ABEGAIL S.

BONGAS AB-POLSCI

HAND OUTS IN POL SCI 1(Fundamentals of Political Science)

By Sir Goldwyn J. Cabigunda LLB.

POLITICAL SCIENCE – A social science which deals or focuses on the study of the
state, government systems, political activities and thoughts and the decision making that affect
the global community and its everyday life and processes.

Etymology:

a. POLIS – Greek word meaning city or state

- According to Aristotle’s famous book THE POLITICS, every polis or city –
state is a kind of association.

b. SCENTIA – Latin for study of or the study of a specific topic or lesson.

POLITICS – the process of making a decision that applies to a group or a state and the
study of the relationship between a government, its people and the state.

GOVERNMENT (SYSTEMS) – refers to a system or group of people governing or

organizing a group of people or a state.

POLITICAL ACTIVITIES – refers to the activities wherein all members of the state
can join or take part of and the results or changes, whether positive one or not shall be suffered
by all.

POLITICAL THOUGHTS - or political philosophy, is the study of questions

concerning power, justice, rights, law, and other issues pertaining to governance.

LIBERALISM – an ideology that sees the role of the government as a protector of the
people, giving everyone the chance to lead the best possible life and an opportunity to fulfil his
or her individual potential. This also includes giving the right of a person to choose the life that
suits him/ her as long as it will not harm or will be detrimental to others.

POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION – a developmental process from which people

acquire their political orientation and establish their pattern of behaviour for for good citizenry or
the regime or governments desired culture. It is a process of conditioning an individual to the
community’s patterns of behaviour or inclination and their transmission from one generation to
another.

POLITICAL ANALYSIS – the study of the process of analyzing phenomena’s and

events involving politics or the society.

5 Reasons for studying Political Science:

a. Learn our political/ constitutional rights and privileges from a given form of government.
b. Political Science deals with theory and practice of Politics, as well as the analysis of
our political systems, behaviour and culture.
c. Prepares us for a/ the future political career.
d. Better understanding of government processes, powers and purposes.
e. Answer accurately and correctly social issues that are political in nature.

SOCIAL SCIENCES related to Political Science:

1. Sociology studies social life and human interactions, from how groups form to how
large organizations run to how people interact with one another. Political scientists make
use of sociological studies and methods when examining, for example, how small group
dynamics affect the decision-making process, how people acquire and maintain power,
and how political culture shapes our attitudes.

2. Politics and Economics often intersect. Studying government without also studying
economics, especially in free-market societies such as the United States, is not possible.
Political scientists examine such economic issues as the effects government policy has on
the economy, the role money plays in campaigns, and how nations arrive at trade
agreements.

3. Psychology studies the way the human mind works, helping us to understand why
people behave the way that they do. Political scientists sometimes use the insights of
psychology to analyze a president’s or voter’s behaviour or to explain why some people
are more prone to supporting certain governments and ideologies.

4. Anthropology examines cultures within a society and theorizes about how those
cultures affect society. Anthropologists explore how people acquire cultural values.
Because culture often has a strong effect on behaviour, political scientists rely on
anthropological studies and methods.
 5. History is the chronological recording of important past political activities. History
provides us with the answers as to political questions of how and why. This social science
serves as the record book of politics and presenter of the causes and effects of each and
every political activity, thoughts and philosophy.

BOUNDARIES OF POLITICS: EXTENT OF POL SCI

Political Science extends or covers any activity involving human beings associated together
in relationships of power and authority where conflicts occur. In this regard, politics exist
everywhere, within labor unions, business organizations, professional organizations, public
institutions, private organizations and even schools. Anywhere where group of people assemble.

STUDIES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE: HOW DO WE STUDY POL

SCI?
1. Normative Study – studies how world politics should be and focuses on the exploration of
values and what should be done upon those values.

Ex. Democracy should be the form or system of government of all the states or country in the
world because it is a form of government wherein the power or political power comes from the
people.

2. Empirical Study – concerned with what is the present condition of the world of politics. This
study is guided by the facts of truth, applicability, function and actual holder of political power or
control.

