3.1. Ideal Gases 3.1.1. Experimental Laws and The Equation of State

Chapter 3 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
3.1. Ideal Gases

3.1.1. Experimental Laws and the Equation of State
3.1.2. Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
3.3. Mean Free Path
3.4. The Boltzmann Distribution Law and The Distribution of
Molecular Speeds
3.5. The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas
3.6. The Equipartition of Energy Theorem
3.7. The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas
Overview
In this chapter, we consider the physics of gases at the microscopic

level:
 A gas consists of atoms that fill their container’s volume and

the volume is a result of the freedom of the atoms spread
throughout the container.
 The temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the

atoms.
 The pressure exerted by a gas is produced by the collisions of

the atoms with the container’s wall.
The kinetic theory of gases relates the motion of the atoms to

the volume, pressure, and temperature of the gas.
Ideal gases
• A truly ideal gas does not exist in nature.
• But all real gases approach the ideal state at low enough
densities:
+ Molecules are far enough apart, so they do not interact with
one another.
+ An ideal gas obeys the ideal gas law (see next slides).
3.1. Ideal Gases
Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s law
Equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and
pressure, contain the same number of molecules.
• Useful unit to measure the sizes of our samples is mole.

• One mole is the number of atoms in a 12 g sample of carbon-12
In chapter 2, section 2.3, one mole contains 6.02 x 1023 elementary

units.
N A  6.02 1023 mol 1
NA: Avogadro’s number
• Number of moles contained in a sample of any substance:
N
n
NA
where N is the number of molecules in the sample
M sample M sample
n 
M mN A
where Msample is the mass of the sample

M is the molar mass (the mass of 1 mol)
m is the mass of one molecule
Problem 1 (p. 530)
Find the mass in kilograms of 7.5x1024 atoms of arsenic (As), which
has molar mass of 74.9 g/mol.
M arsenic
The number of moles n: n 
M
N 7.5 10 24
M arsenic  nM  M  74.9  933 (g)
NA 6.02 10 23
3.1.1. Experimental Laws and the Equation of State
Boyle’s Law (Boyle-Mariotte): For a given mass, at constant
temperature (isothermal), the pressure times the volume is a
constant for an ideal gas.
pV  constant
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
Glenn Research Center/NASA

Charles’s Law: For a given mass, at constant pressure (isobaric),
the volume is directly proportional to the temperature.
V  constant  T
Jacques Charles (1746-1823)

Gay-Lussac’s Law: For a given mass, at constant volume (isochoric),
the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature.
p  constant  T
J. L. Gay-Lussac (1778-1850)

Equation of State:
Boyle’s Law: pV  constant

Charles’s Law: V  constant  T
Gay-Lussac’s Law: p  constant  T
The gas laws of Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac can be combined
into a single equation of state:
pV  nRT (ideal gas law)

where p is the absolute pressure
n is the number of moles of gas
T is the temperature (in K)
R is a constant, called the gas constant
R  8.31 J mol 1K 1

The Boltzmann constant k is:
R 8.31J mol 1 K 1  23
k   1.38  10 J K -1
N A 6.02 10 23 mol 1
N
nR  kN A  kN (N is the number of molecules)
NA
pV  NkT (ideal gas law)

