LNG Water Curtain
LNG Water Curtain
LNG Water Curtain
with Water Curtain
Morshed A. Rana and M. Sam Mannan
Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering
Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center
Texas A & M University, College Station
Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center International Symposium
October 28, 2009
Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center
Introduction
LNG is natural gas (NG) converted to liquid state
at 111K (‐260F)
Liquid vaporizes immediately if released
(boiling point 111K)
vaporization
Vapor disperses close to the ground: CH4 vapor
at ambient T & P is lighter than air (by 0.54),
hence LNG vapor is heavier than air (by 1.52)
LNG vapor is flammable between 5‐15% by
volume concentration
dispersion
Massive LNG tanks poses fire and explosion
hazards
Effective vapor and fire mitigation techniques
are critical
ignition
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Why Water Spray Curtain?
A line of spray nozzles which can create a curtain of water droplets in the
path of a dispersing cloud /heat
Fire fighting: protect firefighters and equipment from radiant heat
Absorption & dispersion: control and mitigate toxic and/or flammable vapor
cloud from a release
Reliable, inexpensive, easy installation (fixed or mobile)
Types: Fog, Conical (full, full square, hollow) and Flatfan
→ water droplet sizes and flow patterns
Orientation/application method: downward and upward, vertically or inclined
Able to show different physical effects → suggested as one of the most
economic and effective LNG vapor suppressing techniques
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Parameters of Water Curtain Application
Physical Effects
Entrain air into the spray & change in gas cloud
concentration by mixing
Momentum transfer from drops to surrounding air
(& turbulence) and mixing of airvapor
Change in temperature of the cloud (and air)
Heat transfer from drops to cloud (and air)
Change in the cloud path/flow direction
Impart momentum from the spray to the cloud
Rana, M. A. et al. (2008). Process Safety Progress, 27, 4, 345353.
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Parameters of Water Curtain Application
Spray Characteristics
Spray type & drop size: Drop size & mechanism:
Fog: medium to fine; Cone:
medium; Fan: large/coarse
Spray angle (width) & mechanism:
Sprays with same drop ranges but different angles (widths) will have different
overall effect
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Effectiveness of Water Curtain to
Disperse LNG Vapor
Effective LNG vapor control method
USCG
FMRC
Martinsen, W.E., Muhenkamp, S.P. (1977). Hydrocarbon Heskestad, G., Meroney, R.N., Kothari, K.M. (1983). In Proceedings of the
Processing, 260-267. American Gas Association, Transmission conference paper, 169-183.
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Water Curtain Research at MKOPSC
Study of water curtain effects on LNG vapor cloud
overall study from spill experiments
theoretical study of air entrainment and momentum effects
LNG spill experiments since 2006
Brayton Fire Training Field
LNG Firefighter Training Facility
Continuous LNG spill on ground/water
from pipe
Different commercial upward water
curtains to disperse vapor cloud
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Spray Specifications
Types of upward sprays
700
FullCone
600 FlatFan
momentum rate, [kg m/sec/sec]
500
400
300
100
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
pressure, [kPa]