Ex. Democracy cannot be applied to the Islamic Republic of Iran because in this state
religion is the main source of political power therefore Theocracy is the ideal form of government.

BASIC CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

State – is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of a territory, having a government of their own to which they render habitual obedience
and enjoy freedom from external control.

THEORIES OF STATE ORIGIN

1. Divine Right Theory –presents that the state was created by God and the authority to
govern the people was ordained by God upon rulers who were regarded as of divine
descent or children of God.

2. Social Contract Theory – became popular during the seventeenth century, this theory
explained that the state was formed by means of a social contract of men who lived in a
state of nature which means men lived together without nay superbody to establish
peace, order and settle conflict.

3. Force Theory – the state came into existence out of conquest, force or coercion. Before
a state was created there are always leaders who are strong enough to assert their
leadership and power through force, violence or conquest. And through this attributes
together with his subdued subjects create a state.

4. Natural Theory – held that the state was a natural institution and not an artificial being.
It was a natural system that unified the citizens. Men were not self-sufficient without it.

5. Patriarchal/ Matriarchal Theory – the state evolved from the smallest unit of the
society or the family. Gradually the family headed by a parent enlarged into clan, later
on from clan to tribe, tribe into a nation and nation into a state.

ELEMENTS OF A STATE:
A. People – otherwise called as population, refers to the people that inhabits the state
permanently and in case they left temporarily they have the intention to return thereof.
No specific number is required. What’s important is that the inhabitants are capable of
defending the state and surviving and supporting themselves.
B. Territory – the permanent portion or part of the earth where the inhabitants are located
or situated permanently.
The 4 kinds of Territory:
 Terrestrial – refers to all kinds of land mass such as mountains, islands,
volcanoes, valleys etc.
 Aerial – refers to the states domain in the sky from the ground going to the
atmosphere.
 Fluvial – refers to all bodies of in-land water such as rivers, lakes, streams and
swamps.
 Maritime – the territory of the state out into the open sea which is computed or
estimated from the lowest point of dry land in the sea during the low tides plus
200 nautical miles. (this is also called as Exclusive Economic Zone/ EEZ).
 C. Government - refers to a system or group of people governing or organizing a group of
people or a state.
Kinds of Government as to control/power over the state:
 De Jure/ of or by law – the true holder of governmental power over the state
although it temporarily does not control the state affairs but when it does return it
will automatically assume its powers over the state.
 De Facto/ of fact only – otherwise known as a temporary or substitute
government, this government merely holds political power in a hold-over or
temporary capacity until such time as the true or de jure government resumes and
takes back its lawful position or control.

D. Sovereignty – means freedom from foreign or external control otherwise known as

independence.

Kinds of Sovereignty:

 Rea/ Actual Sovereignty – there is no existence of foreign intervention.

 Legal Sovereignty – Sovereignty is supported by law and is there for respected
and observed.
 Limited Sovereignty – exercise of sovereignty is only for a limited period or
conduct such as sovereignty enjoyed by colonies and those under the power of
their captor state.
 De Facto Sovereignty – sovereignty being enforced or followed until such time
that the de jure authority returns and regains control.
 De Jure Sovereignty – enforcement of true sovereignty coming from the true
government that wields political power over a state.

STATE VIS A VIS NATION

 State is a formal political term that usually refers to a country while nation is a
ethnic term that refers to the group of people living in a state or country.
 A nation is determined by the origin of its group such as origin, race, culture and
religion. Ex. Latino’s or Spanish speaking individuals, Asian’s or individuals with
Asian origin or immigrants of country’s from Asia and Arabs for those found in
the middle east countries.
 There can only be one state but in such single state, it can be divided between so
many nations.

KINDS OF GOVERNMENT
Before the arrival of the Spaniards the pre-colonial Filipinos already have two (2) systems or
forms of government and they are the DATU System and the Council of Elders which was
implemented during the times of the Balangay or Barangay.

In the Datu System, the Datu or the Barangay Chieftain exercises complete governmental
powers. He makes laws, implements them and provides for the punishment in case of violations
or cimes.