Sample Problem (p. 510)
A cylinder contains 12 L of oxygen at 200C and 15 atm. The
temperature is raised to 350C, and the volume is reduced to 8.5 L.
What is the final pressure of the gas in atmospheres? Assume that
the gas is ideal.
Key equation: pV  nRT
At state i: pi Vi  nRTi
At the final state f: p f Vf  nRTf
p f Vf Tf pi Vi Tf
   pf 
pi Vi Ti Ti Vf
We must convert temperatures in C0 to that in K:
Ti  (273  20) K  293 K; Tf  (273  35) K  308 K
(15 atm)(308 K)(12 L)
pf   22.3 atm
(293 K)(8.5 L)
Problem 4 (p. 530)
A quantity of ideal gas at 100C and 100 kPa occupies a volume of
3.0 m3. (a) How many moles of the gas are present? (b) If the
pressure is now raised to 300 kPa and the temperature is raised to
300C, how much volume does the gas occupy? Assume no leaks.
1 1
pV  nRT ; R  8.31 J mol K
pV
(a) n
RT
p  100 kPa  10 5 Pa; V  3.0 m3 ; T  273  10  283 K
10 5  3.0
n  127.6 (moles)
8.31  283
(b) At any state i (p, V, T): pi Vi  nRTi
p1V1 p 2 V2 p1V1T2
  nR  V2 
T1 T2 p 2T1
T2  273  30  303 K : p1V1T2 100  303
V2    3.0  1.1 (m 3 )
p 2T1 300  283
Problem 5 (p. 530)
The best laboratory vacuum has a pressure of about 10-18 atm, or
1.01x10-13 Pa. How many gas molecules are there per cubic
centimeter in such a vacuum at 293 K?
pV  nRT
pV
The number of moles: n ; R  8.31 J mol 1K 1
RT
p  1.0110-13 Pa; V  1 cm3  106 m3 ; T  293 K
The number of molecules: N  n  NA
1.0110 13 10 6

N  6.02 10 23  25 (molecules)
8.31 293
Review
Chapter 1:
m
density: ρ
V
F
pressure: p
A
fluids at rest: p  p 0  ρgh

absolute pressure gauge pressure
atmosphere pressure
Fi F0
Pascal’s law: 
Ai A0
Archimede’s principal: Fb  ρ fluid gV : buoyant force

Equation of continuity: A1v1  A 2 v 2  constant
Bernoulli’s equation:
1 2 1 2
p1  ρv1  ρgy1  p2  ρv2  ρgy2  constant
2 2
Chapter 2:
T(K)  T(C 0 )  273.15
thermal expansion:
• Linear expansion: (solids) ΔL  LT
• Area expansion: (solids) ΔA  A AT;  A  2
• Volume expansion: (solids and liquids)
ΔV  VT;   3
Heat capacity: Q  C ΔT  C (Tf  Ti )
specific capacity:
Q  cm ΔT  cm (Tf  Ti )
• Latent heat:
Q  Lm
Heat Transfer Mechanisms:
Q TH  TC (Unit: W = J/s)
• Conduction: Pcond   kA
t L
k 2 A(TH - TX ) k1A(TX - TC )
steady-state: Pcond  
L2 L1
If the slab consists of n materials:
A(TH - TC )
Pcond  n
 (L /k )
i 1
i i
Chapter 3:
Three special cases:
1. Adiabatic processes: Q  0  ΔEint  W
2. Constant-volume (isochoric) processes: W  0  ΔEint  Q

3. Cyclical processes: ΔEint  0  Q  W
•Work done by the gas:
p | W | area ABC
-Expansion: W 0 A
W 0
-Compression:W 0
•Energy transferred as heat Q:
-Heat transferred to the gas B C
(receiving energy as heat):
Q0 p V
-Heat transferred from the gas | W | area ABC
(releasing energy as heat): A
W 0
Q0
B C
V

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Chapter 3 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

3.1. Ideal Gases

In this chapter, we consider the physics of gases at the microscopic

 A gas consists of atoms that fill their container’s volume and

 The temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the

 The pressure exerted by a gas is produced by the collisions of

The kinetic theory of gases relates the motion of the atoms to

• A truly ideal gas does not exist in nature.

• Useful unit to measure the sizes of our samples is mole.

In chapter 2, section 2.3, one mole contains 6.02 x 1023 elementary

where Msample is the mass of the sample

Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

Glenn Research Center/NASA

Jacques Charles (1746-1823)

Glenn Research Center/NASA

Glenn Research Center/NASA

Boyle’s Law: pV  constant

pV  nRT (ideal gas law)

R  8.31 J mol 1K 1

pV  NkT (ideal gas law)

1.0110 13 10 6

fluids at rest: p  p 0  ρgh

Archimede’s principal: Fb  ρ fluid gV : buoyant force

If the slab consists of n materials:

Three special cases:

1. Adiabatic processes: Q  0  ΔEint  W

2. Constant-volume (isochoric) processes: W  0  ΔEint  Q

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