8 Rana, M. A. et al. (2009). Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22, 707718.
Experimental Setup
LNG Spill Location
2006 2007
2009 2008
Gas detectors & thermocouples
different downwind positions and elevations
based on CFD simulation & past experience
Water curtain away from spill
To avoid water spillage into the spill
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Experimental Procedure & Data
Water curtain activated @ 480s
LNG discontinued @ 550s
Point values of concentrations at
different downwind distances & heights:
Average concentration (within 1 to 1½ min)
without and with the water curtain activation
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Overall Effects of Water Curtains
March 2009
25.0
Point values of concentrations at 22.5
No Spray z=0.5m
No Spray z=1.2m
FC Spray z=0.5m
FC Spray z=1.2m
different downwind distances & heights: 20.0
No Spray z=2.1m FC Spray z=2.1m
17.5
Conical spray
CH4 conc., % (v/v)
15.0
Average concentration (within 1 to 1½ min) 12.5
without and with the water curtain activation 10.0
7.5
Sunny day: 5.1 m/s (11.4 mph) wind 5.0
Ta(Air)= 28.3 C, Tw(Water)=26.5 C 0.0
water curtain
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
‐1.0
‐0.5
RH=38%, Solar Flux = 590.7 W/m2 downwind distance, m
27.5
No Spray z=0.5m FF Spray z=0.5m
25.0
No Spray z=1.2m FF Spray z=1.2m
LNG spill on water (1.52 m × 1.52 m × 0.31 m ) 22.5 No Spray z=2.1m FF Spray z=2.1m
CH4 conc., % (v/v)
17.5 Fan spray
15.0
Water rate (conical): 36.5 × 10‐3 m3/s (578.2 12.5
gpm) 10.0
fan spray: 86 % downwind distance, m
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Water Spray Mechanisms
Change in Spray Temperature
2007 tests 2009 tests
Tw =19.64 (±0.51) °C Tw = 28 (±0.5) °C
10.0 6.0
9.5 5.5
9.0
8.5 5.0
Change in temperature, deg C
8.0
Change in temperature, deg C
7.5 4.5 Test 1: Conical
7.0 Average: 4.5 C
4.0
6.5
6.0 3.5
5.5
5.0 3.0
4.5
4.0 2.5
3.5 2.0
3.0 Full Cone Test 1: Avg 6.6 C
2.5 1.5 Test 2: Fan
2.0 Full Cone Test 2: Avg 8.0 C Average: 2.5 C
1.5 Flat Fan Test 1: Avg 5.5 C 1.0
1.0 Flat Fan Test 2: Avg 5.7 C 0.5
0.5
0.0 0.0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Relative test time, sec Relative test time, sec
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Water Spray Mechanisms
Heat from the spray
Full Cone
4.6 ±0.70 0.935 ±0.045 4.50 ± 0.4 18.84
[8]
2009
Flat Fan
11.4 ±0.50 1.94 ±0.05 2.50 ± 0.27 10.47
[1]
Simple calculation by ADL, 1974 (gross heat balance of water):
To change T from 111K – 165K of LNG vapor (from 104 – 15X104 gpm spill)
Heat input needed from a spray curtain: 380386 J/gm → spray at 1300 1500 gpm
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Water Spray Mechanisms
Air Entrainment into the Upward Sprays
3
u u a 2
3
a 23 u d u a 2
1 1 3
du d g 3 du a 1 u a dAs 3
Model*:‐ 2
B d d Qw B 2 d d2 d
dz ud 4
w ud dz 2 As dz 8 ud ua
13.0 3.5
Conical:2007 Tests Conical:2007 Tests Q
12.0 Conical:2009 Tests
Conocal:2009 Tests Q
Fan:2007 Tests 3.0
11.0 Fan:2009 Tests Fan:2009 Tests Q
10.0 Fan:2009 Tests Q
inside the spray, Qa (m3/s)
into the spray, ua (m/s)
2.5
Entrained air velocity
9.0
Air entrainment rate
8.0
2.0
7.0
6.0
1.5
5.0
4.0
1.0
3.0
2.0 0.5
1.0
0.0 0.0
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
Vertical distance from the nozzle (upward), z (m) Vertical distance from the nozzle (upward), z (m)
Air velocity Volumetric air rate
* Similar model by Heskestad et al. (1977, 1981) for downward conical spray
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Water Spray Mechanisms
Momentum (Force) Applied by the Sprays (inside the spray, along
the axis)
175
Rate of momentum imparted, kgm/s/s
150
125
Conical:2007 Mom
100 Conical:2009 Mom
Fan:2007 Mom
75 Fan:2009 Mom
50
25
0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50
Vertical distance from the nozzle, (m)
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Overall Results
Concentration contour (from 2009 expt. data): distance and height
Conical spray Fan spray
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Conclusions
Effectiveness of water curtain on LNG vapor
Underlying physical phenomena of different water sprays
Effect of several parameters during LNG vaporwater spray interaction
Dominant mechanism
Water curtains are able to control a drifting LNG vapor cloud and
change the concentration along the cloud height
Water curtain mechanisms vary depending on drop size, drop velocity, spray angle,
flow direction
Cloud dilution varies because of the roles the different mechanisms play
Theoretically, heat transfer is considered the most important mechanism for LNG
vapor characteristics. In reality, it is unrealistic to get significant heat from
commercially available spray in outdoor situations.
Over all UPWARD CONICAL SPRAYS with medium drop sizes, which provide higher air
entrainment and dilution with some heat and momentum were MORE EFFECTIVE
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Acknowledgements
BP Global Gas SPU
Brayton Fire Training School
Kirk Richardson & his LNG team
All members of MKOPSC
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THANK YOU!
Forced Dispersion of LNG Vapor with Water Curtain
Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center