In the Council of Elders, the elders or a group of aged wise men/women were consulted to get
answers or to decide on political matters or issues that affects the barangay and their decisions
have the force and effect of law.

Always remember that a government is determined not by its name but by the system that it
operates or its attributes and characteristics.

1. Democracy – a government wherein the political power directly emanates from the
people themselves and not the government. A true democratic government conducts
election, existence of a dynamic constitution, respect of law and authority, respect and
preservation of human rights and representation of every identified group or minority in
the society. Ex. The Philippines.

Theories of Democracy:
a. Substantive – focuses on the substance of government policies and laws. It is more
concerned with the principles behind the procedure or laws and the goals of the state
which is its stability. The goal of this theory is to push other ideologies or measures
so that the majority may lobby for rights, privileges and processes.

b. Procedural – focuses on the processes in attaining the goals of the state. This is
clearly applicable and visible in law making, leader election and the adherence to the
rule of law and rule of majority.

2. Federal/ Federalism – a form of government wherein there is a complete separation of

two political units with equal political standing and autonomy, the Central/ Federal
government and the states/ provinces. Ex. The United States of America and Canada

Kinds/Types of Federalism:
a. Presidential – a kind/ type of Federalism wherein the President is the highest officer
of the land, heads both the national and local government and elected at large and
with a fix term of office just like the USA.
b. Parliamentary – a kind/ type of Federalism wherein the Prime Minister is the highest
officer of the land, heads the national government only and is selected from among
the members of the parliament with no fix term in office just like in Canada.
Advantages of Federalism:

a. Diffuses Power Concentration

b. Protection Against Tyranny
c. Increases Citizen Participation
d. Laws created are directly to the benefit or responsive to the needs of State Legislator
e. More Political and Economical Advantage for states.
f. More efficient.

Disadvantages of Federalism:

a. Inequality between states

b. Against or prohibits national unity
c. Threatens Nationalism
d. States will be under the control of dynasties
e. Slowdowns national policy implementation and effectivity.
f. May create confusion and competition among laws and states.

3. Communist/ Communism – this government operates in a system of communality or

meaning it is owned by everybody or everyone. Everything is shared in the state and it is
the duty of the government to equally share them to all the citizens and the government.
This government system is usually ruled by the Communist Party. Ex. Peoples Republic
of China.

4. Monarchy – a form of government exercising the power of succession in terms of ruling

the state or government. Usually the state is governed or ruled by a family called the
monarchs.

Kinds of Monarchy:

 Absolute – a form of government wherein all political power is vested to the

monarchs and they have total control over their subjects and the government as
well. Ex. Kingdom of Brunei.
 Limited or Constitutional – a form of government wherein the monarchs have
only limited control or political power over the state and the government. The
monarchs can only enjoy the powers granted to them by the country’s constitution
 and often times they merely represent or they are just a symbol of their country.
EX. Great Britain/ United Kingdom.

5. Parliamentary – a form of government wherein the political powers are directly vested
to the parliament. The state’s chief executive comes from the parliament with no specific
term of office and can only be removed by a vote of no confidence coming from the
parliament itself. Ex. The United Kingdom.

6. Theocracy – a form of government wherein the head of the most dominant religion or
sect is also the head of the state and the laws are made or patterned from the religious
teachings of that most dominant religion or sect. Ex. Islamic Republic of Iran and the
Vatican.

7. Presidential – a government system wherein the President is the highest officer of the
state and the government and sometimes enjoys complete governmental power.

8. Republican/ Republicanism – a government system wherein the people, state, region or

province is represented by a specific government officer/ official in political activities
such as law or policy making.

UNCOMMON/ UNSUAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT

1. Anarchy – in this government system all political powers are given to the people at
large making the government itself obsolete and non-existent.

2. Dictatorship – a form of government wherein all government branches are controlled

by a single power or authority which is provided by all his/her mandates or orders
called “Dicta’s”.

3. Totalitarian – a form of government wherein all political/ governmental powers are

given into a single person or authority but unlike a dictator a totalitarian does not
need to provide orders or mandate for every governmental action or decision comes
from him/her.

