije i Crne Gore. Osobitost Dinarida

Duga iznad Mosora – zlatne planine (Mons

Rainbow over Mosor, or golden mountain, Mons

oštre visokoplaninske cije prisutna je sredozemna (mediteranska) klima ko-

ranges from • Semiaridna klima ili klima masline obuhvaća samo

to severe high Odlikuje je izrazita vrućina i suhoća, dok su obori-

resulted in one of the • Mediteranska klima proširena je južnije od Ravnih

Biokovsko zvonce (Edraianthus pumilio),

Biokovo bells (Edraianthus pumilio), a

reliktne vrste, a neke više stotina raznovrsnih staništa. Od kopnenih staništa

them are to be found Međutim, brojem vrsta po jedinici površine je na 3.

Ograđeni dolac sa stanovima i torovima iznad

An enclosed small karstic valley with shielings

poljoprivredni krajobraz dalmatinskih krajobraza i staništa te očuvanje cjelo-

agriculture in Dalmatia između porodica, dobra zaštita od bure, ali i staništa

Plodne oranice u kršu Dalmacije, pokraj

Fertile ploughland in the karst of Dalmatia, by

centra poljoprivredne Ovu izrazitu agrobioraznolikost Dalmacija zahvaljuje

kojeg su udomaćene zapadne i istočne Europe. Posebno je značajan položaj u

agricultural diversity grašak (Pisum sativum), lupine (Lupinus albus); krmne

84 crops have been um incarnatum) i seradela (Ornithopus sativus); uljano i

Starigradsko polje na otoku Hvaru, najbolje

Stari Grad Plain on Hvar island, the best

Bunari kod Ciste Velike na lokalitetu Crljivica,

Wells by Cista Velika at Crljivica,

uzgoju tradicijskih sorti agrobioraznolikost u užem smislu te neuporabne or-

nastanka brojnih novih A. Agrobioraznolikost u užem

biodiversity of fungi, flora dio su opće bioraznolikosti koju standardno koristi-

Vinogradi na brdu Bucavac kod Primoštena,

Vineyards on Bucavac Hill by Primošten, a

Dalmacije provode se u u užem smislu najviše provode istraživanja tradicij-

confines of biology, ecology, izdavati Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. U

Varieties and breeds

Hvarska čipka izrađena od niti agave, hrvatska

Hvar lace made of agave fibres, part of the

ekonomske niše ime suvremena industrijska poljoprivreda traži na-