4. Tyranny – a form of government characterized by a cruel and oppressive ruler

wherein he leads his country by using terror ism and the usage of harsh and heavy
punishment to ensure cooperation, control and to hold on to his political powers
without questions or doubts.
 5. Fascism – just like a totalitarian, this government is known for a ruler that has total
control of all government branches and can be harsh at times but fascist rulers are
known for being racist and are extremely aggressive against or towards the group of
people that they hate.

6. Aristocracy – a government system ruled by the nobles or the elite members or class
in the society such as the rich, lawyers, businessmen and those that are well educated
and seen to be highly knowledgeable about politics and governance.

7. Oligarchy – is a kind or form of government controlled by a small group of

individuals based on selfish motives. They are holding power due to influence or by
reason of money or wealth.

GOVERNMENT BASED ON NUMBER OF LEADERS

1. Ruled by One – ex. Monarchy and Tyranny

2. Ruled by Few – Aristocracy and Oligarchy
3. Ruled by Many – Democracy and Anarchy

POWER, INFLUNECE AND CONTROL

 Power – is the power to enforce claims or ideology or it refers to the ability or capacity to
direct or influence the behaviour of others in the course of events or to act within the
bounds of the given authority or capacity as granted by the law or the constitution itself.

Sources of Power:

a. Force – the actual or physical or mental or threatened force such as coercions to

impose ones will over another. Ex. Death penalty to enforce cooperation or to
deter the commission of crimes in order to attain peace and prosperity.

b. Authority/ Legitimacy – power recognized by the people over whom it is

exercised or subject to governments authority by reason of law or mandate.
 c. Influence – the exercise of power through the process of persuasion. It is the
ability to influence or affect the decisions and actions of others.

TYPES OF POWER

1. Economic Power – refers to the measurement of the ability to control events by

virtue of material or resources advantage.

2. Social Power – based upon informal community opinion, family position, honor,
prestige and patterns of consumption and life style. Social status sometimes indirectly
gives one person power over another.

3. Political Power – authority held by a group within a society that allows for the
administration of public resources and implement policies for the state.

4. Military Power – the ability to affect the behaviour of other states to the actual or
threatened exertion of force which is actually the display of military weapons and
advancements or technology.

5. Religious Power – the obedience through worship of a supernatural power or powers

believed to be divine or to have control over human destiny and fortune. No specific
religion is asked or presented as long as there is a belief in a Superior being.

 Is power and authority the same since these words are used interchangeably? They are
not the same. Power is the ability to influence a group or somebody to do something he/
she would not have done while authority refers to a claim of legitimacy and the
justification and right to exercise power.

Influence – the capacity to have an effect on the character, development or behaviour of

someone.

Types of Influences:
 1. Situational – people follow you because they have to do so and based on position, title
and authority. Ex. Political leaders, CEO’s and teachers.
2. Temporary – people follow you because what you have done or achieved. Those who
are popular due to the fact that they can entertain. EX. Athletes, artists and actors.
3. Lasting – follow you because of who you are and how you treated them. Ex. Leaders,
parents and mentors/ coaches.

Components of Influence:

1. Position – right to talk and be heard.

2. Emotion – passion and feelings can change minds and hearts.
3. Expertise – master and knowledgeable about a certain topic or act that’s why you are
followed.
4. Combination of All

Control – power to direct or influence behaviour or course of events

Levels of Control:

1. Strategic – refers to the planning and management of operations and making sure that
everything will go as planned before, during or after an intended act.
2. Operational – executing the strategy that intends a desired result.

Types of Control:

1. Proactivity – monitoring of problems to provide timely prevention or solution.

2. Concurrent – monitoring and adjusting ongoing activities
3. Feedback – gather information about completed activity in order to learn not to repeat
mistakes.
4. Behavioural – rewarding for good conduct or completed task.

RIGHTS VS PRIVILEGES
Rights – legal entitlement or allowed to the people to do, permanent, required of a government
to give and lost only upon death.

Privileges – special advantage, temporary, may not be given by the government and can be taken
anytime with or without valid cause.
Justice – the philosophy or quality of being honest, equitable, righteousness, accountable and
giving and giving someone what is due to him/her.

Kinds of Justice:

1. Legal – required by law

2. Moral –required by conscience and values
3. Actual – required by situation itself

Equality – the state that all persons belonging to the same group or class have the same rights
and privileges in the eyes of the law and society.

Kinds of Equality:

1. Gender – freedom to choose your own gender preference.

2. Economic – freedom to sell or buy anything that is legal or to engage in any legal kind of
business.
3. Equal Opportunity – to engage in any business, to study in any school or choose owns
preferred course and to practice one’s profession.
4. Equality in Law – rights and protection granted/given by the law.
5. Religious Equality – protection and non-interference with the lawful practices or rites of
any religious denomination or sect.

RULE OF EQUITY
Equity refers to a system of rules that provides remedy requiring a person to perform or restrain
him from doing an act to the extent that fairness and justice will be attained for the person who
has been unjustly treated. It emphasized fairness and justice.

Laws – are rules, principles or standards of conduct made obligatory by a competent and
recognized authority for general welfare or common good.

CONCEPTS OF LAW

1. Historical Concept – this concept focuses in the origin and development of a law. It also
includes the causes of the changes and development of a law also it contends that the law
should be related to the society in which it has developed or used of.

2. Philosophical Concept – regard the law as having been created on the principles of right
and good and so the law is always right that it should be used by the political authority as
means of achieving goals for the promotion of social justice and the common good.
 3. Sociological Concept – law is a product of a social need, so that the purpose of the law is
to serve the people or the society.

4. Positivist Concept – laws should be examined to determine whether in their enforcement

they would promote the greatest happiness or benefit of the greatest number of people in
the society.

5. Functional Concept - focused on what the law does and how it functions. This concept
gives primary importance to the function of the judicial system and the settlement of
conflicting interests or disputes between men.

KINDS OF LAW
1. Positive Law – is defined as the commands of the state which are enforced by its
sovereign political authority. This includes laws enacted by the legislature, decrees,
orders or proclamation by the supreme authority or ruler of a state and also decisions
given by competent or higher courts.

2. Natural Law – is the manifestation of divine reason in man, ethical belief that man seeks
always to be good and not to do evil. This is an example of a Philosophical concept. This
is also derived from the principles of morality and justice and the commandments of God.

3. Private Law – deals with the relationship between individuals. In this kind of law the
common subjects are contracts, property, wills and mortgages. There are already
established rules and methods of resolving conflicts hence judicial actions are less
necessary.

4. International Law – a body of generally agreed principles, standards and rules

regulating and controlling the conduct of nations or states, group of people and
international organizations in their relationship with one another.

Sources of Law:
1. Constitution – supreme/highest law of the land that provides our rights
2. Civil Code – provides for civil law or rights of every citizens
3. Revised Penal Code – defines crimes and provides their punishment
4. Labor Code – provides the rights of employees
5. Administrative Code – provides for the rights, duties and responsibilities of government
officials/employees
 6. Code of Ethics – provides for the standards, values and morals that a professional should
do or observe every time
7. Executive orders and Decrees – orders of the President that has force and effect of a law
8. International treaty or agreement – agreements between states that has force and effect
of a law between the states that entered into such treaty or agreement

FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE

The Fundamental Powers of the State are the inherent powers expressly given to a state
therefore no law or even the Constitution does not need to provide or require their creation,
enforcement and existence because they co-exist the moment a state gains its sovereignty
otherwise called statehood.

The 3 FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE:

1. Police Power - Police power is the power of the State to regulate liberty and property for
the promotion of the general welfare.

The police power is lodged primarily in the legislature. By virtue of a valid delegation of
legislative power, it may also be exercised by the President and administrative boards, as
well as the lawmaking bodies on all municipal levels, including the barangay.
Tests to Determine Validity:

a. Lawful Subject – since it seeks to regulate and not to prohibit or stop the subject or
topic of a law to be created must be legal or lawfully offered or available to the
public. If the subject is unlawful then it will be automatically prohibited.
b. Lawful Means- the means to or ways of prohibiting a lawful subject must be valid,
legal and does not contradict to the purpose of protecting general welfare.

2. Imminent Domain/ Expropriation - This power enables the State to acquire or take
private property, upon payment of just compensation, for some intended public use.

Under existing laws, the following may exercise the power of expropriation:

a. Congress
b. President
c. Local Legislative Bodies
d. National Government Agencies such as DPWH
 If exercised by a, b and d, it is absolute therefore the taking cannot be questioned or
stopped.

Requisites to exercise:
a. Property to be taken must be privately owned.
b. The taking and usage of the private property must be permanent.
c. Private property taken must be for public use
d. There must be payment of Just Compensation (described as a full and fair equivalent
of the property taken from the private owner. However, the compensation, to be just,
must be fair not only to the owner but also to the expropriator. To ascertain just
compensation, the court should determine first the actual or basic value of the
property)

3. Taxation – power of the state to require and demand financial contributions from persons
and property living located within the country and abroad for the support of government
expenditures and projects/ programs intended for public use or general welfare.

Who will pay Tax?

a. Income Tax
 Resident Citizen – if living and working within the country all of his/her income here
and acquired abroad will be subject to tax.
 Non-Resident Citizen – if living and working w outside the country all of his/her
income acquired in the Philippines will be subject to tax.
 Aliens – living and working within the Philippines, their income acquired here shall be
subject to tax.

b. Property Tax
 Real Property Tax – properties that are permanently located or placed in the
area where they are situated such as lands, houses, buildings and other
infrastructures intended to be permanently located. Their amount of tax is
determined by law and the actual user shall be subject to pay the tax.

 Personal Property Tax – tax imposed on personal properties or properties for

personal consumption that are movable from one place to another such as
clothes, gadgets, appliances, furniture’s etc. their tax is already included in
their tag price and the buyer of such property or product will pay the tax.
 POLITICAL CONTROVERSY/ ISSUES
The term "political issues" refers to controversies talked about or debated
within the political system - everything from divisive social issues such as
abortion, to taxation and government spending, foreign policy and free trade. In
fact, political issues encompass just about everything political leaders talk about
to resolve or to clarify in order to avoi d conflict and maintain peace and order.

RESOLVING POLITICAL CONTROVERSY/ ISSUES

1. Research document and find factual or legal basis to support your claim,
findings and position in the issue or controversy.
2. Ensure that the proper affected party will benefit or more people will benefit
the resolution of a political controversy or issue.
3. Solutions must always be legal or valid.
4. If possible it must be a win-win settlement or resolution.
5. All parties involved must be addressed, included and compensated eve n if
they are minorities, opposition or neutrals.
6. Always adhere to the rule of law or majority.
7. Always be analytical.

EXAMPLES:

1. Boundary/ Territorial Disputes of CHINA and The PHILIPPINES – Who owns the
disputed islands or group of islands as well as the natural resource found therein?
Answer: The country wherein the disputed islands are located in its EEZ (Exclusive
Economic Zone).

2. Federalism in the Philippines – Will it be applicable or effective in the Philippines?

Answer: Since Federalism was ever adopted or used or is new in our country, its being
applicable or effective depends upon the numbers of advantages and disadvantages way-
in against each other and the proper application and administration of the leaders that will
implement such new form or system of government.
 3. Legality/ Validity of a Law – is a law legal or illegal?
Answer: a law, no matter how good or noble its purpose or intention is will never be valid
or legal if it will go against, morality, good customs and the Constitution.

4. Same Sex Marriage – is it illegal? Is it immoral?

Answer: The Bible said that God unified or made a man and woman into one being in
order to make a family and to procreate. The Civil Code of the Philippines state that
Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman.

PUBLIC OPINION – expression of view and stand on prevailing issues of public policy,
certain governmental action or inaction, on the manner of national leadership exercises political
authority and on other political problems, issues and concerns. It may also be the judgment and
belief of a group of people towards a particular subject or topic at a particular time and place.

History

The development of the term public opinion is traced to ancient times, during the golden age of
Greece and the Roman Empire. In the Greek city state of Athens where ancient democracy was
born, the citizens gather in an area for an open session to discuss freely the burning issues of the
day or for the time being or moment. In Rome, they created open theatres so that the people will
have a particular place to voice out their opinions regarding a certain topic and it became a
symbol of the free exchange of ideas. The Romans called such activity as Consensus Populi.

4 Aspects of Public Opinion:

a. There must be an aggregate of persons rather a single individual to express those opinions
on a certain public question.
b. The opinion must be expressed or communicated with others.
c. There must be an actual issue or issues. These issues must be something that deals with
public questions rather than private ones.
d. An issue becomes public when people are interested in forming opinions regarding such
issue.

How to measure Public Opinion?

a. Number of Ballots during Election – used to determine as to who really is the most qualified,
trusted and righteous leader to exercise political authority.

b. Those mentioned by Pressure and Interest Groups

 Pressure Groups - a group that tries to influence public policy in the interest of a
particular cause.
  Interest Groups - a group of people that seeks to influence public policy on the basis of
a particular common interest or concern.
 Public Policy – a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational
and accepted outcomes.

c. Through direct contact with the Citizens – conducted during surveys or polls involving the
face to face or in person communication with the citizens of the state or a particular area or
territory of a state requiring the participants to voice out or write their opinion.

PROPAGANDA

Propaganda means a technique that manipulates the behaviour and opinions of a number of
individuals by the use of words, persons, object, pictures, music etc. and this process consists of
three (3) factors: the message or the topic, the technique to be used and subjects exposed to the
influence.

History

The term Propaganda was derived from the name of one of the Catholic Church – the Sacra
Congregaio Christiano Nomini Propaganda or the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda of
faith. This was created in the 17th century for the purpose of educating priests, so that in turn they
were charged with the propagation of the Catholic Faith.

Factors that affect a Propaganda

a. Status of the Propagandist – factors like financial resources, prestige and goodwill are
important to affect status. Without a good or high societal status a propaganda will not be
effective much more gain support, sympathy or popularity.
b. Propagandist situation and Environment – in the political arena, there is a keen
competition among political campaigners of different politicians for the voter’s attention
and interest. Under this situation, each group of campaigners will try to use the proper
devises of influencing the voter’s choice. The situation and the environment is the basis
for changing, retaining or modifying a propaganda.
c. The Plan of attack – this means selecting goals, planning campaigns, tactics or strategies
or techniques which will attain the objectives of propaganda and will give the
propagandist a greater reward.

Grading System:
To pass this course , one must accumulate at least 75% based on the criteria given below:
Midterm/Final Grade- Part I (70%) + Part II (30%)
Part I – 70% Part II – 30%
Quizes/ Long Quiz/ Test ========30% Project/ Output ===== 15%
Midterm/Final Exam ==40% Class Participation === 15%

 Note: Attendance is not a part of your grade but it is a requirement for completing/ passing all your subjects.
See you next semester.
HOUSE RULES: DURA LEX SED LEX (LAW MAYBE HARSH BUT THAT IS THE LAW)

1. ATTENDANCE IS A MUST!!!
FOR MWF SUBJECT 9 ABSENCES IS THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED, FOR TTH
SUBJECT 7 ABSENCES IS THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED.3 STRAIGHT LATES IS
EQUALS TO 1 ABSENT, 3 STARIGHT ABSENCES FOR MWF SUBJECT AND 2
STRAIGHT ABSENCES FOR TTH SUBJECT WILL BE DROPPED UNLESS THERE
IS A VALID EXCUSE SUCH AS HOSPITALIZATION, SICKNESS, MARRIAGE OR
DEATH BY IMMEDIATE FAMILY ONLY. MEDICAL CERTIFICATES AND
OTHER FORMS OF EXCUSE LETTERS WILL BE REQUIRED.
2. NO SHARING OF HAND-OUTS. HAVE YOUR OWN COPY(NO KAW BISITA?).
3. NO ID NO ATTENDANCE(IN SUPPORT OF THE GUARDS)
4. GRADED RECITATION AND QUIZES CAN BE BEFORE START, DURING OR
BEFORE THE END OF THE CLASS.
5. NO COACHING DURING RECITATIONS(ANG GA TODLO KAG NAGA PA
TODLO PAREHO ZERO)
6. QUESTIONS WILL BE ANSWERED AFTER THE LECTURE OR WHEN TEACHER
ALLOWS QUESTIONING FOR CLARRIFICATION.(WARA TI MAMANGKOT
KANG WARA NA ABAY SA TOPIKO)
7. PROPER DECORUM IS REQUIRED WHEN THE TEACHER IS LECTURING,
ASKING OR A CLASSMATE IS ASKING OR TALKING SO ALWAYS LISTEN
AND KEEP QUIET.
8. GADGETS IN ALL FORMS, SHAPES OR SIZES ARE NOT ALLOWED DURING
ENTIRE CLASS.
9. COMPLETE UNIFORM IS REQUIRED. CIVILIAN/OUTSIDE CLOTHES ARE
ONLY ALLOWED DURING SCHOOL ACTIVITIES AND WASH-DAY.
10. ALL WILL BE REQUIRED TO RECITE SO DON’T RAISE YOUR HANDS UNLESS
YOU ARE CALLED TO.
11. QUESTIONS REGARDING GRADES AND CLASS STANDING WILL BE
ANSWERED DURING THE TEACHERS CONSULTATION TIME. (EVERY TTH 1-
3PM)
12. SPECIAL EXAMS WILL NOT BE GIVEN UNLESS THERE IS VALID REASON
SUCH AS STATED IN NO.1
13. USING OF PROFANE/ INAPPROPRIATE/ LASCIVIOUS ORBAD WORDS IS
STRICTLY PROHIBITED!
 14. CHEATING (NAG PAHUWAD KAG NAG HUWAD) IS SUBJECT TO DROPPING
OUT OF CLASS.
15. INTOXICATION IS SUBJECT TO DROPPING OUT OF CLASS.
16. DO NOT COME TO CLASS UNPREPARED.
17. THIS WILL BE THE RULES UNITLL YOU GRADUATE.
18. IM NOT HARSH I JUST WANT DISCIPLINED AND SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS.

LUCTOR, EMERGO ET EXCELSIOR EST. 2013

THE POLITEIA SCHOLASTIC PLEDGE – A POLITICAL SCIENCE STUDENT’S TO DO LIST TO SURVIVE AND EXCEL

I _________________________________, of _______________________, on this day of _____________, willfully,

truthfully and sincerely shall adhere to the following terms and conditions to wit;

1. Enrolling in the course of Political Science is my choice and decision, regardless of the reasons or
conditions thereof; therefore I alone shall accept and perform all responsibilities and face the
consequences that will be part of studying and completing this course.
2. That studying and learning in this course shall not end within the four corners of the classroom during
class discussions, and so it shall be my duty to read books, journals, articles, use the internet and or do
research to further enrich and enhance my understanding, knowledge, skills and mastery of the subjects
or topics discussed in the class well as those that are happening in the society.
 3. It shall be my duty and responsibility to ensure to myself that I am prepared prior to going to class not just
in my Political Science subjects but all of my college subjects so that no surprise or scheduled quiz or exam
or recitation will catch me off guard.
4. Necessary learning instruments such as books and hand-outs shall always be in my possession and shall
therefore reading, understanding and memorizing them shall be done religiously and with-out any
excuses for not doing so.
5. All of my classmates are my friends and family. They are not my competition and I shall ensure to support
and help them academically as long as I can but I will never tolerate laziness and acts that will degrade the
course, the school and I as a student with high expectations.
6. And that studying and excelling in my class shall be my top most priority until I graduate from this course.
7. If there will be any issues and concerns regarding my grades and class performance I shall consult to the
teacher in charge of the subject I have concerns with to settle any controversy and I will not result to acts
that are unbecoming of a Political Science student such as slander/libel, eves dropping, multi-media
posting, false statements and complaining to other teachers who are not part of the solution for any
troubles mentioned in this number or in short I will go to the proper forum or person.
8. I shall respect and adhere to the decisions of the majority, authority and those approved by our
organization and the university especially if I did not take part in approving them as an example of
obedience to the rule of law and MAJORITY.

With all out understanding, accountability and support

SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME