Cefr Word List

WORD LIST FOR LEVELS
B1-C1
This publication has made use of the English Vocabulary Profile. This resource is
based on extensive research using the Cambridge Learner Corpus and is part of the
English Profile programme, which aims to provide evidence about language use that
helps to produce better language teaching materials.
See http://www.englishprofile.org/ for more information.
Compiled electronically by Efthimios Mavrogeorgiadis.

http://www.toe.gr/
Abbreviations
!
Culturally Sensitive Word
+ two objects
A verb that has two objects.
C
Countable noun: a noun that has both singular and plural forms.
C usually no plural or U
Countable noun which usually has no plural or uncountable noun.
I
Intransitive verb: a verb that has no object.
T
Transitive verb: a verb that has an object.
U
Uncountable noun: noun with no plural form. Cannot be used with 'a', 'an', or 'one'.
UK
British English
US
American English
abbreviation
A short form of a word or phrase.
adjective
A word that describes a noun or pronoun.
3
adverb
A word that describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective or other
adverb.
approving
Used in a positive way, to show that you have a good opinion of someone or
something.
auxiliary verb
The verbs 'be', 'have' and 'do' when combined with other verbs to make different
forms.
before noun
An adjective that always comes before a noun.
conjunction
A word used to join parts of a phrase or sentence.
determiner
Word used before noun or adj to show which person or thing is being referred to.
disapproving
Used in a negative way, to show that you have a bad opinion of someone or
something.
exclamation
A word or phrase that you say loudly or suddenly to express strong feelings.
formal
Used in serious writing, or for communicating with people in a serious or polite way.
informal
Used in relaxed situations, for example with friends and family. Used more in speech.
literary
Used in books and poems, and not in ordinary conversation.
4
modal verb
Verb such as can, might, must. With another verb, shows an idea such as possibility.
noun
A word that refers to a person, place, idea, event or thing.
often passive
In a passive verb/sentence, the subject does not do the action but is affected by it.
often plural
Refers to more than one person or thing.
phrasal verb
Verb with an adverb or preposition, with meaning different from meaning of its parts.
plural
Refers to more than one person or thing.
preposition
Word used before noun, pronoun or -ing form of verb to show place, direction, etc.
pronoun
A word used instead of a noun, which has usually already been talked about.
specialized
Used in connection with a particular area of work or study.
symbol
A sign, shape or object used to represent something else.
verb
A word that describes an action, condition or experience.
written abbreviation
A short form of a word or phrase only used in writing
5
6
A
abandon /əˈbæn.dən/
Word family:
Verbs: abandon
Adjectives: abandoned
VERB [T]
LEAVE
[B2] to leave someone or something somewhere, sometimes not returning to get

them
Dictionary examples:
They were forced to abandon the car.
As a baby, he'd been abandoned by his mother.
We were sinking fast, and the captain gave the order to abandon ship.
Learner example:
I lived with my mother and brother but my father was never there. I knew that he had abandoned
us for another woman.
STOP DOING
[C1] to stop doing something before it is finished, or to stop following a plan, idea,
etc.
Dictionary example:
The match was abandoned because of rain.
Learner example:
How would you feel if you establish[ed] a long-time plan for your career and then you ha[d] to
abandon it?
abandoned /əˈbæn.dənd/
Word family:
Verbs: abandon
Adjectives: abandoned
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ADJECTIVE
EMPTY
[B2] left empty or not working
Dictionary example:
an abandoned factory/village
Learner example:
Arriving [at] an altitude of 2000m, people can visit the abandoned salt-mines.
LEFT SOMEWHERE
[B2] having been left somewhere, intentionally
Dictionary example:
An abandoned baby was found in a box on the hospital steps.
Learner example:
Please, just have a look [at] your wife Margaret and her eyes will tell you that she is this
abandoned princess of your childhood fairy-tale.
ability /əˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: ability, disability, inability
Verbs: enable
Adjectives: able, disabled, unable
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] the physical or mental skill or qualities that you need to do something
She had the ability to explain things clearly.
athletic/academic ability
Learner example:
The protagonist had been bitten by a strange spider and some days later, he noticed [he had]
some strange powers, such as the ability to create spider[s'] webs.
abnormal /æbˈnɔːməl/
Word family:
Nouns: norm, normality
Adjectives: normal, abnormal
Adverbs: normally
ADJECTIVE
[C1] different from what is normal or usual, in a way which is strange or dangerous
8
abnormal behaviour/weather
They found abnormal levels of lead in the water.
Learner example:
The cost of it for the Chinese population is an abnormal level of pollution, that causes many
deaths every year.
aboard /əˈbɔːd/
ADVERB; PREPOSITION
[C1] on or onto a plane, ship, bus, or train
Dictionary example:
Welcome aboard flight BA109 to Paris.
Learner example:
Competition entry "Welcome aboard on the flight to ancient Rome..." Please fasten your
seatbelts...
abolish /əˈbɒl.ɪʃ/
VERB [T]
[B2] to officially end something, especially a law or system
I think bullfighting should be abolished.
National Service was abolished in Britain in 1962.
Learner example:
Therefore, I suggest you should not change or abolish any event for any reason.
abortion /əˈbɔː.ʃən/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] ! a medical operation to end a pregnancy when the baby is still too small to
live
Dictionary example:
She had an abortion.
Learner example:
Some of these problems are serious and should be eliminated, such as abortion and domestic
violence.
9
about /əˈbaʊt/
PREPOSITION
How/What about ...?

[B1] used to ask for someone's opinion on a particular subject
What about Ava - is she nice?
So the town was nice - how about the food?
Learner example:
I also enjoy shopping for shoes, what about you?
ADVERB
DIRECTION
[B2] to or in different parts of a place, often without purpose or order
Dictionary example:
They heard someone moving/walking about outside.
ADJECTIVE
be (just) about to do sth

[B1] to be going to do something very soon
Dictionary example:
I was about to leave when Mark arrived.
Learner example:
When I was just about to cross the road, I realised that I was going to faint [at] any moment.
above /əˈbʌv/
ADVERB; PREPOSITION
above all
[B1] most importantly
Above all, I'd like to thank my family.
He is known above all for his film roles.
Learner example:
She is a very nice person and above all, she is really cheerful.
ADVERB; ADJECTIVE
[B1] higher on the page
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the above diagram
Match these words with the pictures above.
Please send the articles to the address given/shown above.
Learner example:
I can be contacted at the above address and I would be free to attend an interview at any time
from Monday to Saturday.
abroad /əˈbrɔːd/
ADVERB [ALWAYS AFTER VERB]
[B1] in or to a foreign country
He's currently abroad on business.
We always go abroad in the summer.
Learner example:
I have never been abroad.
absence /ˈæb.sənts/
Word family:
Nouns: absence
Adjectives: absent
NOUN
NOT PRESENT
[B2] [C or U] when someone is not where they are usually expected to be
A new manager was appointed during/in her absence.
She has had repeated absences from work this year.
Learner example:
Thank you very much for letting me stay in your flat during your absence on holiday.
NOT EXISTING
[B2] [U] when something does not exist
Dictionary example:
He drew attention to the absence of concrete evidence against the defendant.
Learner example:
The biggest difference the absence of TV made in my life was that I actually started living.
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absent /ˈæb.sənt/
Word family:
Nouns: absence
Adjectives: absent
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not in the place where you are expected to be, especially at school or work
Dictionary example:
John has been absent from school/work for three days now.
Learner example:
I would like to apologise, because I'm missing tomorrow's class. I'm going to be absent because
my grandmother is ill and I have to take care of her.
absolute /ˈæb.sə.luːt/
Word family:
Adjectives: absolute
Adverbs: absolutely
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]
[B2] complete and definite
absolute control
He's an absolute idiot!
That's absolute rubbish!
Learner example:
I have no experience [of] surfing - I am an absolute beginner with high motivation.
absolutely /ˈæb.sə.luːt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: absolute
Adverbs: absolutely
ADVERB
COMPLETELY
[B1] completely
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The food was absolutely delicious.
It's absolutely ridiculous.
I have absolutely no idea what she's talking about.
We've achieved absolutely nothing today.
I absolutely hate it.
Learner example:
I've heard the film is absolutely fantastic.
Absolutely!
[C1] used to strongly agree with someone
"Do you think it helped his career?" "Absolutely."
"It was an excellent film, though." "Absolutely!"
Learner example:
So have the Swedish grandparents got funkier? Absolutely!
absorb /əbˈzɔːb/
VERB [T]
TAKE IN
[B2] to take something in, especially gradually
Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
The drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream.
Learner example:
Everything is getting intermingled and absorbed into the system, making life terribly efficient,
quick and easy.
be absorbed in sth
[B2] to give all your attention to something that you are doing
Dictionary example:
Simon was so absorbed in his computer game that he didn't notice me come in.
Learner example:
We hadn't noticed them at first because we were absorbed in [listening to the] birds singing.
REMEMBER
[C1] to understand and remember facts that you read or hear
Dictionary example:
It's hard to absorb so much information.
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Learner example:
You will have only three school [subjects] and that'[ll] make it easier to absorb the new knowledge.
abstract /ˈæb.strækt/
ADJECTIVE
IDEAS
[B2] relating to ideas and not real things
abstract ideas
Truth and beauty are abstract concepts.
Learner example:
Reading improve[s] your ability to imagine and your abstract thinking skills.
ART
[B2] Abstract art involves shapes and colours and not images of real things or
people.
Dictionary example:
abstract paintings/sculpture
Learner example:
What kind of material will you use for this painting? Will it be a realistic picture or an abstract one?
absurd /əbˈzɜːd/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very silly
What an absurd explanation!
Don't be so absurd! Of course I want you to come.
It's an absurd situation - neither of them will talk to the other.
Learner example:
[In your article,] some performers are called 'second-rate', which, in my view, is absurd when
talking about such famous groups as 'Snakes' and 'KGB'.
14
abuse /əˈbjuːs/
Word family:
Nouns: abuse
Adjectives: abusive
NOUN
BAD TREATMENT
[B2] ! [C or U] bad or cruel treatment of people or animals
sexual/psychological/mental abuse
The rescued dogs had been victims of physical abuse.
Learner example:
The one side opposes this treatment as an abuse of living creatures while the other side denies
any suffering and points at the values of zoos for people.
WRONG USE
[B2] ! [C or U] the use of a substance in an unsuitable and harmful way or for the
wrong purpose
Drug and alcohol abuse contributed to his early death.
This program tries to address problems that lead to substance abuse.
Learner example:
Get information about the [effect]s of drug abuse and make your generation a better one.
WRONG ACTION
[C1] ! [C or U] an action or activity that is morally wrong or not allowed
Dictionary example:
The politician's behaviour was an abuse of power.
Learner example:
It is a vast resource of information, but the abuse of it may have detrimental consequences.
academic /ˌæk.əˈdem.ɪk/
ADJECTIVE
EDUCATION
[B2] relating to schools, colleges and universities, or to subjects which involve

thinking and studying and not technical or practical skills
15
academic subjects/qualifications/books
academic standards
Learner example:
As a member of our academic community, I'm very glad to hear that our college will have a
surplus in its annual budget.
accelerate /əkˈsel.ə.reɪt/
VERB
HAPPEN
[C1] [I or T] to start to happen more quickly, or to make something start to happen

more quickly
Dictionary example:
Inflation is likely to accelerate this year.
Learner example:
Fashion has always been changing but I think this process accelerated after the Second World War.
accent /ˈæk.sənt/
NOUN [C]
PRONUNCIATION
[B1] the way in which people in a particular area, country or social group pronounce
words
an American accent
He speaks with a broad/heavy/strong Yorkshire accent.
Learner example:
Our teacher is a middle-aged lady with a kind smile and [a] British accent.
MARK
[B2] a mark written or printed over a letter to show you how to pronounce it
Dictionary example:
There's an acute accent on the 'e' of 'café'.
16
accept /əkˈsept/
Word family:
Nouns: acceptance
Verbs: accept
Adjectives: acceptable, unacceptable, accepted
VERB
AGREE TO TAKE
[B1] [I or T] to agree to take something that is offered to you
to accept an apology/invitation/offer
I've been invited to their wedding, but I haven't decided whether to accept.
She won't accept advice from anyone.
Learner example:
I hope that you accept my apology.
ADMIT
[B2] [T] to admit that something is true, often something unpleasant
He refuses to accept that he's made a mistake.
I can't accept that there's nothing we can do.
Learner example:
David told her that the reason [for] his failure was her, because she used to press him a lot and
she couldn't accept that he wanted to be an actor.
ALLOW TO JOIN
[B2] [T] to allow someone to join an organization or become part of a group
She's been accepted by two universities.
He was accepted as a full member of the society.
His fellow workers refused to accept him.
Learner example:
When I returned home I check[ed] my mail and I ha[d] a new message from my uncle, saying that
the university have accepted me.
accept responsibility/blame
[B2] to admit that you caused something bad that happened
Dictionary example:
I accept full responsibility for the failure of the plan.
17
acceptable /əkˈsep.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: acceptance
Verbs: accept
ADJECTIVE
GOOD ENOUGH
[B1] good enough
work of an acceptable standard
Clearly we need to come to an arrangement that is acceptable to both parties.
This kind of attitude is simply not acceptable.
So what is an acceptable level of radiation?
Learner example:
I am sure that finally I will succeed in [us]ing English in an acceptable way!
ALLOWED
[C1] allowed or approved of
Dictionary example:
Smoking is less and less socially acceptable.
Learner example:
They should teach them what is right [and] wrong, and what is morally and socially acceptable.
acceptance /əkˈsep.tənts/
Word family:
Nouns: acceptance
Verbs: accept
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when you accept something
His acceptance of the award was controversial.
There is a growing public acceptance of alternative medicine.
Learner example:
The main reason for the "fast-food" groceries winning acceptance in Swedish culture is lack of
time.
18
accepted /əkˈsep.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: acceptance
Verbs: accept
ADJECTIVE
[C1] agreed or approved by most people
Dictionary example:
an accepted spelling
Learner example:
Competition can also be an accepted form of expression of one's aggression.
access /ˈæk.ses/
Word family:
Nouns: access
Verbs: access
Adjectives: accessible
NOUN [U]
RIGHT/OPPORTUNITY
[B1] the right or opportunity to use or look at something
Internet access
The system has been designed to give the user quick and easy access to the required information.
Learner example:
I would suggest free Internet access as an extra facility in our library.
METHOD
[B1] the way in which you can enter a place or get to a place
disabled access
The only access to the village is by boat.
Learner example:
I think it would be better if you stayed in a small village which has easy access to the city centre.
VERB [T]
[B2] to find or see information, especially using a computer
Dictionary example:
You can access the files over the Internet.
19
Learner example:
We have more time to stay together at home, because we can access [the] internet at home.
accessible /əkˈses.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: access
Verbs: access
Adjectives: accessible
ADJECTIVE
REACH
[B2] able to be reached or easily got
Dictionary example:
The resort is easily accessible by road, rail and air.
Learner example:
It is very accessible because it is situated in the centre.
accessory /əkˈses.ər.i/
NOUN [C]
[C1] something extra which is not necessary but is attractive or useful
bathroom accessories
computer accessories
Learner example:
They find pleasure in looking at different clothes, shoes, accessories, gadgets and home
furnishings.
accident /ˈæk.sɪ.dənt/
Word family:
Nouns: accident
Adjectives: accidental
Adverbs: accidentally
NOUN [C]
by accident
[B1] without being intended
20
Dictionary example:
I deleted the file by accident.
Learner example:
I was dancing and someone [kicked me] by accident and my glasses fell [off].
accidental /ˌæk.sɪˈden.təl/
Word family:
Nouns: accident
ADJECTIVE
[B2] happening by chance
accidental damage
The archeological site was located after the accidental discovery of bones in a field.
accidentally /ˌæk.sɪˈden.təl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: accident
ADVERB
[B2] by chance or by mistake
Dictionary example:
She accidentally knocked over a glass of water.
Learner example:
I accidentally broke one of your vases - the most beautiful one.
acclaimed /əˈkleɪmd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] praised by a lot of people
Dictionary example:
the acclaimed singer and songwriter
21
Learner example:
In order to avoid s[uch an] embarrassing inconsistency in the next meeting, I suggest inviting
Colin Briggs, the acclaimed footballer, to talk to his fans.
accommodation /əˌkɒm.əˈdeɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a place where you live or stay
rented accommodation
The price includes flights, all meals and accommodation.
There's a shortage of cheap accommodation.
Learner example:
You can find cheap accommodation in a student room because they are usually free in July an[d]
August.
accompany /əˈkʌm.pə.ni/
VERB [T]
GO WITH
[B1] to go somewhere with someone
We accompanied her back to her hotel.
Children under 10 must be accompanied by an adult.
Learner example:
I asked my cousin to accompany me because she knew the way to the temple.
HAPPEN TOGETHER
[B1] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to happen or exist at the same time as something else
The course books are accompanied by four CDs.
The salmon was accompanied by a fresh green salad.
Learner example:
The weather was very hot and a shining sun accompanied us during our trip.
22
accomplish /əˈkʌm.plɪʃ/
VERB [T]
[C1] to succeed in doing something good
Dictionary example:
I feel as if I've accomplished nothing all day.
Learner example:
To accomplish this, schools should try to respect the individuality of each child, give them
chances to think more freely.
accordance /əˈkɔː.dənts/
Word family:
Nouns: accord, accordance
NOUN FORMAL
in accordance with sth

[C1] in the way described by a rule, law, or wish
Dictionary example:
Both companies have insisted that they were acting in accordance with the law.
Learner example:
Although they do not earn much money in this profession, they try to do their best and judge in
accordance with the law which they also have to interpret.
according to /əˈkɔː.dɪŋˌtuː/
PREPOSITION
OPINION
[B1] as said by someone or shown by something
According to Sarah, they're not getting on very well at the moment.
According to our records, you owe us £45.
Learner example:
According to the guide, it was a famous culture in ancient times.
METHOD
[B2] in a way that agrees with
23
Dictionary example:
Students are all put in different groups according to their ability.
Learner example:
The job included organizing suitable activities according to their age, capability and wishes.
account /əˈkaʊnt/
Word family:
Nouns: account, accountant
NOUN
BANK
[B1] [C] an arrangement with a bank to keep your money there and to allow you to
take it out when you need to
I've opened an account with another bank.
I paid the money into my account this morning.
Learner example:
The man, whose name I can't remember, wrote a serious looking message in which he [talked
about] a money transfer to a Swiss bank account.
REPORT
[B2] [C] a written or spoken description of something that has happened
She gave a thrilling account of her life in the jungle.
The documents provide a detailed account of the town's early history.
Learner example:
I would be very interested [in participating] and [writing] the accounts of our journeys.
take account of sth

[B2] to consider something when judging a situation
Dictionary example:
A good architect takes account of the building's surroundings.
Learner example:
I hope you will take account of our request.
take into account sth

Dictionary example:
I think you have to take into account the fact that he's a good deal younger than the rest of us.
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Learner example:
Taking into account all these arguments, I also think, like many people, that keeping animals in
zoos is cruel and unnecessary.
on account of sth
[B2] because of something
Dictionary example:
He doesn't eat any dairy products on account of the diet he is following.
Learner example:
On account of its location, it is always busy.
by all accounts
[C1] as said by a lot of people
Dictionary example:
The party was, by all accounts, a great success.
Learner example:
I have known Michael Van Cleef for over two decades now, and he is, by all accounts, an
exemplary worker.
accountant /əˈkaʊn.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: account, accountant
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone whose job is to keep or examine the financial records of a person or
organization
Dictionary example:
a firm of accountants
Learner example:
I am working as an accountant at Deloitte & Touche.
accumulate /əˈkjuː.mjə.leɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: accumulation
Verbs: accumulate
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to increase in amount over a period of time, or to make something increase

over a period of time
25
Dictionary example:
The chemicals accumulate in your body.
Learner example:
Rain water then accumulates in the reservoir.
accuracy /ˈæk.jʊ.rə.si/
Word family:
Nouns: accuracy, inaccuracy
Adjectives: accurate, inaccurate
Adverbs: accurately
NOUN [U]
[B2] how correct or exact something is
Dictionary example:
We can predict changes with a surprising degree of accuracy.
Learner example:
I was very disappointed to observe your lack of accuracy in the description of this wonderful
event.
accurate /ˈæk.jʊ.rət/
Word family:
Adverbs: accurately
ADJECTIVE
[B1] correct, exact and without any mistakes
accurate information/measurements
She was able to give the police a fairly accurate description of the man.
Her novel is an accurate reflection of life in post-war Spain.
We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes.
Learner example:
Some information in the Guidebook was not very accurate.
26
accurately /ˈæk.jʊ.rət.li/
Word family:
Adverbs: accurately
ADVERB
[B1] in an accurate way
Dictionary example:
The plans should be drawn as accurately as possible, showing all the measurements.
Learner example:
It's necessary to consider a lot of aspects to answer this question accurately, but in general I
would prefer to go to work by bicycle.
accusation /ˌæk.jʊˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: accusation
Verbs: accuse
NOUN [C]
[C1] when you say that someone has done something bad
Dictionary example:
He made a number of accusations against his former colleagues.
Learner example:
I have enclosed the Distribution Chart in order to prevent you from [making] further accusations.
accuse /əˈkjuːz/
Word family:
Nouns: accusation
Verbs: accuse
VERB [T]
[B2] to say that someone has done something bad
He's been accused of robbery/murder.
Are you accusing me of lying?
Learner example:
They were accused of vandalism.
27
accustomed /əˈkʌs.təmd/
ADJECTIVE
accustomed to sth/doing sth

[C1] If you are accustomed to something, you have experienced it often enough for
it to seem normal to you.
I've worked nights for years now so I've grown accustomed to it.
She isn't accustomed to dealing with so much media attention.
Learner example:
I am quite accustomed to being with many kinds of people of different ages.
ache /eɪk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a feeling of pain over an area of your body which continues for a long time
As you get older, you have all sorts of aches and pains.
I've got an ache in my lower back.
Learner example:
Since then, I have [had] a[n] ache in my left leg.
VERB [I]
[B2] to have a continuous pain that is unpleasant but not strong
My head/tooth/back aches.
I ache/I'm aching all over.
Learner example:
After a[n] hour of horseback riding your muscles can really ache.
achieve /əˈtʃiːv/
Word family:
Nouns: achievement
Verbs: achieve
VERB [T]
[B1] to succeed in doing something good, usually by working hard
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She finally achieved her ambition to visit South America.
The government's training policy, he claimed, was achieving its objectives.
Learner example:
My father is a person who has achieved a lot of great things in his life.
achievement /əˈtʃiːv.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: achievement
Verbs: achieve
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] something very good and difficult that you have succeeded in doing
An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for such a young athlete.
It gives you a sense of achievement if you actually make it to the end of a very long book.
Learner example:
I think this is an achievement because he is now a lawyer.
acid /ˈæs.ɪd/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a liquid substance which can react chemically with and sometimes dissolve
other materials
hydrochloric/fatty acid
Vinegar is an acid.
Learner example:
We saw a little black dragon with scales like iron charging [at] us and spitting acid.
acknowledge /əkˈnɒl.ɪdʒ/
VERB [T]
ACCEPT
[C1] to accept that something is true or exists
Dictionary example:
He acknowledged that there was a problem.
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Learner example:
They fully acknowledge the need to keep fit as a part of being a healthy and well-educated
person.
SAY RECEIVED
[C1] FORMAL to tell someone, usually in writing, that you have received something
they sent you
Dictionary example:
He sent a letter acknowledging receipt of her application.
Learner example:
Re: Follow-up job as interpreter, I acknowledge receipt of your recent correspondence.
acquaintance /əˈkweɪn.tənts/
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who you know but do not know well
Dictionary example:
He's just a business acquaintance.
Learner example:
Should you not give us a printed apology, I would seriously consider recommending all my friends
and acquaintances not to trust your future articles.
acquire /əˈkwaɪər/
VERB [T]
GET
[B2] FORMAL to get something

He acquired the firm in 1978.
I seem to have acquired two copies of this book.
Learner example:
I would like to join the club because I will be able to acquire more stamps for my collection.
LEARN
[B2] to learn something
Dictionary example:
to acquire knowledge/skills
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Learner example:
I have already acquired experience in the Tourism Field, working as a guard in a summer camp in
Florida in 1997.
act /ækt/
Word family:
Nouns: act, action, actor
Verbs: act
VERB
PERFORM
[B1] [I or T] to perform in a film, play, etc.
Have you ever acted in a play before?
Andrew Pike was chosen to act the part of the lawyer in the film.
Learner example:
We are taught how to act in both comic and serious parts.
BEHAVE
[B1] [I] to behave in a particular way
He acted as if he'd never met me before.
Don't be so silly - you're acting like a child!
Learner example:
I always care about how much money I have and I always act sensibly.
DO SOMETHING
[B2] [I] to do something, especially in order to solve a problem
She acted without thinking.
We have to act now to stop the spread of this disease.
Learner example:
We can make the village much more attractive than it has ever been. If we act together as a group,
things will be easier.
NOUN
THEATRE
[B1] [C] one of the parts a play is divided into
Dictionary example:
Her character doesn't appear until Act 2.
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Learner example:
Everything was going all right, until we reached the "balcony act".
THING DONE
[B2] [C] something that someone does
an act of aggression/kindness/terrorism
a kind/thoughtless/selfish act
The simple act of telling someone about a problem can help.
Learner example:
I think that reading is a[n] act of intel[l]igence because animals can't read, while watching T.V. is
only an act of having fun!!!
action /ˈæk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: act, action, actor
Verbs: act
NOUN
ACTIVITY
[B1] [U] things which are happening, especially exciting or important things
I like films with a lot of action.
In her last novel, the action moves between Greece and southern Spain.
Learner example:
I really like science fiction films and this film has lots of action and special effects.
DO
[B2] [C or U] something that you do
We must take action before the problem gets worse.
She has to accept the consequences of her actions.
What do you think is the best course of action?
Learner example:
I decided to take action on my own.
legal action
[C1] a legal process in a court
Dictionary example:
They are planning to take legal action against the company.
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Learner example:
If we do not get a satisfactory answer to this letter, apologising and offering the compensation
that the students deserve, we will have no other option but to take legal action.
out of action
[C1] damaged or hurt and not able to operate or play sports
I'm afraid my car's out of action.
They've got three players out of action.
Learner example:
The air-condition[ing] in my room was out of action and the hotel manager didn't care.
course of action
[C1] something that you can do in a particular situation
Dictionary example:
I think the best course of action would be to write to him.
Learner example:
However, I believe that the best course of action in this case is to give our student a refund.
active /ˈæk.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: activity
Adjectives: active
Adverbs: actively
ADJECTIVE
BUSY
[B1] doing a lot of things, or moving around a lot
physically/mentally active
You've got to try to keep active as you grow older.
Learner example:
Nico is a very active guy and I enjoyed going out with him very much.
GRAMMAR
[B1] An active verb or sentence is one in which the subject is the person or thing
doing the action.
Dictionary example:
'Catrin told me' is an active sentence, and 'I was told by Catrin' is passive.
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INVOLVED
[B2] very involved in an organization or planned activity
He played an active role in the campaign.
Both of his parents were politically active.
Enemy forces remain active in the mountainous areas around the city.
Learner example:
I have always been very active in different organizations, sports as well as c[h]arity.
VOLCANO
[C1] An active volcano could throw out rocks, fire, etc. at any time.
Dictionary example:
Mount Etna in Sicily is one of the world's most active volcanoes.
Learner example:
The beautiful, crystal-blue sea and the small white houses, the bright orange of the sky during
the evening and the unidentified colour of the volcanic rocks around the great, active volcano are
just a few of the colours that paint the natural beauty of Thera.
actively /ˈæk.tɪv.li/
Word family:
Nouns: activity
Adjectives: active
Adverbs: actively
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that involves positive action
He's very actively involved in the local Labour Party.
I've been actively looking for a job for six months.
Learner example:
There's statistic[al] evidence that maths can train a brain to study actively.
activity /ækˈtɪv.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: activity
Adjectives: active
Adverbs: actively
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NOUN
WORK
[B2] [C or U] the work of a group or organization to achieve an aim
He was found guilty of terrorist activity.
criminal activities
Learner example:
But Rollo was also a good man, so when a policeman, called Calloway, informed him about
[Harry's] illegal activity, he turned against him.
MOVEMENT
[B2] [U] when a lot of things are happening or people are moving around
Ministers are concerned by the low level of economic activity.
There was a lot of activity the other side of the room.
Learner example:
Technical progress and industrial activity are causing a lot of problems.
actual /ˈæk.tʃu.əl/
Word family:
Adjectives: actual
Adverbs: actually
REAL
[B2] real, not guessed or imagined
We had estimated about 300 visitors, but the actual number was much higher.
The exams are in July, but the actual results don't appear until September.
Learner example:
In my opinion, Burgers' Bush, Safari & Zoo in Arnhem has found the perfect solution. The actual
zoo is rather small but each animal has a lot of space for running or wandering around.
in actual fact
[B2] used to emphasize what is really true, or to give more information
Dictionary example:
I thought she was Portuguese, but in actual fact she's Brazilian.
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Learner example:
Nowadays almost all people own a car and in actual fact more and more people have been facing
death as a consequence of careless driving.
actually /ˈæk.tʃu.ə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: actual
Adverbs: actually
ADVERB
SURPRISE
[B1] used when you are emphasizing something surprising
A friend of mine from university was actually at the same concert - I hadn't seen her for years!
Don't tell me he actually paid for you? You are honoured!
Learner example:
It was so cool, man! They had actually built a good skate park with a pool, a halfpipe, a funbox,
several rails and of course many ramps.
OPPOSITE
[B2] used when you are correcting someone, disagreeing with someone, or saying
no to a request
Actually, Gavin, it was Tuesday of last week, not Wednesday.
"You didn't tell me about needing the car." "Actually, I did."
"Do you mind if I smoke?" "Actually, I'd rather you didn't."
Learner example:
Actually, TORRENTS was [the] second group [at the festival]. I think you probably missed the first
performance [in] which KING CUP sang.
ad /æd/
NOUN [C] (ALSO advert)

[B1] an advertisement
Dictionary example:
I saw an ad for a part-time job that you might like.
Learner example:
The ad mentions this is a temporary job, up to 6 months and part-time or full-time.
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adapt /əˈdæpt/
Word family:
Nouns: adaptation
Verbs: adapt
VERB
CHANGE BEHAVIOUR
[B2] [I] to change your behaviour so that it is suitable for a new situation
Dictionary example:
It takes time to adapt to a new working environment.
Learner example:
I and my parents easily adapted to London, [and] to English people.
CHANGE SOMETHING
[B2] [T] to change something so that it is suitable for a different use or situation
Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system.
Davies is busy adapting Brinkworth's latest novel for television.
Learner example:
In my opinion, as the town is not so big it will be enough to adapt the two areas outside the town
walls and to use them for car parking.
adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: adaptation
Verbs: adapt
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] the process or act of changing to suit a new situation
Dictionary example:
Evolution occurs as a result of adaptation to new environments.
Learner example:
This varies from one person to another, it depends on everyone's priorities and degree of
adaptation [to] their new communities.
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add /æd/
Word family:
Nouns: addition
Verbs: add
Adjectives: additional
Adverbs: additionally
VERB
SAY MORE
[B1] [T] to say another thing
Dictionary example:
She was sad, she said, but added that she felt she had made the right decision.
Learner example:
The guide told us they called [it] Swan Lake because there are lots of swans and added that the
swans come from all over the country.
addict /ˈæd.ɪkt/
Word family:
Nouns: addict, addiction
Adjectives: addicted, addictive
NOUN [C]
[B2] ! a person who cannot stop doing or using something, especially something
harmful
a drug/heroin addict
a gambling addict
I'm a chocolate/shopping addict.
Learner example:
I like TV, I watch it but luckily I haven't become a TV addict yet.
addicted /əˈdɪk.tɪd/
Word family:
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ADJECTIVE
DRUGS
[B2] not able to stop taking a drug
Dictionary example:
He later became addicted to heroin.
Learner example:
One day my uncle called and told me a story of a boy who was addicted to drugs.
LIKING
[B2] liking something very much
Dictionary example:
He's addicted to chocolate/football.
Learner example:
However, I believe that some people are addicted to computer games and that is not good.
addiction /əˈdɪk.ʃən/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] ! when you cannot stop doing or taking something because you are addicted to
it
drug addiction
an addiction to alcohol
His addiction to computer games means he is spending far too much time indoors.
Learner example:
Sending text messages is an addiction which every teenager is obsessed with.
addictive /əˈdɪk.tɪv/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If something is addictive, it makes you want more of it so that you become
addicted.
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Tobacco is highly addictive.
The problem with computer games is that they're addictive.
Learner example:
Serial dramas are addictive - it is not unknown for whole countries to come to a standstill because
an important re[vel]ation will be made on television.
addition /əˈdɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: addition
Verbs: add
NOUN
in addition (to)
[B1] as well (as)
Dictionary example:
In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.
Learner example:
In addition, I saw a wonderful programme about Aborigines.
NEW THING
[B2] [C] a new or extra thing which is added to something
Dictionary example:
Defender Matt Smith is the latest addition to the team.
Learner example:
There is only one more thing missing: it would be great if there was popcorn provided. I am sure
that would be a good addition for everyone.
NUMBERS/AMOUNTS
[B2] [U] the process of adding numbers or amounts together in order to get a total
Dictionary example:
Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition and subtraction.
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additional /əˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: addition
Verbs: add
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extra
additional costs/problems
There will be an extra charge for any additional passengers.
Learner example:
I do have some additional questions for you.
additionally /əˈdɪʃ.ən.əl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: addition
Verbs: add
ADVERB
[B2] in addition
Dictionary example:
Additionally, we request a deposit of $200 in advance.
Learner example:
Additionally, I am very interested in helping an organization that's trying to protect [the]
environment.
address /əˈdres/
VERB [T]
DEAL WITH
[C1] to deal with a problem
Dictionary example:
We have to address the issue/problem before it gets worse.
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Learner example:
On balance, I would say that increasing the price of petrol to solve traffic and pollution problems
is certainly a viable, although maybe not the best, way to address the issue.
adequate /ˈæd.ə.kwət/
Word family:
Adjectives: adequate, inadequate
Adverbs: adequately
ADJECTIVE
ENOUGH
[B2] enough
I didn't have adequate time to prepare.
Will future oil supplies be adequate to meet world needs?
Learner example:
I hope the information I gave is adequate.
GOOD ENOUGH
[B2] good enough, but not very good
The sound quality isn't brilliant but it's adequate for everyday use.
The council's provision for the elderly is barely adequate.
Learner example:
In my opinion, animals should only be kept in a zoo that provide[s] adequate living conditions and
sufficient room.
adequately /ˈæd.ə.kwət.li/
Word family:
Adverbs: adequately
ADVERB
[B2] in an adequate way
Dictionary example:
While some patients can be adequately cared for at home, others are best served by care in a
hospital.
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adjust /əˈdʒʌst/
Word family:
Nouns: adjustment
Verbs: adjust, readjust
VERB
CHANGE
[B2] [T] to change something slightly so that it works better, fits better, or is more
suitable
If the chair is too high you can adjust it to suit you.
As a teacher you have to adjust your methods to suit the needs of different children.
Learner example:
I had to clean the lenses, prepare the tapes, and adjust the sound.
CHANGE BEHAVIOUR
[B2] [I] to change the way you behave or think in order to suit a new situation
Dictionary example:
They found it hard to adjust to life in a new country.
Learner example:
People will be able to adjust and change with the times.
adjustment /əˈdʒʌst.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: adjustment
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a small change that you make to something so that it works better, fits better,
or is more suitable
We've made a few adjustments to the schedule.
I have a few minor adjustments to make.
Learner example:
I have some questions and a minor adjustment to make.
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administration /ədˌmɪn.ɪˈstreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: administration, administrator
Adjectives: administrative
NOUN [U]
[C1] the work of organizing and arranging the operation of something, such as a
company
Dictionary example:
The job involves a lot of administration.
Learner example:
For schools, it is much easier in terms of administration.
administrative /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.strə.tɪv/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] relating to the organization and management of something
Dictionary example:
The work is largely administrative.
Learner example:
The engineers and administrative staff must be able to work in both English and French whereas
German would be an asset.
administrator /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.streɪ.tər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who helps to manage an organization
Dictionary example:
She is an administrator at the hospital.
Learner example:
As a[n] ex-army officer and an administrator in an international firm, I am learning to work as a
member of a team.
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admiration /ˌæd.məˈreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: admiration
Verbs: admire
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you admire someone or something
My admiration for that woman grows daily.
She gazed in admiration at his broad, muscular shoulders.
Learner example:
All over the world there are so many people who deserve admiration.
admire /ədˈmaɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: admiration
Verbs: admire
VERB [T]
LOOK AT
[B1] to find someone or something attractive and pleasant to look at
I was just admiring your jacket, Delia.
We stood for a few moments, admiring the view.
Learner example:
It was a sunny day, luck[i]ly, so I was able to admire the lake and the Marmolada, the highest
mountain in [the] Dolomit[es].
RESPECT
[B2] to respect or approve of someone or something
I admired him for his determination.
I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions.
Learner example:
The person I admire most, however, is my father.
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admission /ədˈmɪʃ.ən/
NOUN
MONEY
[B1] [U] the money that you pay to enter a place or an event
Art exhibition - free admission.
They are charging more for admission to the festival this year.
Learner example:
We believe that [this] is a great opportunity because [it] is one of the best shows of the year, and
the best part is that the admission is free for students.
PERMISSION
[B2] [C or U] when someone is given permission to enter somewhere or to become a

member of a club, university, etc.
Dictionary example:
She's applied for admission to law school.
Learner example:
I was wondering whether you could send me some information [about] the rules of admission to
the club.
admit /ədˈmɪt/ (-tt-)
Word family:
Verbs: admit
Adverbs: admittedly
VERB
[B1] [I or T] to agree that something is true, especially unwillingly
He admitted his guilt/mistake.
She admitted (that) she had made a mistake.
I wasn't entirely honest with him, I admit, but I didn't actually tell him any lies.
Learner example:
I have to admit I love lions, but while I was watching the programme, I was afraid.
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admittedly /ədˈmɪt.ɪd.li/
Word family:
Verbs: admit
Adverbs: admittedly
ADVERB
[B2] used when you are agreeing that something is true although you do not want
to
Dictionary example:
Admittedly, I could have tried harder but I still don't think all this criticism is fair.
Learner example:
Admittedly, using your car is more convenient and easier [than] using public transport but in my
opinion, the advantages of using public transport outweigh the disadvantages it can cause.
adopt /əˈdɒpt/
Word family:
Nouns: adoption
Verbs: adopt
Adjectives: adopted
VERB
TAKE CHILD
[B2] [I or T] to legally become the parents of someone else's child
They've adopted a baby girl.
She had the child adopted.
Learner example:
She isn't my biological mother, she adopted me when I was a baby.
START
[B2] [T] to accept or start to use something new
We've adopted a new approach to the problem.
The new tax would force companies to adopt energy-saving measures.
He's adopted a remarkably light-hearted attitude towards the situation.
Learner example:
I believe that we must continue to adopt his ideas.
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adopted /əˈdɒp.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: adoption
Verbs: adopt
Adjectives: adopted
ADJECTIVE
[B2] legally taken by another family to be looked after as their own child
Dictionary example:
They've got two adopted children and one of their own.
adoption /əˈdɒp.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: adoption
Verbs: adopt
Adjectives: adopted
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the process of legally becoming the parents of someone else's child
Dictionary example:
She couldn't have children, so they were considering adoption.
adult /ˈæd.ʌlt/
NOT A CHILD
[C1] having finished growing
Dictionary example:
an adult male rat
Learner example:
Tony Soprano is the bad kid [in] every adult male.
advance /ədˈvɑːnts/
Word family:
Nouns: advance
Adjectives: advanced
48
NOUN
in advance
[B1] before a particular time, or before doing a particular thing
Dictionary example:
If you're going to come, please let me know in advance.
Learner example:
Don't forget to book in advance bec[a]use as you can imagine, everyone goes away from the city
during the summer holiday!
PROGRESS
[B2] [C or U] new discoveries and inventions
technological/scientific advances
Our lives have been improved by the many recent advances in computer technology.
the advance of modern medicine
Learner example:
I guess science is about solving our daily problems with technological advances.
advanced /ədˈvɑːntst/
Word family:
Nouns: advance
Adjectives: advanced
ADJECTIVE
MODERN
[B1] modern and well developed
advanced technology
This is the most advanced type of engine available.
Learner example:
We are living in the 21st century where everybody is surrounded by advanced technological
methods.
advantage /ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: advantage, disadvantage
Adjectives: disadvantaged
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NOUN
USEFUL THING
[B1] [C or U] something good about a situation that helps you
The advantage of booking tickets in advance is that you get better seats.
For a goalkeeper, it's a great advantage to have big hands.
Learner example:
The main advantage is that there are so many places to visit like museums, old streets in the city
centre, churches and cathedrals.
take advantage of sth

[B1] to use something good in a situation to help you
Dictionary example:
I thought I'd take advantage of the sports facilities while I'm here.
Learner example:
If you take advantage of this opportunity, in the future you'll thank me.
take advantage of sb/sth

[B2] to treat someone or something badly in order to get what you want
Dictionary example:
I think she takes advantage of his good nature.
Learner example:
There will always be the threat of those men who take advantage of animals' inferior status.
SUCCESS
[B2] [C or U] something that will help you to succeed
Dictionary example:
These new routes will give the airline the advantage over its competitors.
adventurous /ədˈven.tʃər.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: adventure
Adjectives: adventurous
ADJECTIVE
[B2] willing to try new and often difficult or dangerous things
I'm trying to be more adventurous with my cooking.
She led an adventurous life.
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Learner example:
I think it's better for us to sleep in tents because it'll be more adventurous than staying in rooms.
advert /ˈæd.vɜːt/
NOUN [C] (ALSO ad)

[B1] an advertisement
Dictionary example:
an advert for the local radio station
Learner example:
I read an advert in the newspaper about that new club called "Click".
advertise /ˈæd.və.taɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: advertisement, advertising
Verbs: advertise
VERB
TRY TO SELL
[B1] [I or T] to tell people about a product or service in newspapers, on television, on

the Internet, etc.
Dictionary example:
Companies are not allowed to advertise cigarettes on television any more.
Learner example:
On this bus we can advertise [the] village's best products.
ASK FOR
[B1] [I] to put information in a newspaper, on the Internet, etc. asking for someone
or something that you need
Dictionary example:
The university is advertising for catering staff.
Learner example:
Dear Sir/Madam, I wish to apply for the post of helper which was advertised on the college
noticeboard last Monday.
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advertising /ˈæd.və.taɪ.zɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: advertisement, advertising
Verbs: advertise
NOUN [U]
[B2] the business of trying to persuade people to buy products or services
Fiona works in advertising.
the advertising industry
Learner example:
Some weeks ago, she was hired by a famous advertising company, widely known for its ironic ads.
advise /ədˈvaɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: advice, adviser
Verbs: advise
VERB
[B1] [I or T] to make a suggestion about what you think someone should do or how
they should do something
I think I'd advise him to leave the company.
I'd strongly advise against making a sudden decision.
They're advising that children be kept out of the sun altogether.
I'd advise waiting until tomorrow.
She advised us when to come.
Learner example:
I advise you to go there and have a good time.
adviser /ədˈvaɪ.zər/
Word family:
Nouns: advice, adviser
Verbs: advise
NOUN [C] (ALSO advisor)

[C1] someone whose job is to give advice about a subject
Dictionary example:
a financial adviser
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Learner example:
Some of our financial advisers could provide your students [with] the latest methods used in
Accounting and in developing new business projects.
affair /əˈfeər/
NOUN
RELATIONSHIP
[B2] [C] a sexual relationship, especially a secret one
She's having an affair with a married man.
The book doesn't make any mention of his love affairs.
Learner example:
I met a very handsome man and my husband had a little love affair with a very pretty girl there,
but we forgave each other.
SITUATION
[B2] [C] a situation or set of related events, especially bad ones
The government's handling of the affair has been widely criticized.
He refused to discuss his financial affairs.
Learner example:
To make matters worse, people gossiped about me and tried to find out more and more about my
private affairs, which made me feel embarrassed.
affect /əˈfekt/
Word family:
Verbs: affect
Adjectives: unaffected
VERB [T]
CAUSE CHANGE
[B2] to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause them to change
The divorce affected every aspect of her life.
Both buildings were badly affected by the fire.
Learner example:
The telephone is a very important invention, which has affected our lives.
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CAUSE EMOTION
[B2] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to cause a strong emotion, especially sadness
Dictionary example:
I was deeply affected by the film.
Learner example:
When the fo[u]rth song, 'Rebel[l]ion' started, I was deeply affected by the r[h]ythm.
affection /əˈfek.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: affection
Adjectives: affectionate
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a feeling of liking or loving a person or place
He had a deep affection for his aunt.
She felt no affection for the child.
Learner example:
In addition she loves me very much and she offers a lot of affection to me when I face a difficult
situation with my job.
affluent /ˈæf.lu.ənt/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having a lot of money
Dictionary example:
affluent families/nations/neighbourhoods
Learner example:
Children who come from poor families are more mature and responsible than those children
coming from affluent families.
afford /əˈfɔːd/
Word family:
Verbs: afford
Adjectives: unaffordable
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VERB
can afford
[B1] to be able to buy or do something because you have enough money or time
I don't know how he can afford a new car on his salary.
Few people are able to afford cars like that.
I'd love to go away for a few days but I can't afford the time.
I can't afford to buy a house.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, I can't afford it now, but Christmas is coming, so I can ask my parents for a stereo
for Christmas, but I'm not sure if they will agree or not.
affordable /əˈfɔː.də.bl
̩/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] cheap enough for most people to be able to buy
Dictionary example:
We need more affordable housing in this area.
Learner example:
They are very pleased with the affordable fares, however they are more inclined to comfort.
afraid /əˈfreɪd/
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS AFTER VERB]
WORRIED
[B1] worried that something bad might happen
Many people are afraid (that) they might lose their jobs.
She's afraid of upsetting Clare.
Learner example:
If I go shopping [for] clothes as a gift for children, I'm usually afraid of buying [the wrong] size.
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after /ˈɑːf.tər/
PREPOSITION
FOLLOWING
[B1] following someone or something
Dictionary example:
We ran after him but he escaped.
Learner example:
I ran after the bus and shouted to her 'hurry up!'
after all
[B1] used to add information that shows that what you have just said is true
Dictionary example:
You can't expect to be perfect - after all, it was only your first lesson.
Learner example:
I stopped talking with my friends, but not [for long] - after all, we are friends. Anyway, I'm
planning nice things for the next April 1st.
day after day/year after year, etc.

[B1] happening every day/year, etc. over a long period
Dictionary example:
We went to the same part of France for our holidays year after year.
Learner example:
And there she was, day after day, walking in the rain...
BECAUSE OF
[B2] because of something that happened
Dictionary example:
I'll never trust her again after what she did to me.
Learner example:
I really needed those days after what I've been through this spring.
DESPITE
[C1] despite
Dictionary example:
I can't believe he was so rude to you after all the help you've given him!
Learner example:
But, even after earning more in 2001, the women still do not earn as much [as] men on average
earned (£20,363) in 1997.
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after all
[C1] used to say that something happened or was true although you did not expect
it to happen or be true
Dictionary example:
Helen couldn't come to the party after all.
Learner example:
Cars still enter the city so there will be pollution after all.
CONJUNCTION
[B1] at a later time than something else happens
Soon/shortly after we joined the motorway, the car started to make a strange noise.
I went to the post office straight/immediately after I left you.
Learner example:
I hope we will meet soon after I come back home.
again /əˈgeɪn/
ADVERB
again and again

[B1] many times
Dictionary example:
He played the same song again and again.
Learner example:
I read it again and again and was more and more surprised.
once again
[B1] again
Dictionary example:
Once again I'm left with all the washing-up!
Learner example:
Once again I'm sorry.
all over again

[B2] repeated from the beginning
Dictionary example:
We had to start all over again.
Learner example:
After that I went back to my home in Ribeirao Preto to begin my routine all over again.
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yet again
[B2] again after something has happened or been done many times before
Dictionary example:
The bus was late yet again.
Learner example:
Tom, thank you so much yet again for your interest. This talk is very important to me and to count
on you is an honour for our college.
against /əˈgentst/
PREPOSITION
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
[B1] in the opposite direction to
Dictionary example:
Commuting is not so bad when you are travelling against the traffic.
Learner example:
We had to fight against the wind and the rain.
NOT AGREE
[B2] disagreeing with a plan or activity
She spoke against the decision to close the college.
Are you for or against the proposal?
Learner example:
It is very hard to keep [a] dog because it makes too much noise and so my Mum is against it.
against the law

[B2] forbidden by a law
Dictionary example:
It's against the law to leave a young child alone in the house.
Learner example:
Until that moment, Mary thought [he]r uncle and his friends were smugglers and were doing
things against the law.
have sth against sb/sth

[C1] to have a reason not to like someone or something
Dictionary example:
I've got nothing against him personally, I just don't think he's the right man for the job.
58
Learner example:
If you have nothing against taking public transport, I suggest taking a bus.
age /eɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: age, ages
Adjectives: aged
NOUN
PERIOD
[B1] [C] a particular period of history
the modern age
the nuclear age
Learner example:
I'm going to see "Ice age", it's a good comedy.
agency /ˈeɪ.dʒənt.si/
Word family:
Nouns: agency, agent
NOUN [C]
BUSINESS
[B1] a business that provides a service
Dictionary example:
an advertising/employment/estate/travel agency
Learner example:
As you know I am employed in a travel agency and last week I started my new English class.
ORGANIZATION
[C1] an international organization or government department
Dictionary example:
an international development agency
Learner example:
Television conveys the weather forecasts and any warnings issued by the government agencies,
such as flood alerts.
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agenda /əˈdʒen.də/
NOUN [C]
MEETING
[C1] a list of subjects that people will discuss at a meeting
Dictionary example:
There are several items on the agenda.
Learner example:
Your memo was one of the points on the agenda for last week's meeting.
agent /ˈeɪ.dʒənt/
Word family:
Nouns: agency, agent
NOUN [C]
BUSINESS
[B2] someone whose job is to deal with business for someone else
Dictionary example:
Please contact our agent in Spain for further information.
Learner example:
I hope the agent will sell it soon.
SECRET INFORMATION
[B2] someone who tries to find out secret information, especially about another
country
Dictionary example:
a secret agent
Learner example:
She interrupted and told the man that she was a secret agent.
ages /ˈeɪdʒ.ɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: age, ages
Adjectives: aged
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B1] INFORMAL a very long time
60
Dictionary example:
I've been waiting here for ages.
Learner example:
I feel like I've been here for ages.
aggression /əˈgreʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: aggression
Adjectives: aggressive
Adverbs: aggressively
NOUN [U]
[C1] angry or violent behaviour towards someone
Dictionary example:
an act of aggression
Learner example:
However, it can turn into [a] terrible form of violence and aggression, where the very sense of
competition is forgotten and only wild instincts prevail.
aggressive /əˈgres.ɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: aggression
ADJECTIVE
VIOLENT
[B2] behaving in an angry and violent way towards another person
aggressive behaviour
If I criticize him, he gets aggressive and starts shouting.
Learner example:
At such moments he became angry and aggressive.
DETERMINED
[C1] using forceful methods and determined to succeed
Dictionary example:
an aggressive marketing campaign
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Learner example:
Our competitors pursue a more aggressive marketing strategy, despite the fact [that] they offer
inferior products.
aggressively /əˈgres.ɪv.li/
Word family:
Nouns: aggression
ADVERB
[B2] in an aggressive way
Small children often behave aggressively.
They played more aggressively in the second half.
ago /əˈgəʊ/
ADVERB
long ago
[C1] If something happened long ago, it happened a great amount of time ago.
I think we met once, long ago.
It was not long ago that I last saw him.
Learner example:
Not so long ago, you could ring each Dutch doorbell of your choice at 6 pm and you'd f[i]nd the
whole family gathered around the kitchen table, having their supper.
agree /əˈgriː/
Word family:
Nouns: agreement, disagreement
Verbs: agree, disagree
VERB
DECIDE
[B1] [I or T] to decide something with someone
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We agreed to meet on Sunday.
We couldn't agree on what to buy.
Learner example:
I met him when I travelled to Greece last year and we agreed to meet this year in Switzerland.
SAY YES
[B2] [I] to say you will do something that someone asks you to
She agreed to help him.
The bank has agreed to lend me £5000.
Learner example:
When I came home, I told my mother everything and she agreed to put him up.
BE THE SAME
[C1] [I] If two descriptions, statements, etc. agree, they are the same.
Her notes do not agree with what I remember happening.
Does the information in the two reports agree?
Learner example:
This does not agree with the intentions of our Programme.
agreement /əˈgriː.mənt/
Word family:
NOUN
DECISION
[B2] [C] a promise or decision made between two or more groups or people
an agreement with the company
an agreement between both parties
It was difficult to reach an agreement.
The government has signed an international agreement on climate change.
They have broken the agreement on human rights.
Learner example:
There was an attempt to cut down on using and producing sprays which destroy the ozon[e] layer
[and] an international agreement was signed.
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SAME OPINION
[B2] [U] when people have the same opinion or have made the same decision
Are we all in agreement?
There was broad agreement about/on what to do.
Learner example:
With your agreement we could change the programme.
agriculture /ˈæg.rɪ.kʌl.tʃər/
NOUN [U]
[B2] farming
Agriculture is still largely based on traditional methods in some countries.
The area depends on agriculture for most of its income.
Learner example:
People who live in big cities suffer from air pollu[t]ion and noise, and vill[a]gers suffer from
chemicals us[ed] for agriculture.
ahead /əˈhed/
ADVERB
IN FRONT
[B1] in front
Dictionary example:
Turn left at the traffic lights, and you'll see the hospital straight ahead.
Learner example:
Behind our school there was a beautiful forest and if you walked 200 meters straight ahead you
would reach a clearing .
FUTURE
[B1] in the future
Dictionary example:
She has a difficult time ahead of her.
Learner example:
Even if you're satisfied with your life now, take a look 10 or 20 years ahead.
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MORE POINTS
[B2] having more points than someone else in a competition
Dictionary example:
Barcelona was ahead after ten minutes.
ADJECTIVE
ahead of time/schedule
[C1] before the time that was planned
Dictionary example:
We finished the project ahead of schedule.
Learner example:
However, a bonus will be given if the project finishes ahead of schedule.
aid /eɪd/
NOUN
HELP
[C1] [U] money, food, or equipment that is given to help a country or group of
people
Emergency aid was sent to the flood victims.
aid workers
Learner example:
Many people in poorer nations die without proper medical aid.
in aid of sb/sth
[C1] in order to collect money for a group of people who need it
Dictionary example:
a concert in aid of famine relief
Learner example:
It w[ould] be an honour for us students at the centre if you could attend our sport[s] function in
aid of stress[ed] out kids and present the pri[z]es.
with the aid of sth

[C1] using something to help you
Dictionary example:
She can walk with the aid of a stick.
65
Learner example:
The newest computer can handle data that human brains cannot and therefore all scientific
research [is] carried out with the aid of computers.
EQUIPMENT
[C1] [C] a piece of equipment that helps you to do something
Dictionary example:
teaching aids such as books and videos
Learner example:
Also, it would be an excellent aid if a new laser printer was bought, so as to make more copies in
less time.
VERB FORMAL
[C1] [T] to help someone
The project is designed to aid the homeless.
He was aided in his research by his knowledge of Greek.
Learner example:
Some people believe that it is essential for both poorer and rich countries [that] the rich countries
aid the poorer ones, and this is my opinion, for [a] number of plausible reasons.
aim /eɪm/
NOUN
[B1] [C] the purpose of doing something, and what you hope to achieve
He went to Paris with the aim of improving his French.
My main aim is to make people laugh.
Learner example:
The aim was to get a picture of each person.
VERB
aim to do sth
[B1] to intend to achieve something
Dictionary example:
I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35.
Learner example:
Our English Club aims to help students with their English.
be aimed at sb
[B2] to be intended to influence or affect a particular person or group
66
Dictionary example:
These advertisements are specifically aimed at young people.
Learner example:
PIAZZA is too modern and is aimed at the young.
air /eər/
NOUN
the air
[B2] the space above and around things
Dictionary example:
He kicked the ball high in the air.
Learner example:
It was an old painting. In it, a man was holding his axe up in the air and was ready to hit a tree.
on air
[C1] on television or radio
Dictionary example:
The radio station is on air from 6.00 a.m.
Learner example:
It is on air at 8.30 p.m. every Thursday and Saturday.
air conditioning /ˈeə.kənˌdɪʃ.ən.ɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the system used for keeping the air in a building or vehicle cool
Dictionary example:
I wish my car had air conditioning.
Learner example:
The rooms are big and there['s] cable TV and air conditioning.
aircraft /ˈeə.krɑːft/ (PLURAL aircraft)
NOUN [C]
[B2] any vehicle, with or without an engine, which can fly, such as a plane or
helicopter
67
Dictionary example:
military/commercial aircraft
Learner example:
They have all [the] Swedish aircraft that have ever be[en] buil[t].
air force /ˈeərˌfɔːs/
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! the part of a country's military organization that uses aircraft to fight wars
Dictionary example:
an air force pilot
Learner example:
During the day you can visit all of our museums or schools or even the air force base, which is
open from 9.00 until 18.00.
airline /ˈeə.laɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a company that provides regular flights to places
Dictionary example:
What airline did you fly?
Learner example:
She explained the situation to the authorities and because there was no flight back to London, the
airline had no choice but to pay [for] her stay.
alarm /əˈlɑːm/
Word family:
Nouns: alarm
Verbs: alarm
Adjectives: alarming
NOUN
WARNING
[B1] [C] a loud noise that warns you of danger
a burglar/car/fire/smoke alarm
to set off an alarm
68
Learner example:
It turned out that the fire alarm had gone off and they had to evacuate the building.
WAKING
[B1] [C] a clock or device in a watch, mobile phone, etc. that makes a noise to wake
you
Dictionary example:
The alarm went off at 5.30 and she got up immediately.
Learner example:
Suddenly the alarm started to ring and I woke up to go to school.
VERB [T]
[C1] to make someone worried or frightened
Dictionary example:
I don't want to alarm you but he really should be here by now.
Learner example:
What alarmed us the most was the daring use of speculation by the author.
alarming /əˈlɑː.mɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: alarm
Verbs: alarm
Adjectives: alarming
ADJECTIVE
[C1] causing worry or fear
alarming news
Crime has been increasing at an alarming rate.
Learner example:
Moreover, the alarming frequency of heart attacks in Poland [has] made people stop eating too
much fat.
alcoholic /ˌæl.kəˈhɒl.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: alcohol
Adjectives: alcoholic
69
ADJECTIVE
DRINK
[B1] ! containing alcohol
Dictionary example:
alcoholic drinks
Learner example:
I'm only 15 years old and not allowed to drink alcoholic drinks.
alert /əˈlɜːt/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] quick to notice and react to things around you
A young dog should be alert and playful.
Teachers need to be alert to sudden changes in students' behaviour.
Learner example:
A little bit of tension is alright - I guess it keeps you alert while driving.
NOUN
[C1] a warning about a possibly dangerous situation
Dictionary example:
a bomb alert
Learner example:
Don't forget to take care of your personal belongings - it won't cause a bomb alert like at Victoria
but may get lost!
alike /əˈlaɪk/
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS AFTER VERB]
[B1] similar
Dictionary example:
The children all look very alike.
Learner example:
First of all, Jem and Joss Merlyn look alike physically.
70
ADVERB
SIMILAR
[B2] in a similar way
We think alike.
My father treated us all alike.
BOTH
[B2] used after referring to two groups of people or things to show that both
groups are included
Dictionary example:
Friends and family alike were shocked by the news of her death.
Learner example:
It was indeed a great treat for old and young alike.
alive /əˈlaɪv/
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN]
LIVING
[B1] living, not dead
He must be ninety if he's still alive.
It was a bad fall - she's lucky to be alive.
Learner example:
I was very happy that my father was still alive.
all /ɔːl/
DETERMINER; PRONOUN
ONLY THING
[B1] the only thing
All I remember is waking up in hospital.
All you can do is hope he'll get better.
Learner example:
Actually, I lost my job last week. All I can do is buy a computer and get [on] the internet to find
[another] job.
71
at all
[B1] used for emphasis in questions or negative statements, to mean in any way or
of any type
Can I help at all?
He hasn't changed at all.
Learner example:
The sun was shining and there were no clouds at all, so we could see the light blue sky.
above all
[B1] most importantly
Above all, I'd like to thank my family.
He is known above all for his film roles.
Learner example:
She is a very nice person and above all, she is really cheerful.
after all
[B1] used to add information that shows that what you have just said is true
Dictionary example:
You can't expect to be perfect - after all, it was only your first lesson.
Learner example:
I stopped talking with my friends, but not [for long] - after all, we are friends. Anyway, I'm
planning nice things for the next April 1st.
all is well
[B1] everything is in a good or acceptable state
Dictionary example:
I hope all is well with Jack.
Learner example:
I hope all's well.
and all that

[B1] used for saying that other similar things are included or that the whole of a
situation is considered
He told us about his school and all that.
We decided to stay in bed, with it being a holiday and all that.
Learner example:
I really enjoy shopping for clothes, but not only for clothes, also for things like earrings and all
that!
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in all
[B2] used to show the total amount of something
Dictionary example:
Some of the children came, so there were 15 of us in all.
Learner example:
Secondly, even though most people like[d] [the] group RADIANT, they [only] played for 35 minutes
in all.
all of a sudden
[B2] suddenly and unexpectedly
Dictionary example:
All of a sudden, he came bursting in through the door.
Learner example:
All of a sudden, a weird creature popped into his dream.
all over again

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
after all
[C1] used to say that something happened or was true although you did not expect
it to happen or be true
Dictionary example:
Helen couldn't come to the party after all.
Learner example:
Cars still enter the city so there will be pollution after all.
all things considered

[C1] used for saying that something is true in general if you think about all its
aspects
Dictionary example:
The show was a great success, all things considered.
Learner example:
All things considered, it seems like "Kavanagh Catering Services" would be most suitable for the
students.
all hours
[C1] very late at night, until early morning, or almost all the time
73
Dictionary example:
Our neighbours are up till all hours every night, playing loud music.
Learner example:
This causes traffic jams at all hours of the day.
ADVERB
2/5/8, etc. all

[B1] used to say that two players or teams have the same number of points in a
game
Dictionary example:
It was 3 all at half time.
all along
[B2] from the beginning of a period of time
Dictionary example:
I knew all along that it was a mistake.
Learner example:
In the future the key word for fashion will be comfort as this is basically what everyone has been
wanting all along.
all in all
[B2] considering everything
Dictionary example:
All in all, it was a great holiday.
Learner example:
All in all, nobody cares about air pollution and the environment in general.
all over the place

[B2] in or to many different places
Dictionary example:
There were dirty dishes all over the place.
Learner example:
I am thinking of dog-dirt on the pavements, cans all over the place, [and] a lot of disgusting
paintings on the walls in the public toilets, the underground and so on.
all at once
[C1] suddenly
Dictionary example:
All at once he stood up and walked out of the room.
Learner example:
All at once, everything started to work again.
74
be all very well
[C1] used to show that you do not agree with something or that you are annoyed
about something
Dictionary example:
It's all very well for her to say everything's fine, she doesn't have to live here.
Learner example:
That's all very well for most of the people but according to my desires [i]t's not enough. I envisage
a more sophisticated flat.
be all set
[C1] to be ready
Dictionary example:
We were all set to go when the phone rang.
Learner example:
So, there you go. I'm all set!
allegation /ˌæl.ɪˈgeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: allegation
Verbs: allege
Adjectives: alleged
Adverbs: allegedly
NOUN [C]
[C1] when you say that someone has done something wrong or illegal, without
proof that this is true
allegations of corruption
Several of her patients have made allegations of professional misconduct against her.
He denied allegations that he had cheated.
Learner example:
Contrary to Mrs Jones' allegation, the exam results of our college are first-class and, moreover,
there is an extremely varied social programme organised.
75
alleged /əˈledʒd/
Word family:
Nouns: allegation
Verbs: allege
Adjectives: alleged
Adverbs: allegedly
[C1] believed to be true, but not proved
Dictionary example:
an alleged attack
Learner example:
Besides, as far as the alleged "downpour of rain" is concerned, there was, in reality, only a small
April shower which lasted not more than 10 minutes.
allocate /ˈæl.ə.keɪt/
VERB [T]
[C1] to give some time, money, space, etc. to be used for a particular purpose
The government has promised to allocate extra money for health care.
More police time should be allocated to crime prevention.
Learner example:
We also think that the gym is under-[us]ed because of the lack of equipment, thus we would ask
for some funding to be allocated to the purchase of more equipment.
allow /əˈlaʊ/
Word family:
Nouns: allowance
Verbs: allow
VERB
GIVE PERMISSION
[B1] [T] to give someone permission for something
You're not allowed to talk during the exam.
Pets aren't allowed in this hotel.
The referee decided to allow the goal.
76
Learner example:
I have very strict teachers and they won't allow me to enter the classroom if I'm late.
TIME/MONEY
[C1] [T] to plan to use a particular amount of money, time, etc. for something
Dictionary example:
Allow three hours for the whole journey.
Learner example:
Please allow more free time in the afternoon for shopping and change the free evening which is on
Day 1 in your High Life Programme to another evening.
MAKE POSSIBLE
[C1] [I or T] to make it possible for someone to do something
Dictionary example:
The extra money will allow me to upgrade my computer.
Learner example:
These activities allow people to forget about their problems, to enjoy themselves and also to
communicate with others.
allowance /əˈlaʊ.ənts/
Word family:
Nouns: allowance
Verbs: allow
NOUN [C]
MONEY
[C1] money that you are given regularly, especially to pay for a particular thing
Dictionary example:
a clothing allowance
Learner example:
She spends most of her allowance quickly and is then without money for the rest of the month.
all right /ɔːlˈraɪt/
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN]; ADVERB (ALSO alright)
GOOD ENOUGH
[B1] good enough, although not very good
77
Dictionary example:
"What did you think of the film?" "It was all right. Nothing special."
Learner example:
We arrived by ship and the trip was all right except my friend Tim was ill.
ally /ˈæ.laɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: alliance, ally
Adjectives: allied
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[C1] someone who supports you, especially when other people are against you
Dictionary example:
He is generally considered to be the Prime Minister's closest political ally.
Learner example:
The participants are under pressure and they have to find allies and make decisions.
alone /əˈləʊn/
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
leave sb alone
[B2] to stop talking to someone or annoying them
Dictionary example:
Leave him alone, he's tired.
Learner example:
"Leave me alone, you monster," I said in panic.
let alone
[C1] used to emphasize that something is more impossible than another thing
Dictionary example:
You couldn't trust her to look after your dog, let alone your child.
Learner example:
We are surrounded by amazing pieces of technology which we do not fully understand, let alone
use to their full capacity.
78
along /əˈlɒŋ/
PREPOSITION
NEXT TO
[B1] in a line next to or beside something long
a row of houses along the river
Cars were parked all along the road.
Learner example:
To my surprise, there was a charming beach along the cycle route.
PARTICULAR PLACE
[B2] at a particular place on a road, river, etc.
Dictionary example:
Somewhere along this road there's a garage.
Learner example:
She told me [that] along the road there are several places to visit, like a castle which is open [to
the] public.
ADVERB
FORWARD
[B1] moving forward
Dictionary example:
We were just walking along, chatting.
WITH YOU
[B1] with you
Why don't you take him along with you when you go?
I'll bring some food along and we can have a picnic.
Learner example:
My boyfriend came along with me.
all along
[B2] from the beginning of a period of time
Dictionary example:
I knew all along that it was a mistake.
Learner example:
In the future the key word for fashion will be comfort as this is basically what everyone has been
wanting all along.
79
along with sb/sth
[B2] in addition to someone or something else
Dictionary example:
California along with Florida is probably the most popular American holiday destination.
Learner example:
I speak foreign languages (English, French and Italian) along with Greek.
alongside /əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd/
ADVERB; PREPOSITION
NEXT TO
[C1] next to someone or something
Dictionary example:
A car pulled up alongside ours.
Learner example:
The skyline [is] filled with huge chimneys displacing tons of gases into the air; millions of vehicles
[are] moving on a highway alongside a dead river, where life flourished a few decades ago.
WITH
[C1] together with someone
Dictionary example:
She enjoyed working alongside such famous actors.
Learner example:
Also he worked alongside me at another travel agency for 6 months.
aloud /əˈlaʊd/
Word family:
Adjectives: loud
Adverbs: aloud, loud, loudly
ADVERB
[B1] in a way that other people can hear
He read her letter aloud to the rest of the family.
I laughed aloud at some of his comments.
I was just thinking aloud.
Learner example:
Thinking aloud is an old habit of mine.
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alphabet /ˈæl.fə.bet/
Word family:
Nouns: alphabet
Adjectives: alphabetical
NOUN [C]
[B1] a set of letters arranged in a fixed order which is used for writing a language
Dictionary example:
the Cyrillic alphabet
Learner example:
The first evening, we learnt how to spell the alphabet.
alphabetical /ˌæl.fəˈbet.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: alphabet
Adjectives: alphabetical
ADJECTIVE
[B2] arranged in the same order as the letters of the alphabet
an alphabetical list
The names are published in alphabetical order.
Learner example:
She looked again at the strange words and then she understood. Each letter ha[d] been replaced
by the next one in the alphabetical order.
already /ɔːlˈred.i/
ADVERB
EARLY
[B1] used to say that something has happened earlier than you expected
Are you buying Christmas cards already? It's only September!
I've only eaten one course and I'm already full.
Learner example:
Since I have already reserved a room for myself, I am now sitting [o]n the balcony, watching the
beautiful views of the beach and tall pine trees.
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alright /ɔːlˈraɪt/
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN]; ADVERB (ALSO all right)
GOOD ENOUGH
[B1] good enough, although not very good
"What did you think of the film?" "It was alright. Nothing special."
Did your exam go alright?
Learner example:
I hope the weather will be alright.
alter /ˈɒl.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: alteration
Verbs: alter
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to change, or to make someone or something change
We've had to alter some of our plans.
Giving up our car has altered our lifestyle a lot.
Learner example:
To go to the show, we need to alter the programme.
alteration /ˌɔːl.tərˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: alteration
Verbs: alter
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a change, or the process of changing something
Dictionary example:
We've made a few alterations to the kitchen.
Learner example:
I hope that my alterations don't give you too much trouble, but I really think that these changes
are necessary for full satisfaction among our members.
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alternate
Word family:
Nouns: alternative
Verbs: alternate
Adjectives: alternative
Adverbs: alternatively
ADJECTIVE /ɔːlˈtɜː.nət/
alternate days/weeks/years, etc.

[C1] one out of every two days, weeks, years, etc.
Dictionary example:
I work alternate Saturdays.
Learner example:
I had to go to a travel agency on alternate weekends in order to translate some programmes into
English.
VERB /ˈɔːl.tə.neɪt/
[C1] If two things alternate, one thing happens, then the other thing happens, then
the first thing happens again, etc.
Dictionary example:
She alternates between cheerfulness and deep despair.
Learner example:
Xanadu Express promises to serve us food from all over the world and to alternate [the] menu.
alternative /ɔːlˈtɜː.nə.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: alternative
Verbs: alternate
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of two or more things that you can choose between
It's a low-fat alternative to butter.
I'm afraid I have no alternative but to ask you to leave.
Learner example:
Another alternative is to go up the mountain by chairlifts or funicular-railway.
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ADJECTIVE
DIFFERENT PLAN
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] An alternative plan, method, etc. is one that you can use if
you do not want to use another one.
Dictionary example:
We can make alternative arrangements if necessary.
Learner example:
[The new direct coach service] is an alternative way [of getting to Lampton].
NOT USUAL
[B2] different to what is usual or traditional
Dictionary example:
an alternative lifestyle
Learner example:
I wonder if you've ever heard of "alternative music"?
alternatively /ɔːlˈtɜː.nə.tɪv.li/
Word family:
Nouns: alternative
Verbs: alternate
ADVERB
[B2] used to suggest another possibility
Dictionary example:
We could go to the Indian restaurant, or alternatively, we could try that new Italian place.
Learner example:
Alternatively, I suggest that you should invite a famous writer.
although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/
CONJUNCTION
BUT
[B1] but
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He's coming to see us this evening, although I don't know exactly when.
He's rather shy, although he's not as bad as he used to be.
Learner example:
I liked the food although my friends didn't like it.
DESPITE
[B1] despite the fact that
Dictionary example:
She walked home by herself, although she knew that it was dangerous.
Learner example:
There were no taxis on the street so, although it was raining, I started walking in the rain.
altogether /ˌɔːl.təˈgeð.ər/
ADVERB
TOTAL
[B1] in total
There were twenty people there altogether.
That'll be £52.50 altogether, please.
Learner example:
They cost 1700 baht altogether.
COMPLETELY
[B2] completely
She wrote less and less often, and eventually she stopped altogether.
I'm not altogether sure about the idea.
Learner example:
I don't altogether agree with this fact.
GENERALLY
[B2] when you consider everything
Dictionary example:
Altogether, I'd say the party was a great success.
Learner example:
Altogether, I believe that the most cruel creature on earth is the human being.
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aluminium /ˌæl.jʊˈmɪn.i.əm/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a light, silver-coloured metal used for making containers, cooking equipment
and aircraft parts
Cover the fish with aluminium foil and cook over a low heat.
We take all our aluminium cans for recycling.
Learner example:
[In the future,] jewellery will be made of metals which [occur] naturally and [which are] cheap now
but will be extremely expensive 100 years from now, such as aluminium and zinc.
always /ˈɔːl.weɪz/
ADVERB
can/could always do sth

[B1] used to suggest something
Dictionary example:
You can always stay with us if you miss your train.
Learner example:
Watching them painting is better than seeing their art in any museum, and you can always do
some sightseeing through our historical ruins, our mountains or villages.
MANY TIMES
[B2] again and again, often in an annoying way
Dictionary example:
He's always losing his keys.
Learner example:
I am always trying to convince my friend Maria of these dangers.
amateur /ˈæm.ə.tər/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] doing something as a hobby and not as your job
Dictionary example:
an amateur photographer
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Learner example:
Finally I would like to mention that I feel very confident in front of cameras, since I am an amateur
actor.
NOUN [C]
HOBBY
[C1] someone who does something as a hobby and not as their job
Dictionary example:
This tennis tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals.
Learner example:
What I want to explain is that if an amateur sees a professional swimmer winning while wearing
our equipment, he is surely going to think that our products helped him succeed, so the amateur
is going to buy our equipment too.
NO SKILL
[C1] someone who is not good at what they do
Dictionary example:
I won't be giving them any more work - they're a bunch of amateurs.
Learner example:
I admit that I was an amateur, [which] is why I did not try to do any special "tricks" to impress all
those who were watching me.
amazed /əˈmeɪzd/
Word family:
Nouns: amazement
Adjectives: amazed, amazing
Adverbs: amazingly
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely surprised
She was amazed at how calm she felt after the accident.
I was absolutely amazed when I heard the news.
I was amazed to hear that Chris had won first prize.
I'm amazed (that) she didn't complain.
Learner example:
Dear David Beckham, How are you? I was amazed to find your letter in my mail box.
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amazement /əˈmeɪz.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: amazement
Adverbs: amazingly
NOUN [U]
[B2] extreme surprise
She stared in amazement.
To my amazement, he ate the whole lot.
Learner example:
Then, to her amazement, she saw him with another girl.
amazing /əˈmeɪ.zɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: amazement
Adverbs: amazingly
ADJECTIVE
SURPRISING
[B1] extremely surprising
It's amazing to think that the managing director is only 23.
It's amazing that no one else has applied for the job.
The amazing thing is that it was kept secret for so long.
Learner example:
Dear Richard, It's amazing you didn't forget my birthday.
amazingly /əˈmeɪ.zɪŋ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: amazement
Adverbs: amazingly
ADVERB
[B1] in an amazing way
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The food was amazingly good.
Amazingly enough, no one else has applied for the job.
Learner example:
Amazingly, he didn't come back until midnight.
ambassador /æmˈbæs.ə.dər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the main official sent by a government of a country to represent it in another

country
Britain's ambassador in Moscow has refused to comment.
She's a former ambassador to the United States.
Learner example:
On the first floor [is] the "star'' of the museum: a splendid grand piano built in 1893, which was
offered by the Queen to the French ambassador in 1895.
ambition /æmˈbɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: ambition
Adjectives: ambitious
NOUN
HOPE
[B1] [C] something you want to achieve
His ambition is to run his own business.
He has already achieved his main ambition in life - to become wealthy.
Learner example:
Learning English is one of my ambition[s].
STRONG FEELING
[B2] [U] a strong feeling that you want to be successful or powerful
Dictionary example:
My sister always had more ambition than I did.
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Learner example:
Love, hate, ambition and fear [of] losing are the main subjects for Orson Well[e]s and Tim Burton,
the directors [of these two films].
ambitious /æmˈbɪʃ.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: ambition
Adjectives: ambitious
ADJECTIVE
PERSON
[B2] wanting to be successful or powerful
an ambitious young lawyer
He's very ambitious for his children.
Learner example:
I chose Omar because I find him very talented and ambitious.
PLAN
[B2] If a plan or idea is ambitious, it will need a lot of work and will be difficult to
achieve.
This is our most ambitious project so far.
She has some ambitious plans for her business.
Learner example:
If we a[c]complish these ambitious plans, we can even run for the 2006 Winter Olympic Games.
amendment /əˈmend.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: amendment
Verbs: amend
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a change in the words of a document, or the process of doing this
Dictionary example:
to make an amendment to the human rights law
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Learner example:
In view of the need to clarify all these errors and wrong information, I would urge you to print
another report apologising and providing readers with the right figures and possible
amendments.
amid /əˈmɪd/
PREPOSITION (ALSO amidst)
WHILE
[C1] while something else is happening
Dictionary example:
Security was increased amid fears of further terrorist attacks.
Learner example:
They are involved so much with their occupation that they will respond to an emergency call even
when they are amid sweet dreams or having a joyful time with their love[d] ones.
among /əˈmʌŋ/ (ALSO amongst)
PREPOSITION
IN THE MIDDLE
[B1] in the middle of something
I saw a few familiar faces among the crowd.
Rescue teams searched among the ruins for survivors.
Learner example:
If you love nature, you can eat under trees and among flowers.
among other things

[B2] used to say that there are other details or examples in addition to the ones you
are mentioning
Dictionary example:
It's worth visiting the museum while you're here. There's an exhibition about Darwin and a good
collection of paintings, among other things.
Learner example:
To go by tram or bus is a waste of time and travel[l]ing by car is - among other things - a waste
of money.
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among the best/worst/biggest, etc.
[B2] one of the most extreme examples of a particular type
Dictionary example:
He is among the top five tennis players in the country.
Learner example:
It was among the worst zoos I have ever seen.
DIVIDE
[C1] to each one in a group
Dictionary example:
She divided the cake among the children.
Learner example:
Although Brazil is the eighth biggest economy in the world and one of the richest countries
regarding natural resources, that wealth is not shared equally among the population.
amongst /əˈmʌŋst/
PREPOSITION FORMAL
[B2] among
Dictionary example:
There is a need to raise skill levels both amongst those in work and those seeking work.
Learner example:
He was no longer a man amongst others but a man with a free soul...
amount /əˈmaʊnt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] how much there is of something
They didn't deliver the right amount of sand.
Small amounts of land were used for keeping animals.
I didn't expect the bill to come to this amount.
You wouldn't believe the amount of trouble I've had with this car.
Learner example:
You'll also be able to go out to pubs or night clubs, and you'll spend a very small amount of
money.
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ample /ˈæm.pl
̩/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] enough, or more than enough
Dictionary example:
She's had ample time to get the work done.
Learner example:
There will be three coffee machines on each floor which should provide ample coffee for everyone.
amuse /əˈmjuːz/
Word family:
Nouns: amusement
Verbs: amuse
Adjectives: amused, amusing
VERB [T]
MAKE LAUGH
[B2] to make someone laugh or smile
The video clips on that website always amuse me.
I think it amuses him to see people make fools of themselves.
Learner example:
"The Blind Owl" - his masterpiece - is a surrealistic novella which has amused critics and ordinary
readers for years.
KEEP INTERESTED
[B2] to keep someone interested and help them to have an enjoyable time
Dictionary example:
I bought a book of crosswords to amuse myself while I was on the train.
Learner example:
Another idea is to call a well-known band to amuse all the young people.
amused /əˈmjuːzd/
Word family:
Nouns: amusement
Verbs: amuse
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ADJECTIVE
FUNNY
[B2] showing that you think something is funny
an amused smile
She was very amused by/at your comments.
Learner example:
When the taxi arrived, he was so amused about the news tha[t] an old woman took it.
keep sb amused
[B2] to keep someone interested and help them to have an enjoyable time
Dictionary example:
How do you keep an 8-year-old boy amused?
Learner example:
I could keep them amused with my funny stories.
amusement /əˈmjuːz.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: amusement
Verbs: amuse
NOUN
FEELING
[B2] [U] the feeling that you have when something makes you smile or laugh
She looked at him with great amusement.
Carl came last in the race, much to my amusement.
Learner example:
Each ma[de] the other one laugh. We had great fun. [It was] a day with so much amusement, with
my best friend John.
ENTERTAINMENT
[B2] [C or U] an enjoyable way of spending your time
Dictionary example:
I play the piano, but just for my own amusement.
Learner example:
In particular, computer games are a kind of amusement, for them and for everyone.
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amusing /əˈmjuː.zɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: amusement
Verbs: amuse
ADJECTIVE
[B1] funny or entertaining
Dictionary example:
an amusing story/person/situation
Learner example:
Our teacher is really amusing, [he] makes people laugh all the time.
analyse /ˈæn.əl.aɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: analysis, analyst
Verbs: analyse
Adjectives: analytical
VERB [T]
[B2] to examine the details of something carefully, in order to understand or

explain it
Researchers analysed the purchases of 6300 households.
Water samples taken from streams were analysed for contamination by chemicals.
Learner example:
He told me how we can analyse movies.
analysis /əˈnæl.ə.sɪs/ (PLURAL analyses)
Word family:
Verbs: analyse
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the process of analysing something
Chemical analysis revealed a high content of copper.
I was interested in Clare's analysis of the situation.
95
Learner example:
I would not do my school projects without using a computer, because I have to do some statistical
analysis.
analyst /ˈæn.ə.lɪst/
Word family:
Verbs: analyse
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone whose job is to study or examine something in detail
Dictionary example:
a financial/political/systems analyst
Learner example:
As you know I got promotion as a project analyst recently.
analytical /ˌæn.əlˈɪt.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Verbs: analyse
ADJECTIVE (ALSO analytic)

[C1] examining the details of something carefully, in order to understand or
explain it
analytical skills
an analytical mind
Learner example:
Moreover, employers nowadays are seeking the team-working, problem-solving and analytical
skills [needed] for their company.
ancestor /ˈænˌses.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a relative who lived a long time ago
96
Dictionary example:
My ancestors came from Ireland.
Learner example:
We are living in a technologically advanced world where we are surrounded by all sorts of devices,
which would seem fantastic to our ancestors.
ancient /ˈeɪn.tʃənt/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] from a long time ago
ancient Greece/Rome/Egypt
ancient monuments/ruins
People have lived in this valley since ancient times.
Learner example:
I would recommend you to visit Rome, because you shouldn't miss [seeing] the huge monuments,
the ancient Roman ruins and the Vatican.
and /ænd/
CONJUNCTION
EMPHASIZE
[B1] used between two words which are the same to make their meaning stronger
She spends hours and hours on the telephone.
The sound grew louder and louder.
We laughed and laughed.
Learner example:
The situation became harder and harder.
angel /ˈeɪn.dʒəl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! a spiritual creature in stories or some religions, usually represented as a

human with wings
Dictionary example:
According to the Bible, an angel told Mary that she would have God's son, Jesus.
97
Learner example:
I like to wear a top with a picture of an angel that my mother bought for me as my birthday
present.
anger /ˈæŋ.gər/
Word family:
Nouns: anger
Adjectives: angry
Adverbs: angrily
NOUN [U]
[B2] a strong feeling against someone who has behaved badly, making you want to
shout at them or hurt them
I think he feels a lot of anger towards his father who treated him very badly as a child.
The people showed no surprise or anger at their treatment.
Learner example:
Trisha, who had invited us there, looked like she was about to explode with anger or burst into
tears.
angle /ˈæŋ.gl
̩/
NOUN [C]
SPACE
[C1] the space between two lines or surfaces at the point at which they touch each
other, measured in degrees
an angle of 90 degrees
The interior angles of a square are right angles.
Learner example:
Carriers are to be requested to stick to the regulations which set the approach and takeoff angles
at no less than 45 degrees.
at an angle
[C1] not horizontal or vertical, but sloping
He wore his hat at an angle.
The boat settled into the mud at a 35 degree angle.
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Learner example:
After purchasing the G5X-1 food processor from your shop last month I discovered, upon
connecting it to the mains socket and switching it on, that I needed to tilt the unit at an angle for
it to work.
DIRECTION
[C1] the direction from which you look at something
Dictionary example:
This is the same building photographed from different angles.
Learner example:
It is possible to see all the paintings from different angles. You can also zoom in and out.
WAY OF THINKING
[C1] the way you think about a situation
Dictionary example:
Try looking at the problem from another angle.
Learner example:
To be a child is to see the world from a different angle.
angrily /ˈæŋ.grə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: anger
Adjectives: angry
Adverbs: angrily
ADVERB
[B1] in an angry way
"Don't do that!" she shouted angrily.
Demonstrators protested angrily following the jury's verdict.
The Prime Minister reacted angrily to claims that he had lied to the House of Commons.
Learner example:
"How dare she do that [to] me?" I thought, angrily.
animal /ˈæn.ɪ.məl/
NOUN [C]
NOT A PLANT
[B2] anything that lives and moves, including people, birds, etc.
99
Dictionary example:
Are humans the only animals to use language?
Learner example:
I think the human is [an] animal that want[s] to [do] amusing things.
animated /ˈæn.ɪ.meɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: animation
Adjectives: animated
ADJECTIVE
FILM
[B1] An animated film is one in which drawings and models seem to move.
Dictionary example:
He makes animated films.
Learner example:
It's a funny animated film about a superhero family.
animation /ˌæn.ɪˈmeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: animation
Adjectives: animated
NOUN
[B1] [C or U] an animated film, or the process of making animated films
Dictionary example:
a course in computer animation
Learner example:
It's a comedy animation about penguins.
ankle /ˈæŋ.kl
̩/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the joint between the foot and the leg, or the thin part of the leg just above the
foot
Dictionary example:
I fell over and sprained/twisted my ankle.
100
Learner example:
I have broken my ankle and I need to stay in bed during the day.
anniversary /ˌæn.ɪˈvɜː.sər.i/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the day on which an important event happened in a previous year
We always celebrate our wedding anniversary with dinner in an expensive restaurant.
Tomorrow is the fiftieth anniversary of the revolution.
Learner example:
She and her husband are touring Europe for a second honeymoon, [on the] 10th anniversary of
their marriage.
announce /əˈnaʊnts/
Word family:
Nouns: announcement
Verbs: announce
VERB [T]
[B1] to tell people about something officially or with force or confidence
The Prime Minister has just announced that public spending will be increased next year.
The company has announced plans to open six new stores.
After dinner, they announced the winner of the competition.
Learner example:
[The] TV has just announced a bus-drivers strike for tomorrow morning.
announcement /əˈnaʊnt.smənt/
Word family:
Nouns: announcement
Verbs: announce
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] something that someone says officially, giving information about something
Dictionary example:
The President made an unexpected announcement this morning.
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Learner example:
I heard about this club in [a] radio announcement.
annoy /əˈnɔɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: annoyance
Verbs: annoy
Adjectives: annoyed, annoying
VERB [T]
[B1] to make someone angry
Tim really annoyed me in the meeting this morning.
I'm sorry - is my cough annoying you?
It annoys me that she just expects us to help.
It really annoys me when people expect me to tip as well as pay a service charge in a restaurant.
Learner example:
My bed makes a loud noise when I lie down on it. It annoys me.
annoyance /əˈnɔɪ.ənts/
Word family:
Nouns: annoyance
Verbs: annoy
NOUN [U]
[C1] the feeling of being annoyed
Dictionary example:
He kept losing his keys, much to the annoyance of his wife.
Learner example:
This caused a lot of annoyance, so I suggest next year you make some kind of arrangement [for]
booking the places [o]n the computer room in advance.
annoyed /əˈnɔɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: annoyance
Verbs: annoy
102
ADJECTIVE
[B1] angry
I was so annoyed with him for turning up late.
He was annoyed at the way she tried to take over the whole meeting.
My parents were rather annoyed (that) I hadn't told them about the accident.
She was annoyed to discover that her husband had taken her car keys.
Learner example:
I was a bit annoyed when I [found out], but it's all right.
annoying /əˈnɔɪ.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: annoyance
Verbs: annoy
ADJECTIVE
[B1] making you feel annoyed
It's really annoying when a train is late and there's no explanation.
He's got a really annoying laugh.
Learner example:
Do you like going shopping with your mom? They are sometimes annoying, aren't they?
annual /ˈæn.ju.əl/
Word family:
Adjectives: annual
Adverbs: annually
[B1] happening once every year, or relating to a period of one year
an annual event/visit/holiday
annual income/salary
Learner example:
I never miss the annual sale at the department store near my place.
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annually /ˈæn.ju.ə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: annual
Adverbs: annually
ADVERB
[B2] once every year
Dictionary example:
Your starting salary is £28,000 per year and will be reviewed annually.
Learner example:
Dear Mr Benson, I am writing with regard to your letter, in which you asked me to give you some
pieces of advice for the special events which take place in the College annually.
another /əˈnʌð.ər/
DETERMINER; PRONOUN
one another
[B1] each other
Dictionary example:
How can they reach an agreement if they won't talk to one another?
Learner example:
We know one another from Poland.
answer /ˈɑːnt.sər/
NOUN
SOLUTION
[B1] [C] a way of solving a problem
It's a difficult situation and I don't know what the answer is.
So what's the answer to the problem?
There's no easy answer to the problem.
Learner example:
Should wild animals be kept in cages, and denied their freedom so that we can have the pleasure
of watching them [in] zoos? Well, there's no simple answer to that question.
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VERB
TEST
[B1] [T] to write or say something as a reply to a question in a test, exercise,

competition, etc.
Dictionary example:
I couldn't answer the last three questions.
Learner example:
That was to be my first interview, and I had never before answered a test of personality so I felt
insecure.
ant /ænt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small, black or red insect that lives in groups on the ground
Dictionary example:
There were ants crawling all over the ground.
Learner example:
I [have] know[n] Larry since I was five years old and he couldn't hurt an ant, I am sure about it.
anticipate /ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: anticipation
Verbs: anticipate
VERB [T]
[C1] to expect something, or to prepare for something before it happens
to anticipate a problem
We anticipate that prices will fall next year.
Learner example:
Moreover, it is anticipated that the percentage of the group will rise further in 2010.
antique /ænˈtiːk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an object that is old, and often rare or beautiful
105
an antique shop
My mother collects antiques.
Learner example:
First we drove to the old city wh[ere] there were lots of different shops [selling] clothes, shoes,
antiques, and jewellery.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] old and often rare or beautiful
antique furniture
antique silver/jewellery
Learner example:
There's a nice, cosy lobby, with antique furniture and a fireplace.
anti-social /ˌæn.tɪˈsəʊ.ʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: society, socialism, socialist
Verbs: socialize
Adjectives: sociable, social, anti-social
ADJECTIVE
BEHAVIOUR
[C1] Anti-social behaviour harms or upsets the people around you.
Dictionary example:
Increasingly, smoking is regarded as an anti-social habit.
Learner example:
It cannot be denied that nowadays children and young people are showing many problems, such
as anti-social behaviour.
PERSON
[C1] An anti-social person does not like being with other people.
Dictionary example:
I hope they won't think I'm anti-social if I don't go to the party.
Learner example:
Technology has developed so much that [it] has made us very anti-social.
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anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: anxiety
Adjectives: anxious
Adverbs: anxiously
NOUN [U]
[B2] the feeling of being very worried
Children normally feel a lot of anxiety about their first day at school.
That explains his anxiety over his health.
Learner example:
On the other hand, if we consider this statement in general, we could infer that [the] teenage
[years are] quite a good time in a person's life, as there is no stress or anxiety that is usually
encountered later on in life.
anxious /ˈæŋk.ʃəs/
Word family:
Nouns: anxiety
Adjectives: anxious
Adverbs: anxiously
ADJECTIVE
WORRIED
[B1] worried and nervous
He's very anxious about his exams.
My mother always gets a bit anxious if we're late.
I saw my sister's anxious face at the window.
Learner example:
I am a bit anxious about my mum's reaction, but I am sure she'll enjoy this party.
EAGER
[B2] wanting to do something or wanting something to happen
I'm anxious to hear her news.
I'm anxious that we get there on time because I don't think there'll be many seats left.
Learner example:
I am very anxious [for you] to tell me what type of competition you managed to win.
107
anxiously /ˈæŋk.ʃəs.li/
Word family:
Nouns: anxiety
Adjectives: anxious
Adverbs: anxiously
ADVERB
[B2] in an anxious way
Dictionary example:
We waited anxiously by the phone.
Learner example:
I am waiting for your reply anxiously.
any /ˈen.i/
ADVERB
[B1] used in questions and negatives to emphasize a comparative adjective or

adverb
Do you feel any better?
I can't walk any faster.
Those trousers don't look any different from the others.
Houses in this area used to be a real bargain, but they're not cheap any more.
This radio isn't any good - I'll have to buy another.
She couldn't wait any longer.
Learner example:
I couldn't wait any longer - I had to see Sami.
anybody /ˈen.iˌbɒd.i/
PRONOUN
ANY PERSON
[B1] any person or any people
Anybody can join the club and the membership is free.
The competition is open to anybody under the age of 16.
Learner example:
Anybody [could] understand it!
108
anyhow /ˈeniː.haʊ/
ADVERB
DESPITE
[B2] despite that
Dictionary example:
He hates carrots but he ate them anyhow.
Learner example:
It wasn't a great support, but anyhow I consider my choice to be the best I could have [made].
EARLIER SUBJECT
[B2] used when you are returning to an earlier subject
Dictionary example:
Anyhow, as I said, I'll be away next week.
Learner example:
After that we drove for about one hour before we had to take a lunch break. It was still very hot
when we continued our trip and we had to stop once more. Anyhow, we [got] to Munich the same
day, where we stayed for two days.
MORE IMPORTANTLY
[B2] used to give a more important reason for something that you are saying
Dictionary example:
I don't need a car and I can't afford one anyhow.
Learner example:
We both thought that it was a good idea to have that stop-over at your place as it was on our
route to Norway anyhow.
CHANGING STATEMENT
[C1] used when you want to slightly change something that you have just said
Dictionary example:
Boys aren't horrible - not all of them anyhow!
anyone /ˈen.i.wʌn/ (ALSO anybody)
PRONOUN
ANY PERSON
[B1] any person or any people
109
Anyone can go - you don't have to be invited.
Anyone could dress well with all that money.
Learner example:
The third programme was a joke competition. Anyone could come there and tell his joke.
anything /ˈen.i.θɪŋ/
PRONOUN
or anything
[B2] used to talk or ask about things of a similar type
Do you want a drink or anything?
Did you do any sightseeing or anything?
anything like
[B2] used in questions and negatives to mean 'at all similar to'
Dictionary example:
Does he look anything like his brother?
Learner example:
Even in my dreams I haven't seen anything like it.
anyway /ˈen.i.weɪ/
ADVERB
MORE IMPORTANTLY
[B1] used to give a more important reason for something that you are saying
I don't have time to go and anyway it's too expensive.
Of course I don't mind taking you home - I'm going that way anyway.
Learner example:
I'm going to buy a new bed, because the old one has broken, [and] anyway it wasn't very
comfortable.
110
anywhere /ˈen.i.weər/
ADVERB
not/never get anywhere

[B2] INFORMAL to not make any progress
Dictionary example:
I tried discussing the problem with her but I didn't get anywhere.
Learner example:
If we think about making an effort and changing our daily routine at once, we will never get
anywhere because a drastic change usually does not last.
anywhere near sth

[C1] used in questions and negatives to mean 'close to being or doing something'
Dictionary example:
The house isn't anywhere near ready.
Learner example:
We could not have gone anywhere near 5000 miles because all our minibuses were broken down -
we even stayed in one place for 8 days.
apart /əˈpɑːt/
ADVERB
apart from
[B1] except for or in addition to
Apart from the low salary, it's a great job!
He works until nine o'clock every evening, and that's quite apart from the work he does over the
weekend.
Learner example:
So, when he started to speak, I couldn't understand anything apart from "thanks".
SEPARATE
[B1] separated by a space, distance or period of time
Stand with your feet wide apart.
How far apart should the speakers be?
We were asked to stand in two lines three metres apart.
I forget the exact age difference between Mark and his brother - they're two or three years apart.
111
Learner example:
They are situated on the same street, only a hundred metres apart, on each side of the street.
RELATIONSHIP
[B2] If two people are apart, they are not in the same place together.
Dictionary example:
By this time my parents were living apart.
Learner example:
I'll always remember those two days which we spent together after such a long time living apart.
INTO PIECES
[B2] into separate, smaller pieces
I took the motor apart to see how it worked.
My jacket is so old, it's coming apart.
apologise /əˈpɒl.ə.dʒaɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: apology
Verbs: apologise
Adjectives: apologetic
VERB [I]
[B1] to tell someone that you are sorry about something you have done
I must apologise to Isobel for my behaviour.
Trains may be subject to delay - we apologise for any inconvenience caused.
She apologised for having to leave early.
Learner example:
I'm writing to apologise because I won't be at tomorro[w]'s class.
apology /əˈpɒl.ə.dʒi/
Word family:
Nouns: apology
Verbs: apologise
Adjectives: apologetic
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] something you say or write to say that you are sorry about something you have
done
112
I have an apology to make to you - I'm afraid I opened your letter by mistake.
I owe you an apology, Chris.
"Was he at all sorry for what he'd done?" "Oh he was full of apologies."
Learner example:
Hi Zita, Please accept my apology for this belated letter which you're holding in your hands.
apostrophe /əˈpɒs.trə.fi/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the punctuation mark ' that shows when a letter or a number has been left out,
or is used before or after 's' to show possession
I'm Ian.
She was born in '65.
Helen's laugh
Charles' cooking
a baby's hand
babies' hands
appalling /əˈpɔː.lɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
BAD
[C1] very bad
appalling behaviour/weather
The film was absolutely appalling!
Learner example:
Also, they believe that their ability to watch videos is handicapped by the fact that some of the
equipment is in [an] appalling condition.
apparent /əˈpær.ənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: apparent
Adverbs: apparently
113
ADJECTIVE
OBVIOUS
[B2] obvious or easy to notice
Her unhappiness was apparent to everyone.
It was becoming increasingly apparent that he could no longer look after himself.
I was on the metro this morning when for no apparent reason the man opposite suddenly
screamed.
Learner example:
This was my Dad, always doing weird things for no apparent reason.
SEEMS TRUE
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] seeming to exist or be true
Dictionary example:
I was a little surprised by her apparent lack of interest.
Learner example:
In conclusion, our research [show]s the residents' apparent unwillingness to transform Greendale
Park into a car park.
apparently /əˈpær.ənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: apparent
Adverbs: apparently
ADVERB
AS HEARD/READ
[B2] used to say you have read or been told something although you are not certain
it is true
Apparently it's going to rain today.
Apparently he's had enough of England and is going back to Australia.
Learner example:
Apparently he was planning to visit me and su[r]prise me for my birthday, w[h]ich was the
following day.
SEEMS TRUE
[B2] used to say that something seems to be true, although it is not certain
114
There were two apparently unrelated deaths.
An eighty-year-old woman was badly hurt in what the police describe as an apparently random
attack.
Learner example:
People found it important and still do but apparently, today, we don't appreciate reading as much
as our ancestors.
appeal /əˈpiːl/
NOUN
QUALITY
[B2] [U] the quality in someone or something that makes them attractive or
interesting
sex appeal
Spielberg films have a wide appeal.
Parties on river-boats have lost their appeal since one sank last year.
Learner example:
In my opinion, computer games are so popular because the games have developed their graphics
and they have more appeal to youngsters.
REQUEST
[C1] [C] when a lot of people are asked to give money, information or help urgently
They're launching an appeal to raise money for famine victims.
The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay away from the centre of town at the
weekend.
Learner example:
I would suggest that the local authorities with the support of the community and companies start
an appeal, to raise money to keep St. Mary's running.
VERB [I]
ATTRACT
[B2] to attract or interest someone
Cycling has never really appealed to me.
It's a programme designed to appeal mainly to 16 to 25 year-olds.
Learner example:
In addition, books appeal to our imagination.
115
REQUEST
[C1] to make a serious or formal request, especially to the public, for money or
help
They're appealing for clothes and blankets to send to the devastated region.
The police are appealing to the public for any information about the missing girl.
appear /əˈpɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: appearance, disappearance
Verbs: appear, disappear
VERB [I]
BE SEEN
[B1] to start to be seen
He suddenly appeared in the doorway.
Then a bright light appeared in the sky.
Learner example:
Suddenly the singer of the band appeared.
appear in/at/on, etc.

[B1] to perform in a film, play, etc.
Dictionary example:
She appears briefly in the new Bond film.
Learner example:
What I like the most is that I'm going to appear on T.V.
SEEM
[B1] to seem
He appeared calm and relaxed.
There appears to be some mistake.
Learner example:
But, [the] reality is, that life appears very short to me.
it appears (that)
[B2] used to say that something seems to be true
Dictionary example:
It appears that she left the party alone.
116
Learner example:
It appears that people are more aware about clothes and also work.
BECOME AVAILABLE
[B2] to start to exist or become available
Laptop computers first appeared in the 1980s.
The story appeared in all the major newspapers.
Learner example:
In almost every city fast-food restaurants [have] appear[ed], which have a big group of fans.
it would appear (that)

[C1] used to say that something seems to be true
Dictionary example:
It would appear that nobody on board the aircraft actually had a licence to fly it.
Learner example:
It would appear that students are not satisfied with the hours and days offered by the Club.
appearance /əˈpɪə.rənts/
Word family:
NOUN
WAY YOU LOOK
[B1] [NO PLURAL] the way a person or thing looks to other people
The buildings are very similar in appearance.
You can alter/change the whole appearance of a room just by lighting it in a certain way.
She gives the appearance of being very efficient.
Learner example:
I usually buy fashionable clothes, because I think [your] appearance is really important.
IN PUBLIC
[B2] [C] when someone appears in public, on television, in a film, etc.
It was his first appearance on television/television appearance as president.
She made two appearances during her visit.
She will be making a public appearance, signing copies of her latest novel.
117
Learner example:
You probably know him, because he [made] an appearance [i]n the film "Bad Boys."
BECOMING AVAILABLE
[B2] [NO PLURAL] when something starts to exist or becomes available
Dictionary example:
The appearance of new products on the market has increased competition.
Learner example:
The appearance of the car has facilitated our lives.
appetite /ˈæp.ɪ.taɪt/
NOUN [C or U]
FOOD
[C1] the feeling that makes you want to eat
All that walking has given me an appetite.
I won't have any chocolate, thanks - it'll spoil my appetite.
Learner example:
The tasteless food spoiled our appetite.
applaud /əˈplɔːd/
Word family:
Nouns: applause
Verbs: applaud
VERB
CLAP
[C1] [I or T] to clap your hands to show that you have enjoyed a performance, talk,
etc.
Dictionary example:
The audience applauded loudly.
Learner example:
Secondly, owing to a sudden shower, there was a short break during the dance display and the
horse show, but eventually, we finished the display and the show successfully and people
applauded.
118
applause /əˈplɔːz/
Word family:
Nouns: applause
Verbs: applaud
NOUN [U]
[C1] when people make a noise by clapping their hands to show they have enjoyed
or approve of something
Dictionary example:
There was loud applause at the end of her speech.
Learner example:
Still the audience was very pleased, because they gave massive applause at the end.
appliance /əˈplaɪ.ənts/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a piece of electrical equipment with a particular purpose in the home
Dictionary example:
fridges, radios, and other electrical appliances
Learner example:
The fair was well organized and structured into specific sections from clothing and sportswear to
household appliances and electronic [goods].
application /ˌæp.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: application
Verbs: apply
NOUN
REQUEST
[B1] [C] an official request for something, usually in writing
a letter of application
I've sent off applications for four different jobs.
Have you filled in the application form for your passport yet?
Learner example:
After having filled [in] the application form, the master pilot took us on a short trip around the
hangars showing the planes used for training.
119
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
[B2] [C] a piece of computer software designed for a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
Typical examples of software applications are spreadsheets, media players and database
applications.
Learner example:
I am [an] exp[e]rienced user of [the] Internet and know all application programs for Windows '95
(Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PinPoint etc.).
apply /əˈplaɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: application
Verbs: apply
VERB
REQUEST
[B1] [I] to request something, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a

form
By the time I saw the job advertised it was already too late to apply.
I've applied for a job there.
Please apply in writing to the address below.
Learner example:
I applied for this course and went to my first lesson last week.
AFFECT
[B2] [I] to relate to a particular person or situation
That bit of the form is for UK citizens - it doesn't apply to you.
He seems to think that the normal rules of behaviour don't apply to him.
Those were old regulations - they don't apply any more.
Learner example:
The same doesn't apply to a teenager who lives in illness and poverty and whose family and
friends constantly mistreat him.
USE
[C1] [T] to use something in a particular situation
Dictionary example:
The same method can be applied to other situations.
120
Learner example:
Moreover, he can explain how theory is being applied in the field.
appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/
Word family:
Nouns: appointment
Verbs: appoint
VERB [T]
[C1] to officially choose someone for a job
Dictionary example:
He was appointed as company director last year.
Learner example:
Moreover, with the liberation of Greece, he was appointed as the First Governor of the new state.
appreciate /əˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: appreciation
Verbs: appreciate
VERB [T]
VALUE
[B2] to understand how good something or someone is and be able to enjoy them
There's no point buying him expensive wines - he doesn't appreciate them.
I don't think you appreciate how much time I spent preparing this meal.
Learner example:
It's like wine, it's impossible to drink a glass of wine quickly, you can't appreciate it.
would appreciate
[B2] used when you are politely requesting something
Dictionary example:
I would appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will be coming.
Learner example:
I would really appreciate a positive answer from your side.
I/We appreciate...
[B2] used when you are thanking someone or showing that you are grateful
121
Thanks for all the help you gave us last weekend. We really appreciate it.
I appreciate your making the effort to come.
Learner example:
Thanks for your congratulations. I really appreciate it.
appreciation /əˌpriː.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: appreciation
Verbs: appreciate
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you understand how good something or someone is and are able to
enjoy them
You've done so much to help us so, to show our appreciation, we've bought you a little gift.
The crowd cheered in appreciation.
Children rarely show any appreciation of/for what their parents do for them.
My appreciation of art has increased as I've got older.
Learner example:
To show our appreciation, we would also like to invite you to dinner afterwards at the Red Baron.
approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/
VERB
COME CLOSE
[B1] [I or T] to come close in distance or time
Ladies and gentlemen, we are now approaching Paddington Station.
Christmas is fast approaching.
Learner example:
[The] holidays are approaching.
DEAL WITH
[B2] [T] to deal with something
Dictionary example:
I'm not sure how to approach the problem.
122
Learner example:
This is the right way to approach the issue.
NOUN
METHOD
[B2] [C] a way of doing something
In Sweden they have a different approach to the problem.
I thought we'd adopt/take a new approach.
Learner example:
This will show the contrast in teaching methods, different approaches to students and [the]
techniques used by different teachers.
COMING CLOSER
[B2] [U] when something or someone gets nearer in distance or time
The siren signalled the approach of an ambulance.
Please fasten your seat belts, the plane is now making its final approach (in)to Heathrow Airport.
appropriate /əˈprəʊ.pri.ət/
Word family:
Adjectives: appropriate, inappropriate
Adverbs: appropriately, inappropriately
ADJECTIVE
[B2] suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion
Is this film appropriate for small children?
I didn't think his comments were very appropriate at the time.
Learner example:
I will explain why I am an appropriate person for this job.
appropriately /əˈprəʊ.pri.ət.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is appropriate
123
Dictionary example:
She didn't think we were appropriately dressed for a wedding.
Learner example:
I enjoyed reading it and I think it appropriately describes the atmosphere of that lovely town.
approval /əˈpruː.vəl/
Word family:
Nouns: approval, disapproval
Verbs: approve, disapprove
NOUN [U]
GOOD OPINION
[B2] when you have a positive opinion of someone or something
He showed his approval by smiling broadly.
Sam always tried hard to win his father's approval.
Does the wine meet with your approval?
Learner example:
I hope this meets [with] your approval and I am looking forward to hearing from you as soon as
possible.
PERMISSION
[B2] official permission
The project has now received approval from the government.
The teacher gave the student a nod of approval.
Learner example:
Besides the questionable approval given by governmental authorities, the situation might be
useful to us.
approve /əˈpruːv/
Word family:
VERB
AGREE
[B1] [T] to allow or officially agree to something
124
The council has approved plans for a new shopping centre.
The court approved the sale of the property.
Learner example:
"Congratulation[s], your scholarship to [the] UK is approved."
GOOD OPINION
[B2] [I] to think that something is good or right
She doesn't approve of my friends.
He doesn't approve of smoking.
The head of department seems to approve of what I am doing.
Learner example:
Woods didn't approve of the government's attitude to them.
approximate /əˈprɒk.sɪ.mət/
Word family:
Adjectives: approximate
Adverbs: approximately
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not completely accurate but close
The train's approximate time of arrival is 10.30.
Can you give me an approximate idea of the numbers involved?
Learner example:
The approximate figure is about 5000 people.
approximately /əˈprɒk.sɪ.mət.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: approximate
Adverbs: approximately
ADVERB
[B1] close to a particular number or time although not exactly that number or time
The job will take approximately two weeks, and cost around £1000.
The college has approximately 700 students.
125
Learner example:
From the airport of Larnaka you need approximately forty-five minutes by taxi, to Agia Napa.
archaeologist /ˌɑː.kiˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: archaeologist, archaeology
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who studies ancient cultures by looking for and examining their
buildings, tools, and other objects
Dictionary example:
Archaeologists believe the remains date back to the 5th century.
Learner example:
It includes articles from prominent journalists, scientists, archaeologists and other experts on
Greek civilisation.
archaeology /ˌɑː.kiˈɒl.ə.dʒi/
Word family:
Nouns: archaeologist, archaeology
NOUN [U]
[C1] the study of ancient cultures by looking for and examining their buildings,
tools, and other objects
Dictionary example:
He did archaeology at university.
Learner example:
But I have to admit that there could be more presentations to cover areas like archaeology,
language, etc.
architect /ˈɑː.kɪ.tekt/
Word family:
Nouns: architect, architecture
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone whose job is to design buildings
Dictionary example:
He trained as an architect in Edinburgh and then moved to London to find work.
126
Learner example:
He kn[e]w that I wanted to be an architect.
architecture /ˈɑː.kɪ.tek.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: architect, architecture
NOUN [U]
STYLE
[B1] the design and style of buildings
Roman architecture
modern architecture
Learner example:
There are beautiful places like Merarejonban, which is outstanding in its architecture.
SUBJECT
[B1] the skill of designing buildings
Dictionary example:
He studied architecture.
Learner example:
I want to study architecture in the U.K. but English is a problem, so I need spend a lot of time
learn[ing] it.
area /ˈeə.ri.ə/
NOUN [C]
PART
[B1] a part of a building or piece of land used for a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
a play/picnic area
Learner example:
I'm staying in a very big hotel; it ha[s] a swimming pool, a golf area, gardens, and also a
children['s] area.
SUBJECT
[B2] a part of a subject or activity
127
Marketing is Paul's area.
Software is not really my area of expertise.
Learner example:
I am a 30-year-old Swedish male with a diploma in gardening. I have 6 years experience of the
area since I have been employed by a Swedish fruit supplier.
argue /ˈɑːg.juː/
Word family:
Nouns: argument
Verbs: argue
VERB
DISAGREE
[B1] [I] to speak angrily to someone, telling them that you disagree with them
My parents are always arguing.
Kids, will you stop arguing with each other?
They were arguing over/about which film to go and see.
Learner example:
Peter told her his parents had argued and he came with his mother to London.
GIVE REASONS
[B2] [I or T] to give reasons to support or oppose an idea, action, etc.
The minister argued for/in favour of making cuts in military spending.
She argued against tax cuts.
The minister argued that cuts in military spending were needed.
Learner example:
It is often argued that family life is not important.
argument /ˈɑːg.jʊ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: argument
Verbs: argue
NOUN [C]
DISAGREEMENT
[B1] an angry discussion with someone in which you both disagree
128
The children had an argument about/over what game to play.
He got into an argument with a man in the pub last night.
Learner example:
I wrote a song last week. It's about my boyfriend and an argument he had with his parents about
our relationship.
REASON
[B2] a reason or reasons why you support or oppose an idea, action, etc.
There are many arguments for and against nuclear energy.
I don't think that's a very strong/powerful argument.
Learner example:
An argument in favour of this statement is that shopping is very tiring.
arise /əˈraɪz/
VERB [I] (arose, arisen)

[C1] If a problem arises, it starts to happen.
Dictionary example:
The whole problem arose from a lack of communication.
Learner example:
Although the place was very good, a number of problems arose during our visit.
armed /ɑːmd/
ADJECTIVE
WEAPONS
[B2] ! using or carrying weapons
an armed robbery
armed conflict
armed guards/police
Learner example:
I could clearly understand that the two armed men would catch us within [a] few minutes.
129
army /ˈɑː.mi/
NOUN
the army [+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB]
[B1] ! a particular country's fighting force
When did you join the army?
He has decided on a career in the army.
The army was/were called out to enforce the curfew.
Learner example:
I work in the army and I need to know how and what I should do if I am in [a] war.
around /əˈraʊnd/
ADVERB
IN A CIRCLE/CIRCULAR MOVEMENT
[B1] in a circle or with circular movement
She passed a plate of biscuits around.
This switch makes the wheels go around.
Learner example:
Hello, everybody. Please gather around.
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
[B1] to the opposite direction
Jonny turned around and looked at her.
The pianist spun around on the stool and faced his audience.
Learner example:
As the concert finished, I heard someone call my name. I turned around.
be around
[B2] If someone is around, they are present in a place.
Will you be around next week?
Roger isn't around at the moment - can I help instead?
Learner example:
It was dark and not a soul was around.
130
arrange /əˈreɪndʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: arrangement
Verbs: arrange, rearrange
VERB
PLAN
[B1] [I or T] to make the necessary plans and preparations for something to happen
The meeting has been arranged for Wednesday.
They arranged to have dinner the following month.
I've already arranged with him where to meet.
She's arranged for her son to have swimming lessons.
I'd arranged that they should arrive at the same time.
Learner example:
Dear Friends, It's a fantastic idea to come to my country in the holidays; we could arrange to meet
somewhere.
PUT IN POSITION
[B2] [T] to put objects in a particular order or position
She arranged her birthday cards along the shelf.
Who arranged these flowers so beautifully?
His books are neatly arranged in alphabetical order.
Learner example:
Before the pop concert [started], I arranged the seats and carried some musical instruments.
arrangement /əˈreɪndʒ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: arrangement
NOUN
PLANS
[B1] [C USUALLY PLURAL] plans for how something will happen
They'd made all the arrangements for the party.
Arrangements were made to move the prisoners to another jail.
What are your current childcare arrangements?
131
Learner example:
I'll make all [the] arrangements.
AGREEMENT
[B2] [C or U] an agreement between two people or groups
We had an arrangement that he would clean the house and I would cook.
I'm sure we can come to an arrangement.
You can only withdraw money from this account by (prior) arrangement with the bank.
Learner example:
I didn't know if you would be in the house or not so you need to contact him for a new
arrangement [on] this telephone number 333-30.30.
POSITION
[B2] [C] a group of objects in a particular order or position
Dictionary example:
a flower arrangement
Learner example:
Dear Mrs. Anderson, I have learned from a friend that your club gives advanced courses in flower
arrangement.
arrest /əˈrest/
VERB [T]
[B1] If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime
which they might have committed.
She was arrested for drinking and driving.
He was arrested when customs officers found drugs in his bag.
Learner example:
To my horror, they arrested me.
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when the police take someone away to ask them about a crime which they
might have committed
Police made twenty arrests at yesterday's demonstration.
She was stopped outside the shop and placed/put under arrest.
Learner example:
When I came around, Mr Smith was under arrest and fortunately, thing[s] finished well for me.
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arrival /əˈraɪ.vəl/
Word family:
Nouns: arrival
Verbs: arrive
NOUN
[B1] [U] when someone or something arrives somewhere
Hundreds gathered to await the boxer's arrival at the airport.
On arrival at the police station, they were taken to an interview room.
We regret the late arrival of Flight 237.
Learner example:
Can you confirm your arrival time next week?
NEW PERSON/THING
[C1] [C] a new thing or person that has arrived
Dictionary example:
Two teachers were there to greet the new arrivals.
Learner example:
Secondly, a barbecue would be a good thing to do on the 1st of September, to welcome the new
arrivals.
arrogant /ˈær.ə.gənt/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] believing that you are better or more important than other people
Dictionary example:
I found him arrogant and rude.
Learner example:
Chubby, arrogant and filthy were the words that described him best. Every time they met, a bitter
feeling of hatre[d] bloomed in her throat.
arrow /ˈær.əʊ/
NOUN [C]
SYMBOL
[B2] a symbol used on a sign, on a computer, etc. to show direction
133
Dictionary example:
I followed the arrows to the car park.
Learner example:
I followed its arrow and believe it or not I found mum!
WEAPON
[B2] a weapon that is like a long thin stick with a sharp point at one end and often
feathers at the other, shot from a bow
Dictionary example:
Robin Hood asked to be buried where his arrow landed.
Learner example:
The museum has many old axes, crossbows, bows and arrows.
art /ɑːt/
Word family:
Nouns: art, artist
Adjectives: artistic
NOUN
arts
[B2] creative areas including painting, drama, dance, music, etc.
fine/decorative arts
She's doing a course in the performing arts.
Learner example:
You can enjoy both traditional and contemporary performing arts in Osaka.
arts
[C1] subjects, such as history, languages and philosophy, that are not scientific
subjects
an arts subject
the Arts Faculty
an arts graduate/degree
Learner example:
The same percentage of graduates from arts and social science and science areas became
unemployed after finishing university.
SKILL
[C1] [C or U] a skill in a particular activity
134
Dictionary example:
the art of conversation
Learner example:
In my opinion, spoken English is the best course at the school and it really gives one good
practice in the art of negotiation.
article /ˈɑː.tɪ.kl
̩/
NOUN [C]
NEWSPAPER
[B1] a piece of writing on a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine
Dictionary example:
There was an interesting article on climate change in the paper yesterday.
Learner example:
I read an article about this zoo in the newspaper.
GRAMMAR
[B1] in grammar, used to mean the words 'a', 'an' and 'the'
Dictionary example:
There's a definite article missing before the noun.
artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
Word family:
Adjectives: artificial
Adverbs: artificially
ADJECTIVE
NOT NATURAL
[B2] not natural, but made by people
an artificial flower/lake
artificial flavourings
Learner example:
First, most shop[p]ing centres use artificial illumination, which is bad for our health.
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artificially /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: artificial
Adverbs: artificially
ADVERB
[B2] in an artificial way
Dictionary example:
Most mushrooms sold in supermarkets have been grown artificially in manure.
Learner example:
Zoos are part of nature, despite the fact that they are created artificially.
artistic /ɑːˈtɪs.tɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: art, artist
Adjectives: artistic
ADJECTIVE
CREATIVE ABILITY
[B2] showing skill and imagination in creating things, especially in painting,

drawing, etc.
Both children are very artistic.
artistic talent
Learner example:
If the museum is a place were they can say how they feel, or express it in an abstract or artistic
way, they will start to like it.
RELATING TO ART
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] relating to any form of art, including painting, literature,
theatre, music, etc.
the artistic director of the theatre
a work of artistic merit
Learner example:
That would be perfect to improve the artistic and cultural life of Turin.
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as /æz/
ADVERB; PREPOSITION
BEING OR APPEARING
[B1] being or appearing to be a particular thing
He was dressed as a pirate.
As a young man, he was very lonely.
Learner example:
She was there, standing in front of me, still dressed as a bride, with tears in her eyes.
as soon as
[B1] at the same time or a very short time after
Dictionary example:
As soon as I saw her, I knew there was something wrong.
Learner example:
As soon as the rain stopped, I called my friend and we all continued walking in the park, and we
all enjoyed ourselves.
as long as
[B1] used to say that something must happen before something else can happen
I can come as long as I can leave by 4.00.
Bring your friends by all means - just as long as I know how many are coming.
Learner example:
The colo[u]rs I wear are not important, as long as I don't wear any pink clothes. I really dislike that
colo[u]r.
as for
[B2] used at the beginning of a sentence to introduce a slightly different subject,
but one that is connected in some way
Dictionary example:
I was pleased about the news. As for Emily, well, who cares what she thinks?
Learner example:
As for Chris, he agreed with me to do fifty kilometres on Saturday and stay at the Lakeside Inn.
as a result of sth
Dictionary example:
Unemployment has risen as a result of the credit crunch.
137
Learner example:
[O]n more than one oc[c]asion I missed the new releases or arrived late, as a result of trusting the
[cinema's] website.
as a whole
[B2] when considered as a group and not in parts
Dictionary example:
The population as a whole is getting healthier.
Learner example:
To sum up, I can say that the greatest ever invention is the invention of computers, that has
affected both indivi[d]uals and society as a whole.
as a matter of fact
[B2] used to give more information, or to correct something that has been said
John plays golf professionally. As a matter of fact, he has just won a big competition.
"So you're from Cambridge?" "No, as a matter of fact, I'm from Bristol."
Learner example:
I think it would be better to choose somewhere outdoors. As a matter of fact, I prefer the open air
and the sunlight!
as follows
[B2] used to introduce a list or description
Dictionary example:
The main reasons are as follows.
Learner example:
The summary of relevant points and recommendations are as follows: 1. Both of them are located
in the centre of town.
as if/as though
[B2] used to describe how a situation seems to be
It looks as if it might rain.
It was as though we had known each other for years.
Learner example:
Everything was so familiar, as though he [had] never left the place.
as far as sb is concerned
[B2] used to show what someone thinks about something
As far as I'm concerned, feng shui is a load of rubbish.
As far as our customers are concerned, price is the main consideration.
138
Learner example:
As far as Laura was concerned, he was the most disgusting man in the world.
as far as sth is concerned

[B2] used to tell someone what you are talking about
Dictionary example:
As far as money is concerned, we're doing very well.
Learner example:
First of all, I think the Majestic Hotel would be the right location, but I have doubts as far as the
costs are concerned.
as far as I know
[B2] used to say that you think something is true, but cannot be sure
Dictionary example:
As far as I know, he's never been in trouble with the police.
Learner example:
As far as I know, accommodation at Camp California is in tents or log cabins.
as it happens
[C1] something that you say in order to introduce a surprising fact
Dictionary example:
As it happens, her birthday is the day after mine.
Learner example:
As it happens, I am currrently looking for a computer course for myself and I would like to join
one of your courses.
as many as
[C1] used before a number or amount to show that the number or amount is large
Dictionary example:
As many as 6,000 people may have been infected with the disease.
Learner example:
As many as 90% of them went to [the] cinema on a regular basis in 1990, with the peak of [a] 95%
attendance rate taking place in 1996.
as yet
[C1] FORMAL until and including this time
We haven't needed extra staff as yet, but may do in the future.
No ambulances had as yet managed to get across the river.
Learner example:
I would like to do something about it, but as I can't imagine building anything near my beautiful
house (because I'm afraid it would destroy its wonderful harmony), I have no idea as yet how to
solve this problem.
139
CONJUNCTION
WHILE
[B1] while or during the time that
I saw him as I was coming into the building.
He gets more attractive as he gets older.
Learner example:
After spending two hours searching for her I started to feel desperate, but just as I was ready to
give up, the sky got normal again and I found myself [at] my own wedding and she was my wife!
LIKE
[B1] in the same way
He got divorced, (just) as his parents had done years before.
This year, as in previous years, tickets sold very quickly.
As with his earlier movies, the special effects in his latest film are brilliant.
Learner example:
As we expected, we are going to see a movie tonight.
ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/
Word family:
Nouns: shame
Adjectives: ashamed, shameful
EMBARRASSED
[B1] feeling guilty or embarrassed about something you have done
You've got nothing to be ashamed of.
She ought to be ashamed of herself - talking to her mother like that!
He was ashamed to admit to his mistake.
I was ashamed that I'd made so little effort.
I felt so ashamed of myself for making such a fuss.
Learner example:
He felt very ashamed and didn't know what to do.
be ashamed of sb
[B2] to be angry and disappointed with a family member or friend because they
have behaved badly
140
Dictionary example:
My brother was so rude to Jane - I was ashamed of him.
Learner example:
I was very ashamed of them. [They] came from [my] own country.
aside /əˈsaɪd/
ADVERB
MOVE TO SIDE
[B2] on or to one side
Stand aside, please, and let these people pass.
He pulled the curtain aside.
I gave her a plate of food but she pushed it aside.
She took me aside to tell me the news.
Learner example:
I saw an old man slowly pull it aside and peep out, looking [at] the street with his eyes wide open.
SAVE
[B2] If you put or set something aside, you do not use it now, but keep it to use
later.
Dictionary example:
We've put some money aside for the holiday.
Learner example:
I had put some money aside for a month, thinking about the discount.
aside from sth

[B2] except for
Dictionary example:
This document needs finishing, but aside from that I think everything is done.
Learner example:
Secondly, it is unfair to say the other performers were second-rate aside from the 'Torrents', since
they all sang and played very well.
141
ask /ɑːsk/
VERB
REQUEST
[B1] [I or T] to say something to someone because you want them to do something
Dictionary example:
They've asked me to look after their dog while they're away.
Learner example:
I want to apologize for not going to your class tomorrow, it's not that I don't want to go but my
mother asked me to take care of my sister because she is s[ic]k and my parents have to work.
WANT SOMETHING
[B1] [I or T] to say something to someone because you want them to give you
something
He's asked for a bike for his birthday.
He's asked us for a new bike.
Learner example:
I can ask my parents for a stereo for Christmas, but I'm not sure if they will agree or not.
WANT PERMISSION
[B1] [I or T] to say something to someone because you want to know if you can do
something
Dictionary example:
Bruce asked if he could stay with us for a few days.
Learner example:
I am going to travel with my girlfriend Anna, so I am writing you this email to ask if you can lend
me your bicycle for a week.
Don't ask!
[B2] INFORMAL said when someone asks you about an experience that was very bad
Dictionary example:
"How was the meeting?" "Don't ask!"
Learner example:
Don't ask me how the concert was!
Don't ask me
[B2] INFORMAL used to tell someone that you do not know the answer to a question
and that you are surprised they have asked you
142
Dictionary example:
"So why would she leave such a good job?" "Don't ask me!"
asleep /əˈsliːp/
Word family:
Nouns: sleep
Verbs: sleep
Adjectives: asleep, sleepy, sleepless
[B1] sleeping or not awake
The children are asleep.
I fell asleep as soon as my head hit the pillow.
I'm surprised to see you awake - ten minutes ago you were fast/sound asleep.
I've only just got up and I'm still half asleep.
Learner example:
I fell asleep, and when I woke up, I realised that I had lost it.
aspect /ˈæs.pekt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc.
Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy?
That's the most worrying aspect of the situation.
Learner example:
Every aspect of our daily life is influenced by technology.
aspirin /ˈæs.prɪn/
NOUN [C or U] (PLURAL aspirin or aspirins)

[B1] a common drug used to reduce pain and fever
Dictionary example:
I took a couple of aspirin.
Learner example:
I took an aspirin quickly.
143
assert /əˈsɜːt/
Word family:
Verbs: assert
Adjectives: assertive
VERB
[C1] [T] FORMAL to say that something is certainly true
Dictionary example:
He asserts that she stole money from him.
Learner example:
Our department have already consulted [the] local Marketing Training Centre, which asserted that
these employees are eligible to take the course.
assess /əˈses/
Word family:
Nouns: assessment
Verbs: assess
VERB [T]
[B2] to make a judgement about the quality, size or value, etc. of something
Examinations are a way of assessing a student's ability.
They assessed the cost of the flood damage at £1500.
We need to assess whether the project is worth doing.
Learner example:
The aim of this report is to compare and assess the architecture, food and service of two
restaurants in my area.
assessment /əˈses.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: assessment
Verbs: assess
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when you make a judgement about the quality, size or value, etc. of something
Dictionary example:
That's a fair assessment of the situation.
144
Learner example:
Secondly, I was a little bit upset about your assessment of [the] other performers because they
showed us their great musical talents.
asset /ˈæ.set/
NOUN
USEFUL
[C1] [C] a person, skill or quality which is useful or helps you to succeed
Dictionary example:
He'll be a great asset to the team.
Learner example:
I am sure that you will be more than satisfied with him and that he is going to be an asset to your
hotel.
WORTH MONEY
[C1] [C USUALLY PLURAL] something which a person or company owns which has a value
Dictionary example:
The company has $70 billion in assets.
Learner example:
Somehow, all his assets were frozen by the bank and the family became poor overnight.
assign /əˈsaɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: assignment
Verbs: assign
VERB [T]
[C1] to give someone a particular job or responsibility
UN forces were assigned the task of rebuilding the hospital.
The case has been assigned to our most senior officer.
Learner example:
Some of the work they were assigned was quite boring for them.
145
assignment /əˈsaɪn.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: assignment
Verbs: assign
NOUN [C]
[C1] a piece of work given to someone, especially as part of their studies or job
a freelance/photo assignment
The assignment is due on Friday.
Learner example:
As your know, I must do the group assignment for Project Management.
assist /əˈsɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: assistance, assistant
Verbs: assist
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to help
The army arrived to assist in the search.
You will be expected to assist the editor with the selection of illustrations for the book.
Learner example:
However, I used to assist my brother, who is a photographer.
assistance /əˈsɪs.tənts/
Word family:
Verbs: assist
NOUN [U]
[B2] help
Can I be of any assistance, madam?
Teachers can't give pupils any assistance in exams.
Learner example:
Thank you for your assistance.
146
assistant /əˈsɪs.tənt/
Word family:
Verbs: assist
NOUN [C]
LESS IMPORTANT JOB
[B1] someone whose job is to help a person who has a more important job
an administrative assistant
an assistant editor/manager
Learner example:
He went to take the bag from his assistant.
associate /əˈsəʊ.si.eɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: association
Verbs: associate
VERB
be associated with sth

[B2] to be related to something or caused by something
Dictionary example:
There are many risks associated with smoking.
Learner example:
Undoubtedly there are both positive and negative points associated with this topic.
TWO THINGS/PEOPLE
[C1] [T] to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something
else
Dictionary example:
Most people associate this brand with good quality.
Learner example:
Nowadays we tend to associate computer games or television with young people.
147
association /əˌsəʊ.siˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: association
Verbs: associate
NOUN
[B2] [C] an organization of people with the same interests or with a particular
purpose
Dictionary example:
The Football Association
Learner example:
I am a member of the local Kung-Fu Association.
in association with
[C1] working together with
Dictionary example:
The event was organized in association with the Sports Council.
Learner example:
This service, which will be [provided] in association with Foster Loft, will be available at the end of
2005.
assume /əˈsjuːm/
Word family:
Nouns: assumption
Verbs: assume
VERB [T]
[B2] to think that something is true, without question or proof
I assumed (that) you knew each other because you went to the same school.
I invited her just assuming she would want to come.
Learner example:
The police assumed he was lying so they put him [in] jail.
assumption /əˈsʌmp.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: assumption
Verbs: assume
148
NOUN
[C1] [C] something that you think is true without having any proof
People tend to make assumptions about you when you have a disability.
These calculations are based on the assumption that prices will continue to rise.
Learner example:
But if this assumption is right, and if you consider how much fashion has changed over the last 60
years, does this mean that we are so very different from our grandparents?
assurance /əˈʃʊə.rənts/
Word family:
Nouns: assurance, reassurance, self-assurance
Verbs: assure, reassure
Adjectives: reassuring, self-assured
NOUN
PROMISE
[C1] [C] a promise
Dictionary example:
He gave us an assurance that it would not happen again.
Learner example:
Again, may I give my assurances that the above two requests [for] equipment acquisition would be
money well spent for our company.
assure /əˈʃʊər/
Word family:
VERB [T]
SAY WITH CERTAINTY
[B2] to tell someone confidently that something is true, especially so that they do
not worry
Dictionary example:
She assured him (that) the car would be ready the next day.
149
Learner example:
If you decide to live in the capital, I can assure you there are plenty of sports facilities here, such
as tennis courts, basketball courts, football fields, swimming centres and many more.
MAKE CERTAIN
[C1] to make something certain to happen
Dictionary example:
This loan should assure the company's future.
Learner example:
The PT is guaranteed to assure higher test results or your money back!
astonished /əˈstɒn.ɪʃt/
Word family:
Nouns: astonishment
Adjectives: astonished, astonishing
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very surprised
I was astonished to see Miriam there.
They looked astonished when I announced I was pregnant.
The doctors were astonished at the speed of her recovery.
Learner example:
She was astonished when she saw what [wa]s in front of her.
astonishing /əˈstɒn.ɪ.ʃɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: astonishment
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very surprising
Her first novel enjoyed an astonishing level of success.
It's astonishing to think that only a few years ago Communism dominated eastern Europe.
Learner example:
The colour of the sea was astonishing and the mountains were so magical!
150
astonishment /əˈstɒn.ɪʃ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: astonishment
NOUN [U]
[B2] very great surprise
To my astonishment, she started laughing.
She gasped in astonishment.
Learner example:
To our astonishment, we were in front of a small house which seemed to have been built centuries
ago.
at /æt/
PREPOSITION
ABILITY
[B1] used after an adjective to show a person's ability to do something
I'm not very good at skiing.
He's very talented at maths.
Learner example:
She is really good at tennis.
at all
[B1] used for emphasis in questions or negative statements, to mean in any way or
of any type
Can I help at all?
He hasn't changed at all.
Learner example:
The sun was shining and there were no clouds at all, so we could see the light blue sky.
at his/its, etc. best

[B1] at the highest level of achievement or quality
Dictionary example:
The article is an example of journalism at its best.
151
Learner example:
I enjoyed this trip because we got to stay in the countryside and [see] nature at its very best.
at (long) last
[B1] finally
Dictionary example:
At last, I've found a pair of jeans that actually fit.
Learner example:
At last, all of us agreed on "Cinema Farhang".
at least
[B1] even if nothing else happens or is true
Dictionary example:
If you can't manage to clean the whole house, at least make sure the kitchen is clean.
Learner example:
We could go shopping or at least go and have an ice-cream somewhere.
at least
[B1] something that you say when you are telling someone about an advantage in a
bad situation
Dictionary example:
It's a small house but at least there's a garden.
Learner example:
It is not impressive but at least it has some things that I like.
at first
[B1] at the beginning of a situation or period of time
Dictionary example:
At first I thought she was unfriendly, but actually she's just shy.
Learner example:
At first, when I arrived I was very nervous because I didn't know anyone, but then a girl started
talking to me and I felt better.
at the same time

[B1] If two things happen at the same time, they happen together.
Dictionary example:
We arrived at the same time.
Learner example:
The kind of clothes I most like [are] casual but fashionable at the same time.
at once
[B1] immediately
152
Dictionary example:
I knew at once that I'd like it here.
Learner example:
She called for an ambulance which came at once.
at present
[B1] now
Dictionary example:
At present she's working abroad.
Learner example:
Firstly, I have to tell you that at present, I am studying journalism and I have a good knowledge of
computers.
at least
[B2] used to reduce the effect of a statement
Dictionary example:
I've met the President - at least, he shook my hand once.
Learner example:
But after years of developing my slalom, I wanted to learn something new, [s]o, I started Hot-
Dogging. Hot-Dog is great fun. At least, people say so.
AMOUNT
[B2] used to show a price, temperature, rate, speed, etc.
Dictionary example:
He was driving at 120 mph when the police spotted him.
at all costs
[B2] If something must be done at all costs, it is very important that it is done.
Dictionary example:
We have to succeed at all costs.
Learner example:
One thing was sure: he was convinced [he had] to save Anne's life at all costs.
at sb's disposal
[B2] available for you to use at any time
Dictionary example:
We will have a car at our disposal for the whole trip.
Learner example:
But on Wednesday morning I'm at your disposal.
at fault
[B2] responsible for something bad that has happened
153
Dictionary example:
I was at fault and I would like to apologize.
Learner example:
I really felt at fault.
at risk
[B2] being in a situation where something bad is likely to happen
All houses within 100 metres of the seas are at risk of flooding.
Releasing these prisoners puts the public at risk.
Learner example:
Lives are at risk!
at an angle
[C1] not horizontal or vertical, but sloping
He wore his hat at an angle.
The boat settled into the mud at a 35 degree angle.
Learner example:
After purchasing the G5X-1 food processor from your shop last month I discovered, upon
connecting it to the mains socket and switching it on, that I needed to tilt the unit at an angle for
it to work.
at the expense of sth

[C1] If you do one thing at the expense of another, doing the first thing harms the
second thing.
Dictionary example:
He spent a lot of time at work, at the expense of his marriage.
Learner example:
Unfortunately one is usually done at the expense of the other.
at face value
[C1] If you accept something at face value because of the way it first looks or
seems, you do so without thinking carefully about it.
You can't just accept everything you read in the newspapers at face value.
These results should not be taken at face value - careful analysis is required to assess their full
implications.
Learner example:
People are assessed at face value [by] the type of cars they drive.
at a glance
[C1] If you see something at a glance, you see it very quickly or immediately.
154
Dictionary example:
He could tell at a glance that something was wrong.
Learner example:
You could tell at a glance that Peter was a loner.
at hand
[C1] near in time or space
Dictionary example:
Teachers are always close at hand to give help to any child who needs it.
Learner example:
I haven't had any lectures in English, but now and then there are lectures in English at the
University so you need to understand the spoken language with no dictionary at hand.
at the very least

[C1] not less than, and probably much more than
At the very least, you should apologize.
We should earn £500 at the very least.
Learner example:
Thus, I trust you will agree that at the very least I deserve a letter of explanation from you and a
substantial refund of my money.
at short notice UK
[C1] only a short time before something happens
Dictionary example:
I had to give a speech at very short notice.
Learner example:
The fact that the speech by the famous actor was cancelled at short notice was disappointing.
at once
[C1] at the same time
Dictionary example:
They all started talking at once.
Learner example:
The study centre is really small and all the students talk at once.
all at once
[C1] suddenly
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
155
at random
[C1] chosen by chance
Dictionary example:
Winners will be chosen at random.
Learner example:
The rooms suggested to be [filmed] have not been chosen at random.
at times
[C1] sometimes
Dictionary example:
At times, I wish I didn't have to go to school.
Learner example:
STUDYING METHODS All teachers at the college are high[ly]-skilled professionals and can be very
demanding at times, but this is [in] your best interest[s].
athlete /ˈæθ.liːt/
Word family:
Nouns: athlete, athletics
Adjectives: athletic
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person who is very good at sports or physical exercise, especially one who
competes in organized events
Dictionary example:
He became a professional athlete at the age of 16.
Learner example:
It's amazing what the athletes can do, don't you think?
athletic /æθˈlet.ɪk/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] strong, healthy and good at sports
Dictionary example:
She looks very athletic.
Learner example:
Furthermore, I am not only very athletic, but also really sociable and outgoing.
156
athletics /æθˈlet.ɪks/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B1] the sports which include running, jumping and throwing
Dictionary example:
an athletics team/club/meeting
Learner example:
You know I love doing sports, especially athletics, so I joined that club.
atmosphere /ˈæt.mə.sfɪər/
NOUN
FEELING
[B1] [NO PLURAL] the feeling which exists in a place or situation
There's a very relaxed atmosphere in our office.
There has been an atmosphere of gloom in the factory since it was announced that it would be
closing.
Learner example:
You'll also love the friendly atmosphere here.
the atmosphere
[B2] the mixture of gases around the Earth
Dictionary example:
These factories are releasing toxic gases into the atmosphere.
Learner example:
I'm against cars because their CO2 emissions destroy the atmosphere.
AIR INSIDE
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the air inside a room or other place
Dictionary example:
The atmosphere in the room was so stuffy I could hardly breathe.
Learner example:
The atmosphere in the halls also became hot and humid, thus making the whole experience rather
unpleasant.
157
atom /ˈæt.əm/
Word family:
Nouns: atom
Adjectives: atomic
NOUN [C]
[B2] the smallest unit that an element can be divided into
Dictionary example:
A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
Learner example:
Anyway, the manager of that cent[er] called me in order to inform me that I would [be doing]
research on nuclear power and atoms.
atomic /əˈtɒm.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: atom
Adjectives: atomic
ADJECTIVE
[B2] using the energy that is created when an atom is divided
Dictionary example:
atomic energy/power
Learner example:
There are lots more dangerous things in the world, like radioactive pol[l]ution or atomic bombs.
attach /əˈtætʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: attachment
Verbs: attach
Adjectives: attached
VERB [T]
CONNECT
[B1] to join or fix one thing to another
I attached a photo to my application form.
Use this cable to attach the printer to the computer.
158
Learner example:
I attach my C.V. and I look forward to discussing it with you.
COMPUTING
[B1] to join a file, such as a document, picture or computer program, to an email
Learner example:
I'm going to send you some information about hotels attached to this mail.
attached /əˈtætʃt/
Word family:
Nouns: attachment
Verbs: attach
ADJECTIVE
CONNECTED TO
[B2] joined or connected to another thing
Dictionary example:
Please fill out the attached form.
Learner example:
As I am an athletic swimmer and a good surfer too, my choice from your attached list is naturally
swimming and surfing.
attached to sb/sth
[C1] feeling emotionally close to someone or something
Dictionary example:
The children are very attached to their grandparents.
Learner example:
My only concern is that she is a bit shy and very attached to her family, but I really don't think it
would be a problem since she travels a lot and has already spent two months abroad.
attachment /əˈtætʃ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: attachment
Verbs: attach
159
NOUN
EQUIPMENT
[B2] [C] an extra piece of equipment that can be added to a machine
Dictionary example:
This food processor has a special attachment for grinding coffee.
COMPUTING
[B2] [C] a computer file which is sent together with an email message
I'll email my report to you as an attachment.
I wasn't able to open that attachment.
attack /əˈtæk/
VERB
TRY TO HURT
[B1] [I or T] to try to hurt or defeat using violence
He was attacked and seriously injured by a gang of youths.
Most wild animals won't attack unless they are provoked.
Learner example:
At least he didn't attack me, and he even lent me his cell phone, he was such a gentle criminal.
CRITICIZE
[C1] [T] to strongly criticize someone or something
Dictionary example:
She attacked the government's new education policy.
Learner example:
I hope he was indeed misinformed, because attacking a charity organization like this on purpose,
is truly an act of a cruel man.
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a violent act intended to hurt or damage someone or something
a racist attack
a terrorist attack on the capital
The town was once again under attack.
Learner example:
I have planned to see "The attack of the super mutant aliens".
160
SPORT
[B1] in games such as football, the part of a team which tries to score points
Dictionary example:
The team has a strong attack, but the defence is weak.
attain /əˈteɪn/
Word family:
Verbs: attain
Adjectives: attainable, unattainable
VERB [T]
[C1] to achieve something, especially after a lot of work
Dictionary example:
She's attained a high level of fitness.
Learner example:
Alternatively, an English speaker from a non-English-speaking country may be of help only if
he/she has attained a level higher than yours.
attempt /əˈtempt/
VERB [T]
[B1] to try to do something, especially something difficult
He attempted to escape through a window.
There's no point in even attempting an explanation - he'll never listen.
Learner example:
Carrying a candle, I attempted to phone my neighbour but I looked out of the window and there
were no lights.
NOUN [C]
[B2] when you try to do something
This is my second attempt at the exam.
They closed the road in an attempt to reduce traffic in the city.
He made no attempt to be sociable.
Learner example:
I made several attempts to make him change his mind, but I failed.
161
attend /əˈtend/
Word family:
Nouns: attendance
Verbs: attend
VERB
BE PRESENT
[B1] [I or T] to go to an event, place, etc.
Over two hundred people attended the funeral.
The meeting is on the fifth and we're hoping everyone will attend.
Learner example:
I attend one of these activities, it was cricket, it was for the whole day.
attend a church/college/school, etc.

[B1] to go regularly to a place, such as a particular school
Dictionary example:
Which school does your daughter attend?
Learner example:
I attend Northampton College, which is quite far away from [my] house.
attendance /əˈten.dənts/
Word family:
Nouns: attendance
Verbs: attend
NOUN [C or U]
NUMBER
[C1] the number of people who go to an event, meeting, etc.
Dictionary example:
falling attendance
Learner example:
Also in May, we had the swimming gala, which had a very high attendance from students as there
were races for all abilities.
REGULARLY
[C1] when you go somewhere such as a church, school, etc. regularly
Dictionary example:
His attendance at school is very poor.
162
Learner example:
Consequently, I would make attendance more flexible for the members.
attention /əˈten.tʃən/
NOUN [U]
NOTICE
[B1] when you watch, listen to, or think about something carefully or with interest
Ladies and gentlemen, could I have your attention, please?
Wait a moment and I'll give you my full attention.
After an hour, my attention started to wander.
Learner example:
Thank you for your attention.
pay attention (to sth)

[B1] to watch, listen to, or think about something carefully
Dictionary example:
You weren't paying attention to what I was saying.
Learner example:
Larry is a very distracted boy. Everybody says that he should pay attention to what he is doing.
attract/get (sb's) attention

[B2] to make someone notice you
Dictionary example:
I waved at her to get her attention.
Learner example:
The bank is near the school, so the lady was trying to get people's attention while the others
[robbed] the bank.
draw (sb's) attention to sth/sb

[B2] to make someone notice something or someone
If I could just draw your attention to the second paragraph.
She's always drawing attention to herself.
Learner example:
The purpose of his report is to draw attention to videos in English.
163
attitude /ˈæt.ɪ.tjuːd/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] how you think or feel about something, and how this makes you behave
He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.
That boy has a real attitude problem.
She has a very positive attitude generally.
Learner example:
The waiters had a very good attitude toward the customers and the food was really wonderful.
attract /əˈtrækt/
Word family:
Nouns: attraction
Verbs: attract
Adjectives: attractive, unattractive
VERB
ENCOURAGE INTEREST
[B1] [T] to make people come to a place or do a particular thing by being

interesting, enjoyable, etc.
The castle attracts more than 300,000 visitors a year.
The circus is attracting huge crowds/audiences.
We need to attract more science graduates to teaching.
Learner example:
Although it was the first time that I came to this new class, it attracted me deeply.
attract attention/interest, etc.

[B1] to cause people to pay attention/be interested, etc.
Dictionary example:
Her ideas have attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community.
Learner example:
When I go out with my friends I actually like wearing clothes that attract people's attention.
be attracted to sb
[B2] to like someone, often sexually, because of the way they look or behave
Dictionary example:
I was attracted to him straight away.
164
Learner example:
She was really attracted to him.
attraction /əˈtræk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: attraction
Verbs: attract
NOUN
THING TO SEE OR DO
[B1] [C] something that makes people come to a place or do a particular thing
tourist attractions
The opportunity to travel is one of the main attractions of this job.
Learner example:
At first I only wanted to see the many attractions in Balboa Park.
attractive /əˈtræk.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: attraction
Verbs: attract
ADJECTIVE
INTERESTING
[B2] interesting or useful
an attractive offer/idea
We want to make the club attractive to a wider range of people.
Learner example:
In fact, all of my work-mates make fun of me when I talk about my collection of stamps. I want to
demonstrate [to] them that it is a very attractive hobby.
165
aubergine /ˈəʊ.bə.ʒiːn/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] an oval, purple vegetable that is white inside
Dictionary example:
The dish is made with aubergines and cheese.
auction /ˈɔːk.ʃən/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a sale in which things are sold to the person who offers the most money
Dictionary example:
The furniture was sold at auction.
Learner example:
And funds could be raised for the changes by [hold]ing auctions, runs, parties, raffles, contests
etc.
audience /ˈɔː.di.ənts/
NOUN
GROUP
+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL
[B1] [C VERB] the people who sit and watch a performance at a
theatre, cinema, etc.
There were a lot of children in the audience.
The audience was/were clearly delighted with the performance.
Learner example:
All the [people in the] audience looked at me, I was very excited. The band called me, so I went to
the stage and they started to play a very popular song.
TYPE
+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] the type of people who watch a particular TV show,
[B2] [C
read a particular book, etc.
Dictionary example:
This magazine is aimed at a teenage/young audience.
166
Learner example:
The above-mentioned restaurants are totally different from each other and suit completely
different customers. Pasta+, to begin with, is best suited [to a] younger audience.
audition /ɔːˈdɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
[C1] when someone does a short performance to try to get a job as an actor,
singer, etc.
Dictionary example:
She's got an audition for the show.
Learner example:
Many [un]talented pe[ople] think they can sing and attend the auditions, but others laugh at them.
authentic /ɔːˈθen.tɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If something is authentic, it is real, true, or what people say it is.
Dictionary example:
authentic Italian food
Learner example:
I am also nostalgic for authentic Thai culture which has subtly and gradually been replaced by
American and European culture.
author /ˈɔː.θər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the writer of a book, article, play, etc.
Dictionary example:
He is the author of two books on French history.
Learner example:
During [the] Easter holiday, I read a very good thriller by an Italian author, Andrea Camilleri.
167
authority /ɔːˈθɒr.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: authority
Verbs: authorize
NOUN
POWER
[B2] [U] the power to make decisions or to control other people
The United Nations has used its authority to restore peace in the area.
We need to get the support of someone in authority.
They have the authority to examine the company's records.
The problem is that teachers feel they no longer have authority over their pupils.
Learner example:
Their parents have lost almost all their authority.
OFFICIAL GROUP
[C1] [C] an official group or government department with power to control particular
public services
Dictionary example:
the local housing authority
Learner example:
The local authority are worried about the fact that many fathers stopped financial support for their
ex-wives and dependent children.
authorize /ˈɔː.θər.aɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: authority
Verbs: authorize
VERB [T] (ALSO UK authorise)

[C1] to give official permission for something
Dictionary example:
His manager had authorized the expenditure.
Learner example:
Most of [the] rooms are airconditioned and our prices are competitive and authorized by the
Greek Tourist Organisation.
be authorized to do sth
[C1] to be officially allowed to do something
168
Dictionary example:
Only managers are authorized to sign expense forms.
Learner example:
In my capacity as the secretary of the Social Club, I am authorized to express students'
dissatisfaction with the facilities of the museum and to urge you to take remedial action towards
improving the situation.
automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/
Word family:
Adjectives: automatic
Adverbs: automatically
ADJECTIVE
MACHINE
[B2] An automatic machine works by itself or with little human control.
Dictionary example:
automatic doors
Learner example:
It has both manual and automatic functions so it has a lot of possibilities.
automatically /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Adjectives: automatic
Adverbs: automatically
ADVERB
MACHINE
[B2] If a machine does something automatically, it does it independently, without

human control.
Dictionary example:
The camera adjusts the shutter speed automatically.
Learner example:
[The] television will be automatically switched on in time for [the] breakfast news.
PERSON
[B2] If you do something automatically, you do it without thinking about it.
Dictionary example:
I automatically put my hand out to catch it.
169
Learner example:
There was a strange envelope between the others, so automatically, she picked it up and [looked
at] the stamp. The letter came from Australia.
availability /əˌveɪ.ləˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: availability
Adjectives: available, unavailable
NOUN [U]
[B2] when something or someone is available
Dictionary example:
I checked the availability of flights online and there's plenty of choice.
Learner example:
Therefore, it is essential that you take account of my availability when booking the trip.
avenue /ˈæv.ə.njuː/
NOUN [C]
ROAD
[C1] a wide road in a town or city, often with trees along it
Dictionary example:
a tree-lined avenue
Learner example:
The demonstrators just spread litter all over the largest and finest avenue.
average /ˈæv.ər.ɪdʒ/
ADJECTIVE
AMOUNT
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] An average number is the number you get by adding two or
more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts.
Dictionary example:
an average age/temperature
Learner example:
The weather on this mountain is fantastic, with an average temperature of 17°C.
170
USUAL
[B2] typical and usual
The average person in the street is a lot better off than they were forty years ago.
a student of average ability
Learner example:
This makes people beli[e]ve that a lot of the food we eat is fast-food, but it's not true at all, in fact
it's a very small part of our average diet.
NOT EXCELLENT
[C1] not particularly good
Dictionary example:
The meal was pretty average.
Learner example:
I didn't get the high standard [of] service that you had offered me, and the food was pretty
average.
NOUN
AMOUNT
[B1] [C] the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the
total by the number of amounts
Dictionary example:
Prices have risen by an average of 4% over the past year.
Learner example:
On the table was my mark sheet with the average as 90%.
USUAL/TYPICAL
[B1] [C or U] the usual or typical amount
An 8-hour working day is about the average.
The audience figures were lower than average for this sort of film.
The quality of candidates was below/above average.
I expect to spend an average of £20 on a meal in a restaurant.
Learner example:
I [don't] have much time to watch TV and I only spend an average of two to five hours [a] week.
on average
[B2] usually, or based on an average
Dictionary example:
Female workers earn, on average, a third less than men.
171
Learner example:
On average, our pupils are 16 years old and they join actively in all the events we organise.
avoid /əˈvɔɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: avoid
Adjectives: unavoidable
Adverbs: unavoidably
VERB [T]
STAY AWAY FROM
[B1] to stay away from a person, place, situation, etc.
I try to avoid the city centre at the weekend.
Do you think Tim's avoiding me? I haven't seen him all day.
Learner example:
People despise and avoid her because she is ugly.
PREVENT
[B2] to prevent something from happening
I left the pub to avoid a fight.
Unnecessary paperwork should be avoided at all costs.
The plane narrowly avoided disaster when one of the engines failed on take-off.
Learner example:
I think that all these problems could have been avoided and that asking [for] my money back is
the best way of forgetting that evening.
avoid doing sth

[B2] to intentionally not do something
Dictionary example:
She managed to avoid answering my question.
Learner example:
The writer avoided d[e]scribing personal thoughts.
awake /əˈweɪk/
[B1] not sleeping
172
I find it so difficult to stay awake during history lessons.
I drink a lot of coffee to keep me awake.
I lay awake half the night worrying.
Learner example:
She felt so nervous that it kept her awake at night.
award /əˈwɔːd/
VERB [T OFTEN PASSIVE]
[B2] to give money or a prize following an official decision
He was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics.
The university has awarded her a $500 travel grant.
Learner example:
As you will see, I was awarded a grade A.
NOUN [C]
PRIZE
[B2] a prize given to someone for something they have achieved
the Academy Award for Best Director
Both films have received/won several awards.
Learner example:
He became world-famous when he won the Oscar award for best song last year.
aware /əˈweər/
Word family:
Nouns: awareness, self-awareness
Adjectives: aware
[B2] knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a

particular thing
Were you aware of the risks at the time?
I wasn't even aware that he was ill.
She was well aware that he was married.
I suddenly became aware of him looking at me.
173
Learner example:
First of all, we aren't aware of the necessity of learning such things as biology or maths.
awareness /əˈweə.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: awareness, self-awareness
Adjectives: aware
NOUN [U]
[C1] when you know about something
Dictionary example:
Environmental awareness is increasing all the time.
Learner example:
Thirdly, I have a strong awareness of issues which are important to my local community.
away /əˈweɪ/
ADVERB
INTO PLACE
[B1] in or into the usual or a suitable place, especially one that can be closed
Could you put the ice-cream away in the freezer?
My grandparents had £800 hidden away in an old shoe box.
Learner example:
I put away my mobile phone.
two weeks/five hours, etc. away

[B1] at a particular time in the future
Dictionary example:
My English exam's only a week away and I haven't even started to prepare.
Learner example:
Christmas is just a few months away, and I do not inten[d] to spend it all alone like in the past few
years, so I am writing to invite you [to] my real Christmas party without my parents.
GRADUALLY
[B2] gradually disappearing until mostly or completely gone
All the snow had melted away.
The music faded away as the procession moved slowly up the street.
174
Learner example:
I always feel so fatigued at the end of the day but after a mile, the aches of the day seem to fade
away.
SPORT
[C1] If a sports team is playing away, the game is at the place where the other team
usually plays.
Dictionary example:
They were playing away.
awful /ˈɔː.fəl/
ADJECTIVE
BAD
[B1] very bad, of low quality, or unpleasant
The weather was awful.
She's got an awful boss.
It's an awful place.
She'd been ill and she looked awful.
Learner example:
We wanted to go shopping in Oxford Street but everything is too expensive and the weather was
awful.
an awful lot (of sth)

[B2] INFORMAL a very large amount
Dictionary example:
It cost an awful lot of money.
Learner example:
First of all, I want to highlight that we see an awful lot of mobile phone[s] in our daily life.
awkward /ˈɔː.kwəd/
ADJECTIVE
DIFFICULT
[B2] difficult or causing problems or embarrassment
175
an awkward customer
Some of the questions were rather awkward.
My car's quite awkward to drive.
They'd chosen an awkward time to call as I'd just got into the bath.
She's put me in quite an awkward position/situation.
There was an awkward silence.
Learner example:
Not a movement, not a voice, just an awkward silence.
176
B
babysit /ˈbeɪ.bi.sɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: babysitter
Verbs: babysit
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to look after someone's child in their home while they are not there
Dictionary example:
I babysit for Jane on Tuesday evenings.
Learner example:
As you know I am [an] au pair in London and I sometimes [have] to babysit [i]n the evening.
babysitter /ˈbeɪ.biˌsɪt.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: babysitter
Verbs: babysit
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who takes care of your child while you are out
Dictionary example:
I promised the babysitter that we'd be home by midnight.
Learner example:
Write me an e-mail and I will send you the address of the family who needs a babysitter.
back /bæk/
Word family:
Nouns: backing
Verbs: back
ADVERB
BEHIND
[B1] in a direction behind you
177
He sat back on the sofa.
Anna stepped back.
Learner example:
I cried [out], stepping back and falling down.
STATE
[B2] to the state something or someone was in before
It's not badly broken - I'm sure we can put it back together again.
Hopefully things will get back to normal soon.
I was woken by a thunderstorm, and I couldn't get back to sleep.
Learner example:
My life was back to normal.
EARLIER
[B2] at or to an earlier time
We first met back in 1971.
This tradition dates back to the 16th century.
Learner example:
All in all, it is difficult to get bored in Moscow, where you can see buildings which date back to
centur[i]es ago.
AWAY FROM
[B2] in a direction away from something
He pulled back the curtain.
The house is set back from the road.
Learner example:
The action of the book takes place in a lonely inn standing back from the road.
back road/street
[C1] a very small road or street that goes behind or between buildings
Dictionary example:
We wandered through the back streets, looking for Tommy.
Learner example:
From the museum you have to walk across a pedestrian street, through an unspoiled district,
where a jumble of narrow back streets retain old-world characters.
178
VERB
back up sb or back sb up PHRASAL VERB
SUPPORT
[B2] to support or help someone
Dictionary example:
My family backed me up in my fight for compensation.
Learner example:
These courses seem to have been popular perhaps because the teacher of these courses was there
to back up and help the students.
back up (sth) or back (sth) up PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to make an extra copy of something that is held on your computer
Dictionary example:
Always back up any music you download in case your computer crashes.
backache /ˈbæk.eɪk/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] pain in your back
Dictionary example:
I had terrible backache last week.
Learner example:
I had a backache.
background /ˈbæk.graʊnd/
NOUN
EXPERIENCE
[B1] [C] a person's education, family and experience of life
The school has pupils from many different ethnic/cultural/religious backgrounds.
They come from a wealthy background.
Learner example:
You can learn a lot about our cultural background.
179
SOUND
[B2] [NO PLURAL] sounds that you can hear that are not the main sounds that you are
listening to
background music/noise
If you listen carefully to this piece of music, you can hear a flute in the background.
Learner example:
The exotic food together with oriental music in the background makes you dream of exotic
places.
PICTURE
[B2] [C or U] the things that can be seen behind the main things or people in a picture
gold stars on a black background
The artist himself did not paint the backgrounds to his pictures - they were done by his pupils.
He has photographed her against lots of different backgrounds.
Learner example:
I think it would make the background of the picture colourful and interesting.
SITUATION
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] the situation that an event happens in, or things which have
happened in the past which affect it
These decisions have had to be taken against a background of high unemployment.
Can you give me some background on the situation?
Learner example:
The background of the story is life in a small town in one of the southern states of the USA in the
early 1930s.
backpack /ˈbæk.pæk/
Word family:
Nouns: backpack, backpacker, backpacking
NOUN [C]
[B1] a bag that you carry on your back
Dictionary example:
I couldn't fit anything else in my backpack.
Learner example:
Travelling with a backpack is very handy.
180
backpacker /ˈbæk.pæk.ər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone, especially a young person, who travels around an area without
spending much money, carrying a backpack
Dictionary example:
The hostel is used mainly by backpackers.
Learner example:
There is a special offer for backpackers.
backpacking /ˈbæk.pæk.ɪŋ/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B1] when you travel around an area without spending much money, carrying a
backpack
Dictionary example:
I went backpacking when I was a student.
Learner example:
Until now I mainly spent my holidays backpacking through Europe.
backup (ALSO back-up) /ˈbæk.ʌp/
NOUN
EXTRA HELP
[B2] [C or U] extra help, support or equipment which is available if you need it
Dictionary example:
Medical staff are on call to provide backup in case of an emergency.
Learner example:
I'm sure that most business people have battery back-up and a very good knowledge of when the
laptop battery needs to recharge.
181
COPY
[B2] [C] a copy of information that is held on a computer, which is stored separately
from the computer
Before we leave work each day, we make a backup of all the records we have entered into the
computer that day.
The department's backup disks are all stored in a different building.
Learner example:
Seems he had made a copy in a special file in a back-up memory.
backwards /ˈbæk.wədz/
ADVERB
[B1] towards the direction behind you
I walked backwards towards the door.
He took a step backwards to allow her to pass.
Learner example:
Very often, for example on Friday afternoon or Saturday, there are so many people in a shopping
centre that you can't move forwards or backwards.
bacon /ˈbeɪ.kən/
NOUN [U]
[B1] ! meat from a pig cut into long thin slices
a bacon sandwich
a slice of bacon
bacon and eggs
Learner example:
I like bacon very much but I ever eat it.
bacteria /bækˈtɪə.ri.ə/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[C1] very small living things that sometimes cause disease
182
Dictionary example:
The infection was caused by bacteria in the lung.
Learner example:
We were just lucky that during that period, the weather was cold and low temperatures prevented
bacteria from spreading.
bad /bæd/
Word family:
Adjectives: bad
Adverbs: badly
ADJECTIVE (worse, worst)
SEVERE
[B1] very serious or severe
a bad injury
the worst flooding for years
Learner example:
I can't go because I have to go to the hospital to see my grandmother who is in very bad health.
NOT LUCKY
[B1] not lucky, or not happening how you would like
It was just bad luck that she heard us.
I'll call you later if this is a bad time for you.
Learner example:
Actually he [had] bad luck in his exam this time but he can try to do his best next time, can't he?
feel bad about sth/doing sth

[B1] to feel guilty or sorry about something that has happened
Dictionary example:
I felt bad about letting her down.
Learner example:
I don't have anything else which was yours, and I feel so bad about it.
too bad
[B1] used to say that you are sorry about a situation
Dictionary example:
"He didn't get the job." "Oh, that's too bad."
183
Learner example:
Too bad you couldn't be here.
EVIL
[B1] (of people or actions) evil or morally unacceptable
There are a lot of bad people in the world.
He's got his faults but he's not a bad person.
Learner example:
On this day our God Ram killed a bad man Ravan who took Ram's wife Sita.
NOT FRESH
[B2] Bad food is not fresh and cannot be eaten.
Dictionary example:
I think this milk is bad.
Learner example:
My surprise was when I opened the fridge and all the food smelt bad, so I couldn't eat [anything].
PAINFUL
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] If you have a bad arm, leg, heart, etc., there is something
wrong with it and it is painful.
Dictionary example:
I've got a bad shoulder.
Learner example:
I'm lugging [my laptop] with me everywhere, with a bad back as a result.
too bad
[C1] used to say that nothing can be done to change a situation
Dictionary example:
I know you don't want to go but it's too bad, we have to.
Learner example:
Human beings have to make their own liv[es] as good as possible, and if they [do] not succeed,
the cynical approach is just: too bad!
badge /bædʒ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of metal, plastic, etc., with words or a picture on it which you wear on
your clothes
184
Dictionary example:
Everyone at the conference wore a badge with their name on.
Learner example:
Then I saw the badge he was wearing.
badly /ˈbæd.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: bad
Adverbs: badly
ADVERB (worse, worst)
UNPLEASANT
[B2] in an unpleasant way
Dictionary example:
I thought he was treated very badly.
Learner example:
In the past, zoos treated animals quite badly.
bad-tempered /ˌbædˈtemp.əd/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] describes a person who becomes angry and annoyed easily
Dictionary example:
She's very bad-tempered in the mornings!
Learner example:
It would be possible too that you lost your temper and became a bad-tempered man.
baggage /ˈbæg.ɪdʒ/
NOUN [U]
CASES
[B1] all the cases and bags that you take with you when you travel
How many pieces of baggage do you have?
We had to pay extra for our excess baggage.
185
Learner example:
I [didn't have] much baggage, only one green suitcase.
baker /ˈbeɪ.kər/
Word family:
Nouns: baker, bakery
Verbs: bake
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who makes and sells bread, cakes, etc. A shop that sells bread and
cakes is usually called a baker's.
Learner example:
My aunt, who is a baker, can certainly make a big delicious birthday cake for Anna.
bakery /ˈbeɪ.kə.ri/
Word family:
Nouns: baker, bakery
Verbs: bake
NOUN [C]
[B2] a place where bread, cakes, etc. are made or sold
Dictionary example:
I buy all our bread in the local bakery.
Learner example:
The best bakery was [on] the other side of town.
balance /ˈbæl.ənts/
Word family:
Nouns: balance
Verbs: balance
Adjectives: balanced, unbalanced
NOUN
WEIGHT
[B2] [U] when the weight of someone or something is spread in such a way that they
do not fall over
186
I lost my balance and fell off the bike.
She had to hold onto the railings to keep her balance.
Learner example:
I began to go downstairs to the kitchen, [with] two hands on the wall to keep my balance.
EQUAL IMPORTANCE
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] when the correct amount of importance is given to each thing so
that a situation is successful
We must try to get a balance between police powers and the protection of citizens.
He was concerned that taking on three more men could upset the gender balance in the
department.
Learner example:
It is not easy to find [the] right balance in our lives.
MONEY
[B2] [C] the amount of money that you still have to pay, or that you have left to use
Dictionary example:
I always pay off the balance on my credit card.
Learner example:
Sometimes you [are] surprise[d] when you check the balance of your bank account and then need
to cut down your expenses for 2 months.
on balance
[B2] used to give your opinion after you have considered all the facts about
something
Dictionary example:
On balance, I'd prefer to come straight home.
Learner example:
On balance, no matter how important or useful computers may be, they will never replace the
pleasure of re-reading familiar pages of your favourite books.
strike a balance
[C1] to give two things the same amount of attention
Dictionary example:
It's important to strike a balance between spending and saving.
Learner example:
Everything has good and bad sides, the most important thing is to strike a balance.
187
VERB
NOT FALLING
[B2] [I or T] to be in a position where you will not fall to either side, or to put
something in this position
She was trying to balance a book on her head.
The flamingoes balanced gracefully on one leg.
Learner example:
If you have to take many things with you, it will be better to carry th[em] in your car, [rather] than
balanc[ing] them on your bicycle.
EQUAL IMPORTANCE
[B2] [T] to give several things equal amounts of importance, time or money so that a
situation is successful
Dictionary example:
I struggle to balance work and family commitments.
Learner example:
In life we need to balance all the areas included in human behavio[u]r.
balanced /ˈbæl.əntst/
Word family:
Nouns: balance
Verbs: balance
Adjectives: balanced, unbalanced
ADJECTIVE
a balanced diet/meal
[B2] a healthy mixture of different types of food
Dictionary example:
If you have a balanced diet, you are getting all the vitamins you need.
Learner example:
It is very important to have a balanced diet.
FAIR
[B2] considering all the facts in a fair way
Dictionary example:
The news programme prided itself on its balanced reporting.
Learner example:
Your report contained several mistakes and it did not [give a] balanced view.
188
balcony /ˈbæl.kə.ni/
NOUN [C]
HOUSE ETC.
[B1] a small area joined to the wall outside an upper room where you can stand or
sit
Dictionary example:
We had a drink out on the balcony and watched the sunset.
Learner example:
It's got a balcony, too, from where I can see the river.
bald /bɔːld/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] with little or no hair on the head
At twenty he was already going bald.
He has a bald patch.
Learner example:
Police Officers jumped out from the bushes and subdued the bald man, Lew Juan Yee.
ball /bɔːl/
NOUN [C]
be on the ball INFORMAL
[C1] to be quick to understand and react to things
Dictionary example:
She's over ninety, but she's still on the ball.
Learner example:
When you're at Sants station, you'll need to be on the ball to find the tube.
189
ballet /ˈbæl.eɪ/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] (a theatrical work with) a type of dancing where carefully organized

movements tell a story or express an idea
a ballet dancer
Both children do ballet.
Learner example:
She is always making me laugh, and she likes ballet too!
ban /bæn/
VERB [T USUALLY PASSIVE] (-nn-)

[B2] to forbid something, especially officially
The film was banned in several countries.
She was banned from driving for two years.
Learner example:
Personally, I think that driving private cars in the main parts of cities should be banned.
NOUN [C]
[B2] an official order that prevents something from happening
Dictionary example:
There should be a ban on talking loudly in cinemas.
bandage /ˈbæn.dɪdʒ/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a long piece of soft cloth that you tie around an injured part of the body
Dictionary example:
She had a bandage around her wrist.
Learner example:
The doctor said that in one week he would take off my bandage and as soon a[s] possible I'll come
to visit you.
190
bang /bæŋ/
VERB
[B2] [I or T] to make a sudden loud noise or to cause something to do this
She banged her fist angrily on the table.
Outside a door was banging in the wind.
He could hear someone banging at the door.
Learner example:
One Friday afternoon I was putting away clothes and shoes in the little room which is under the
stairs, when my little son, Tom (who was just eighteen months old) banged the door [shut] behind
me.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a sudden loud noise
Dictionary example:
The window slammed shut with a loud bang.
Learner example:
I was reading when I suddenly h[e]ard a big bang.
bank /bæŋk/
Word family:
Nouns: bank, banker, banking
NOUN [C]
RIVER
[B2] sloping raised land, especially along the sides of a river
By the time we reached the opposite bank, the boat was sinking fast.
These flowers generally grow on river banks and near streams.
Learner example:
One bank of the river is stony, the other is sandy.
bank account /ˈbæŋk.əˌkaʊnt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an arrangement with a bank to keep your money there and to allow you to take
it out when you need to
191
I've opened a bank account with a building society.
I paid the money into my bank account this morning.
Learner example:
The man, whose name I can't remember, wrote a serious-looking message in which he [talked
about] a money transfer to a Swiss bank account.
banker /ˈbæŋ.kər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone with an important position in a bank
Dictionary example:
She was a successful banker by the time she was forty.
banking /ˈbæŋ.kɪŋ/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B2] the business of operating a bank
Dictionary example:
international banking
Learner example:
I want to specialize in finance and banking.
bankrupt /ˈbæŋk.rʌpt/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] unable to continue in business because you cannot pay your debts
Dictionary example:
He went bankrupt after only a year in business.
Learner example:
But the greed for easy money is likely to diminish as many businesses have gone bankrupt these
last few months.
192
bar /bɑːr/
NOUN [C]
BLOCK
[B1] a substance that has been made into a solid, rectangular shape
a bar of soap
a chocolate bar
Learner example:
I think I've got the right present for your cousins. What do you think about a bar of chocolate from
Switzerland?
LONG PIECE
[B2] a straight stick made of metal
Dictionary example:
The gorilla rattled the bars of its cage.
Learner example:
When they looked into the lake, they saw a long bar of gold.
behind bars
[B2] in prison
Dictionary example:
He will spend the rest of his life behind bars.
Learner example:
In the darkness, Lew Kuan Yee had sworn revenge against Michael, the detective who had sent
him behind bars.
barbecue /ˈbɑː.bɪ.kjuː/
VERB [T]
[B1] to cook food on a barbecue
Dictionary example:
Their traditional sausages are delicious grilled or barbecued.
193
barber /ˈbɑː.bər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone whose job is to cut men's hair. The place where a barber works is
usually called the barber's.
Dictionary example:
Dad goes to the barber's once a month.
Learner example:
My mother told me to go to the barber because I had my hair very long.
bare /beər/
ADJECTIVE
NO CLOTHES
[B2] not covered by clothes
a bare chest
bare arms/feet/legs
Learner example:
Most people had more essential needs to satisfy than their looks, but there were also women who
painted tight-patterns on their bare legs to create a bit of post-war glamour.
NOT COVERED
[B2] not covered by anything
Dictionary example:
There's no carpet in the room, just bare floorboards.
Learner example:
Mary must move to an unattractive site on the bare and wild moorland, called Jamaica Inn.
barely /ˈbeə.li/
ADVERB
[B2] only just
They have barely enough to pay the rent this month.
She was barely fifteen when she won her first championship.
194
Learner example:
His father replied in a voice barely above a whisper.
bargain /ˈbɑː.gɪn/
NOUN [C]
CHEAP
[B2] something that is on sale for less than its usual price or its real value
This coat was half-price - a real bargain.
The airline regularly offers last-minute bookings at bargain prices.
Learner example:
And it was a real bargain.
bark /bɑːk/
VERB
DOG
[B2] [I] If a dog barks, it makes loud, short sounds.
Dictionary example:
They heard a dog barking outside.
Learner example:
He barks whenever there is a stranger in our house.
barman /ˈbɑː.mən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! a man who serves drinks in a bar
Dictionary example:
I asked the barman for some ice in my drink.
Learner example:
I have seen an advertisement for a barman.
195
barrier /ˈbær.i.ər/
NOUN [C]
FENCE
[B2] a type of fence that stops people from going into an area
Dictionary example:
Barriers have been erected all along the route the Pope will take.
Learner example:
Only these people can open the barrier with their keys.
PREVENTING
[B2] something that prevents people from doing what they want to do
Despite the language barrier, they soon became good friends.
Shyness is one of the biggest barriers to making friends.
We have to work at breaking down barriers between the two communities.
Learner example:
I think I could be good at this job because I could plan safety programmes in case of an
emergency and the language barrier would not be a problem if a spectator or a sportsman ask[ed]
me [for] information.
base /beɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: base, basics, basis
Adjectives: basic
Adverbs: basically
NOUN [C]
BOTTOM
[B2] the bottom part of something, or the part something rests on
a crystal glass with a heavy base
At the base of the cliff was a rocky beach.
MILITARY
[B2] a place where people in the armed forces live
an American Air Force base
an old army/naval/military base
196
Learner example:
During the day you can visit all of our museums or schools or even the air force base, which is
open from 9 o'clock.
VERB
be based at/in/etc.
[B2] to have a particular town or area, etc. as the main place where you live and
work, or where you do business from
Dictionary example:
He was based in Birmingham during the war.
Learner example:
The shop is based in London.
basement /ˈbeɪs.mənt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a room or set of rooms that is below ground level in a building
Dictionary example:
a basement flat
Learner example:
There is also a swimming pool in the basement.
basic /ˈbeɪ.sɪk/
Word family:
Adjectives: basic
Adverbs: basically
ADJECTIVE
MAIN
[B1] being the main or most important part of something
basic ideas/principles
The basic problem is that they don't talk to each other enough.
Learner example:
He started to teach me the basic knowle[d]ge of nuclear physic[s].
197
NECESSARY
[B1] including or providing only the things that are most necessary
basic services/skills/training
He only has a basic command of English.
The crisis has led to price rises in basic foodstuffs, such as meat, cheese and sugar.
Learner example:
You must take [a] pencil, rubber, ruler, pen... the basic things.
SIMPLE
[B1] very simple, with nothing special added
Dictionary example:
It's the most basic model.
Learner example:
The decoration was basic, but homely.
basically /ˈbeɪ.sɪk.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: basic
Adverbs: basically
ADVERB
SIMPLY
[B2] used to introduce a short explanation about something
Dictionary example:
Basically, what he's saying is that we need more time.
Learner example:
Basically, we spend half our leisure time being stuck to a screen and leading [a] so-called co[u]ch
potato lifestyle.
MOSTLY
[C1] in the most important ways
These two machines are basically the same, but you get a few extra features in the more
expensive one.
The car's basically sound, but the paintwork needs a bit of attention.
Learner example:
Although they will offer some hot meals at any time, most of the food provided is basically fast
food and snacks.
198
basics /ˈbeɪ.sɪks/
Word family:
Adjectives: basic
Adverbs: basically
NOUN [PLURAL]
the basics
[B2] the most important facts, skills, or needs
Dictionary example:
I really must learn the basics of first aid.
Learner example:
Last year, I chose to take groups on sailing and diving trips because I already knew the basics of
sailing and diving.
basin /ˈbeɪ.sən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the bowl that is fixed to the wall in a bathroom, where you wash your hands
and face
Dictionary example:
I've cleaned the basin and scrubbed the bath.
Learner example:
I think I forgot it upstairs in the bathroom on the basin.
basis /ˈbeɪ.sɪs/ (PLURAL bases)
Word family:
Adjectives: basic
Adverbs: basically
NOUN [C]
on a daily/monthly/regular, etc. basis

[B2] how often something happens or is done
Dictionary example:
Meetings are held on a weekly basis.
199
Learner example:
In order for the transport facilities such as bus stops or underground stations to improve,
policemen should be assigned to guard them and cleaners should be assigned to clean them on a
daily basis.
METHOD
[B2] a way or method of doing something
Most of our staff work for us on a voluntary basis.
I'm hoping she'll join us on a permanent basis.
Learner example:
On the other hand, the job advert is not very precise about the salary you can earn on a full-time
basis.
REASON
[C1] the reason for something
Dictionary example:
There is no scientific basis for these claims.
Learner example:
I cannot imagine on what basis you estimated the figure.
on the basis of sth

[C1] having something as a reason
Dictionary example:
Marks are awarded on the basis of progress and performance.
Learner example:
On the basis of the points mentioned above, it is a foregone conclusion that young people do not
face any severe problems.
DEVELOPMENT
[C1] a situation, fact, or idea from which something can develop
Dictionary example:
Dani's essay can serve as a basis for our discussion.
Learner example:
As a basis for my proposals, I'll use the programme you sent to me.
basket /ˈbɑː.skɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a container, usually with a handle, that is made of thin pieces of wood, wire,
plastic, etc.
200
a shopping/picnic basket
a laundry/clothes basket
Learner example:
As I approach[ed] the sound, I saw something that [wa]s moving inside a basket. It was a baby,
crying [with] hunger.
bat /bæt/
NOUN [C]
ANIMAL
[B1] a small animal like a mouse with wings that flies at night
Dictionary example:
Bats were swooping through the night air.
Learner example:
A bat flew close to my left ear and far away I heard some strange sounds.
battle /ˈbæt.l
̩/
NOUN
WAR
[B1] [C or U] a fight between armed forces in a war
the Battle of the Somme
He was killed in battle.
Learner example:
But he died in a battle, so nobody knew where the treasure [was] hidden!
PROBLEMS/ILLNESS
[B2] [C] a fight against something that is very difficult, or that is hurting or
destroying you
Dictionary example:
a long battle against cancer
Learner example:
His life was a hard battle, trying to break through.
201
bay /beɪ/
NOUN [C]
COAST
[B1] an area of coast where the land curves in
Dublin Bay
the Bay of Naples
Learner example:
It's also possible to hire a small yacht there and have a trip round the bay.
beak /biːk/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the hard part of a bird's mouth
Dictionary example:
It carried a huge stick in its beak.
Learner example:
It is an elegant bird, about 2 ft tall, with grey feathers, a black tail and a yellow beak.
beam /biːm/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a line of light shining from something
Dictionary example:
a laser beam
Learner example:
I was beginning to feel rather impa[t]ient when a door opened letting a beam of light come into
the dark room.
bear /beər/
Word family:
Verbs: bear
Adjectives: unbearable
202
VERB (bore, borne)
ACCEPT
[B2] [T] to accept someone or something unpleasant
I like her but I can't bear her friends.
I can't bear being bored.
He couldn't bear to see the dog in pain.
How can you bear to talk to him?
Learner example:
And I'd like to stay in a log cabin because I can't bear sleeping in a tent.
bear (sb/sth) in mind

[B2] to remember to consider someone or something that may be useful in the
future
Dictionary example:
Thank you for your advice, I'll bear it in mind.
Learner example:
It would be a great opportunity, bearing in mind that we are majoring in fashion journalism.
NAME
[C1] to have or show a particular name, picture, or symbol
Dictionary example:
The shop bore his family name.
Learner example:
He founded at least 17 cities bearing his name, as centres of art and culture.
bear left/right
[C1] to turn left or right
Dictionary example:
Bear right at the next set of traffic lights.
Learner example:
The taxi has to bear left at the fork and then you can see my house, 200 yards on the right si[de],
it's a white house with the number 53.
beat /biːt/
VERB (beat, beaten)
DEFEAT
[B1] [T] to defeat or do better than
203
Simon always beats me at tennis.
Holland beat Belgium (by) 3-1.
The nationalists were narrowly beaten in the local election.
She has beaten her own record of three minutes ten seconds.
Learner example:
Sebastian beat me 6-2.
HEART
[B1] [I] When your heart beats, it makes regular movements and sounds.
Dictionary example:
By the time the doctor had arrived, his heart had stopped beating.
Learner example:
My heart was beating like a bell and I was really excit[ed].
HIT
[B2] [T] to hit a person or animal repeatedly
They saw him beating his dog with a stick.
She was beaten to death.
Learner example:
He began to drink, and when he was drunk, he beat Kelly.
BETTER THAN
[C1] [T] to be better than something
Dictionary example:
Being at the youth club beats sitting at home.
Learner example:
The sight of a child cured from an immobilizing disease running around laughing and dancing is
pure happiness, nothing beats it.
FOOD
[C1] [T] to mix food using hard, quick movements
Dictionary example:
Beat the egg whites until they are stiff.
beat about/around the bush

[C1] to avoid talking about something difficult or embarrassing
Dictionary example:
I decided to stop beating around the bush and told him exactly what I thought of him.
Learner example:
Well, let's stop beating about the bush and g[et] to the point.
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NOUN [C]
REGULAR SOUND
[B2] a regular movement or sound, especially that made by your heart
I put my head on his chest but I could feel no heart beat.
My heart missed a beat when she said, "Yes, I'll marry you".
Learner example:
She started to exhale after a moment, counting the beats of her heart.
MUSIC
[B2] the main rhythm of a piece of music
The guitar comes in on the third beat.
He tapped his foot to the beat of the music.
Learner example:
They play rock with a very good beat.
beautifully /ˈbjuː.tɪ.fəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: beauty
Adjectives: beautiful
Adverbs: beautifully
ADVERB
[B1] in a way that is beautiful
She dresses beautifully.
Their house is beautifully decorated.
Learner example:
My room is big and beautifully decora[t]ed.
beauty /ˈbjuː.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: beauty
Adjectives: beautiful
Adverbs: beautifully
205
NOUN [U]
BEING BEAUTIFUL
[B1] the quality of being beautiful
Dictionary example:
This is an area of outstanding natural beauty.
Learner example:
It's a very nice place and I wanted to record its beauty.
because of /bɪˈkɒz.əv/
PREPOSITION
[B1] as a result of
Dictionary example:
The train was delayed because of bad weather.
Learner example:
He always had row[s] with his parents because of his school results.
bee /biː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a yellow and black flying insect which makes honey and can sting you
A swarm of bees flew into the garden.
I was stung by a bee.
Learner example:
Did you know that bees are endangered?
beef /biːf/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the meat of a cow
Dictionary example:
roast beef
Learner example:
They like eating beef, lamb and salad.
206
before /bɪˈfɔːr/
PREPOSITION
IN FRONT OF
[B1] in a position in front of someone or something
Dictionary example:
I've never performed this before an audience.
IN ORDER
[B1] in front of someone or something in an order or a list
Dictionary example:
The letter K comes before L in the English alphabet.
CONJUNCTION
TO AVOID SOMETHING
[B1] in order to avoid something bad happening
Dictionary example:
Put that stick down before you hurt someone!
UNTIL
[B1] until (the event mentioned)
Dictionary example:
It took a few moments before I realized that he was joking.
before you know it

[C1] very soon
Dictionary example:
We'll be there before you know it.
Learner example:
It is a bit dark inside and especially in winter, it is dark before you know it.
beg /beg/ (-gg-)
VERB [I or T]
STRONG REQUEST
[B2] to make a very strong and urgent request
207
They begged for mercy.
"Please, please forgive me!" she begged (him).
He begged her to stay.
Learner example:
But before she left I begged her not to tell anybody.
VERY POOR
[B2] to ask someone for food or money, because you do not have any
There are more and more homeless people begging on the streets these days.
She had to beg for money and food for her children.
Learner example:
He had [a] shabby coat, old shoes and he was begging for money.
begin /bɪˈgɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: beginner, beginning
Verbs: begin
VERB (beginning, began, begun)
begin with sth

[B1] to have something at the start
Dictionary example:
The word 'cat' begins with the letter 'c'.
to begin with
[B1] at the start of a situation
Dictionary example:
To begin with, the two girls got on well.
Learner example:
It wasn't stunningly beautiful, but a bed and a bathroom is really all we need[ed] to begin with!
to begin with
[B2] used to give the first important reason for something
Dictionary example:
To begin with, we can't afford to move.
Learner example:
To begin with, it doesn't pollute and I think it's time we started thinking about [the] environment.
208
behalf /bɪˈhɑːf/
NOUN
on behalf of sb or on sb's behalf

[B2] If you do something on behalf of someone, you do it for them or instead of
them.
On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work.
Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.
Learner example:
I am writing on behalf of our college English club members to welcome you [to] our city.
behave /bɪˈheɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: behaviour
Verbs: behave, misbehave
VERB
IN A PARTICULAR WAY
[B1] [I] to do or say things in a particular way
She always behaves badly at bedtime.
He's been behaving very strangely recently.
You behaved like an idiot!
Learner example:
As always, I'll behave like a gentleman.
BE POLITE
[B1] [I or T] to be polite and not make a situation difficult
Dictionary example:
Did the children behave (themselves)?
Learner example:
Team sports can also help children to behave themselves.
209
behaviour /bɪˈheɪ.vjər/
Word family:
Nouns: behaviour
NOUN [U]
[B1] the way that you behave
bad/good behaviour
Her behaviour was appalling.
Did you notice anything strange about his behaviour?
Learner example:
I was on the beach when my mobile phone rang. It was my boyfriend apologizing for his bad
behaviour at the party we had had the night before.
behind /bəˈhaɪnd/
PREPOSITION
SLOWER
[B1] slower or less successful than someone or something
The project is already behind schedule.
Arsenal are six points behind Manchester United with three matches still to play.
Learner example:
Secondly, the show did not start until 20:15 pm. That was almost one hour behind schedule.
SUPPORTING
[B1] giving your help or support to someone
Dictionary example:
The group is 100 percent behind her.
Learner example:
He is very nice because if you have problems he is always behind you to help you.
behind bars
[B2] in prison
Dictionary example:
He will spend the rest of his life behind bars.
210
Learner example:
In the darkness, Lew Kuan Yee had sworn revenge against Michael, the detective who had sent
him behind bars.
CAUSING
[C1] causing something, or responsible for something
Dictionary example:
What was the reason behind her decision to leave?
Learner example:
Another reason behind this kind of thinking is that some boys feel a[w]kward when they see girls
and they think they are being ignored in the class.
ADVERB
BACK
[B1] at or to the back of someone or something
Dictionary example:
Somebody grabbed me from behind.
Learner example:
An old man appeared from behind wearing the same clothes [as] the owner of the phone and
asked [her] for it.
PLACE
[B1] in the place where someone or something was before
I was annoyed to discover that I'd left my bag behind.
After the party a few people stayed behind to help clear up.
Learner example:
The bus driver told him that a suitcase was left behind because nobody claimed it.
SLOWER
[C1] slower or later than someone else, or than you should be
Dictionary example:
She's behind with the rent.
Learner example:
Those children who do not get this at home are the ones who are behind in their schoolwork.
behind the times

[C1] not fashionable or modern
Dictionary example:
Dad's a bit behind the times.
Learner example:
We [should] improve our equipment. Otherwise we will be behind the times.
211
belief /bɪˈliːf/
Word family:
Nouns: belief
Verbs: believe
Adjectives: unbelievable
NOUN
TRUE
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] when you believe that something is true or real
a common/popular/widely-held belief
He called at her house in the belief that she would lend him the money.
It is my firm/strong belief that the public have a right to know.
She took this medicine in the mistaken belief that it would cure her.
Learner example:
At this time, tango was considered an immoral type of music; but Carlos Gardel changed this
belief, [and] people from all over the world loved him.
IDEA
[B2] [C or U] an idea that you are certain is true
Dictionary example:
All non-violent religious and political beliefs should be respected equally.
Learner example:
We get to know the beliefs, superstitions or the principles of other religious denominations.
believe /bɪˈliːv/
Word family:
Nouns: belief
Verbs: believe
VERB [T]
not believe your eyes/ears

[B1] to be very surprised when you see someone or something, or when you hear
what someone says
Dictionary example:
I couldn't believe my ears when Dan said they were getting married.
212
Learner example:
Well, this church was extremely simple [o]n the outside, but when I got inside it, I couldn't believe
my eyes.
believe it or not
[B1] used to say that something is true although it seems surprising
Dictionary example:
He even remembered my birthday, believe it or not.
Learner example:
First I visited the "Roman Bath'' which is more than 2000 years old and, believe it or not, it still
works!
bell /bel/
NOUN [C]
ELECTRICAL OBJECT
[B1] an electrical object that makes a ringing sound when you press a button
Dictionary example:
Please ring the bell for attention.
Learner example:
I was relaxing at home when suddenly the bell rang.
METAL OBJECT
[B2] a hollow, metal object, shaped like a cup, that makes a ringing sound when
you hit it
Dictionary example:
the sound of church bells ringing
Learner example:
At the begin[n]ing I was very excited, living in an old house, not too far from the city (you could
still hear the church bells chiming) but far enough [away] to live your own life without nosy
neighbours.
belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: belongings
Verbs: belong
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VERB [I]
RIGHT PLACE
[B2] If something belongs somewhere, that is the place it should be in.
This table belongs in the sitting room.
These papers belong with the others.
Learner example:
I can understand people wh[o] say that animals belong in nature.
HAPPY SOMEWHERE
[B2] to feel happy or comfortable in a situation
Dictionary example:
I spent two years in Oxford but I never felt that I belonged there.
belongings /bɪˈlɒŋ.ɪŋz/
Word family:
Nouns: belongings
Verbs: belong
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] the things that a person owns, especially those which can be carried
Dictionary example:
I put a few personal belongings in a bag and left the house for the last time.
Learner example:
Five different kings have lived there with their families and it is possible to see several of their
personal belongings.
below /bɪˈləʊ/
ADVERB; PREPOSITION
LESS
[B1] less than a particular amount or level
His marks in English have been below average for some time now.
The temperature has fallen below zero/freezing recently.
Learner example:
We have to learn that [it] is not natural for a lion [to be] living in a country where, in winter, [the]
temperature can fall below zero.
214
bench /bentʃ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a long seat for two or more people, usually made of wood or metal
Dictionary example:
a park bench
Learner example:
At 1 p.m. Paul was sitting on a bench and waiting for Julia.
bend /bend/
VERB [I or T] (bent, bent)
BODY
[B2] to move your body or part of your body so that it is not straight
Bend your knees when lifting heavy objects.
She bent down to pick up the pen.
Now, bend forwards/over and touch your toes!
Learner example:
My friend was bending over the table laughing hysterically.
CURVE
[B2] to (cause to) curve
The road bends to the left after the first set of traffic lights.
The trees were bending in the wind.
Learner example:
I saw fir trees bending in half and 500-year-old oaks shedding their leaves.
NOUN [C]
CURVED PART
[B2] a curved part of something
There's a bend in the pipe so you can't see from one end to the other.
There's a sharp bend in the road.
Learner example:
The other car disappeared around a sharp bend and when we came round it, we saw that the car
had stopped in the middle of the road.
215
beneath /bɪˈniːθ/
PREPOSITION
UNDER
[B2] under something, or in a lower position than something
Jeremy hid the letter beneath a pile of papers.
After weeks at sea, it was wonderful to feel firm ground beneath our feet once more.
Learner example:
She could feel the train coming because the ground beneath her feet was moving.
beneficial /ˌben.əˈfɪʃ.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: benefit
Verbs: benefit
Adjectives: beneficial
ADJECTIVE
[B2] helpful, useful or good
The improvement in sales figures had a beneficial effect on the company as a whole.
Exercise is beneficial to almost everyone.
Learner example:
To sum up, team sports are beneficial to children so if the schools they attend do not have any,
they should take up [something].
benefit /ˈben.ɪ.fɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: benefit
Verbs: benefit
Adjectives: beneficial
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] something that helps you or gives you an advantage
The discovery of oil brought many benefits to the town.
One of the many benefits of foreign travel is learning how to cope with the unexpected.
He's had the benefit of an expensive education and yet he continues to work as a waiter.
216
Learner example:
Taking everything [into] account, the drawbacks far outweigh its benefits.
VERB (-t-)
[B2] [I or T] to be helped by something or to help someone
I feel that I have benefited greatly from her experience.
How can we benefit those who most need our help?
Learner example:
I am sure that the café would benefit a great deal from a non-smoking-area.
berry /ˈber.i/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small round fruit on particular plants and trees
Dictionary example:
I usually scatter a few berries on my muesli.
Learner example:
Every day we were swimming, fishing, picking mushro[om]s and berries, hunting and making fires
to prepare food.
besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/
PREPOSITION
[B1] in addition to something or someone
Dictionary example:
Do you play any other sports besides football and basketball?
Learner example:
It's a Chinese food buffet but besides Chinese food they also have Italian food like pizza.
ADVERB
EXTRA REASON
[B1] used to give another reason for something
Dictionary example:
She won't mind your being late - besides, it's hardly your fault.
Learner example:
I think that I'm going to buy "Troy" because it looks to me [to be] a great movie - besides, it
reminds me of your vacations in Mexico.
217
IN ADDITION TO
[B1] in addition to
Dictionary example:
Besides looking after the children, she runs a successful business.
Learner example:
But besides playing, you can also sit [i]n the "club lounge", where you can drink something with
your friends or just play cards.
best /best/
ADJECTIVE
the next best thing

[C1] the thing that is best, if you cannot have or do the thing you really want
Dictionary example:
Coaching football is the next best thing to playing.
Learner example:
For many working people, there is hardly time to cook and prepare your dinner, so the next best
thing is to rush into a Macdonalds' or Burger King.
ADVERB
MOST SUITABLE
[B1] (superlative of well) in the most suitable or satisfactory way

I sleep best with the window open.
The Grand Canyon is best seen at sunset when it seems to change colour.
Learner example:
It would be best if you c[a]me on Wednesday 27th.
NOUN
the best
[B1] someone or something that is better than any other
I like all of Hitchcock's films, but I think 'Notorious' is the best.
Chris and I are the best of friends.
Learner example:
The trip was the best I have ever been [on] in my life.
at his/its, etc. best

[B1] at the highest level of achievement or quality
218
Dictionary example:
The article is an example of journalism at its best.
Learner example:
I enjoyed this trip because we got to stay in the countryside and [see] nature at its very best.
do/try your best

[B1] to make the greatest effort possible
Dictionary example:
I did my best to persuade him.
Learner example:
And the police said that they will try their best.
make the best of sth

[B2] to try to be positive about a situation you do not like but cannot change
Dictionary example:
Our hotel room is rather small, but we'll just have to make the best of it.
Learner example:
Unfortunately I don't have very much spare time so we will have to arrange it carefully in order to
make the best of your time in London.
(have) the best of both worlds

[C1] to have the advantages of two different situations
Dictionary example:
Living in the country and working in the city you have the best of both worlds.
Learner example:
Only those that can afford to live in the suburban areas can combine the best of both worlds and
they tend to be rather affluent.
bestseller /ˌbestˈsel.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a very popular book that many people have bought
Dictionary example:
His latest book is likely to be another bestseller.
Learner example:
Maybe your parents could bring me one of the newest bestsellers, which haven't been translated
[in]to Polish yet.
219
bet /bet/
VERB [I or T]
I bet (you)
[B1] INFORMAL something that you say to show that you believe that something is true
or will happen
I bet you she's missed the bus.
I bet that he won't come.
Learner example:
The movie is amazing. I bet you'll see it soon.
[C1] ! to risk money on the result of a game, competition, etc.
He lost all his money betting on horses.
I bet him a dollar that I was right.
Learner example:
The game lost its innocence long before 1985 when players were betting on the result of their
own game.
betray /bɪˈtreɪ/
VERB [T]
[B2] to behave in a dishonest or cruel way to someone who trusts you
She felt betrayed by her mother's lack of support.
He promised never to betray her.
Learner example:
He couldn't believe that his best friend had betrayed him.
between /bɪˈtwiːn/
PREPOSITION
SHARE
[B1] among two or more people or things
Dictionary example:
We drank two bottles of wine between four of us.
220
Learner example:
I think you'll have to discuss the ideas between you.
ADVERB
SPACE
[C1] in the space that separates two people, places, or things
Dictionary example:
The wood is in neat piles with newspaper placed between.
Learner example:
There is a shuttle bus from the airport straight to the main station with only one stop in between.
TIME
[C1] in the period of time that separates two events or times
Dictionary example:
There's a train at 6.15 and one at 10.30 but nothing in between.
Learner example:
Besides, there [is] research that prove[s] that people cannot work for more than two hours [at a
time]. They can't concentrate that long [and] they need to rest their minds for short periods in
between.
beware /bɪˈweər/
VERB [I]
[C1] used in order to warn someone to be careful
Beware of the dog.
You should beware of spending too long in the sun.
Learner example:
Although it's fun to surf, beware of the danger...
beyond /biˈjɒnd/
PREPOSITION
DISTANCE
[B2] on the other side of something
Dictionary example:
In the distance, beyond the river, was a small town.
221
Learner example:
Suddenly she recognized something red, beyond a tree and covered with some leaves.
TIME
[B2] continuing after a particular time or date
Few people live beyond the age of a hundred.
We cannot allow the work to continue beyond the end of the year.
Learner example:
You should take a [break] every two hours because, beyond two hours, your mind cannot record
what you are learning.
beyond my/our, etc. control

[B2] not able to be changed by me/us, etc.
Dictionary example:
Tonight's performance has been cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control.
Learner example:
This is a story about an event that turned out to be beyond my control.
INVOLVING OTHERS
[C1] involving or affecting other things or people than the ones you have talked
about
Dictionary example:
You should try to develop interests beyond the family.
Learner example:
Of course, the process of women['s] liberation isn't viewed with enthusiasm by husbands who
would have to wash up and cook if their wives wanted to develop women interests beyond their
family circle.
NOT UNDERSTAND
[C1] INFORMAL If something is beyond you, you cannot understand it.

Computer studies is completely beyond me.
It's beyond me why anyone would want to buy that house.
Learner example:
Lastly, touching upon the subject of the money, how you get the figure of 60% is beyond me, as I
have a clear chart of the charity day results.
ADVERB
PLACE
[C1] past a place
222
Dictionary example:
From the top of the hill we could see our house and the woods beyond.
Learner example:
The airport-bus will take you to the centre of Ostersund where I live and even beyond.
biased /ˈbaɪ.əst/
Word family:
Nouns: bias
Adjectives: biased, unbiased
ADJECTIVE
[C1] showing unfair support for or opposition to someone or something because of

your personal opinions
Dictionary example:
to be biased against/towards younger workers
Learner example:
Maybe it is not an original idea, but I must admit my choice was a little bit biased, since I am
reading a book about this era at the moment.
bid /bɪd/
NOUN [C]
OFFER
[C1] an offer to do something when you are competing with other people to do it
We put in a bid for the stadium contract.
London made a successful bid to host the Olympic Games.
Learner example:
I do not believe Beijing would have won the bid for [the] 2008 Olympic Games.
big /bɪg/
ADJECTIVE (bigger, biggest)
SUCCESSFUL
[C1] INFORMAL successful or popular
223
Dictionary example:
The programme's been a big hit with young children.
Learner example:
Of course, the many traditional craft stalls were a big hit also, and the[re] were hardly any [things]
left!
bike /baɪk/
NOUN [C]
MOTORCYCLE
[B1] INFORMAL a motorcycle

Dictionary example:
He came on his bike.
bikini /bɪˈkiː.ni/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of clothing with two parts that women wear for swimming
Dictionary example:
I packed my bikini for the beach.
Learner example:
Thelma was right: her bikini was really too big for her.
bilingual /baɪˈlɪŋg.wəl/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] using or able to speak two languages
a bilingual dictionary
She's bilingual.
Learner example:
The staff also seem reluctant to help travellers with their children and it would help if the staff
were bilingual.
224
billion /ˈbɪl.jən/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the number 1 000 000 000
Dictionary example:
Cosmetics is a billion dollar industry.
Learner example:
There she was, 70m above the sea with a crazy man with a gun behind her and billions of
thoughts in her head.
bin /bɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a container for waste
a litter bin
a rubbish bin
The supermarket has installed recycling bins for old newspapers, bottles and cans.
Do you want this or shall I throw it in the bin?
Learner example:
On the other hand more bins ought to be put in the centre and people [should be] encouraged to
separate their rubbish more carefully.
biography /baɪˈɒg.rə.fi/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the life story of a person written by someone else
Dictionary example:
He wrote a biography of Winston Churchill.
Learner example:
I found Orwell's biography so I bought it.
biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: biology
Adjectives: biological
225
ADJECTIVE
[B2] connected with the natural processes of living things
Dictionary example:
the biological sciences
Learner example:
Paul always knew that the Watsons weren't his biological parents.
birth /bɜːθ/
NOUN
BABY
[B1] [C or U] the time when a baby is born
He weighed four kilos at birth.
What's your date of birth?
The application form will ask for your place of birth.
Learner example:
It begins with the birth of his sister Margana and ends with his death.
give birth
[B2] When a woman or an animal gives birth, she produces a baby from her body.
Dictionary example:
She gave birth to twins.
Learner example:
The most important person in my life is the person who gave birth to me, my mother.
American/Italian, etc. by birth

[B2] born in a particular place or having parents with a particular nationality
Dictionary example:
I grew up in Paris, but I'm Italian by birth.
Learner example:
I am an eighteen year old college student and I am Portuguese by birth.
BEGINNING
[C1] [U] LITERARY the beginning of something
Dictionary example:
the birth of modern science
Learner example:
Pericles was the man who achieved the birth of democracy.
226
bit /bɪt/
NOUN [C]
quite a bit
[B1] INFORMAL a lot
He does quite a bit of travelling.
She's quite a bit older than him.
Learner example:
We spent quite a bit of time [going] along the beach.
a bit
[B2] INFORMAL a short period of time
I'll see you in a bit.
I'm just going out for a bit. See you later.
Learner example:
I had my breakfast, I went to buy the newspaper and then I came back to my house to rest [for] a
bit.
a bit of a change/fool/problem, etc.

[C1] a change, fool, problem, etc., but not an important or serious one
I am a bit of a romantic.
It was a bit of a shock.
Learner example:
I'm a bit of a computer maniac, so I've always wanted to experience the making of computer
programmes.
bit by bit
[C1] gradually
Dictionary example:
She saved up the money, bit by bit.
Learner example:
This film is full of tension as the truth is only revealed bit by bit.
bite /baɪt/
VERB (bit, bitten)

[B1] [I or T] to cut something using your teeth
227
He bit into the apple.
I was bitten on the leg by a dog.
Learner example:
A snake bit me [o]n my leg, but that's ok.
NOUN [C]
FOOD
[B2] a piece taken from food when you bite it
Dictionary example:
She took a bite from her pizza.
Learner example:
When Alice [took] a bite out of the cake, something hard touched her teeth.
INJURY
[B2] an injury caused when an animal or insect bites you
Dictionary example:
mosquito bites
Learner example:
As far as your question about our sleeping is concerned, I wouldn't mind either staying in rooms
or tents, but since you ask me to express my preference, I would suggest staying in rooms, in
order to avoid insect bites.
bitter /ˈbɪt.ər/
ADJECTIVE
TASTE
[B1] with an unpleasantly sharp taste
Dictionary example:
a bitter flavour/taste
Learner example:
And due to these bizarre situations I went through as a little boy, everything related to shopping
seems like a bitter liquid which I'm forced to drink.
ANGRY
[B2] angry and upset because of something bad that has happened that you cannot
forget
I feel very bitter about my childhood and the way I was treated.
She'd suffered terribly over the years but it hadn't made her bitter.
228
Learner example:
What can be more real that when your lover is gone or taken away your own soul is also alone,
bitter and dark and there is nothing else than feelings of rev[e]nge, anger, frustration and
sadness?
HATE
[B2] full of hate or anger
Dictionary example:
a bitter argument/dispute
Learner example:
Every time they met, a bitter feeling of hatre[d] bloomed in her throat.
DISAPPOINTED
[B2] making you feel very disappointed
Failing the final exams was a bitter disappointment for me.
She learnt through bitter experience that he was not to be trusted.
Learner example:
Now, I've already recovered from this bitter experience.
COLD
[B2] extremely cold
Dictionary example:
a bitter wind
bizarre /bɪˈzɑːr/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very strange and unusual
a bizarre situation
bizarre behaviour
Learner example:
Things are sometimes quite bizarre, aren't they?
229
blade /bleɪd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the flat part on a knife or similar tool or weapon, with a very thin edge used for
cutting
Dictionary example:
a sword with a steel blade
Learner example:
Suddenly she felt the blade on her neck and she screamed in panic.
blame /bleɪm/
VERB [T]
RESPONSIBLE
[B1] to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad
which has happened
Don't blame me if you miss the bus!
Many people blame him for Tony's death.
Hugh blames his lack of confidence on his mother.
You can't really blame Helen for not wanting to get involved.
Learner example:
She thought that I would blame her so she decided to write me a letter.
be to blame
[C1] to be responsible for something bad which has happened
Dictionary example:
Poor housing is to blame for many of their health problems.
NOUN [U]
[B2] when people say or think that someone or something is responsible for
something bad
The manager should take the blame for the team's defeat.
They put the blame on faulty equipment.
His employers have accepted blame for the accident.
Learner example:
She thought that I would blame her so she decided to write me a letter.
230
blank /blæŋk/
ADJECTIVE
EMPTY
[B1] empty or clear, or containing no information or mark
a blank sheet of paper
a blank page
a blank tape/computer screen
Sign your name in the blank space at the bottom of the form.
Learner example:
We must bring [a] pencil and blank paper.
go blank
[B2] If your mind goes blank, you suddenly cannot remember or think of
something.
Dictionary example:
When she asked me his name, my mind just went blank.
Learner example:
My mind went blank, I couldn't utter a word.
bleed /bliːd/
Word family:
Nouns: blood
Verbs: bleed
Adjectives: bloody
VERB [I] (bled, bled)

[B1] to lose blood
Your arm is bleeding.
He was bleeding heavily.
Learner example:
When I arrived, he was [o]n the ground bleeding and with his arm broke[n].
231
blind /blaɪnd/
Word family:
Nouns: blindness
Adjectives: blind
ADJECTIVE
NO SIGHT
[B1] not able to see
She's been blind since birth.
He started to go blind in his sixties.
Learner example:
She told him she was blind and she couldn't find her dog.
turn a blind eye (to sth)

[C1] to choose to ignore something that you know is wrong or illegal
Dictionary example:
Restaurant staff often took food home, and their boss turned a blind eye.
Learner example:
Nevertheless, we can't turn a blind eye to this reality.
NOUN
the blind
[C1] people who are blind
Dictionary example:
He went to a school for the blind.
Learner example:
I write from 'Helpers', an Uruguayan Enterprise specialized in selling products for both the blind
and the mute, and whose offerings your Company in Britain is interested in selling.
blindness /ˈblaɪnd.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: blindness
Adjectives: blind
NOUN [U]
NOT SEEING
[C1] the state of being blind
232
Dictionary example:
In its later stages the disease causes blindness.
Learner example:
Apart from his blindness, his health has worsened in general.
blink /blɪŋk/
VERB
EYES
[B2] [I or T] to open and close both of your eyes quickly
Dictionary example:
You've got something in your eye - try blinking a few times.
Learner example:
Her eyes were blinking as she was looking at the bright sunlight outside the window.
block /blɒk/
NOUN [C]
BUILDING
[B1] a large building containing many apartments or offices
Dictionary example:
a block of flats
Learner example:
I drove to a block of flats.
DISTANCE
[B1] the distance along a street from where one road crosses it to the place where
the next road crosses it, or one part of a street like this, especially in a town or
city
The museum is just six blocks away.
My friend and I live on the same block.
Learner example:
I'd have liked to go to the one which is four blocks away but the other guys didn't want to.
PIECE
[B2] a solid piece of hard material, usually in the shape of a square or rectangle
233
Dictionary example:
a block of ice/stone/wood
Learner example:
It is like an enormous block of stone!
VERB [T]
PREVENT MOVEMENT
[B2] to prevent movement through something
Dictionary example:
A fallen tree is blocking the road.
Learner example:
It took over three hours because there was a car accident and the street was blocked for two
hours.
CANNOT SEE
[C1] to be between someone and the thing they are looking at, so that they cannot
see
Dictionary example:
A pillar was blocking my view.
Learner example:
You cannot have a panoramic view [of] the mountains [any more] because buildings block it and
[the] people in the nearby village think only of profit.
blog /blɒg/
Word family:
Nouns: blog, blogger
Verbs: blog
NOUN [C]
[B1] a record of your activities or opinions that you put on the Internet for other
people to read and that you change regularly
Dictionary example:
There are two or three blogs that I read on a daily basis.
VERB [I]
[B1] to write or add material to a blog
Dictionary example:
He blogs about living with the disease.
234
blogger /ˈblɒg.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: blog, blogger
Verbs: blog
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who writes a blog
Dictionary example:
Bloggers everywhere are commenting on the issue.
blood /blʌd/
Word family:
Nouns: blood
Verbs: bleed
Adjectives: bloody
NOUN [U]
new blood
[C1] new people in an organization who will provide new ideas and energy
Dictionary example:
We need some new blood in the organization.
Learner example:
It will give new opportunities to new generations and thus will [provide] new blood in the
differe[n]t organisations.
bloody /ˈblʌd.i/
Word family:
Nouns: blood
Verbs: bleed
Adjectives: bloody
ADJECTIVE
COVERED IN BLOOD
[B2] covered in blood
Dictionary example:
a bloody nose
Learner example:
The police found a bloody knife [under] his pillow.
235
VIOLENT
[C1] violent and involving a lot of blood and injuries
Dictionary example:
a bloody war
Learner example:
About 50,000 Romans died during this bloody battle, including the famous Roman Commander
Varus.
blow /bləʊ/
VERB (blew, blown)
WIND
[B1] [I] If the wind blows, it moves and makes currents of air.
Dictionary example:
The wind was blowing harder every minute.
Learner example:
Sometimes a cool wind blows, [and] Bodrum is like heaven with many handsome boys, different
kinds of shops, fresh air and clear sea.
PERSON
[B1] [I] to force air out through your mouth
Dictionary example:
She blew on her coffee before taking a sip.
blow your nose

[B1] to clear your nose by forcing air through it into a piece of paper or cloth
Dictionary example:
He blew his nose loudly.
blue /bluː/
NOUN [C or U]
out of the blue

[C1] If something happens out of the blue, it is completely unexpected.
Dictionary example:
One day, out of the blue, she announced that she was leaving.
236
Learner example:
Dear Kim, I was extremely happy when I received your letter out of the blue.
blush /blʌʃ/
VERB [I]
[B2] to become pink in the face, usually from embarrassment
He blushes every time she speaks to him.
I blush to think what a fool I made of myself.
Learner example:
But there is one special "embarrassing moment" that even today I blush when I think about it.
board /bɔːd/
NOUN
on board
[B1] on a boat, train, aircraft, etc.
Dictionary example:
There were 230 people on board the plane.
Learner example:
After I checked in, I was on board.
SURFACE
[B2] [C] a flat piece of wood, plastic, etc. used for a particular purpose
Cut the vegetables on a chopping board.
an ironing board
There was a 'For Sale' board outside the house.
MEALS
[B2] [U] meals that are provided when you stay in a hotel
Dictionary example:
How much is a single room with full/half board?
Learner example:
You are likely to have full board accommodation and a single room.
237
ORGANIZATION
+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] a group of people who officially control a company or

[C1] [C
organization, or a particular type of business activity
the Tourist Board
The board approved the sales plan.
Learner example:
We will try to get a subsidy during the next Board of Directors [meeting].
take sth on board

[C1] to understand or accept an idea or a piece of information
Dictionary example:
Banks need to take on board the views of their customers.
Learner example:
The students feel that if the above suggestions were taken on board, the study centre could be an
excellent support for them in their studies.
VERB
[B1] [I or T] to get onto or allow people to get onto a boat, train or aircraft
At London airport she boarded a plane to Australia.
Will passengers waiting to board please go to the ticket counter?
Learner example:
We all boarded the train.
boast /bəʊst/
VERB
PRIDE
[B2] [I or T] to talk with too much pride about what you have done or what you own
He didn't talk about his exam results in case people thought he was boasting.
Parents enjoy boasting about their children's achievements.
They boasted that they had never lost a single game.
Learner example:
Later that evening I went home boasting about my success.
238
body /ˈbɒd.i/
NOUN [C]
NOT ARMS/LEGS
[B1] the main part of a person's or animal's body, without the head, arms and legs
Dictionary example:
The dog had a thin body and short legs.
Learner example:
There was a black spider with long legs and a fat round body near my head.
boil /bɔɪl/
Word family:
Verbs: boil
Adjectives: boiled, boiling
VERB
CONTAINER
[B1] [I or T] If a container of liquid boils, or if you boil it, it reaches the temperature
where bubbles rise up in it and it produces steam.
Could you boil the kettle for me?
The pan's boiling.
COOK
[B1] [T] to cook food in water that is boiling
Dictionary example:
Boil the potatoes until soft.
Learner example:
I teach them how to swim, how to boil rice without electrical equipment [and] so on.
boiling /ˈbɔɪ.lɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: boil
Adjectives: boiled, boiling
ADJECTIVE INFORMAL
[B2] very hot
239
It's boiling in this room!
It's boiling hot outside.
Learner example:
I wouldn't like a job like that, especially in the summer, when it's boiling hot.
bold /bəʊld/
Word family:
Adjectives: bold
Adverbs: boldly
ADJECTIVE
EASY TO NOTICE
[B1] strong in colour or shape and therefore easy to notice
Dictionary example:
bold colours/letters
Learner example:
It had some advertisements and I could read something written in bold words.
BRAVE
[B2] not frightened of taking risks
She was a bold and fearless climber.
It was a bold decision to go and live abroad.
The newspaper made the bold move/took the bold step of publishing the names of the men
involved.
Learner example:
That was the punishment for being bold!
boldly /ˈbəʊld.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: bold
Adverbs: boldly
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is brave or very confident
Dictionary example:
The President had already boldly declared victory.
240
Learner example:
One boldly ventures where none of their family members have been before in search of a better
lifestyle, good weather...
bomb /bɒm/
Word family:
Nouns: bomb, bomber, bombing
Verbs: bomb
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! a weapon that explodes and causes damage
The bomb exploded/went off near a busy market.
a nuclear bomb
a car bomb
Learner example:
A bomb had exploded and that boy rescued me from the accident.
VERB [T]
[B1] ! to attack a place using bombs
Dictionary example:
This pub was bombed a few years ago.
Learner example:
Houses had been bombed during the war and nothing was reconstructed.
bomber /ˈbɒm.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: bomb
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[B2] ! a person who uses bombs
Dictionary example:
Rajiv Gandhi is believed to have been killed by a suicide bomber.
241
bombing /ˈbɒm.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: bomb
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] ! an attack or several attacks using bombs
Dictionary example:
The city came under heavy bombing.
Learner example:
In fact, despite the number of plane accidents and bombing attempts on aeroplanes, it is the
safe[st] way to travel.
bond /bɒnd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an interest, experience, or feeling that makes people feel connected
the bond between the mother and baby
There is a close/strong bond between the brothers.
We formed a strong bond in this difficult period.
A love of opera created a bond between them.
Learner example:
The strong bond among the family members makes them feel secure and confident.
bone /bəʊn/
NOUN [C or U]
IN BODY
[B1] one of the hard pieces that make the structure inside a human or animal
human/animal bones
There's still a lot of meat left on the bone - shall I slice some off for you?
Learner example:
I saw things like dinosaur bones, mummies, etc.
242
bonus /ˈbəʊ.nəs/
NOUN [C]
EXTRA THING
[B2] another pleasant thing in addition to something you were expecting
Dictionary example:
I love the job, and it's an added bonus that it's so close to home.
Learner example:
Think about this: we will be practising English every day and as a bonus we'll have staff discounts
on books an[d] CDs.
EXTRA MONEY
[B2] an extra amount of money that you are given, especially because you have
worked hard
Dictionary example:
a Christmas bonus
Learner example:
My employer said if I pass my exam, he will give me a bonus of fifty pounds.
book /bʊk/
Word family:
Nouns: booking
Verbs: book
NOUN [C]
FOR WRITING
[B1] a set of pages fastened together in a cover and used for writing on
Dictionary example:
an address book
Learner example:
I lost my address book last week.
VERB [I or T]
book sb in or book sb into sth PHRASAL VERB
[B1] to arrange for someone to stay at a hotel
Dictionary example:
She booked me into a hotel in the town centre.
243
Learner example:
You have been booked into the "Palace Hotel" which is one of the most comfortable [hotels] in
town.
booking /ˈbʊk.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: booking
Verbs: book
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] an arrangement you make to have a hotel room, tickets, etc. at a particular
time in the future
Dictionary example:
advance booking
Learner example:
If it's a problem for you, just phone me and I can change my booking.
booklet /ˈbʊk.lət/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small, thin book that contains information
Dictionary example:
The tourist office has booklets about the area.
Learner example:
I w[ould] really appreciate it if you could send me a booklet describing all outdoor and indoor
activities.
bookmark /ˈbʊk.mɑːk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a way of marking an Internet website so that you can find it easily
Dictionary example:
Add this website to your bookmarks.
VERB [T]
[B2] to mark an Internet website on your computer so that you can find it easily
Dictionary example:
I've bookmarked the page.
244
boost /buːst/
NOUN [C USUALLY NO PLURAL]
[B2] something that makes you feel more confident and happy, or that helps
something increase or improve
Passing my driving test was such a boost to my confidence.
The lowering of interest rates will give a much-needed boost to the economy.
Learner example:
It really gave us a boost!
VERB [T]
[B2] to improve or increase something
The theatre managed to boost its audiences by cutting ticket prices.
Share prices were boosted by reports of the President's recovery.
Getting the job had really boosted her confidence.
Learner example:
It would not only boost my self-confiden[ce] but also look very good on my CV.
boot /buːt/
NOUN [C]
CAR
[B1] a closed space at the back of a car for putting things in
Dictionary example:
I'll put your luggage in the boot.
Learner example:
If you need to, you can carry lots of heavy or large things easily in the boot of your car.
border /ˈbɔː.dər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the line that divides one country from another
Were you stopped at the border?
The train crosses the border between France and Spain.
245
Learner example:
We could visit the mountains near the Czech and German border.
borrow /ˈbɒr.əʊ/
VERB
MONEY
[C1] [I or T] to get money from a bank or financial organization and pay it back over a
period of time
Dictionary example:
We had to borrow heavily to set up the business.
Learner example:
Some even borrow from loan sharks just to satisfy impulse shopping needs, which may eventually
lead to building up debts to an individual or his family.
bossy /ˈbɒs.i/
Word family:
Nouns: boss
Adjectives: bossy
ADJECTIVE
[B2] always telling other people what to do
Dictionary example:
a bossy older sister
Learner example:
Granny is the problem - she's a bit bossy!
both /bəʊθ/
DETERMINER; PRONOUN

Dictionary example:
246
Learner example:
bother /ˈbɒð.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: bother
Adjectives: bothered
VERB
WORRY
[B2] [T] to make someone feel worried or upset
Does it bother you that he's out so much of the time?
It bothers me that he doesn't seem to notice.
Living on my own has never bothered me.
I don't care if he doesn't come - it doesn't bother me.
Learner example:
Then I want to mention that there is one thing that bothers me a lot.
MAKE AN EFFORT
[B2] [I or T] to make the effort to do something
He hasn't even bothered to write.
Don't bother making the bed - I'll do it later.
You'd have found it if you'd bothered looking.
You won't get any credit for doing it, so why bother?
Learner example:
TV is entertaining, and it's all digested for you: you don't need to bother thinking after a long
day's work.
can't be bothered INFORMAL
[B2] If you can't be bothered to do something, you are too lazy or tired to do it.
Dictionary example:
I can't be bothered to iron my clothes.
Learner example:
It woke me up but I didn't answer it, [I] couldn't be bothered.
247
bothered /ˈbɒð.əd/
Word family:
Verbs: bother
Adjectives: bothered
[B2] If you are bothered about something, it is important to you and you are
worried about it.
He's very bothered about what people think of him.
They were an hour late and she didn't seem at all bothered.
Learner example:
I'm also bothered about what's going on around me.
bottom /ˈbɒt.əm/
NOUN
SEA/RIVER/LAKE
[B1] [NO PLURAL] the ground under a river, lake, or sea
Dictionary example:
The ship had sunk to the bottom of the sea.
Learner example:
It gives me great pleasure to go and see all the beautiful kinds of fish in the modern aquarium,
which shows you the wonderful world [that exists] at the bottom of the ocean.
FURTHEST PART
[B1] [NO PLURAL] the part of a road or area of land that is furthest from where you are
They live at the bottom of our street.
The apple tree at the bottom of the garden has lots of fruit.
Learner example:
She could hear a sort of sad cat's voice from the bottom of the garden.
BODY PART
[B1] [C] the part of your body that you sit on
Dictionary example:
She slipped and fell on her bottom.
248
Learner example:
[There were two people holding] my arms and the third one on the ladder below me [hold]ing my
bottom.
bounce /baʊnts/
VERB
MOVE UP
[B2] [I or T] to (cause to) move up or away after hitting a surface
The ball bounced off the post and into the net.
She bounced the ball quickly.
bounce along/around/into, etc.

[B2] to move somewhere in a happy and energetic way
Dictionary example:
Sarah bounced into the room with a big smile on her face.
Learner example:
Would you like to wear balloon clothes and bounce around the world?
bound /baʊnd/
ADJECTIVE
bound to do sth
[B2] certain to do something, or certain to happen
You're bound to feel nervous before your driving test.
If you're stressed for a long period, it's bound to affect your health.
Learner example:
I'm bound to feel nervous.
DIRECTION
[C1] [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] travelling towards a particular place
Dictionary example:
He was on a train bound for Berlin.
Learner example:
The only risk you run is [gett]ing on a bus bound for Boras, so take care you avoid this one.
249
boundary /ˈbaʊn.dər.i/
NOUN [C]
LINE
[C1] a line that divides two areas or forms an edge around an area
Dictionary example:
The mountains mark the boundary between the two countries.
Learner example:
This gives youngsters the opportunity to exchange opinions with people all over the world, and so
the boundaries of the countries or the continents have less meaning.
LIMIT
[C1] a limit
Dictionary example:
Such violence is beyond the boundaries of civilized conduct.
Learner example:
This is a movie that reminds us that a man's soul cannot be measured with a measuring tape, that
passion knows no boundaries, and that love accepts no defeat.
bow /bəʊ/
NOUN [C]
KNOT
[B2] a knot with two curved parts and two loose ends, that is used to tie shoes or
as decoration
Dictionary example:
The present was wrapped in gold paper and tied with a big red bow.
Learner example:
He saw a big black bow [o]n the handle of the door.
WEAPON
[B2] a piece of curved wood with string fixed to both ends, used for shooting
arrows
Dictionary example:
a bow and arrows
Learner example:
The bow was very beautiful and there were some letters on [it]: Artemis. He could not believe it,
he had the bow of Artemis.
250
boxing /ˈbɒk.sɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a sport in which two competitors fight by hitting each other with their hands
Many doctors believe that boxing is too dangerous and should be banned.
He's a former world heavyweight boxing champion.
Learner example:
You can do gym, boxing, squash, [and] tennis.
bra /brɑː/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of women's underwear that supports the breasts
Learner example:
She knew that I had bought my first bra without having asked her for advice.
bracelet /ˈbreɪ.slət/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a piece of jewellery that you wear around your wrist
Dictionary example:
a gold/silver/diamond bracelet
Learner example:
Actually I was very sad as the bracelet was particularly valuable to me.
bracket /ˈbræk.ɪt/
NOUN
SYMBOL
[B2] [C USUALLY PLURAL] either of two symbols put around a word, phrase or sentence in
a piece of writing to show that what is between them should be considered as
separate from the main part
251
square/round brackets
Biographical information is included in brackets.
GROUP
[C1] [C] a group of people whose ages, taxes, etc. are between two limits
Dictionary example:
Most heart attack victims are in the 45-65 age bracket.
Learner example:
The 35-49 age bracket remained constant in terms of cinema attendance and [the] same also with
the 50+ age bracket.
brain /breɪn/
NOUN [C]
INTELLIGENCE
[C1] used to refer to intelligence
That can't possibly be the right way to do it - use your brain!
He's got brains but he's too lazy to use them.
Learner example:
The whole [of] Western society already seems to be founded on computers and relying on chips,
which to a certain extent has taken away our own abilities of using our brains.
brake /breɪk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the part of a vehicle that makes it stop or move more slowly
Dictionary example:
She had no brakes on her bicycle.
Learner example:
It has 24 active gears and multilink kevlor brakes.
VERB [I]
[B2] to make a vehicle stop or move more slowly
Dictionary example:
I tried to brake but it was too late.
252
Learner example:
The motorcyclist cut in dangerously, so we had to brake.
branch /brɑːntʃ/
NOUN [C]
TREE
[B1] one of the many parts of a tree that grows out from its trunk
Dictionary example:
Birds often make nests in the top branches of the tree.
Learner example:
She slowly climbed the tree and sat on one of the biggest branches.
BUSINESS
[B1] one of several shops, offices, etc. that are part of a company or organization
I used to work in the local branch of a large bank.
She's a branch manager.
Learner example:
He has come from our branch office in New York, where he worked as [an] assistant.
SUBJECT
[B2] a part of a subject
Dictionary example:
Immunology is a branch of biological science.
Learner example:
As a matter of fact, in[n]ovations have taken place quite frequently in every branch of science.
brand /brænd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a type of product made by a particular company
a best-selling/popular brand of toothpaste
This isn't my usual brand of deodorant.
Learner example:
My computer brand is Acer.
253
brand new /ˌbrændˈnjuː/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] completely new
Dictionary example:
The washing machine is brand new.
Learner example:
Well, I've decided to buy a new TV set and a brand new sofa!
brass /brɑːs/
NOUN [U]
METAL
[C1] a shiny yellow metal
Dictionary example:
a door with a brass handle
Learner example:
The dark marble is easy to keep clean and the solid brass handles look luxur[ious].
brave /breɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: bravery
Adjectives: brave
Adverbs: bravely
ADJECTIVE
[B1] showing no fear of dangerous or difficult situations
a brave soldier
It was a brave decision to leave her job and start her own business.
She was very brave to learn to ski at fifty.
Of the three organizations criticized, only one was brave to face the press.
Richards has made a brave attempt to answer his critics.
Learner example:
They all laughed at me, but I was brave enough to mount the horse again.
254
bravely /ˈbreɪv.li/
Word family:
Nouns: bravery
Adjectives: brave
Adverbs: bravely
ADVERB
[B1] in a brave way
Dictionary example:
She faced the consequences bravely.
bravery /ˈbreɪv.ə.ri/
Word family:
Nouns: bravery
Adjectives: brave
Adverbs: bravely
NOUN [U]
[B2] when someone is brave
Dictionary example:
He was awarded a medal for his bravery in battle.
Learner example:
Of course my bravery disappeared and I felt my heart beating faster and faster.
break /breɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: break, outbreak
Verbs: break
Adjectives: breakable, broken
VERB (broke, broken)
INTERRUPT
[B1] [I or T] to stop doing something for a short time
Let's break for lunch.
If you sit at a desk all day, try to break your routine with a walk or a swim.
Learner example:
I think the most important aim of a holiday is to break your daily routine.
255
END
[B2] [I or T] to come to an end or make something come to an end
Eventually someone spoke, breaking the silence.
The factory brought in outside workers in an attempt to break the strike.
Learner example:
George was looking outside when something broke the silence.
break a record
[B2] to do something better, faster, etc. than anyone else
Dictionary example:
Usain Bolt broke the world record for the 200 metres.
Learner example:
I personally think that nobody will ever break his record of being champion seven times.
break an agreement/promise, etc.

[B2] to not do what you should do
Dictionary example:
She agreed not to tell anyone but she has broken her promise.
Learner example:
I am very surprised that such a reputable theatre [as] yours has been able to break all [the]
promises that appeared in the advertisement.
break the law

[B2] to do something illegal
Dictionary example:
He didn't know he was breaking the law by smoking inside the building.
Learner example:
Jem, the youngest brother, is a horse-thief, so he breaks the law as well, but his crime is a minor
one.
break the ice

[B2] to make people feel more relaxed in a social situation
Dictionary example:
I told everyone a joke, which helped to break the ice.
Learner example:
And, of course, don't forget that a warm smile is one of the best ways to break the ice.
break sb's heart

[B2] to make someone feel extremely sad
256
She really broke his heart when she left.
It breaks my heart when I hear the terrible things that have been said about him.
Learner example:
I thought that the hamster would live forever but I was wrong and that mistake broke my heart.
break even
[C1] to not make money but also not lose money
Dictionary example:
The company only managed to break even this year.
Learner example:
Company C does not seem to be doing well. In the year 2000, it just seems to be breaking even.
NOUN [C]
HOLIDAY
[B1] a holiday or period of time away from work, school, etc.
Dictionary example:
a weekend break to Paris
Learner example:
He had a break for the weekend, and he called me: "I am in London, so, if you want to see me, it's
the time!"
DAMAGE
[C1] where something has separated in an accident
Dictionary example:
a break in the bone
breakable /ˈbreɪk.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: break
ADJECTIVE
[B2] easy to break
Dictionary example:
That vase is breakable so be careful.
257
breakdown /ˈbreɪk.daʊn/
NOUN [C]
ILLNESS
[B2] a short period of mental illness when people are too ill to continue with their
normal lives
Later that year she had a breakdown.
a nervous breakdown
Learner example:
Instead of that I almost end[ed] up in hospital suffering [a] nervous breakdown.
NOT WORKING
[B2] when a vehicle or machine stops working for a period of time
Dictionary example:
I had a breakdown in the middle of the road.
Learner example:
On Friday we went to Scotland but unfortunately we had a breakdown. By chance a very nice
farmer fixed our car and [as] it was late he suggested we should spend the night on his farm.
FAILURE
[C1] when something such as communication or a relationship fails or ends
Dictionary example:
a breakdown in the peace talks
Learner example:
Eventually, society may be affected by the breakdown of these relationships.
breakthrough /ˈbreɪk.θruː/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an

answer to a problem
Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer.
A major breakthrough in negotiations has been achieved.
Learner example:
For me the main technology breakthrough has been in computers.
258
breast /brest/
NOUN [C]
[B1] either of the two soft, rounded parts of a woman's chest that produce milk
after she has a baby
When a woman becomes pregnant her breasts tend to grow larger.
breast cancer
Learner example:
This person is so special to me because [after I was] born I was drinking milk from her breast.
breath /breθ/
Word family:
Nouns: breath
Verbs: breathe
NOUN [U]
AIR
[B1] the air that goes into and out of your lungs
Dictionary example:
Her breath smelled of garlic.
Learner example:
Then I felt someone's breath on my shoulder...
be out of breath
[B2] to be breathing quickly because you have been running, walking fast, etc.
Dictionary example:
He burst into the room, red-faced and out of breath.
Learner example:
I find that shopping is very good exercise too! By the time you have completed the whole High
Street, you will be out of breath.
hold your breath

[B2] to keep air in your lungs and not let it out
Dictionary example:
How long can you hold your breath under water?
Learner example:
My heart was beating fast. I was holding my breath.
259
take your breath away
[B2] If something takes your breath away, you feel surprise and admiration because
it is so beautiful or exciting.
Dictionary example:
The view from the window took my breath away.
Learner example:
The landscape just takes your breath away sometimes.
take a deep breath

[B2] to fill your lungs with air
Dictionary example:
Take a deep breath and relax.
Learner example:
But if you took a deep breath after reading the question, don't worry.
catch your breath; get your breath back

[C1] to rest for a short time until you can breathe regularly again
Dictionary example:
Let's stop here and catch our breath.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, the rooms we stayed in were on the 4th floor. The older people couldn't catch their
breath when they finally arrived there!
breathe /briːð/
Word family:
Nouns: breath
Verbs: breathe
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to take air into and out of your lungs
It's so airless in here - I can hardly breathe.
Breathe in and now breathe out.
Keep breathing deeply.
Learner example:
The air you will breathe is cleaner than the air in the city.
260
breathtaking /ˈbreθˌteɪ.kɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very beautiful or surprising
Dictionary example:
breathtaking scenery/views
Learner example:
For me it is a very beautiful country, with amazing and breathtaking scenery.
breed /briːd/
VERB (bred, bred)
KEEP ANIMALS
[B2] [T] to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals
Dictionary example:
His main income comes from breeding cattle.
Learner example:
We can keep animals, breed them, observe, and protect [them].
NOUN [C]
[B2] a type of dog, sheep, etc.
This rare breed of sheep is particularly good for wool.
What's your favourite breed of dog/dog breed?
Learner example:
After she had seen pictures of the show animals, she de[c]ided to buy a small male kitten of the
Cornish rex breed.
breeze /briːz/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a light and pleasant wind
a cool breeze
She let the gentle breeze cool her face.
Learner example:
It was not that hot and we had a cool breeze as we cycled downhill.
261
bribe /braɪb/
Word family:
Nouns: bribe, bribery
Verbs: bribe
NOUN [C]
[C1] ! money or a present given to someone so that they will do something for you,
usually something dishonest
Dictionary example:
The politician was accused of accepting bribes from businessmen.
Learner example:
Because we don't like to wait, it is very common to jump in the queues or give bribes to people in
charge.
VERB [T]
[C1] ! to try to make someone do something for you by giving them money,
presents or something else they want
Dictionary example:
He bribed immigration officials and entered the country illegally.
Learner example:
She considers presents to be a means of bribing her in order to love you.
brick /brɪk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small, hard, rectangular block used for building walls and houses
Dictionary example:
a brick wall
Learner example:
Future homes might not be built out of bricks at all!
bride /braɪd/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a woman who is getting married
He returned from New York with his lovely new bride.
The bride and groom posed for pictures outside the church.
262
Learner example:
The day of the wedding, I took lots of pictures of the bride and the groom.
brief /briːf/
Word family:
Adjectives: brief
Adverbs: briefly
ADJECTIVE
SHORT
[B1] lasting only a short time or using only a few words
His acceptance speech was very brief.
I had a brief look at her report before the meeting.
It'll only be a brief visit because we really haven't much time.
The company issued a brief statement about yesterday's accident.
Learner example:
Turning to the website, I could not find all the information about the films, just a brief comment
about the director, wh[ich] is not useful for me.
in brief
[B2] using only a few words
Dictionary example:
world news in brief
Learner example:
In brief, I have had a marvellous week.
briefly /ˈbriː.fli/
Word family:
Adjectives: brief
Adverbs: briefly
ADVERB
[B1] for a short time
Dictionary example:
We chatted briefly about the weather.
Learner example:
In this essay, I shall briefly look at the advantages and disadvantages of ow[n]ing a car.
263
bright /braɪt/
Word family:
Adjectives: bright
Adverbs: brightly
ADJECTIVE
LIGHT
[B1] full of light, shining
bright sunshine
The rooms were bright and airy.
The lights are too bright in here - they're hurting my eyes.
Learner example:
It was bright and sunny.
INTELLIGENT
[B2] clever
They were bright children, always asking questions.
She was enthusiastic and full of bright ideas and suggestions.
Learner example:
Rony had the bright idea of calling the firemen.
HAPPY
[B2] happy or full of hope
You're very bright and cheerful this morning!
She's an excellent student with a bright future.
Learner example:
I think I'm [a] very bright kind of person, friendly with lots of energ[y].
look on the bright side

[C1] to find good things in a bad situation
Dictionary example:
Look on the bright side - no one was badly hurt.
Learner example:
I am quite self-confident and I usually look on the bright side, as I am not keen on pessimistic
thoughts.
264
brightly /ˈbraɪt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: bright
Adverbs: brightly
ADVERB
[B2] with a lot of strong colour or light
brightly coloured clothes
a brightly lit room
Learner example:
The sun was shining brightly over the white mountain tops.
brilliant /ˈbrɪl.i.ənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: brilliant
Adverbs: brilliantly
ADJECTIVE
VERY INTELLIGENT
[B1] extremely clever
Dictionary example:
a brilliant mathematician
Learner example:
He is [an] engineering student and he is brilliant in his stud[ies].
VERY BRIGHT
[B1] full of light or colour
Dictionary example:
The sky was a brilliant blue.
Learner example:
It was 11:15 so I thought "they won't come" but suddenly a brilliant light bath[ed] me.
brilliantly /ˈbrɪl.i.ənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: brilliant
Adverbs: brilliantly
265
ADVERB
[B2] in a very skillful way
Dictionary example:
He seems to do everything brilliantly - piano playing, skiing, sailing.
Learner example:
Although they are not very famous like JULIE BLOOM, they sang brilliantly.
bring /brɪŋ/
VERB [T] (brought, brought)
bring (sb) happiness/luck/peace, etc.

[B1] to cause happiness/luck/peace, etc.
She's brought us so much happiness over the years.
Their attempts to bring peace to the region have so far proved futile.
Learner example:
She thought that the painting brought her bad luck but she thought that she was just talking
nonsense and that it wouldn't happen again.
bring sth to an end

[C1] to make something finish
Dictionary example:
The stories in the newspaper brought her career to a sudden end.
Learner example:
At the end of the year 2002 a great construction was brought to an end.
broad /brɔːd/
Word family:
Nouns: breadth
Verbs: broaden
Adjectives: broad
Adverbs: broadly
ADJECTIVE
WIDE
[B1] wide
266
We walked down a broad avenue lined with trees.
He has very broad shoulders.
a broad smile
Learner example:
Joss Merlyn was seven feet high, with broad, immense shoulders.
a broad range/variety, etc.

[B1] a group that includes many different things or people
Dictionary example:
The magazine covers a broad range of subjects, from sewing to psychology.
Learner example:
My last employer asked me to work again this summer. [H]owever, I would like to have a broad
experience in different camps.
broadband /ˈbrɔːd.bænd/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a type of Internet connection that allows large amounts of information to be

sent or received very quickly
Dictionary example:
We've got broadband at home.
broadcast /ˈbrɔːd.kɑːst/
VERB [I or T] (broadcast, broadcast)

[B2] to send out a programme on television, radio or the Internet
Radio Caroline used to broadcast from a boat in the North Sea.
The tennis championship is broadcast live to several different countries.
Learner example:
Unfortunately most of the programmes that channels broadcast are not quality programmes.
267
broaden /ˈbrɔː.dən/
Word family:
Nouns: breadth
Verbs: broaden
Adjectives: broad
Adverbs: broadly
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to increase or make something increase and include more things or people
We need to broaden the range of services that we offer.
Travel broadens your mind.
Learner example:
I mentioned the fact that such a presentation would broaden his mind and help him to strengthen
his position in the company.
broadly /ˈbrɔːd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: breadth
Verbs: broaden
Adjectives: broad
Adverbs: broadly
ADVERB
[C1] in a general way and not including everything or everyone
The plans have been broadly accepted.
Broadly speaking, don't you think women make better drivers than men?
Learner example:
The car is a marvellous means of transport as far as mobility, freedom, speed and comfort are
concerned but it is now broadly acknowledged that it is inappropriate for the [short journeys] in
our big cities.
broccoli /ˈbrɒk.əl.i/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a green vegetable with a thick stem
Dictionary example:
I had pasta with broccoli and tomatoes.
268
brochure /ˈbrəʊ.ʃər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a thin book with pictures and information, usually advertising something
Dictionary example:
We looked at some holiday brochures last night.
Learner example:
I will send you some brochures of Switzerland, so you can choose some destinations.
broken /ˈbrəʊ.kən/
Word family:
Verbs: break
ADJECTIVE
a broken heart
[B2] when you are very sad because of the end of a relationship
Dictionary example:
They said she died of a broken heart.
Learner example:
He will split up with you and [you] will get a broken heart!
broken English/Spanish, etc.

[C1] English/Spanish, etc. that is spoken slowly and has a lot of mistakes in it
Dictionary example:
I managed to make myself understood in broken French.
Learner example:
A non-English speaker may be [able] to talk in broken English to a native English speaker, but has
only [a vague] idea as to what he's uttering.
bronze /brɒnz/
NOUN
PRIZE
[C1] a bronze medal
269
Dictionary example:
He won a bronze in the 200m.
Learner example:
I have won two bronze medals and one gold for swimming 50m.
brother-in-law /ˈbrʌð.ər.ɪn.lɔː/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL brothers-in-law)

[B2] the man married to your sister or the brother of your husband or wife
Dictionary example:
It's my brother-in-law's birthday today.
browse /braʊz/
Word family:
Nouns: browser
Verbs: browse
VERB
LOOK
[B2] [I] to look through a book or magazine without reading everything, or to walk
around a shop looking at several things without intending to buy any of them
I was just browsing through some fashion magazines.
"Are you looking for anything in particular, Madam?" "No, I'm just browsing."
Learner example:
If I want to buy a nice pair of shoe[s], I'll have to go into [the] city centre and browse around from
shop to shop until I find the shoes I like.
COMPUTING
[B2] [I or T] to look at information on the Internet
Dictionary example:
It's a good site to browse.
Learner example:
Furthermore people read when the[y] browse on the internet, whet[h]er for entertainment or
educational and business affairs.
270
browser /ˈbraʊ.zər/
Word family:
Nouns: browser
Verbs: browse
NOUN [C]
[B2] a computer program that makes it possible for you to read information on the
Internet
Dictionary example:
a Web browser
Learner example:
It is important to install an Internet browser, that could be Internet Explorer, as well as the free
Mozilla Firefox.
bruise /bruːz/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a dark area on your skin where you have been hurt
His arms and back were covered in bruises.
She had a few cuts and bruises but nothing serious.
Learner example:
I entered the room and saw him, covered in bruises, but I couldn't see his face because he was
sleeping turned to the other side.
brush /brʌʃ/
NOUN
ACTION
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the action of using a brush
Dictionary example:
I need to give my hair a quick brush.
VERB
TOUCH
[B2] [I or T] to lightly touch someone or something as you move past
271
Charlotte brushed against him as she left the room.
His lips gently brushed her cheek and he was gone.
Learner example:
A soft, cool breeze brushed my skin.
brush sth away/off, etc.

[C1] to move something somewhere using a brush or your hand
Jackie brushed the hair out of her eyes.
He brushed away a tear.
Learner example:
She picked the diary up, brushed off the dust, and immedi[ate]ly started to read it.
brutal /ˈbruː.təl/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] very violent or cruel
Dictionary example:
a brutal murder
Learner example:
Can you remember the days when soccer was peaceful, harmless and all about joy? It has nothing
to do with contemporary soccer, [which] is brutal, aggressive, [and] emotional.
bubble /ˈbʌb.l/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a ball of air or gas with liquid around it
Dictionary example:
an air bubble
Learner example:
As a consequence the sea became polluted, and its deep blue colour turned into a dirty green,
covered with bubbles!
VERB [I]
bubble (over) with confidence/enthusiasm, etc.

[C1] to be full of a positive emotion or quality
Dictionary example:
The children were bubbling over with excitement.
272
Learner example:
However taking into account that students often leave class bubbling over with excitement and go
straight to the canteen, the noise is a little bit loud there [so] I do not think this would be a good
place to film.
bucket /ˈbʌk.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a container with an open top and a handle, often used for carrying liquids
Armed with a bucket and a mop, I started washing the floor.
I took my two-year old nephew down to the beach with his bucket and spade.
Learner example:
I screamed and ran out the door, when a bucket of ice cold water fell on my head!
budget /ˈbʌdʒ.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
AMOUNT
[B2] the amount of money a person or organization has available to spend
an annual budget of £40 million
They are over/under/on/within budget.
They have a very tight budget.
Learner example:
Finally, as I am a student on a very tight budget I would prefer a cheap B and B or a family rather
than a local campsite.
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very cheap
Dictionary example:
a budget airline
273
bug /bʌg/
NOUN [C]
INSECT
[B1] a very small insect
Dictionary example:
He'd found a bug in his bed.
Learner example:
Maybe you're thinking that he's a loving man who talks only about bugs and insects, but it's not
true.
ILLNESS
[B2] a bacteria or a virus causing an illness that is usually not serious
I had a tummy/stomach bug last week.
There's a bug going around.
COMPUTER
[B2] a mistake or problem in a computer program
Dictionary example:
A bug had caused the company's computer system to crash.
Learner example:
For instance, the millennium bug [might] make all computers confuse[d], and banks will lose
money.
build /bɪld/
Word family:
Nouns: builder, building
Verbs: build, rebuild
VERB [I or T] (built, built)
build (sth) up or build up (sth) PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to increase or develop, or to make something increase or develop
This will help to build up his confidence.
Traffic usually builds up in the late afternoon.
Learner example:
What might take a long time to build up could be ruined in a very short time.
274
builder /ˈbɪl.dər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person whose job it is to make buildings
Learner example:
Currently he's working in a hotel but in his own country he's a builder.
bulb /bʌlb/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a glass object which produces light from electricity
Dictionary example:
an energy-saving light bulb
Learner example:
We use the bulb everywhere and [for] almost everything.
bulk /bʌlk/
Word family:
Nouns: bulk
Adjectives: bulky
NOUN
in bulk
[C1] in large amounts
Dictionary example:
to buy in bulk
Learner example:
I suggest that you buy food in bulk so that you not only save money but also save time.
the bulk of sth

[C1] the largest part or most of something
Dictionary example:
He spends the bulk of his money on rent.
275
Learner example:
I have noticed that the bulk of the commit[t]ee are people over forty years old.
bulky /ˈbʌl.ki/
Word family:
Nouns: bulk
Adjectives: bulky
ADJECTIVE
[C1] too big and taking up too much space
Dictionary example:
bulky equipment
Learner example:
The problem is actually that to get access to this kind of program, one needs to buy special
equipment, which is [still] quite expensive and bulky.
bull /bʊl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a male cow, or the male of particular animals such as the elephant or the whale
Dictionary example:
They did not see the sign by the gate saying 'Beware of the bull'.
bullet /ˈbʊl.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small, metal object that is shot from a gun
Dictionary example:
A bullet had lodged in the boy's leg.
Learner example:
After this, she [was] working for the FBI until she received a bullet in [the] shoulder.
bully /ˈbʊl.i/
VERB [T]
[C1] to intentionally frighten someone who is smaller or weaker than you
276
He was bullied at school by some older boys.
She was bullied into leaving.
Learner example:
Nowadays, due to active bullying prevention by the schools, the children are exposed to the bad
effects of bullying and how to stand up if anybody tries to bully them.
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who intentionally frightens a person who is smaller or weaker than
them
Dictionary example:
He's just a bully.
Learner example:
One day you accidentally kill the bully of the village with a sword you found, and you are cast out
of the village.
bump /bʌmp/
VERB
HURT
[B2] [T] to hurt part of your body by hitting it against something hard
Dictionary example:
I bumped my head on the shelf as I stood up.
bump against/into sth

[B2] to hit something with force
Dictionary example:
She bumped into his tray, knocking the food onto his lap.
Learner example:
A young man ran after the ball and bumped into her.
NOUN
BODY
[C1] a raised area on your body where it has been hurt by hitting something hard
Dictionary example:
a nasty bump on the head
SURFACE
[C1] a round, raised area on a surface
277
Dictionary example:
My bike hit a bump in the road.
Learner example:
When people don't feel safe on the streets anymore due to [the] lack of speed limit signs or speed
bumps on the roads, or simply traffic lights!
bumper /ˈbʌm.pər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a bar fixed along the front or the back of a vehicle to protect it in an accident
Dictionary example:
a front/rear bumper
Learner example:
The cars were bumper to bumper.
bun /bʌn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small, round cake or piece of bread
an iced bun
a hamburger bun
Learner example:
I was selling sweet buns and coffee in the coffee shop.
bunch /bʌntʃ/
NOUN
THINGS
[B1] [C] a number of things of the same type which are joined or held together
Dictionary example:
a bunch of flowers/grapes/bananas/keys
Learner example:
He gave me a bunch of roses.
PEOPLE
[B1] [NO PLURAL] INFORMAL a group of people
278
Dictionary example:
His friends are a nice bunch.
Learner example:
I met a bunch of guys there, [and] they were all good to me.
burden /ˈbɜː.dən/
NOUN [C]
[C1] something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about
the burden of responsibility
I'd hate to be a burden to you when I'm older.
Learner example:
With the heavy burden of paying the high school fees already on our shoulders, why not take into
consideration the idea of opening the centre to the public?
burglar /ˈbɜː.glər/
Word family:
Nouns: burglar, burglary
Verbs: burgle
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who illegally enters buildings and steals things
Dictionary example:
I saw someone climbing in through a window and assumed it must be a burglar.
Learner example:
Was it possible that a burglar was trying to break into the house?
burglary /ˈbɜː.glər.i/
Word family:
Verbs: burgle
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the crime of illegally entering a building and stealing things
Dictionary example:
He was charged with burglary.
279
Learner example:
It makes the shops more secure against burglary and vandalism.
burgle /ˈbɜː.gl/
Word family:
Verbs: burgle
VERB [T]
[B2] to get into a building illegally and steal things
Dictionary example:
They've been burgled twice recently.
Learner example:
One night she burgled my friend's home and stole the painting.
burn /bɜːn/
Word family:
Verbs: burn
Adjectives: burning
VERB (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
DESTROY
[B1] [I or T] to (cause something to) be damaged or destroyed by fire or extreme heat
The factory burned to the ground.
She burnt his old love letters.
He dropped his cigarette and burnt a hole in his jacket.
Learner example:
That day, I left her on the stairs, I came back home and burnt the letter.
PRODUCE FLAMES
[B1] [I] to be on fire, or to produce flames
The wood was wet and would not burn.
A fire was burning brightly in the fireplace.
Learner example:
After a while I found matches and firewood, and soon a nice warm fire was burning in the
fireplace.
280
COOK TOO LONG
[B1] [I or T] If you burn something that you are cooking, you cook it too much and if
something you are cooking burns, it cooks too much.
Dictionary example:
Check the pizza - I think it's burning!
Learner example:
He burned the chicken, so we had only sala[d] and bread.
HURT BODY
[B1] [T] to hurt a part of the body with fire or heat
Dictionary example:
I burnt my hand on the iron.
Learner example:
If I go to the beach I like to wear a swimming suit that cover[s] all of my body because I don't want
to burn my skin.
COPY
[B2] [T] to copy music, information or images onto a CD
Dictionary example:
He's burnt all his favourite records onto a CD.
Learner example:
Microsoft Vista is [such a] complex system that there is no need for the additional programs for
viewing websites, watching movies, listening [to] music or burning your own CDs or DVDs.
ENERGY
[B2] [T] (ALSO burn up) to use fuel to produce heat or energy
Dictionary example:
to burn calories/fuel
Learner example:
In this way, our organism is provided with oxygen which is essential in order to burn fat and
produce the energy we need every day.
burning /ˈbɜː.nɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: burn
Adjectives: burning
ADJECTIVE
ON FIRE
[B1] on fire
281
Dictionary example:
A man staggered from the burning car.
Learner example:
I saw a burning car.
a burning issue/question
[C1] a subject or question that must be dealt with or answered quickly
Dictionary example:
Climate change is the burning issue of the day.
Learner example:
Dear David Gold, I am writing this letter to discuss and give my opinion on the two proposals for
solving the traffic problem in Castlecross, which is widely recognised as arguably the most
burning issue nowadays.
burning ambition/desire, etc.

[C1] a very strong need to do something
Dictionary example:
I have no burning desire to go diving.
Learner example:
By travelling back to Germany in 1933 I might be able to find out where Hitler's burning ambition
to rule the world stemmed from in the first place.
burst /bɜːst/
VERB [I or T] (burst, burst)
BREAK APART
[B2] to break open or apart suddenly, or to make something do this
The balloon burst and frightened the children.
Suddenly the door burst open and police officers carrying guns rushed in.
If I eat any more cake I'll burst!
Learner example:
We had a lovely lunch there and ate so much that we nearly burst.
bury /ˈber.i/
Word family:
Nouns: burial
Verbs: bury
282
VERB [T]
DEAD BODY
[B1] ! to put a dead body into the ground
Dictionary example:
His father was buried in the churchyard.
Learner example:
Apparently, no human being was walking outside and she could not even hear anything but a
distant bell, certainly that of the church where they had buried poor aunt Charlotte.
HIDE
[B2] to put something into a hole in the ground and cover it
The dog trotted off to bury its bone.
buried treasure
Learner example:
I was really frightened, so I decided to bury the money in the back garden.
bush /bʊʃ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a short, thick plant with a lot of branches
Dictionary example:
a rose bush
Learner example:
There were so many flowers and bushes, [and] the water of the lake was so fresh.
beat about/around the bush

[C1] to avoid talking about something difficult or embarrassing
Dictionary example:
I decided to stop beating around the bush and told him exactly what I thought of him.
Learner example:
Well, let's stop beating about the bush and g[et] to the point.
283
business /ˈbɪz.nɪs/
NOUN
WORK
[B1] [U] the work that you do to earn money
Dictionary example:
I'm in Baltimore on business.
Learner example:
I was there on business.
be none of sb's business

[B2] If something is none of someone's business, they do not need to know about
it, although they want to, because it does not affect them.
Dictionary example:
I'm certainly not going to tell Lara how much money I've spent - it's none of her business!
Learner example:
You might think it's none of my business, but I simply have to say this.
but /bʌt/
CONJUNCTION
EXPLAINING WHY
[B1] used before you say why something did not happen or is not true
Dictionary example:
I was going to go to his party, but I was ill.
Learner example:
I'm really sorry I haven't written for so long, but I was very busy last week.
PREPOSITION
[B1] except
Everyone but Andrew knows.
This car has been nothing but trouble - it's always breaking down!
Learner example:
I'm free all days of the week but Monday and Wednesday.
284
butcher /ˈbʊtʃ.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person who sells meat in a shop. A shop that sells meat is usually called a
butcher's.
Learner example:
He start[ed] to work as a butcher.
butterfly /ˈbʌt.ə.flaɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an insect with large, patterned wings
Dictionary example:
A butterfly landed on her sleeve for a moment.
Learner example:
There were lot[s] of wild flowers and we saw some beautiful birds and butterflies.
button /ˈbʌt.ən/
NOUN [C]
ON MACHINE
[B1] a switch that you press to control a piece of equipment
Dictionary example:
He inserted the DVD and pressed the 'play' button.
Learner example:
I could have written a letter in a bottle but waiting for the answer would take a decade, now [with
email] it's just a click of a button.
ON CLOTHING
[B1] a small, round object used to fasten something, for example a shirt or coat
Dictionary example:
I did up/undid the buttons on my blouse.
Learner example:
It was a long dress with some square buttons [on the] front of it.
285
buyer /ˈbaɪ.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: buyer
Verbs: buy
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who buys something expensive such as a house
Dictionary example:
He's still looking for a buyer for his house.
Learner example:
She had already found a buyer for the famous painting.
by /baɪ/
PREPOSITION
NEAR
[B1] near or next to something or someone
A small child stood by her side.
I'll meet you by the post office.
Learner example:
We'll meet by the cinema at 7.00 pm.
by accident/mistake, etc.
[B1] as a result of an accident, mistake, etc.
Dictionary example:
I went to the wrong room by mistake.
Learner example:
I was putting my shopping bags on the table and I pushed it by mistake.
by hand
[B1] done or made by a person instead of a machine
Dictionary example:
This sweater has to be washed by hand.
HOLDING
[B2] holding a particular part of someone or something
Dictionary example:
She grabbed me by the arm.
286
by far
[B2] by a great amount
Dictionary example:
They are by far the best students in the class.
Learner example:
I have travelled to many countries, but New Zealand is by far the best.
by heart
[B2] so that you can remember all of something
Dictionary example:
We had to learn the whole poem off by heart.
Learner example:
I know all his songs by heart and I was singing all the time.
day by day/little by little/one by one, etc.

[B2] used in particular phrases to mean 'gradually' or 'in units of'
Dictionary example:
Day by day he grew stronger.
Learner example:
The weather gets warmer and warmer day by day and noone miss[es] the rain and the severe cold
of winter.
AMOUNT
[B2] used to show measurements or amounts
twelve by ten metres of floor space
Interest rates have been increased by 0.25%.
I'm paid by the hour.
Copies have sold by the million.
Learner example:
Therefore you will see that this festival attracts people by the truckload.
by all accounts
[C1] as said by a lot of people
Dictionary example:
The party was, by all accounts, a great success.
Learner example:
I have known Michael Van Cleef for over two decades now, and he is, by all accounts, an
exemplary worker.
by and large
[C1] in general
287
Dictionary example:
By and large, people have welcomed the changes.
Learner example:
By and large, it is clear that we all enjoy some kind of sport.
by law
[C1] If you have to do something by law, it is illegal not to do it.
Dictionary example:
They have to provide a contract by law.
Learner example:
Swedish organisations and [companies] are forced by law to put forward programmes for
employing more women and improv[ing] their conditions.
by way of sth
[C1] as a type of something
Dictionary example:
He sent me some flowers by way of apology.
Learner example:
The Academy however provided nothing whatsoever by way of entertainment, though with a
group of interesting young people and a little imagination this should not be a pro[b]lem.
288
C
cab /kæb/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a taxi
Dictionary example:
We took a cab to the theatre.
Learner example:
I packed my things and I took a cab home.
cabbage /ˈkæb.ɪdʒ/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a large round vegetable with green, white or purple leaves, which can be eaten
cooked or raw
a savoy cabbage
red/white cabbage
Learner example:
Sarma is made [with] meat and cabbage.
cabin /ˈkæb.ɪn/
NOUN [C]
AIRCRAFT
[B1] the area where passengers sit on an aircraft
Dictionary example:
cabin crew
Learner example:
She is [a] cabin attendant now, and she had a flight to London from Japan.
289
HOUSE
[C1] a small, simple house made of wood
Dictionary example:
a log cabin
Learner example:
For many years, the visitor could only stay in one of the few cabins near the lake, enjoying a
breathtaking view.
cabinet /ˈkæb.ɪ.nət/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a cupboard with shelves or drawers to store or show things in
a bathroom/medicine cabinet
a glass-fronted cabinet
Learner example:
By the way I found your watch in the bathroom cabinet, so you don't have to worry about it.
cable /ˈkeɪ.bl
̩/
NOUN
TELEVISION/TELEPHONE
[B1] [U] the system of sending signals carrying information for television, telephone,
or Internet along wires
cable TV/television
This channel is only available on cable.
Learner example:
The rooms are big and [have] cable TV and air conditioning.
WIRE
[B2] [C or U] a set of wires, covered by plastic, that carries electricity, telephone

signals, etc.
The road had been dug up in order to lay cables.
overhead power cables
290
Learner example:
A mouse had eaten the cable so that there was no contact any more.
cage /keɪdʒ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a container made of wire or metal bars used for keeping birds or animals
Dictionary example:
It took about 10 minutes to get the mouse into her cage.
Learner example:
There is a wonderful garden, in which you can find a lot of flowers and parrots in [a] cage.
cake /keɪk/
NOUN [C or U]
be a piece of cake
[B2] INFORMAL to be very easy
Dictionary example:
The exam itself was a piece of cake.
Learner example:
The article was a piece of cake though I didn't expect to win.
calculate /ˈkæl.kjʊ.leɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: calculation, calculator
Verbs: calculate
VERB [T]
MATHS
[B2] to discover an amount or number using mathematics
Have you calculated the cost of the project?
He's calculated that it would take him two years to save up enough for a car.
At some stage we need to calculate when the project will be finished.
291
Learner example:
First of all, you say that we must do 80 kilometres on Saturday, but I have calculated the distance
and [it is] only 50 kilometres.
calculation /ˌkæl.kjʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: calculate
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when you use mathematics to discover an amount or number
Dictionary example:
I did some quick calculations to see if we could afford it.
Learner example:
Just a simple calculation: the living space an elephant has got in a zoo is about 500m2.
calculator /ˈkæl.kjʊˌleɪt.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: calculate
NOUN [C]
[B1] an electronic device that you use to do mathematical calculations
Dictionary example:
a pocket calculator
Learner example:
I use the calculator and the computer every day, so modern technology has become a big part of
my life.
calf /kɑ:f/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL calves)
ANIMAL
[B1] a young cow
Dictionary example:
There were some calves in the field.
292
Learner example:
That reminded me [of] the time when I milked the cows and fe[d] the ewes and the calves.
call /kɔːl/
VERB
NAME
[B1] [T] to give someone or something a particular name
They've called the twins Katherine and Thomas.
His real name is Jonathan, but they've always called him 'Johnny'.
Learner example:
Two months later, the baby girl was born and [she] called her 'Mary'.
SHOUT
[B1] [I or T] to say something in a loud voice, especially in order to attract someone's

attention
Did you call?
I thought I heard someone call my name.
Someone in the crowd called (out) his name.
"Hey, come over here!" she called.
Learner example:
I ignored the voice, but again someone called me.
DESCRIBE
[B2] [T] to describe someone or something in a particular way
Are you calling me a liar?
He called it a disgrace.
Learner example:
You work too hard and you could be called [a] work[a]holic.
call in sick
[B2] to telephone the place where you work and report that you are sick and unable
to work
Dictionary example:
Three people called in sick this morning.
293
Learner example:
A few minutes after the concert began, a backstage assistant called in sick who was responsible
for checking w[h]ether everything is going well according to the timetable.
ASK TO COME
[C1] [I or T] to ask someone to come somewhere
She called me into her office.
He called me over to where he was sitting.
I keep the bedroom door open in case the children call for me in the night.
Learner example:
Next door there's an elderly neighbour who I have always helped. [...] Remember to call him over
[sometimes] and together watch television or play cards.
call an election/meeting, etc.

[C1] to arrange for an election/meeting, etc. to happen
Dictionary example:
The chairman has called an emergency meeting.
Learner example:
We hope you w[ill] call a meeting to discuss this matter in detail.
NOUN [C]
SHOUT
[B1] when someone shouts something
She could hear calls for help from inside the burning building.
I'll be in the next room, so give me a call if you need any help.
Learner example:
I continued on towards Kingsley Road where the call for help had been made.
sb's call INFORMAL

[B1] when someone can decide something
Dictionary example:
I don't mind what we do - it's your call.
Learner example:
This is my opinon, but it is your call, talk to your parents.
a call for sth

[C1] a demand for something to happen
Dictionary example:
a call for action/peace
294
Learner example:
Their demands included an all-out call for vital reforms in education - not, as one might expect, a
call for higher salaries.
VISIT
[C1] a short visit
Dictionary example:
I thought I'd pay Gary a call.
Learner example:
During our stay in Dublin we [took] a half-day trip by bus throughout the city, which was an
unforgettable experience, and paid a call to the National Museum as well.
calm /kɑːm/
Word family:
Verbs: calm
Adjectives: calm
Adverbs: calmly
ADJECTIVE
PERSON
[B1] relaxed and not worried, frightened, or excited
Try to stay calm - the doctor will be here soon.
Now keep calm everyone, the police are on their way.
He has a very calm manner/voice.
Learner example:
He is calm, friendly and helpful.
SEA/WEATHER
[B1] describes weather which is not windy, or the sea or a lake when it is still and
has no waves
calm seas
The weather was calmer the next morning so we set sail.
There was no rain that day and the sea was calm.
Learner example:
The sea is calm with almost no waves, so we could relax in the water.
VERB [T]
calm down (sb) or calm (sb) down PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to stop feeling upset, angry, or excited, or to stop someone feeling this way
295
Calm down, Lily, and tell me what's wrong.
She was angry at first but we managed to calm her down.
She sat down and took a few deep breaths to calm herself down.
Learner example:
When I got in my car, I told myself to calm down and take a deep breath.
calmly /ˈkɑːm.li/
Word family:
Verbs: calm
Adjectives: calm
Adverbs: calmly
ADVERB
[B2] in a quiet or relaxed way
Dictionary example:
She reacted surprisingly calmly to the news of his death.
Learner example:
Very calmly, I closed my book and put it on the table which was on my left.
camel /ˈkæm.əl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large animal that lives in the desert and has one or two raised parts on its
back
Dictionary example:
Have you ever ridden a camel?
Learner example:
You can enjoy watching camels and goats passing, once in the morning and [again] in the
evening.
camp /kæmp/
Word family:
Nouns: camp, camping
Verbs: camp
296
NOUN
TENTS/BUILDINGS
[B1] [C or U] a place where people stay in tents or other temporary structures
Dictionary example:
We pitched/set up camp by the lakeside.
Learner example:
The camp was a peaceful place with flowers, trees, and a [cycle track].
an army/prison/refugee, etc. camp

[B2] an area containing temporary buildings or tents used for
soldiers/prisoners/refugees
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
This year I think I'd rather go to a refugee camp to organise a program for children.
campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/
NOUN [C]
ACTIVITIES
[C1] a series of organized activities or events intended to achieve a result
Dictionary example:
an advertising/election campaign
Learner example:
In order to solve problems caused by traffic congestion, perhaps the City Co[u]ncil should
consider launching a publicity campaign to show people in Baden the alternative means of
transport and the advantages of using them.
WAR
[C1] a series of military attacks
Dictionary example:
a bombing campaign
Learner example:
Another example is the campaign of Alexander the Great.
VERB [I]
[C1] to organize a series of activities to try to achieve something
Dictionary example:
to campaign against/for something
297
Learner example:
Instead of campaigning against tourism, people should [look for] ways of making it better and
safer.
campsite /ˈkæmp.saɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an area where people can stay in tents for a holiday
Dictionary example:
The campsite was very near the beach.
Learner example:
I really enjoyed the scenery because near our tent there was a tiny waterfall; in front of our
campsite there was a forest.
campus /ˈkæm.pəs/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the buildings of a college or university and the land that surrounds them
Dictionary example:
There's accommodation for about five hundred students on campus.
Learner example:
You [should] visit Kamakura City, which is 30 minutes from our campus by train.
can2 /kæn/
MODAL VERB
SURPRISE
[B1] used to show surprise or lack of belief
You can't possibly be hungry already!
Can you believe it?
Learner example:
In fact, the highest tree there is almost 30 metres tall! Can you believe that?
TYPICAL
[B2] used to talk about how someone often behaves or what something is often like
298
Dictionary example:
She can be really rude at times.
Learner example:
When you choose to travel by car there can be a lot of traffic.
SOMETIMES HAPPENING
[B2] used to say that something sometimes happens or is true
Smoking can cause cancer.
The nights can be very cold.
Learner example:
But overworking is also bad. It has lots of disadvantages, and can cause lots of problems,
including health problems.
canal /kəˈnæl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an artificial river built for boats to travel along or to take water from one area
to another
Dictionary example:
The Panama Canal provides a crucial shipping link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Learner example:
And if you don't like jazz, you could visit Tivoli or take a canal tour.
cancel /ˈkænt.səl/ (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
Word family:
Nouns: cancellation
Verbs: cancel
VERB [T]
[B1] to decide that an organized event will not now happen, or to stop an order for
goods or services that you no longer want
They've had to cancel tomorrow's football match because of the bad weather.
The 7:10 train to London's Kings Cross has been cancelled.
I've cancelled the order.
Learner example:
I had nothing to do because my previous plans had been cancelled.
299
cancellation /ˌkæn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: cancellation
Verbs: cancel
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when someone decides that an event will not now happen or stops an order
for something
Dictionary example:
a last-minute cancellation
Learner example:
To begin with, there was a general disappointment due to the cancellation of the opening speech.
cancer /ˈkænt.sər/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] ! a serious disease that is caused when cells in the body grow in a way that is
uncontrolled and not normal
breast/lung cancer
He died of liver cancer.
cancer of the stomach
a cancer patient
Learner example:
The doctors told my parents that my aunt was suffering from cancer.
candidate /ˈkæn.dɪ.dət/
NOUN [C]
EXAMINATION
[B1] someone who is taking an exam
Dictionary example:
Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Learner example:
It is [the] name [of] [an]other candidate who passed the examination.
JOB/ELECTION
[B2] a person who is competing to get a job or elected position
300
Dictionary example:
There are three candidates standing in the election.
Learner example:
I am the appropriate candidate for this job.
candle /ˈkæn.dl
̩/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a stick of wax with string going through it which produces light as it burns
Dictionary example:
Shall I light a candle?
Learner example:
I like shopping for clothes but also for other things like candles and so on.
canned /kænd/
Word family:
Nouns: can
Adjectives: canned
ADJECTIVE
[B2] used to describe food or drink that has been put into metal containers in a
factory
Dictionary example:
canned tomatoes
Learner example:
A new way of of eating has sprung [up] - fast food and canned vegetables are all around us.
canteen /kænˈtiːn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a restaurant in a school, college, factory, office, etc.
Dictionary example:
a school/college canteen
Learner example:
I went to [the] canteen to buy something.
301
cap /kæp/
VERB [T]
LIMIT
[C1] to put a limit on an amount of money that can be borrowed, charged, etc.
Dictionary example:
The interest rate has been capped at 5%.
Learner example:
The cost should also be delinked from the international petrol prices and capped at certain fixed
rates for a fixed term.
to cap it all
[C1] used when you mention something in addition to all the other bad or
disappointing things that have happened
Dictionary example:
It's been a terrible week and now, to cap it all, the car's broken down.
Learner example:
To cap it all, there was often not enough to eat.
capability /ˌkeɪ.pəˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: capability
Adjectives: capable, incapable
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] the ability or power to do something
Both players have the capability to win this match.
With the new machines we finally have the capability to do the job properly.
Learner example:
The most important part of this job is to be able to work as a member of a team and manage to
use everyone's skills and capabilities.
capable /ˈkeɪ.pə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: capability
302
ADJECTIVE
GOOD AT DOING THINGS
[B2] able to do things effectively and achieve results
She's a very capable young woman.
He's very capable.
Learner example:
I had a little farm when I was in Italy so I think I'm quite capable and have more experience than
others.
capable of sth/doing sth

[B2] having the ability, power or qualities to be able to do something
She is certainly capable of running the business.
She was capable of great cruelty.
Learner example:
And although I've never had to cook [for] myself, I suppose I would be capable of cooking if
needed.
capacity /kəˈpæs.ə.ti/
NOUN
AMOUNT
[B2] [C or U] the largest amount or number that a container, building, etc. can hold
a restaurant with a capacity of 200
The new stadium has a seating capacity of 50 000.
The ground was filled to capacity.
Learner example:
I would recommend the use of the state stadium next year for the concerts, in order to support
the capacity of the crowd.
ABILITY
[B2] [C] the ability to do, experience, or understand something
She has a great capacity for hard work.
What impresses me is his capacity to absorb information.
Learner example:
On the other hand, I think [films] reduce your capacity [for] imagination.
303
JOB
[C1] [C] a position or job
Dictionary example:
He attended over 100 events last year in his capacity as mayor.
Learner example:
I'm writing in my capacity as secretary of the Social Club of the language school to complain about
the services provided to us during our visit to the Science and Technology museum.
captain /ˈkæp.tɪn/
NOUN [C]
SPORTS
[B1] the leader of a sports team
Dictionary example:
It's unusual to have a goalkeeper as (the) captain of a football team.
Learner example:
Now I am the captain of the football team.
SHIP/AIRCRAFT
[B2] the person in charge of a ship or an aircraft
Dictionary example:
This is your captain speaking. We expect to be landing at London Heathrow in an hour's time.
Learner example:
At his third attempt the captain succe[e]ded in landing the plane on the air-strip.
capture /ˈkæp.tʃər/
VERB [T]
CATCH
[B2] to catch someone and make them your prisoner, or to take something into
your possession, especially by force
Two of the soldiers were killed and the rest were captured.
Rebel forces captured the city after a week-long battle.
Learner example:
Joe, the serial killer, was captured.
304
DESCRIBE
[B2] to show or describe something successfully using words or pictures
Dictionary example:
His book really captures the spirit of the place.
Learner example:
Firstly, let me tell you that your report is really good. I think you capture in a few lines the whole
expression of a Mexic[an] town['s] life.
capture sb/sth on camera/film, etc.

[B2] to record someone or something on camera/film, etc.
Dictionary example:
He was captured on film swearing at the referee.
Learner example:
Another event that should absolutely be captured on film is the preparation of the meals in the
canteen.
capture sb's attention/ imagination/ interest

[C1] to make someone interested in or excited about something
Dictionary example:
The Moon landing captured the attention of the whole world.
Learner example:
I am sure this program would capture the interest of other students in this college, as those who
participated would be telling their friends all about their adventurous trip.
NOUN [U]
[C1] when a person or animal is caught and made a prisoner
Dictionary example:
He shot himself to avoid capture.
Learner example:
The best example is Operation Takedown w[h]ich is based on the capture of Kevin Mitnick, who
illegally hacked in to computers and stole information, but in the movie he is presented [as] a
hero.
carbon /ˈkɑː.bən/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a chemical element present in all animals and plants and in coal and oil
Dictionary example:
Diamonds are formed from carbon.
305
carbon dioxide /ˌkɑː.bən.dɑɪˈɒk.sɑɪd/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the gas formed when carbon is burned, or when people or animals breathe out
Dictionary example:
carbon dioxide emissions
Learner example:
If we use up carbon dioxide with balloon clothes there will be less carbon dioxide on Earth, so
there is no worry about [the] Ozone.
carbon footprint /ˌkɑː.bənˈfʊt.prɪnt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the amount of energy that a person or organization uses in order to exist or
operate
Dictionary example:
Many of us could reduce our carbon footprint by taking fewer flights and insulating our homes
better.
Learner example:
I also included some possible precautions to reduce our carbon footprints.
carbon monoxide /ˌkɑː.bən.məˈnɒk.sɑɪd/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a poisonous gas that is produced by burning some types of fuel, especially
petrol
Dictionary example:
The cause of death was given as carbon monoxide poisoning.
Learner example:
Cars also emit carbon monoxide and make the air unfit to breath.
card /kɑːd/
NOUN [C]
INFORMATION
[B1] a small piece of stiff paper or plastic that has information printed on it
306
a library card
He gave me his business card.
Learner example:
It is important because my student card is in there.
COMPUTER
[B1] a part inside a computer which controls how the computer operates
Dictionary example:
a graphics/sound card
Learner example:
Obviously, I complete[d] the configuration with a sound card and the connection by modem to
[the] internet, creating a powerful multimedia work station.
cardboard /ˈkɑːd.bɔːd/
NOUN [U]
[B2] material like very thick stiff paper, usually pale brown in colour, which is used
especially for making boxes
Dictionary example:
a cardboard box
cardigan /ˈkɑː.dɪ.gən/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of clothing often made from wool, which covers the upper part of the
body and fastens at the front
Dictionary example:
My worst present ever was an orange and green knitted cardigan from my aunt.
Learner example:
I lost my favourite pink cardigan.
307
care /keər/
Word family:
Nouns: care, carelessness
Verbs: care
Adjectives: careful, careless, caring
Adverbs: carefully, carelessly
NOUN
take care of sb/sth

[B1] to look after someone or something
Take good care of your sister, Patrick.
Don't worry about me, I can take care of myself.
My parents will take care of the house while we're away.
Learner example:
My dad had to go to Canada for a meeting, so he asked me to take care of her.
ATTENTION
[B1] [U] when you give a lot of attention to something so that you do not make a
mistake or damage anything
The roads are icy, so drive with care.
Take care that you don't fall.
You need to take a bit more care with your spelling.
The parcel had a label on it saying 'Handle with care'.
Learner example:
I will return your bicycle tomorrow or the day after and I promise that I will handle it with care.
PROTECTION
[B2] [U] the process of protecting and looking after someone or something
The standard of care at our local hospital is excellent.
Nurseries are responsible for the children in their care.
Learner example:
In zoos, there are many people who look after them, of course, and so many people think that this
care is enough.
take care of sth/doing sth

[C1] to be responsible for dealing with something
Dictionary example:
I did the cooking while Guy took care of the washing up.
308
Learner example:
As for special requirements, one man and one woman are vegetarians and the woman is allergic
to cats. I hope you are able to take care of that.
VERB
WORRY
[B1] [I or T] to think that something is important and to feel interested in it or

worried about it
She's never cared very much about her appearance.
I really don't care whether we go out or not.
I don't care how much it costs, just buy it.
Learner example:
He gave us some paperwork and didn't care if we understood what to do.
LOVE
[B1] [I] to love someone
Your parents are only doing this because they care about you.
I knew that Amy still cared for me.
Learner example:
He never cared about you.
Who cares?
[B2] INFORMAL used to emphasize that you do not think something is important
Dictionary example:
"Chelsea should have reached the final!" "Who cares?"
Learner example:
"Who cares?" he answered.
I/he, etc. couldn't care less INFORMAL
[C1] used to emphasize that someone is not interested in or worried about

something or someone
Dictionary example:
I couldn't care less what people think.
Learner example:
There was hunger, there was poverty and the king couldn't care less about his people['s] well-
being.
309
career /kəˈrɪər/
NOUN [C]
JOB
[B1] the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life, especially if you
continue to get better jobs and earn more money
He hasn't yet chosen a career.
a successful career in marketing
What are the career prospects?
Learner example:
I think it's important to learn English for my career in the future.
careless /ˈkeə.ləs/
Word family:
Verbs: care
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not giving enough attention to what you are doing
careless driving/drivers
My son's teacher says that his work is often rather careless.
He made a careless remark about her appearance that really upset her.
Learner example:
In short, we have to realise the danger of careless driving, in order to avoid or at least to reduce
the high rate of car accidents.
carelessly /ˈkeə.ləs.li/
Word family:
Verbs: care
ADVERB
[B2] in a careless way
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Dictionary example:
He told me off for driving carelessly.
Learner example:
I broke your beautiful vase carelessly while I ran to answer the door.
carelessness /ˈkeə.ləs.nəs/
Word family:
Verbs: care
NOUN [U]
[B2] the state of being careless
Dictionary example:
It's the carelessness with which he just throws stuff on the floor that annoys me.
Learner example:
Please forgive my carelessness. I'd like to bring a new one like yours when I come to you next
time.
caring /ˈkeə.rɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: care
ADJECTIVE
[B2] describes someone who is kind and gives emotional support to others
Dictionary example:
I've always thought of Jo as a very caring person.
Learner example:
Of course I enjoyed staying with you. It was really a remarkable experience being able to live with
a caring family like yours.
311
carnival /ˈkɑr.nɪ.vəl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a public celebration where people wear special clothes and dance and play
music in the streets
Dictionary example:
I took the kids to the local carnival.
Learner example:
Of course it is not as good as the carnival of Rio!
carriage /ˈkær.ɪdʒ/
NOUN [C]
TRAIN
[C1] one of the separate parts of a train where the passengers sit
Dictionary example:
The front carriage of the train is for first-class passengers only.
Learner example:
You may also buy a ticket in a sleeping carriage and spend the whole night comfortably sleeping.
carry /ˈkær.i/
VERB [T]
HAVE WITH YOU
[B1] to have something with you all the time
She still carries his photo in her purse.
Police officers in Britain do not usually carry guns.
Learner example:
I carried all of my holiday money inside it!
TRANSPORT
[B2] to move someone or something from one place to another
312
The plane was carrying 300 passengers.
The bus was carrying children to school.
Underground cables carry electricity to all parts of the city.
Police think that the body was carried down the river.
Rubbish left on the beach during the day is carried away at night by the tide.
Learner example:
Jay's swimming trunks got carried away by that huge wave.
DISEASE
[C1] to have a disease that you might give to someone else
Dictionary example:
Mosquitoes carry malaria and other infectious diseases.
case /keɪs/
NOUN
SITUATION
[B1] [C] a particular situation or example of something
Over fifty people were injured, in several cases seriously.
I wouldn't normally agree but I'll make an exception in this case.
The number of new cases of flu has risen.
We have lots of applications from people who want to study here and in each case we consider the
candidate very carefully.
She was suffering from an extreme case of sunburn.
Learner example:
In this case, I suggest that you need to gather your friends and go to ask for it together.
in case of sth
[B1] when something happens, or in preparation for when something happens
Dictionary example:
We keep a bucket of water backstage, in case of fire.
Learner example:
It is about how to rescue people in case of an accident or a natural disaster.
(just) in case
[B1] because of a possibility of something happening, being needed, etc.
I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some just in case.
Bring a map in case you get lost.
313
Learner example:
I have my mobile with me just in case.
be the case
[B2] to be true
Bad diet can cause tiredness, but I don't think that's the case here.
I take it that the booking includes breakfast - if that isn't the case, please let us know.
Learner example:
Could you also please let me know if you're coming back in time for dinner because if that's the
case I'll make a sp[lendid] dinner for us.
in any case
[B2] used to give another reason for something you are saying, or that you have
done
Dictionary example:
I don't want to go and in any case, I haven't been invited.
Learner example:
I suggest that you should in any case leave your car at home and take buses or other public
means of transport.
in that case
[B2] because of the mentioned situation
Dictionary example:
There's no coffee left? In that case I'll have tea.
Learner example:
You could try [k]ayaking. In that case, of course, you need to pay for the equipment.
CRIME
[B2] [C] a crime that police are trying to solve
a murder case
Police in the town have investigated 50 cases of burglary in the past month.
The detective on the case has been suspended from duty.
Learner example:
They succeeded in solving a case too difficult even for the police.
COURT OF LAW
[B2] [C] a matter to be decided by a judge in a court of law
The case will go before the European Court next month.
She accused her employer of unlawful dismissal and won/lost her case.
314
Learner example:
To summarize, we lost the case on the ground that he had [a] criminal background and that the
girl's testimony wasn't reliable because she was in love with the man, as she confessed herself in
court.
cash /kæʃ/
NOUN [U]
MONEY
[B1] INFORMAL money in any form

Dictionary example:
I'm a bit short of cash at the moment.
Learner example:
There are a lot of hotels, but if you don't want to spend [any] cash you can stay at my place.
cashpoint /ˈkæʃ.pɔɪnt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a machine, usually in a wall outside a bank, that you can get money from using
a plastic card
Dictionary example:
I got some money out from the cashpoint.
Learner example:
I went to the nearest cashpoint and got £400.
cast /kɑːst/
NOUN [C + SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB]

[B2] all the actors in a film, play or show
After the final performance, the director threw a party for the cast.
Part of the film's success lies in the strength of the supporting cast.
Learner example:
Unfortunately as soon as I came to the theatre I was told that there had been a change in the cast
and Danny Brook was not part of it anymore.
315
casual /ˈkæʒ.ju.əl/
ADJECTIVE
CLOTHES
[B1] Casual clothes are comfortable but not smart and not suitable for formal
occasions.
Dictionary example:
casual clothes
Learner example:
I mostly wear casual things, jumpers and jeans for example.
NOT PLANNED
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] not planned, or without particular meaning or importance
Dictionary example:
a casual meeting/remark
Learner example:
It was last summer, when I had a casual meeting with someone.
casually /ˈkæʒ.ju.li/
ADVERB
[B2] in a casual way
Dictionary example:
She was dressed casually in shorts and a T-shirt.
Learner example:
I suggest that you and your group go dressed casually.
catalogue /ˈkæt.əl.ɒg/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a book with a list of items, such as pictures on display or goods that you can
buy from a business
Dictionary example:
a mail-order catalogue
Learner example:
I would be very grateful if you [could] send me the catalogue for the next auction.
316
catch /kætʃ/
VERB (caught, caught)
STOP ESCAPING
[B1] [T] to find and stop a person or animal that is trying to escape
Did they ever catch the terrorists?
They caught a lot of fish that day.
Learner example:
He gave me some good tips on how to catch some really large fish.
catch fire
[B1] to start burning
Dictionary example:
The factory caught fire late yesterday evening.
Learner example:
One of the new machines that I had brought from Germany had caught fire.
catch sb's attention, interest, etc.

[B2] to make someone notice something and feel interested
Dictionary example:
A ship out at sea caught his attention.
Learner example:
The first thing that caught my attention in the advert was "... eight people from different
countries...".
DISCOVER
[B2] [T] to discover someone who is doing something wrong or something secret
He caught her reading his old love letters.
She was caught cheating in the exam.
Learner example:
I [learnt] a good lesson when I was caught cheating on a test at school last year.
CRIMINAL
[B2] [T] If the police catch a criminal, they find them and take them away.
Dictionary example:
These terrorists must be caught.
Learner example:
The issue had been forgotten and the burglar was never caught.
317
category /ˈkæt.ə.gər.i/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a group of people or things of the same type
Dictionary example:
There are three categories of accommodation - standard, executive and deluxe.
Learner example:
I belong to the category of people who think that society needs zoos.
cater /ˈkeɪ.tər/
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to provide and often serve food and drinks for a particular event
Dictionary example:
How many are we catering for at the wedding reception?
Learner example:
I can understand why you shortlisted these three proposals as all of them seem good enough to
cater for our canteen.
catering /ˈkeɪ.tər.ɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B2] providing food and drinks for people
Who did the catering for the party?
a high-class catering company
Learner example:
All food, appetizers and refreshments will be provided by a catering company.
cattle /ˈkæt.l
̩/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B1] male and female cows kept on a farm for their milk or meat
Dictionary example:
beef/dairy cattle
318
Learner example:
He was born in Australia, where his father has a big cattle station.
cause /kɔːz/
NOUN
REASON WHY
[B2] [C] the reason why something, especially something bad, happens
The police are still trying to establish the cause of the fire.
She had died of natural causes.
Learner example:
Overworking can be a cause of many problems.
PRINCIPLE
[C1] [C] a principle or aim that a group of people support or fight for
The money will all go to a good cause.
He fought for the Republican cause in the war.
Learner example:
It would be a shame if people got the wrong impression, that it is not worth working and making
an effort for charity and good causes and I would certainly not like to beli[e]ve that your paper
contributed to giving that impression??
VERB [T]
[B2] to make something happen, especially something bad
The difficult driving conditions caused several accidents.
Most heart attacks are caused by blood clots.
The bright light caused her to look away.
Learner example:
Admittedly, using your car is more convenient and easier [than] using public transport but, in my
opinion, the advantages of using public transport outweigh the disadvantages it can cause.
caution /ˈkɔː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: caution
Verbs: caution
Adjectives: cautious
319
NOUN
CARE
[C1] [U] great care and attention not to take risks or get into danger
Travellers have been advised to exercise great caution when passing through the region.
I would treat anything he says with extreme caution.
Learner example:
Extreme caution has to be taken during push-back and engine start.
cautious /ˈkɔː.ʃəs/
Word family:
Nouns: caution
Verbs: caution
Adjectives: cautious
ADJECTIVE
[B2] taking care to avoid risks or danger
He's a very cautious driver.
We take a more cautious approach.
She is cautious about lending money to anyone.
Learner example:
You should be cautious and sensible.
cave /keɪv/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large hole in the side of a hill, cliff or mountain, or one that is underground
Dictionary example:
The area is also home to one of the largest underground cave and lake systems in Latin America.
Learner example:
The next day I went to see a cave with a blue lake inside it.
320
CD-ROM /ˌsiː.diːˈrɒm/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] ABBREVIATION FOR compact disc read-only memory: a disc that holds large amounts
of information that can be read by a computer but cannot be changed
Dictionary example:
Cambridge dictionaries are available on CD-ROM.
cease /siːs/
VERB [I or T] FORMAL
[B2] to stop
He ordered his men to cease firing.
The company has decided to cease all UK operations after this year.
She never ceases to amaze me.
Learner example:
I thought the ring was just inside my head, in the dream. But it didn't cease, making me realize it
was something else, from outside the room.
celebrate /ˈsel.ə.breɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: celebration
Verbs: celebrate
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to do something enjoyable because it is a special day, or because something

good has happened
We always celebrate our wedding anniversary by going out to dinner.
We'd just finished our exams so we were having a party to celebrate.
Learner example:
We are going to celebrate my husband's birthday at home with some friends, so I'm preparing
everything for the party.
321
celebration /ˌsel.əˈbreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: celebration
Verbs: celebrate
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a special social event, such as a party, when you celebrate something, or the
act of celebrating something
There were lively New Year celebrations all over town.
Such good news calls for a celebration!
Learner example:
He told me that he decided to marry and he invited me [to] the celebration in Paris in November.
celebrity /səˈleb.rə.ti/
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment business
Dictionary example:
It's a celebrity gossip magazine.
Learner example:
The walls are painted blue and hung with posters of my favourite celebrities.
cell /sel/
NOUN [C]
ORGANISM
[B2] the smallest basic unit of a plant or animal
brain/blood cells
cancer cells
Learner example:
[...] such as, us[ing] gamma rays to damage the cancer cell or to treat people's short sight and so
on.
ROOM
[B2] a small room in a prison or police station where a prisoner is kept
322
Dictionary example:
He was kept in a prison cell for four months.
Learner example:
That's why six years after this I'm writing the story in my cold wet cell.
cellar /ˈsel.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a room under the ground floor of a building, usually used for storage
Dictionary example:
He keeps his wine in the cellar.
Learner example:
We were in the cellar of the old castle without a candle or even matches.
cello /ˈtʃel.əʊ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a large, wooden musical instrument with four strings that you hold between
your knees to play
Dictionary example:
She plays the cello.
Learner example:
It was Beethoven, the 9th symphony. The cellos [and] violins, followed by the timpani...
cemetery /ˈsem.ə.tri/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a place where dead people are buried
Dictionary example:
She went to the cemetery where her grandfather was buried.
Learner example:
It was Halloween night and almost midnight, and Steve had the idea of going out to the nearest
cemetery to catch some ghosts or vampires.
323
centigrade /ˈsen.tɪ.greɪd/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a measurement of temperature in which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°
Dictionary example:
Water boils at 100° centigrade.
Learner example:
The last few days I prefer[red] to go swimming, because the temperature was above thirty degrees
centigrade.
central /ˈsen.trəl/
Word family:
Nouns: centre
Adjectives: central
ADJECTIVE
NEAR CENTRE
[B1] in or near the centre of a place or object
central Europe/London
Of course, you pay more for premises with a central location.
Learner example:
We could go for a walk to the park in the central area of my town.
CITY
[C1] in the main part of a town or city
Dictionary example:
Our offices are very central.
Learner example:
The house location is very central, it is in South Kensington and it is [with]in walking distance [of]
Gloucester Road Underground station.
ORGANIZATION
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] controlled or organized in one main place
central authorities/government
the US central bank
central control/planning
324
Learner example:
The contribution of the central government seems to be inevitable to complete the project.
central heating /ˈsen.trəlˈhiːt.ɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a system of heating a building by warming air or water in one place and
carrying it to different rooms in pipes
Dictionary example:
The house had no central heating so in winter it was freezing.
Learner example:
I like this restaurant because it's cheap, big and tidy, [and] at the same time it has central heating
and air condition[ing].
cereal /ˈsɪə.ri.əl/
NOUN [C or U]
PLANT
[C1] a plant that is grown to produce grain for food
Dictionary example:
cereal crops
Learner example:
During this part you can see cereal crops, mainly wheat.
ceremony /ˈser.ə.mə.ni/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a formal event that is performed on important social or religious occasions
Dictionary example:
a wedding/graduation ceremony
Learner example:
In July I'm going to [get] married to my girl friend, and the wedding ceremony is on 7th of July.
325
certain /ˈsɜː.tən/
Word family:
Nouns: certainty, uncertainty
Adjectives: certain, uncertain
Adverbs: certainly
ADJECTIVE
NO DOUBT
[B1] [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] completely sure of something, or knowing without doubt that
something is true
I feel certain (that) you're doing the right thing.
Are you absolutely certain (that) you gave them the right number?
I'm not certain how much it will cost.
He was quite certain about/of his attacker's identity.
Learner example:
I'm certain that in your country weddings are as wonderful as in Brazil.
SURE TO HAPPEN
[B1] sure to happen, to do something, or to be true
It now looks certain that she will resign.
One thing is certain: she's not coming to my party.
How can we make certain that she sees the note?
Learner example:
If I were you I'd choose the large school because it's certain that you'll find people [there] that
think like you.
PARTICULAR
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] used to refer to a particular person or thing without naming
or describing them
Dictionary example:
The museum is only open at certain times of the day.
Learner example:
The last one I saw was called 'Spelling' and it was a kind of quiz where the competitors had to
spell difficult words fast and finish at a certain time.
a certain
[B2] used before a noun when it is difficult to describe something exactly or give its
exact amount
326
Dictionary example:
He's got a certain charm.
Learner example:
There was still that gleam and a certain kind of pride which let me assume once she must have
been a strong lady.
know/say for certain

[C1] to know something without doubt
Dictionary example:
We don't know for certain whether she's coming.
Learner example:
The rules may be considered a bit too strict, the teaching methods too "old-fashioned", but I
know for certain that this course gives very good preparation in [Busi]ness English.
certainly /ˈsɜː.tən.li/
Word family:
Adverbs: certainly
ADVERB
certainly not
[C1] used after an adverb in short, negative replies
"She's not exactly poor, is she?" "Certainly not."
"Will you be taking her there?" "Certainly not!"
Learner example:
Are all young people lazy and unable to participate in any form of sport? Certainly not!!!
certainty /ˈsɜː.tən.ti/
Word family:
Adverbs: certainly
NOUN
BEING SURE
[B2] [U] when you are completely sure about something
327
Dictionary example:
I'm unable to answer that question with any certainty.
Learner example:
I can say with certainty that this town is just a treasure of Polish culture.
certificate /səˈtɪf.ɪ.kət/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an official document that gives details to show that something is true
a birth/marriage/death certificate
an examination certificate
a doctor's/medical certificate
Learner example:
You must have the PET certificate and you should speak another language.
chain /tʃeɪn/
NOUN
BUSINESS
[B1] [C] a number of similar shops, restaurants, etc. owned by the same company
a chain of hotels/shops/supermarkets
a fast-food chain
Learner example:
These days children [have] grown up with McDonalds and other fast-food chains.
EVENTS
[B2] [C] a series of things that happen one after the other
a chain reaction
His arrival set off a surprising chain of events.
Learner example:
The problem began to increase because all her friends knew her secret. It was like a "chain
reaction".
328
challenge /ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: challenge
Verbs: challenge
Adjectives: challenging
NOUN
DIFFICULT
[B1] [C or U] something that is difficult and that tests someone's ability or

determination
Finding a solution to this problem is one of the greatest challenges faced by scientists today.
You know me - I like a challenge.
It's going to be a difficult job but I'm sure she'll rise to the challenge.
Learner example:
I went with two friends from school, we had a big adventure there and we had to face many
challenges.
VERB [T]
[B2] to express disagreement with ideas, rules, or someone's authority
Dictionary example:
Children challenge their parents' authority far more nowadays than they did in the past.
Learner example:
His daughter had just challenged him and he was struggling for a decision.
challenging /ˈtʃæl.ɪn.dʒɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: challenge
Verbs: challenge
Adjectives: challenging
ADJECTIVE
[B1] difficult, in a way that tests your ability or determination
Dictionary example:
This has been a challenging time for us all.
Learner example:
Like cavaliers we ride across the country looking for adventures and challenging activities.
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champion /ˈtʃæm.pi.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: champion, championship
NOUN [C]
WINNER
[B1] a person, animal, or team that wins a competition
an Olympic champion
She is the world champion for the third year in succession.
The defending champion will play his first match of the tournament tomorrow.
Who are the European football champions?
Learner example:
Last week I played with a person who was the world chess champion!
championship /ˈtʃæm.pi.ən.ʃɪp/
Word family:
Nouns: champion, championship
NOUN [C]
[B1] a competition to find the best team or player in a particular game or sport
the British Diving Championship
The world championships will be held in Scotland next year.
He has been playing championship tennis for three years now.
Learner example:
I have a sailing championship, in which I must participate.
chance /tʃɑːnts/
NOUN
POSSIBILITY
[B1] [C or U] the possibility that something will happen
330
There's a chance (that) he'll still be there.
Does she have any chance of winning?
You'd have a better chance of passing your exams if you worked a bit harder.
There's a good chance (that) I'll have this essay finished by tomorrow.
What are the chances of getting tickets for the Olympics?
Learner example:
Is [there] any chance [of] borrow[ing] your bicycle?
OPPORTUNITY
[B1] [C] the opportunity to do something
I didn't get/have a chance to speak to her.
If you give me a chance to speak, I'll explain.
This trip is the chance of a lifetime.
He left and I missed my chance to say goodbye to him.
Learner example:
If you get a chance to learn to dance, you must do this because it [is] fun.
LUCK
[B1] [U] when something happens because of luck, or without being planned
Dictionary example:
I saw her by chance in the shop.
Learner example:
By chance it was my camera.
RISK
[B2] [C] a risk
I'm delivering my work by hand. I'm not taking any chances.
There's a chance of injury in almost any sport.
Learner example:
The chances of [having] an accident [on a] bicycle are bigger than [in a] car.
change /tʃeɪndʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: change
Verbs: change
Adjectives: unchanged, changeable
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VERB
IN SHOP
[B1] [T] to take something you have bought back to a shop and exchange it for
something else
Dictionary example:
I had to change those trousers I bought for a bigger pair.
change your mind

[B1] to change a decision or opinion
If you change your mind about coming tonight, just give me a call.
When I first met him I didn't like him but I've changed my mind.
Learner example:
After the first lesson, I changed my mind.
change the subject

[B2] to start talking about a different subject
Dictionary example:
I'd tried to explain the situation, but he just changed the subject.
Learner example:
Well, changing the subject, I accidentally broke your beautiful vase. I'm really sorry, I'll try to find
[another] vase that looks similar.
NOUN
MONEY
[B1] [U] the money which is returned to someone who has paid for something which
costs less than the amount that they gave
Dictionary example:
I think you've given me the wrong change.
Learner example:
First of all, I helped selling tickets and drinks and there I realized how bad my maths is - I took
such a long time to give back the change!
COINS
[B1] [U] money which is coins rather than notes
She gave me £5 in change.
My dad always used to carry a lot of loose/small change in his pocket.
Learner example:
He asked me if I had any change.
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NEW EXPERIENCE
[B1] [USUALLY NO PLURAL] something which is pleasant or interesting because it is

unusual or new
It's nice to see her smile for a change.
"Shall we eat in the garden?" "Why not - it'll make a change."
We've always had a red car - it's time we had a change!
Learner example:
Last year the college had a sports day so this year we should have a party in a disco for a change.
changeable /ˈtʃeɪn.dʒə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: change
Verbs: change
ADJECTIVE
[C1] often changing, or likely to change
Dictionary example:
The weather was very changeable last summer.
Learner example:
I must say that summers here are a bit mild and changeable.
chaos /ˈkeɪ.ɒs/
Word family:
Nouns: chaos
Adjectives: chaotic
NOUN [U]
[B2] a state of total confusion with no order
Snow and ice have caused chaos on the roads.
Ever since our secretary walked out, the office has been in a state of total chaos.
Learner example:
There was chaos at the school.
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chaotic /keɪˈɒt.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: chaos
Adjectives: chaotic
ADJECTIVE
[C1] in a state of chaos
Dictionary example:
a chaotic situation
Learner example:
Consequently, in order to improve the chaotic traffic situation it is advisable to choose other
means of transport as mentioned above.
chapter /ˈtʃæp.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] one of the parts that a book is divided into
Dictionary example:
Read Chapter 3 before class tomorrow.
Learner example:
I promise you that I will read chapter 10 of the book, and I will make a resume for you.
character /ˈkær.ɪk.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: character, characteristic
Adjectives: characteristic
NOUN
IN A STORY
[B1] [C] a person represented in a film, play or story
The film revolves around three main characters.
She had Mickey Mouse or some other cartoon/Disney character on her sweater.
He made his name as a character actor.
Learner example:
My favourite character was Gandalf but Lucie preferred Morween, the young elf maiden.
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QUALITIES/PERSONALITY
[B1] [C or U] the combination of qualities and personality that makes a person

different from others
Politeness is traditionally part of the British character.
It would be very out of character of her to lie.
One of the joys of being a parent is watching the child's character develop.
It's not in his character to be jealous.
Learner example:
Mary had a strong character and faced her uncle with great courage.
INTERESTING QUALITIES
[B2] qualities that are interesting or unusual
Dictionary example:
a hotel of character
Learner example:
There [are] many very old house[s] with a lot of character and charm, [which are] just perfect for a
photographer.
INTERESTING PERSON
[C1] [C] an interesting or funny person whose behaviour is different from most
people's
Dictionary example:
Your granny's a real character.
Learner example:
Mr Brown is a great character.
WRITING
[C1] [C] a letter, sign, or number that you use when you are writing or printing
Dictionary example:
Chinese characters
Learner example:
However, [the] poems are written in old Japanese characters which are difficult to understand.
characteristic /ˌkær.ɪk.təˈrɪs.tɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: character, characteristic
Adjectives: characteristic
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NOUN [C]
[B2] a typical or noticeable quality of someone or something
Unfortunately a big nose is a family characteristic.
Sentimentality seems a characteristic of all the writers of that period.
The male bird displays several characteristics which distinguish him from the female.
Learner example:
Orwell gives the animals human characteristics and we can identify with them.
charge /tʃɑːdʒ/
VERB
MONEY
[B1] [I or T] to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activity
How much/What do you charge for delivery?
The bank charged commission to change my traveller's cheques.
They charge you $20 just to get into the nightclub.
The local museum doesn't charge for admission.
Learner example:
Be careful while you are in Brazil because sometimes people charge really high prices for
everything just because you are a tourist.
ACCUSE
[B2] [T OFTEN PASSIVE] If the police charge someone, they accuse them officially of a
crime.
Dictionary example:
She's been charged with murder.
Learner example:
While Jem is accused of [a] minor crime, Joss is charged with smuggling.
ATTACK
[B2] [I or T] to attack someone or something by moving forward quickly
The bull lowered its horns and charged.
The violence began when the police charged at a crowd of demonstrators.
Learner example:
They had water bombs and water pistols at the ready. They started charging down the field
towards the fire and once in range everyone thew their balloon as far as they could.
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ELECTRICITY
[B2] [I or T] to put electricity into something
Dictionary example:
My mobile needs charging.
NOUN
MONEY
[B1] [C or U] the amount of money that you have to pay for something, especially for
an activity or service
There's no charge for children under ten.
There's an admission charge of £5.
They fixed my watch free of charge.
Learner example:
It is free of charge and will give me a idea of this sport.
be in charge
[B1] to be the person who has control of or is responsible for someone or
something
She's in charge of a team of 20 people.
Who's in charge of organizing the music for the party.
Learner example:
I talk[ed] to the man who was in charge and [he] convince[d] me that it was safe, so I did it.
take charge
[B2] to take control of or make yourself responsible for something
Dictionary example:
I was happy to let her take charge of the holiday arrangements.
Learner example:
I am 21 years old which means that I can take charge of school children.
CRIME
[C1] [C] a formal police statement saying that someone is accused of a crime
The 19-year-old will be appearing in court on Thursday where she will face criminal charges.
He has been arrested on a charge of murder.
The police brought a charge of theft against him.
Learner example:
He decided on the spot that if Paul was to return all the money he wouldn't press charges so he
called his parents and asked them to find out where he was.
337
charity /ˈtʃær.ə.ti/
NOUN
ORGANIZATION
[B1] [C or U] an official organization that gives money, food, or help to people who
need it, or money, food, or help that is given to people who need it
UNICEF is an international charity.
She does a lot of work for charity.
She does a lot of charity work.
People tend to give to charity at Christmas time.
Money from the sale of these cards will go to local charities.
Learner example:
In the club, we do some charity work, helping people.
charm /tʃɑːm/
Word family:
Nouns: charm
Adjectives: charming
NOUN
QUALITY
[B2] [C or U] a quality which makes you like or feel attracted to someone or

something
a woman of great charm
The building has a certain charm.
I had to use all my charms to get them to lend us the hall.
Learner example:
It's an extremely severe and rugged sort of landscape with its own very special charm.
charming /ˈtʃɑː.mɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: charm
Adjectives: charming
ADJECTIVE
[B1] pleasant and attractive
338
He's very charming.
It's a charming little village.
Learner example:
He's charming, but he's too talkative and not romantic enough.
chart /tʃɑːt/
NOUN
DRAWING
[B2] [C] a drawing which shows information in a simple way, often using lines and
curves to show amounts
Dictionary example:
a sales chart
Learner example:
Now I can create special charts at home.
the charts
[B2] an official list of the most popular songs each week
Dictionary example:
They're currently at the top of the charts with their single 'Enough'.
Learner example:
She get[s] to the people's hearts by music and she is now [at] the top [of the] charts with the song
"Love me".
chase /tʃeɪs/
VERB
RUN AFTER
[B2] [I or T] to run after someone or something in order to catch them
The dog was chasing a rabbit.
She was chasing after her two-year-old son.
Learner example:
I could feel that the man was chasing after me.
chase sb/sth away/off/out, etc.

[B2] to run after a person or animal to make them leave a place
339
Dictionary example:
I chased the cat away.
Learner example:
But one day, Napoleon said that his rival Snowball was a spy of the farmers and chased him away.
chat /tʃæt/
Word family:
Nouns: chat
Verbs: chat
Adjectives: chatty
VERB [I] (-tt-)
chat sb up or chat up sb PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to talk to someone in a way that shows them that you are sexually attracted to
them
Dictionary example:
He spends hours in cafés, chatting up the waitresses.
Learner example:
Then he started to chat her up.
chat show /ˈtʃætˌʃəʊ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a television or radio programme where people are asked questions about
themselves
Dictionary example:
I saw her on a chat show last week.
Learner example:
But I'm very interested in politics, so I really enjoy political and chat shows.
chatty /ˈtʃæt.i/
Word family:
Nouns: chat
Verbs: chat
Adjectives: chatty
340
ADJECTIVE
PERSON
[C1] liking to talk
Dictionary example:
My sister is very chatty.
Learner example:
Both Mr Brown and Peter are chatty and not afraid of [the] camcorder.
WRITING
[C1] A piece of writing that is chatty has a friendly and informal style.
Dictionary example:
a chatty letter/style
Learner example:
To be more specific, the articles will include events taken from our college life, written in a
humorous, chatty way in order to help them see life in its positive aspect.
cheap /tʃiːp/
ADJECTIVE
LOW QUALITY
[C1] low in price and quality
Dictionary example:
I bought some cheap wine to cook with.
Learner example:
[The] "luxury hotel" from the advertis[e]ment happened to be a dirty, cheap hotel with no lift
(notice that all the rooms were located on the 4th floor) and no service.
cheat /tʃiːt/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to behave in a dishonest way in order to get what you want
Anyone caught cheating will be immediately disqualified from the exam.
She was caught cheating in her French exam.
He cheats at cards.
Learner example:
She also didn't want to cheat during the exam because it wouldn't be fair to anyone.
341
check /tʃek/
VERB
FIND OUT
[B1] [I or T] to find out about something
I rang them yesterday to check when they were arriving.
If you're near the garage, could you check whether the car's ready?
Learner example:
I called the company to check whether I really had won the jackpot.
ASK
[B2] [I] to ask someone for permission to do something
Dictionary example:
I'd like to stay overnight, but I need to check with my parents.
Learner example:
I'll be there at 4.00 the next day which will be the 5th. Would you check with your neighbours
again, please?
NOUN [C]
[B1] an examination of something in order to make certain that it is correct or the

way it should be
The soldiers gave their equipment a final check before setting off.
We do safety checks on all our electrical equipment.
Security checks have become really strict at the airport.
Learner example:
I have to do some medical checks [on] my dog because I think it is very sick and may have a
problem [with its] throat.
check-in (counter) /ˈtʃek.ɪnˌkaʊn.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the place at an airport where you show your ticket so that you can be told
where you will be sitting
A representative from the tour operator will meet you at the check-in.
I'll meet you by the check-in counter.
342
Learner example:
After we had finished [having coffee], we went to the check-in.
check-in (desk) /ˈtʃek.ɪnˌdesk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the place at an airport where you show your ticket so that you can be told
where you will be sitting
A representative from the tour company will meet you at the check-in.
I'll meet you at the check-in desk.
Learner example:
After we had finished [having coffee], we went to the check-in.
checkout /ˈtʃek.aʊt/
NOUN [C]
SHOP
[B1] the place in a shop, especially a large food shop, where you pay for your goods
Your fruit and vegetables will be weighed at the checkout.
She works on the checkout at the local supermarket.
Learner example:
Your visit to the shop concludes in a long queue to the checkout (where you can easily spend
another 30 minutes), where they will suck out some money from your account.
WEBSITE
[B1] the place on a website where you order and pay for goods
Dictionary example:
After you've chosen what you want, click here to proceed to checkout.
cheek /tʃiːk/
NOUN
[B1] [C] the soft part of your face which is below your eye and between your mouth
and ear
343
rosy cheeks
The tears ran down her cheeks.
He kissed her on both cheeks.
Learner example:
I kissed him on the cheek and I left him.
cheeky /ˈtʃiː.ki/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] slightly rude or showing no respect, but often in a funny way
She's got such a cheeky grin.
Don't be so cheeky!
Learner example:
Don't get angry, but I think your husband is a very cheeky man!
cheer /tʃɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: cheerfulness
Verbs: cheer
Adjectives: cheerful
Adverbs: cheerfully
VERB [I]
[B2] to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement
Everyone cheered as the winners received their medals.
He was cheering for the other side.
Learner example:
When she had finished, she felt satisfied and so did the audience who cheered for Louise.
cheerful /ˈtʃɪə.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: cheerfulness
Verbs: cheer
Adverbs: cheerfully
344
ADJECTIVE
HAPPY
[B1] happy and positive
He's usually fairly cheerful.
You're in a cheerful mood this morning.
She manages to stay cheerful despite everything.
Learner example:
Her fiancé is very kind and cheerful.
MAKING YOU FEEL HAPPY
[B2] describes a place or thing that is bright and pleasant and makes you feel
positive and happy
Dictionary example:
The doctor's waiting room was bright and cheerful with yellow walls and curtains.
Learner example:
We can have [a] mixed colour[ed] carpet to make the reception area more cheerful.
cheerfully /ˈtʃɪə.fəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: cheerfulness
Verbs: cheer
Adverbs: cheerfully
ADVERB
[B2] in a cheerful way
Dictionary example:
She walked down the road, whistling cheerfully.
Learner example:
But Mr Robertson recognised Jane and greeted her very cheerfully.
Cheers! /tʃɪəz/
EXCLAMATION
BEFORE DRINK
[B1] a friendly expression said just before you drink an alcoholic drink
345
Dictionary example:
Cheers! To your good health.
GOODBYE
[B1] used to mean 'goodbye'
Dictionary example:
"Bye." "Cheers, see you next week."
Learner example:
See you later, cheers.
THANK YOU
[B2] used to mean 'thank you'
Dictionary example:
"I've bought you a drink." "Cheers, mate."
chemical /ˈkem.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: chemical, chemist, chemistry
Adjectives: chemical
NOUN [C]
[B2] a basic substance that is used in chemistry or produced by chemistry
The government has pledged to reduce the amount of chemicals used in food production.
Each year, factories release millions of tonnes of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere.
Learner example:
There are a lot of chemicals and sewage in the river Dollmitz and the lakes, too.
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to chemicals
a chemical reaction
chemical weapons
The chemical industry produces such things as petrochemicals, drugs, paint and rubber.
Learner example:
In the latter many chemical reactions may be reproduced to show the students the final
compounds generated.
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chemist /ˈkem.ɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: chemical, chemist, chemistry
Adjectives: chemical
NOUN [C]
SCIENCE
[B1] a person who studies chemistry, or a scientist who works with chemicals or
studies their reactions
Dictionary example:
Is he a chemist or a physicist?
Learner example:
I ha[d] been working in a factory because I am [a] chemist, but one day I decided to change my
work [and] my life.
cherry /ˈtʃer.i/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small, round, soft red or black fruit with a single hard seed in the middle
Dictionary example:
cherry trees
Learner example:
There was a big cherry tree, and there, on the top, was Trouble [the cat]!
chest /tʃest/
NOUN [C]
BODY
[B2] the front part of your body, between your neck and your waist, containing your
heart and your lungs
He was shot in the chest.
Peter has a very hairy chest.
She went to the doctor complaining of chest pains.
Learner example:
She tried to get her weapon, but then a bullet hit her chest like a hammer.
347
chest of drawers /ˌtʃest.əvˈdrɔːz/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a piece of furniture for keeping clothes in
Dictionary example:
We need a chest of drawers for Oliver's bedroom.
Learner example:
I bought a chest of drawers and put it next to the door.
chew /tʃuː/
VERB [I or T]
EAT
[B2] to crush food into smaller, softer pieces with the teeth so that it can be
swallowed
This meat is difficult to chew.
You don't chew your food enough - that's why you get indigestion.
Learner example:
Next, when you eat something, please chew [it] for a long time.
BITE
[B2] to repeatedly bite something without swallowing it
She was chewing gum.
Our dog loves a bone to chew (on).
She sat in the dentist's waiting room, nervously chewing (at) her nails.
Learner example:
Students couldn't chew bubble-gum, smoke or eat swe[e]ties in school, but they do now.
chewing gum /ˈtʃuː.ɪŋˌgʌm/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a sweet that you chew but do not swallow
Dictionary example:
Would you like a piece/stick of chewing gum?
348
Learner example:
Some visitors [to the zoo] feed them with forbidden things like sugar or they give them chewing
gum.
chief /tʃiːf/
MOST IMPORTANT
[B2] most important or main
The chief problem we have in the area now is the spread of disease.
The weather was our chief reason for coming here.
Learner example:
This is the chief argument of those who do not agree with zoos.
HIGHEST IN RANK
[B2] highest in rank
Dictionary example:
He is the chief economic adviser to the government.
Learner example:
Bob Wilson, the chief accountant, had resigned.
NOUN [C]
[B2] the person in charge of a group or organization
a police chief
A new chief of the security forces has just been appointed.
Learner example:
I saw her one day, and she [told] me that she had been promoted to chief of section.
childhood /ˈtʃaɪld.hʊd/
Word family:
Nouns: child, childhood
Adjectives: childish
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] the time when someone is a child
349
She had an unhappy childhood.
Childhood is not always a happy time.
Learner example:
The e-mail was from somebody who I haven't heard about since my childhood.
childish /ˈtʃaɪl.dɪʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: child, childhood
Adjectives: childish
ADJECTIVE
SILLY
[B2] Childish behaviour is silly, like that of a small child.
Dictionary example:
Don't be so childish!
Learner example:
In comparison with other countries' tourists, they seem to be a little childish, just like a group of
duckling[s] or chickens.
OF A CHILD
[B2] typical of a child
Dictionary example:
childish handwriting
Learner example:
I heard a childish voice saying to me "Take my hand."
chill /tʃɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: chill
Adjectives: chilly
VERB [I or T]
chill out PHRASAL VERB INFORMAL
[B2] to relax completely, or not allow things to upset you
Dictionary example:
Chill out, Dad - if we miss this train there's always another one.
350
Learner example:
I just can't wait to get there, grab some Coke and chill out!
chilly /ˈtʃɪl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: chill
Adjectives: chilly
ADJECTIVE
[C1] unpleasantly cold
Dictionary example:
a chilly evening
Learner example:
Apart from everything mentioned, the worst thing was the fact that our coach broke down in the
middle of nowhere on a chilly rainy day.
chimney /ˈtʃɪm.ni/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a hollow structure that allows the smoke from a fire inside a building to escape
to the air outside
Dictionary example:
Factory chimneys belched dense white smoke into the sky.
Learner example:
The reason is half for my own health and fitness and half for the health of my town, which is
polluted by lead, the smoke from chimneys and other artificial poisons.
chin /tʃɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the bottom part of a person's face, below their mouth
Fasten the strap beneath your chin.
She sat behind the table, her chin resting in her hands.
Learner example:
I'm just about 20cm taller and I've grown whiskers on my chin, which is quite an uncommon look.
351
chip /tʃɪp/
NOUN [C]
COMPUTER PART
[B2] a very small part of a computer that stores information
Dictionary example:
a silicon chip
Learner example:
Even in cars and wash[ing] machines there're computer chips.
choice /tʃɔɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: choice
Verbs: choose
NOUN
RIGHT
[B1] [C U OR NO PLURAL] when you can choose between two or more things, or the
decision to choose one thing or person and not someone or something else
If I had a choice, I'd give up work.
I had to go - I had no choice.
It's a difficult choice to make.
It's your choice/The choice is yours.
It was a choice between black or brown.
Given the choice, I'd stay at home.
I'd prefer not to work Saturdays but I don't have much choice.
I'm single by choice.
Learner example:
I'm very sorry that I can't [make] the choice for you.
VARIETY
[B1] [U OR NO PLURAL] the range of different things from which you can choose
There wasn't much choice on the menu.
The evening menu offers a wide choice of dishes.
The dress is available in a choice of colours.
Learner example:
There is a very wide choice of activities!
352
PERSON/THING
[B1] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] a person or thing that has been chosen or that can be
chosen
Harvard was not his first choice.
He wouldn't be my choice as a friend.
This type of nursery care may well be the best choice for your child.
Learner example:
For me, the best choice is to come to the city.
choir /kwaɪər/

[B2] a group of people who sing together, often in a church or a school
He sings in the church choir.
choir practice
Learner example:
I have sung in the church's choir for three years, and I have had singing classes at school since
first grade.
cholesterol /kəˈles.tər.ɒl/
NOUN [U]
[C1] a type of fat in your body that can cause heart disease if you have too much
Dictionary example:
The doctor said I had high cholesterol.
Learner example:
Hong Kong people have become fatter and fatter due to the adoption of Western food which is
rich in fat and cholesterol.
choose /tʃuːz/ (chose, chosen)
Word family:
Nouns: choice
Verbs: choose
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VERB [I or T]
choose to do sth
[B1] to decide to do something
Dictionary example:
Manuela chose to take a job in Paris.
chop /tʃɒp/
VERB [T] (-pp-)

[B2] to cut something into pieces with an axe, knife, or other sharp instrument
He was chopping wood in the yard.
Add some fresh parsley, finely chopped.
Chop (up) the onions and carrots roughly.
Learner example:
You would use them to chop vegetable[s].
chore /tʃɔːr/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a boring job that you must do
Dictionary example:
I find cooking a real chore.
Learner example:
The speed of "modern" life has increased and we do not have enough time to do the chores like
ironing any more.
cinema /ˈsɪn.ə.mə/
NOUN
ART
[C1] [U] the art or business of making films
Dictionary example:
an article about French cinema
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Learner example:
In my opinion, this is a really fascinating film, not only for nature and wildlife lovers, but for
everybody who likes good cinema.
circle /ˈsɜː.kl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: circle, circulation
Verbs: circle
Adjectives: circular
NOUN [C]
GROUP
[B2] a group of people with family, work or social connections
She's not one of my close circle of friends.
It's a technical term used in medical circles.
Learner example:
His name is Omar Naber and he has quite [a] big circle of fans in Slovenia, although most of them
are kids.
VERB
DRAW
[B1] [T] to draw a circle around something
Dictionary example:
Circle the answer you think is correct.
circular /ˈsɜː.kjə.lər/
Word family:
Nouns: circle, circulation
Verbs: circle
Adjectives: circular
ADJECTIVE
SHAPE
[B2] shaped like a circle
Dictionary example:
a circular rug
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Learner example:
People who congratulate the marrying [couple] take a circular sweet.
circumstance /ˈsɜː.kəm.stɑːnts/
NOUN [C USUALLY PLURAL]
[B2] a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is
I think she coped very well under the circumstances.
She died in suspicious circumstances.
We oppose capital punishment in/under any circumstances.
Under no circumstances should you approach the man.
The meeting has been cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control.
Learner example:
This party is being organised by my class for your husband's birthday, but there is something you
should know, this party is a surprise so under no circumstances should you inform your husband
about this.
circus /ˈsɜː.kəs/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a show in which a group of people and animals perform in a large tent
a circus ring
The children loved being taken to the circus.
Learner example:
In the afternoon you can just go walking if you are not in a mood to do something exciting, but if
are, you can go to the circus.
citizen /ˈsɪt.ɪ.zən/
NOUN [C]
TOWN/CITY
[B2] someone who lives in a particular town or city
Dictionary example:
The citizens of Moscow woke up this morning to find they had a new government.
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Learner example:
I think that it is a really good idea to make a film about our town and its citizens.
LEGAL RIGHT
[B2] someone who has a legal right to live in a particular country
Dictionary example:
He applied to become an American citizen.
Learner example:
I'm an American citizen because my mother comes from Queens, New York.
civil /ˈsɪv.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: civilization, civilian
Adjectives: civil
ADJECTIVE
[C1] relating to the ordinary people or things in a country and not to military or
religious organizations
Dictionary example:
They married in a civil ceremony.
Learner example:
The wedding will occur first in the church, and then in front of the Mayor, who will personally
come [to] the castle for the civil wedding.
civilization (ALSO civilisation) /ˌsɪv.əl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: civilization, civilian
Adjectives: civil
NOUN
SOCIETY
[B2] [C or U] human society with its well developed social organizations, or the
culture and way of life of a society or country at a particular period in time
Some people think that nuclear war would mean the end of civilization.
Cuzco was the centre of one of the world's most famous civilizations, that of the Incas.
ancient civilizations
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Learner example:
Since the beginning of civilization, man has been looking for co[m]fort and better ways to do
things.
WAY OF LIFE
[C1] [U] when people have an advanced and comfortable way of life
Dictionary example:
modern civilization
Learner example:
Even if this idea is idealistic, some think that they will take advantage of all the benefits of modern
civilization.
claim /kleɪm/
VERB
SAY
[B2] [T] to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and
other people might not believe it
The company claims (that) it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.
He claims to have met the President, but I don't believe him.
An unknown terrorist group has claimed responsibility for this morning's bomb attack.
All parties have claimed success in yesterday's elections.
Learner example:
Bicycle supporters claim that it is silent and keeps owners fit.
DEMAND
[B2] [I or T] to ask for something because it belongs to you or you think you have the
right to have it
She claimed £1,500 in expenses.
Don't forget to claim (for) your travelling expenses after the interview.
The number of people claiming unemployment benefit has risen sharply this month.
If the shop won't give me a replacement TV, I'll claim my money back.
Learner example:
I also would like to claim [a] refund for the evening.
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NOUN [C]
DEMAND
[B2] a written request asking an organization to pay you a sum of money which you
believe they owe you
an insurance claim
a claim for compensation
I've made a claim on my insurance.
Learner example:
This wasn't "my perfect evening out", and I [would like to] make a claim for half the money back.
STATEMENT
[C1] a statement that something is true or is a fact, although other people might
not believe it
She rejected claims that she had lied.
Can you give any evidence to support your claim?
He made wild claims about being able to cure cancer.
Learner example:
To correct your claims about our target figure and the result of the day, I enclose a sheet
displaying an income pie [chart].
clap /klæp/
VERB [I or T] (-pp-)
[B1] to hit your hands together, often repeatedly, especially in order to show you
enjoyed a performance
The audience clapped and cheered for more.
"When I clap my hands, you must stand still," said the teacher.
Learner example:
Every[thing] was nice till I clapped my hands to call the waiter to [get] the bill.
clarification /ˌklær.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: clarification, clarity
Verbs: clarify
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NOUN [C or U] FORMAL
[C1] an explanation which makes something clearer or easier to understand
Please contact this office again if you require further clarification.
Our lawyer has advised us to seek clarification on the matter.
Learner example:
If any tricky questions come up you simply stay calm and ask for a clarification.
clarify /ˈklær.ɪ.faɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: clarification, clarity
Verbs: clarify
VERB [T]
[C1] to make something easier to understand by explaining it
Dictionary example:
The law aims to clarify building regulations.
Learner example:
Could you clarify this situation for me, please?
class /klɑːs/
NOUN
ECONOMIC GROUP
[B2] [C or U] a group of people within society who have the same economic and social
position
The Labour Party has lost a lot of support among the working class.
We live in a middle class neighbourhood.
She belonged to the rich American upper class.
Learner example:
The second film is called "Upper class first" and it describes how rich people live.
VERB
class sb/sth as sth

[C1] to put someone or something in a particular group according to their qualities
360
Dictionary example:
The tower is classed as a historic monument.
Learner example:
All things considered, the Day could be classed as a success.
classic /ˈklæs.ɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] A classic book, film, etc. is one that has been popular for a long time and is
considered to be of a high quality.
Dictionary example:
a classic film/novel/story
Learner example:
I am fond of reading different books, especially classic literature.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of writing, a musical recording or a film which has been popular for a
long time and is considered to be of a high quality
Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' is a classic of English literature.
Many of the Rolling Stones' records have become rock classics.
Learner example:
Wuthering Heights [is] a classic, which everybody knows about.
classify /ˈklæs.ɪ.faɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: classification
Verbs: classify
VERB [T]
[C1] to put people or things into groups by their type, size, etc.
A third of the population has been classified as poor.
The books are classified by subject.
Learner example:
The paintings will be classified according to their subject and our guests will have the chance to
see them and talk with the creators.
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clause /klɔːz/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a group of words containing a subject and a verb, that is usually only part of a
sentence
In the sentence 'I can't cook very well but I make quite good omelettes', both 'I can't cook very
well' and 'I make quite good omelettes' are main clauses.
In the sentence 'I'll get you some stamps if I go to town', 'if I go to town' is a subordinate clause.
clean /kliːn/
Word family:
Nouns: cleaner
Adjectives: clean
VERB [T]
clean (sth/sb) up PHRASAL VERB
MAKE CLEAN
[C1] to make a person or place clean and tidy
Dictionary example:
We have to clean up before we leave.
Learner example:
During our accom[m]odation there, nobody came to clean up the room and the staff was not very
friendly.
REMOVE POLLUTION
[C1] to remove pollution from somewhere
Dictionary example:
They are developing processes to clean up polluted rivers.
Learner example:
I can also help by distributing leaflets which contain information on how to start cleaning up the
environment.
cleaner /ˈkliː.nər/
Word family:
Nouns: cleaner
Adjectives: clean
362
NOUN [C]
the cleaner's
[C1] a shop where clothes are cleaned with chemicals
Dictionary example:
I took my dress to the cleaner's.
clear /klɪər/
Word family:
Verbs: clear
Adjectives: clear, unclear
Adverbs: clearly
ADJECTIVE
WITHOUT CLOUDS
[B1] A clear sky does not have any clouds.
Dictionary example:
clear blue skies
Learner example:
When we went to San Martin de los Andes, we could see seven lakes and different kinds of trees
and the sky [was] always clear.
CERTAIN
[B1] certain or obvious
Are you clear about how to get there?
It's clear that she's not interested.
I'm still not clear what I'm supposed to do.
Learner example:
Are you clear about the questions?
NOT BLOCKED
[C1] not covered or blocked by anything
a clear road
a clear desk
Learner example:
While banning the private cars brings with it less congestion, less air pollution and clear roads, it
also carries major concerns [for] people's travelling needs. Should there not be a proper transport
infrastructure in place in the city?
363
crystal clear
[C1] extremely clear
Dictionary example:
crystal clear water
Learner example:
You will be amazed by the crystal clear water of the shallow sea and the multitude of colourful
fish which you will see as you [ar]e exploring the bottom of the sea.
VERB
[B1] [T] to remove all the objects or people from a place
It took several hours to clear the road after the accident.
I'll make the coffee if you'll clear the table.
I cleared the snow from the path.
Could you clear your things off the sofa?
Learner example:
I cleared the stage before the concert, but you [ca]n't imagine how it looked after it?!!! Full of
flowers, hats, underwear, etc.
clearly /ˈklɪə.li/
Word family:
Verbs: clear
Adverbs: clearly
ADVERB
CERTAIN
[B1] used to show that you think something is obvious or certain
The accident was clearly the lorry driver's fault.
Clearly, he's very talented.
Learner example:
It was clearly not for me, because it came from a girl called Carol who wanted to talk to some guy
named John.
364
clever /ˈklev.ər/
ADJECTIVE
EFFECTIVE
[B1] effective and showing intelligence
a clever idea
I've got a clever little gadget for opening jars.
Learner example:
My friend told me that he saw [a] really nice loft bed. I think it's [a] clever idea.
client /ˈklaɪ.ənt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who pays someone else for services or advice
Dictionary example:
We're losing a lot of our clients.
Learner example:
The mot[t]o of the staff there is: "the client is always right."
cliff /klɪf/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast
Keep well away from the edge of the cliff.
the cliff edge
Learner example:
This hotel is [on] a cliff, and has good [views].
climate /ˈklaɪ.mɪt/
NOUN
WEATHER
[B1] [C or U] the weather conditions that an area usually has
365
a hot/dry/cold/wet climate
The Mediterranean climate is good for growing citrus fruits and grapes.
Learner example:
The climate of Brazil is typically tropical so the weather is gorgeous.
climate change /ˈklaɪ.mɪtˌtʃeɪndʒ/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the way the Earth's weather is changing
Dictionary example:
Climate change is the greatest environmental challenge facing the world today.
climb /klaɪm/
Word family:
Nouns: climbing
Verbs: climb
VERB
climb into/out of/through, etc.

[B2] to move into or out of a small space, often with difficulty or effort
The baby had managed to climb out of his cot.
They climbed into the truck and drove away.
Learner example:
I went to my car, climbed into it and wanted to drive, but nothing happened.
MOVE HIGHER
[B2] [I] to go up, or to go towards the top of something
The plane climbed quickly to a height of 30 000 feet.
As it leaves the village, the road climbs steeply up the mountain.
The sun climbed higher in the sky.
clinic /ˈklɪn.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: clinic
Adjectives: clinical
366
NOUN [C]
[B1] a building, often part of a hospital, where people go for medical treatment or
advice
Bring your baby to the clinic and we'll take a look at her.
Antenatal clinics provide care for pregnant women.
Learner example:
Ahmed [was] travelling to attend a fair of medical equipment, to get what he [needed] for his
clinic.
clinical /ˈklɪn.ɪk.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: clinic
Adjectives: clinical
ADJECTIVE
MEDICAL
[C1] relating to medical treatment and tests
Dictionary example:
clinical trials/research
Learner example:
Doctors, for example, travel to get better qualifications, new medical skills and clinical
experience.
clock /klɒk/
NOUN [C]
around/round the clock

[C1] all day and all night
Dictionary example:
Rescue teams are working round the clock to search for survivors of the earthquake.
Learner example:
It is undeniable that people are working around the clock in order to earn a living.
367
close
Word family:
Nouns: closure
Verbs: close
Adjectives: closed
VERB /kləʊz/
STOP OPERATING
[B2] [I or T] If a business or organization closes, or if someone or something closes

it, it stops operating.
The factory closed over ten years ago.
A lot of restaurants/shops are closing because they can't afford to pay the rent.
Learner example:
In addition, I would like you to know that the Hotel Astrid closed last year.
ADJECTIVE /kləʊs/
RELATIVE
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] A close relative is someone who is directly related to you, for
example, your mother, father or brother.
Dictionary example:
There weren't many people at the funeral - just close family/relatives.
Learner example:
Tomson has [a] close family, his son lives with them, [and] his company makes a good profit.
RELATIONSHIP
[B2] seeing or communicating with someone a lot
I'm still in close contact with my school friends.
Our school has close links with a school in China.
Learner example:
Being in close touch with me for such a long time, you should have known everything about the
band.
SIMILAR
[C1] having only a small difference
The election results were so close they had to vote again.
He came second in the race, but it was very close.
The youngest boys are so close in age they look like twins.
368
Learner example:
The over-grazing, the deforestation and the over-cultivation [seem] to be the main causes of the
degradation of the agricultural land, the percentages being quite close in value.
be/come close to doing sth

[C1] to almost achieve or do something
Dictionary example:
We are close to reaching an agreement.
Learner example:
We were very close to reaching our objective.
be close to sth
[C1] If someone or something is close to a particular state, they are almost in that
state.
Dictionary example:
She was close to tears.
Learner example:
'Do you love me?' 'Of course I do. I've always loved you.' Adrian answered. He was close to tears.
ADV /kləʊs/
[B1] near in distance
Come a bit closer.
He stayed close to his mother.
There's a great beach close by.
Learner example:
Aunty told me that there is a Hindu temple close by.
closely /ˈkləʊ.sli/
Word family:
Adjectives: close
Adverbs: closely
ADVERB
CONNECTED
[B2] in a way that is directly connected or has a strong relationship
English and German are closely related.
Both politicians have been closely associated with the movement for some time.
We are working closely with the police.
369
Learner example:
The main reason I am applying for this job is that this job would be very rewarding on [a] personal
level and would give me useful experience closely related to my field of study.
VERY NEAR
[C1] in a way that is very near in distance, time, or position
Dictionary example:
Elke came into the room, closely followed by her children.
Learner example:
According to statistical figures, Germany is better off as compared to [the] USA and closely
followed by Spain in the management of Government spending.
CAREFULLY
[C1] carefully and paying attention to details
Pollution levels are closely monitored.
If you look closely, you can see where he painted over his signature.
Learner example:
I think that working for High Travel as its inte[r]preter would be a great experience if the company
decides to look closely at the co[n]ditions of its employees and of its travellers.
closeness /ˈkləʊs.nəs/
NOUN [U]
NEAR
[C1] the state of being close in distance, time, or position
Dictionary example:
We bought the house because of its closeness to my office.
Learner example:
To resize and relocat[e] the coffee bar and the sauna are excellent [ideas] - a larger coffee bar
provides us with a better relaxing area and the closeness of the sauna to the swimming pool saves
us from walking a long way from the pool when we are all wet and cold.
RELATIONSHIP
[C1] the quality of knowing someone very well and liking them a lot
Dictionary example:
A special closeness is said to exist between twins.
Learner example:
Fred resented the closeness of the sisters, he wanted Susan for himself.
370
cloth /klɒθ/
NOUN
MATERIAL
[B2] [U] material made from cotton, wool, etc. and used, for example, to make
clothes or curtains
Dictionary example:
a piece/length of cloth
Learner example:
We [will] probably be wearing dresses made of synthetic cloth in 2100.
FOR CLEANING
[B2] [C] a small piece of material used for cleaning or drying things
Dictionary example:
a washing-up cloth
clothing /ˈkləʊ.ðɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B2] clothes, especially of a particular type
Protective clothing must be worn at all times.
You can only take three articles/items of clothing into the changing room.
Learner example:
Nowadays the aim in clothing is not just for covering and protecting ourselves.
cloud /klaʊd/
Word family:
Nouns: cloud
Verbs: cloud
Adjectives: cloudy
NOUN
SMOKE/DUST
[B2] [C] a mass of something such as dust or smoke that looks like a cloud
Dictionary example:
A huge cloud of smoke from burning oil tanks stretched across the sky.
371
Learner example:
Some of them leave behind a large cloud of smoke and it damage[s] our health.
club /klʌb/
TEAM
[B1] a team of sports players
Stockport County Football Club
The Orioles are an exciting club this year.
Learner example:
The club is Juventus and as you know, [it] is my favo[u]rite football team.
DANCE
[B1] a place open late at night where people can dance
Dictionary example:
After the show, we went to a club.
Learner example:
As regards the food, you can ask for any kind of food and after midnight it turns into a club where
you can dance [to] any kind of music.
clue /kluː/
NOUN [C]
SIGN
[B2] a sign or some information that helps you to solve a problem or answer a
question
Police are searching the area for clues to the murder.
Police are still looking for clues in their search for the missing girl.
I'm never going to guess the answer if you don't give me a clue.
Learner example:
They found it and they started looking for more clues.
not have a clue

[B2] INFORMAL to be completely unable to guess, understand, or deal with something
372
Dictionary example:
I haven't a clue what you're talking about.
Learner example:
I haven't a clue about it.
clumsy /ˈklʌm.zi/
Word family:
Nouns: clumsiness
Adjectives: clumsy
ADJECTIVE
[B2] Clumsy people move in a way that is not controlled or careful enough, and
often knock or damage things.
Dictionary example:
That's the third glass you've smashed this week - you're so clumsy!
Learner example:
I was cleaning the house, and as you know, I'm very clumsy, so I was dusting the table, and,
accidentally, I dropped the vase.
clutch /klʌtʃ/
NOUN
ENGINE
[C1] [C] the part of a car or truck that you press with your foot when you change
gear
Dictionary example:
I put my foot on the clutch.
Learner example:
I can remember very well when my father explained to me how to release the clutch and to press
the accelerator very slowly and carefully: easy to say but...
coach /kəʊtʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: coach, coaching
Verbs: coach
373
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[B1] someone whose job is to teach people to improve at a sport, skill, or school
subject
Dictionary example:
a tennis/maths coach
Learner example:
Then the coach wanted to know some facts about me.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to teach someone so they improve at a sport, skill, or in a school subject
Dictionary example:
She coaches students in French, usually for exams.
Learner example:
I have also been coaching a girls team for 3 years.
coaching /ˈkəʊtʃ.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: coach, coaching
Verbs: coach
NOUN [U]
[B2] additional teaching of a sport, a skill or a school subject
Dictionary example:
She has extra coaching in maths.
Learner example:
In Poland basketball is getting more and more popular and we feel the lack of coaching.
coal /kəʊl/
NOUN
FUEL
[C1] [U] a hard, black substance that is dug from under the ground and burnt as
fuel
Dictionary example:
a lump of coal
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Learner example:
Mining for gold, coal or oil is an option [for] our economy.
coast /kəʊst/
Word family:
Nouns: coast
Adjectives: coastal
NOUN [C]
NEAR SEA
[B1] the land next to or close to the sea
Rimini is a thriving holiday resort on the east coast of Italy.
The accident happened three miles off the coast.
We spent a week by/on the coast.
Learner example:
I think it's best to spend your time visiting our coast in the North East of Brazil.
coastal /ˈkəʊ.stəl/
Word family:
Nouns: coast
Adjectives: coastal
ADJECTIVE
[B2] situated on, or relating to the coast
Dictionary example:
a coastal town
Learner example:
I love to spend time at the beach and that is the reason why I live in a coastal area.
coconut /ˈkəʊ.kə.nʌt/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a very large nut with a hard, hairy shell, a white part that you eat, and liquid in
the centre
Dictionary example:
Thai food uses a lot of coconut.
375
Learner example:
I forgot to tell you that they have a special dessert with coconut and ice cream.
cod /kɒd/
NOUN [C or U] (PLURAL cod)

[B1] a large sea fish that can be eaten
Dictionary example:
I'll have cod and chips, please.
Learner example:
I suggest 'batatas com bacalhau', which is cooked cod served with boiled potatoes.
code /kəʊd/
NOUN
SECRET MESSAGE
[B2] [C or U] a system of words, letters or signs which is used to represent a message

in secret form
The message was written in code.
She managed to break/crack the code.
Learner example:
Everyone had already heard of me getting the secret access code for the 'Secret Society'
organisation.
RULES
[C1] [C] a set of rules on how to behave or how to do things
a code of conduct/practice
The club has a strict dress code.
Learner example:
Most of their manners, dress code, personal conduct and their general well-being is taught at
school.
376
coin /kɔɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small, flat, usually round piece of metal used as money
a 10p/ten pence coin
a pound coin
a ten-cent coin
gold coins
I asked for ten pounds in 20p coins.
The machine doesn't take 50p coins.
Learner example:
It was an old coin that my granny gave me three years ago.
coincidence /kəʊˈɪnt.sɪ.dənts/
Word family:
Nouns: coincidence
Verbs: coincide
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when two very similar things happen at the same time but there is no reason
for it
You chose exactly the same wallpaper as us - what a coincidence!
Just by coincidence, I met my old school-mate again fifty years later.
It was pure coincidence that we met.
Learner example:
What a coincidence, don't you think so?
cold /kəʊld/
Word family:
Nouns: cold, coldness
Adjectives: cold
ADJECTIVE
UNFRIENDLY
[B1] unfriendly or showing no emotion
377
She became quite cold and distant with me.
a cold stare/voice
Learner example:
Suddenly, I heard the same, cold voice behind me again.
NOUN
the cold
[B1] cold weather or temperatures
Dictionary example:
Don't stand out there in the cold - come in!
Learner example:
Because of the cold, some days I had to use gloves.
collaborate /kəˈlæb.ə.reɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: collaboration
Verbs: collaborate
VERB [I]
[C1] When two or more people collaborate, they work together to create or achieve
the same thing.
Dictionary example:
Didn't you collaborate with him on one of your books?
Learner example:
Even if the staff they collaborated with were quite friendly and cheerful, all of them would prefer
the jobs related with computers and new technolog[y].
collaboration /kəˌlæb.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: collaboration
Verbs: collaborate
NOUN
[C1] [C or U] when two or more people work together to create or achieve the same
thing, or a product of this
Dictionary example:
The show was a result of collaboration between several museums.
378
Learner example:
On the other hand, we encourage competition on the basis of team collaboration, to optimize the
HR resources in the group, and maximize [the] individual's potential.
collapse /kəˈlæps/
VERB [I]
OBJECT
[B2] to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support
Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake.
The chair collapsed under her weight.
Learner example:
Then a sudden wave of fire made their heads explode and many buildings collapsed instantly.
PERSON
[B2] If someone collapses, they fall down, usually because they are ill or weak.
Dictionary example:
He collapsed and died of a heart attack.
Learner example:
He desperately tried to keep the stalking sharks at bay, but he couldn't succeed, for the long fight
exhausted him and he collapsed.
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the sudden failure of a system, organization, business, etc.
A poor economy has caused the collapse of thousands of small businesses.
Negotiations between the two countries are on the brink/verge of collapse.
He suffered a mental collapse after ten years' teaching.
Learner example:
After your nervous collapse last year I really worry about you.
collar /ˈkɒl.ər/
NOUN [C]
PART OF CLOTHES
[B1] the part of a shirt, coat, etc. that is usually folded over and goes round your
neck
379
a shirt collar
a fur collar
Learner example:
It's a new, fashionable one with [a] high collar and short sleeves.
ON AN ANIMAL
[B2] a strap made of leather or other strong material which is put around the neck
of an animal, especially a dog or cat
a dog collar
I grabbed the dog by its collar and dragged it out of the room.
collect /kəˈlekt/
Word family:
Nouns: collection, collector
Verbs: collect
VERB
BRING TOGETHER
[B1] [T] to get things from different places and bring them together
Police collected a good deal of information during the investigation.
I collected up twenty bottles from various parts of the house.
Learner example:
The majority of people collect their own rubbish separately in their home, but they d[o] not
separate the paper and the cardboard.
MONEY
[B2] [I or T] to ask people to give you money for something, for example a charity
I'm collecting on behalf of Oxfam.
We're collecting (money) for the homeless.
Learner example:
And I think it's a perfect way to collect money for our poor people.
380
collection /kəˈlek.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: collect
NOUN
OBJECTS
[B1] [C] a group of objects of one type that have been collected by one person or in
one place
a private art collection
a valuable stamp collection
Learner example:
I'm going to buy the DVD named "Lord of the Rings" because I like it very much and want to have
it in my DVD collection.
GROUP
[B1] [C] a group of things or people
Dictionary example:
There's quite a collection of toothbrushes in the bathroom.
Learner example:
I [wear] long t-shirts and I have a collection of sweaters.
TAKING AWAY
[B2] [U] when something is taken away from a place
Dictionary example:
rubbish collection
Learner example:
We need a different organisation for the waste collection.
collector /kəˈlek.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: collect
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who collects objects because they are interesting or beautiful
381
a collector of modern art
a stamp collector
Learner example:
Anne has been a collector for many years and she knows almost everything about Swedish
stamps.
collocation /ˌkɒ.ləˈkeɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a word or phrase that sounds natural or correct when it is used with another
word or phrase, or the combination formed when two or more words are
frequently used together in a way that sounds natural
Dictionary example:
'Heavy traffic' is a collocation.
colon /ˈkəʊ.lɒn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a mark (:) used before a list, an example, an explanation, etc.
Dictionary example:
There's a colon missing in that sentence.
colour /ˈkʌl.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: colour
Adjectives: colourful
NOUN
with flying colours

[C1] with a very high score or with great success
Dictionary example:
He passed the entrance exam with flying colours.
Learner example:
I worked intens[ive]ly on the course and I passed with flying colours.
382
colourful /ˈkʌl.ə.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: colour
Adjectives: colourful
ADJECTIVE
BRIGHT
[B1] having bright colours
Dictionary example:
a colourful painting
Learner example:
She wears colourful clothes.
UNUSUAL
[B2] interesting and unusual
Dictionary example:
a colourful character
Learner example:
Computers make our modern life more colourful.
column /ˈkɒl.əm/
NOUN [C]
PRINTING
[B2] one of the blocks of print into which a page of a newspaper, magazine, or
dictionary is divided
Dictionary example:
I didn't have time to read the whole article - just the first column.
Learner example:
To the editor, I am puzzled by the report which appeared on yesterday's page 2, second column,
concerning the Westfield Music Festival.
BUILDING
[B2] a tall, solid, usually stone post which is often used to support a roof or as
decoration in a building
The roof of the temple was held up by a row of thick stone columns.
Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square
383
Learner example:
There are a lot [of] columns outside and inside the restaurant, in Doric [style].
NUMBERS/WORDS
[C1] any block of numbers or words written one under the other
the left-hand/right-hand column
Choose an adjective from Column A to use with a noun in Column B.
Put your expenditure in column B.
Learner example:
A[t] the end of the course I had to complete a student questionnaire in which we had to tick in
three columns, and the points were: good, adequate, needs improvement.
comb /kəʊm/
VERB [T]
[B1] to tidy your hair using a comb
She combed her hair and put on some lipstick.
I've been trying to comb out the knots in her hair.
Learner example:
I want to buy [a] mirror for my room because I need to see myself while I'm combing my hair.
combination /ˌkɒm.bɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: combination
Verbs: combine
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the mixture you get when two or more things are combined
Strawberries and cream - a perfect combination.
A combination of tiredness and boredom caused me to fall asleep.
This drug can be safely used in combination with other medicines.
Her experience and energy are a winning combination in business.
Learner example:
It has the winning combination of adventure in strange, far-off places, scientific discovery and
humour.
384
combine /kəmˈbaɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: combination
Verbs: combine
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to become mixed or joined, or to mix or join things together
My wages combined with your savings should just about pay for it.
The band combines jazz rhythms and romantic lyrics.
Learner example:
Boys wear jeans or longer shorts than girls, combined with patterned, cotton shirts.
come /kʌm/
VERB [I] (came, come)
come after/first/last, etc.

[B1] to have or achieve a particular position in a race, competition, list, etc.
She came second in the 100m race.
Z comes after Y in the alphabet.
Which king came after Edward?
April comes before May.
come true
[B1] If a dream or hope comes true, it really happens.
I'd always dreamt of owning my own house, but I never thought it would come true.
After all the problems I'd had, Oliver's birth was a dream come true.
Learner example:
I had been dreaming of going to London since I started learning English, and now that my dream
had come true, I was overhelmed by joy and feeling very lucky.
HAPPEN
[B2] to happen
Spring has come early.
The worst problems are still/yet to come.
The announcement came at a bad time.
385
Learner example:
But worse was yet to come!
come easily/easy/naturally
[C1] to be very easy for someone
Dictionary example:
Singing came naturally to Louise.
Learner example:
After a while, it came naturally: I could use words I had never seen written, just because I had
picked them up in a conversation or watching a video programme.
come first
[C1] to be the most important person or thing
Dictionary example:
Her career always comes first.
Learner example:
They do not take the time to sit down and enjoy being with their family. The work comes first, and
the family next.
come to mind
[C1] If an idea comes to mind, you think of it.
Dictionary example:
I was thinking about who might be suitable for this job, and your name came to mind.
Learner example:
Positives did come from that crisis - more efficient engines, lighter vehicles and lead-free petrol
are just some of the examples that come to mind.
when it comes to sth/doing sth

[C1] used to introduce a new idea that you want to say something about
Dictionary example:
When it comes to baking cakes, she's an expert.
Learner example:
But when it comes to computers, they just impose some knowledge on students, without any
interaction.
how come INFORMAL
[C1] used to ask why or how something has happened
Dictionary example:
How come you didn't go to the party?
Learner example:
Off the record: How come that your reporter can print such lies when knowing they are perhaps
hurting certain people in this important matter?
386
comedian /kəˈmiːd.iː.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: comedian, comedy
NOUN
[B2] someone who entertains people by telling jokes
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Then, he went to London to become a comedian and now he is one of the [most] famous stars [in]
that field.
comedy /ˈkɒm.ə.di/
Word family:
Nouns: comedian, comedy
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] entertainment such as a film, play, etc. which is funny
His latest film is described as a romantic comedy.
I prefer Shakespeare's comedies to his tragedies.
Learner example:
Everybody agreed to see that comedy with Jim Carrey and I know that you would like it.
comfort /ˈkʌm.fət/
Word family:
Nouns: comfort, discomfort
Verbs: comfort
Adjectives: comfortable, uncomfortable, comforting
Adverbs: comfortably, uncomfortably
NOUN
NO PAIN
[B2] [U] a pleasant feeling of being relaxed and free from pain
She evidently dresses for comfort.
It's a little too hot for comfort.
Now you can watch the latest films in the comfort of your own room.
387
Learner example:
When the weather is bad, I need the comfort of my car.
PLEASANT THING
[C1] [C] something that makes your life easy and pleasant
home comforts
Good chocolate is one of life's little comforts.
Learner example:
Have you ever thought how our grandparents lived [in] their villages without extra home comforts?
comfortable /ˈkʌmpf.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: comfort
ADJECTIVE
PERSON
[B1] relaxed and free from pain
Are you comfortable perched on that seat?
I don't feel comfortable in high heels.
Do sit down and make yourself comfortable.
Learner example:
But when she started the lesson, everybody was comfortable and relaxed.
WITHOUT WORRIES
[B2] If you are comfortable in a situation, you do not have any worries about it.
Dictionary example:
I don't feel comfortable about leaving the children here alone.
Learner example:
Those children maybe they don't feel comfortable away from home.
388
comfortably /ˈkʌmpf.tə.bli/
Word family:
Verbs: comfort
ADVERB
[B2] in a comfortable way
Dictionary example:
We slept very comfortably that night.
Learner example:
I was sitting comfortably on the couch watching TV when suddenly all the lights went out, [and]
everything became silent.
comic /ˈkɒm.ɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] funny
Dictionary example:
a comic actor/performance
Learner example:
I think it's a bit long for a comic film (3 hours!!) but it's very [funny]: you must see it.
comma /ˈkɒm.ə/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a mark (,) used to separate parts of a sentence, or to separate the items in a
list
Dictionary example:
Put a comma before his name.
command /kəˈmɑːnd/
Word family:
Nouns: command, commander
389
NOUN
ORDER
[B2] [C] an order to do something, especially one given by a soldier
He hated being in the army because he had to obey commands.
When I give the command, fire!
Learner example:
Under the red lights of his command room, the first question that the captain wanted to a[sk] was
to know if the boat was safe.
KNOWLEDGE
[B2] [U] knowledge of a subject, especially a language
Dictionary example:
She had a good command of Italian.
Learner example:
Besides, I have a good command of French and I speak English fluently, which might be useful
during the voyage around the world.
COMPUTER
[C1] [C] an instruction to a computer
Dictionary example:
It's worth learning the shortcuts for some of these commands.
Learner example:
Program list. 1. System commands MAIN console programs. 2. Review of LINUX Sys. console 3.
Server commands. 4. ADD ONs for LINUX OS. 5. LINUX INTERFACE. 6. USER PROFILE.
comment /ˈkɒm.ent/
NOUN [C]
THING SAID
[B1] something that you say or write that expresses your opinion
I don't want any comments on/about my new haircut, thank you!
Tell us what you think - go to our web page and post/leave/add a comment.
He made negative comments to the press.
Learner example:
Write me a comment.
390
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to make a comment
My mum always comments on what I'm wearing.
He commented that the two essays were rather similar.
The official refused to comment on the matter.
Learner example:
I will only comment on some points, the others may be viewed as agreed upon.
commerce /ˈkɒm.ɜːs/
Word family:
Nouns: commerce, commercial
Adjectives: commercial
NOUN [U]
[B2] the activities involved in buying and selling things
Dictionary example:
the world of commerce and industry
Learner example:
In the old days, when the only mean[s] of transport were horses, there were many difficulties in
communication between people, in commerce, [and] in life generally.
commercial /kəˈmɜː.ʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: commerce, commercial
Adjectives: commercial
NOUN [C]
[B2] an advertisement on the radio, on television, etc.
Dictionary example:
I tend to switch off during the commercials.
Learner example:
Nearly every one of us has to confess that on some days it is simply relaxing to sit in front of the
TV just watching without using the brain at all, but we have to wonder if television is also able to
educate us, especially regarding the senseless commercials.
ADJECTIVE
BUYING AND SELLING
[B2] related to buying and selling things
391
a commercial organization/success
The commercial future of the company looks very promising.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, as long as their private life is interesting for ordinary people and it brings
commercial gain to publishers, journalists and photographers, famous people will just have to get
use[d] to this living "under a microscope".
commit /kəˈmɪt/ (-tt-)
Word family:
Nouns: commitment
Verbs: commit
Adjectives: committed
VERB [T]
DO
[B2] to do something that is considered wrong, or that is illegal
He was sent to prison for a crime that he didn't commit.
to commit suicide
to commit a crime/an offence/murder
Learner example:
She is willing to be [a] witness for the prosecution and states that her husband [was] not with her
at the time the crime was committed.
commitment /kəˈmɪt.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: commitment
Verbs: commit
Adjectives: committed
NOUN
LOYALTY
[B2] [C or U] when you are willing to give your time and energy to something that you
believe in, or a promise or firm decision to do something
She is known chiefly for her commitment to human rights.
I'd like to thank the staff for having shown such commitment.
392
Learner example:
I really admire your stamina, your commitment and your eagerness to pursue a career as one of
the youngest vice presidents ever in the company (and the only female I guess), but is it really
worth it?
ACTIVITY
[B2] [C] something that you must do or deal with that takes your time
family/work commitments
I've got too many commitments at the moment to do an evening class.
Learner example:
Please tell me also the terms of [the] possible job so I can plan my future work commitments.
committee /kəˈmɪt.i/

[B2] a small group of people chosen to represent a larger organization and either
make decisions or collect information for it
She is on the school's development committee.
The local council have just set up a committee to study recycling.
Learner example:
I'm pleased to help and to present these films to the club committee.
commodity /kəˈmɒd.ə.ti/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a product that you can buy or sell
Dictionary example:
The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds.
Learner example:
Not just that, it will have a domino effect on prime commodities as well.
common /ˈkɒm.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: common
Adjectives: common, uncommon
Adverbs: commonly
393
ADJECTIVE
USUAL
[B1] happening often or existing in large numbers
It's quite common to see couples who dress alike.
The surname 'Smith' is very common in Britain.
Learner example:
The city is so noisy and it's possible that you [will] get lost, it's very common.
SHARED
[B1] belonging to or shared by two or more people or things
a common goal/interest
English has some features common to many languages.
Learner example:
I invited her to dinner for all her trouble and we found out that we have a lot of common interests.
common knowledge
[B2] something that a lot of people know
Dictionary example:
It's common knowledge that he spent time in jail.
Learner example:
It is common knowledge that such attention [in the mass-media] inevitably tells on relationships
in the family.
ORDINARY
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] not special in any way
Dictionary example:
The herbs all have common names and Latin names.
Learner example:
The fashion of the common people and the average worker had to be practical and had to be worn
for longer than just half a year.
NOUN
have sth in common

[B1] to share, interests, experiences, or other characteristics with someone or
something
Dictionary example:
Sue and I don't have much in common.
394
Learner example:
We both like to read fantasy books so we have a lot in common.
in common with sb/sth

[C1] in the same way as someone or something
Dictionary example:
In common with many working mothers, she feels guilty about leaving her children.
Learner example:
In common with many city d[we]llers, I do not think this is a wise decision and it could have
negative effects on the city re[s]idents' daily lives.
commonly /ˈkɒm.ən.li/
Word family:
Nouns: common
Adverbs: commonly
ADVERB
[C1] often or usually
Dictionary example:
These caterpillars are commonly found on nettles.
Learner example:
It is commonly acknowledged that, these days, mobile phones have become an important
[accessory].
common sense /ˌkɒm.ənˈsents/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the natural ability to be practical and to make good decisions
Dictionary example:
The children shouldn't be in any danger as long as they use their common sense.
Learner example:
In fact she is very nice, funny, [and] full of common sense.
395
communicate /kəˈmjuː.nɪ.keɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: communication
Verbs: communicate
Adjectives: communicative
VERB
SHARE INFORMATION
[B1] [I or T] to share information with others by speaking, writing, moving your body
or using other signals
We can now communicate instantly with people on the other side of the world.
Has the news been communicated to the staff yet?
Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with his hands.
Learner example:
Finally, I decided to join a new English class in order to improve my English because [a] few weeks
ago I met someone who is really interesting, so I would like to be able to communicate properly
with him.
BE UNDERSTOOD
[B2] [I] to be understood by someone when you tell them about your feelings and
thoughts
Dictionary example:
He can't communicate with his parents.
Learner example:
I think I can communicate with children and make them happy.
communication /kəˌmjuː.nɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: communicate
NOUN [U]
[B1] the act of communicating with people
396
Television is an increasingly important means of communication.
We are in direct communication with Moscow.
With an hour's walk to the nearest telephone, communication is difficult.
There's very little communication between mother and daughter.
a course on communication skills
Learner example:
Communication [by] e-mail is very fast and very cheap.
communicative /kəˈmjuː.nɪ.kə.tɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: communicate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] open and willing to talk to people
Dictionary example:
She's never very communicative in the morning.
Learner example:
First of all, I would like to say I am a very communicative person and I enjoy being surrounded by
many people.
community /kəˈmjuː.nə.ti/
NOUN [C]
IN ONE AREA
[B2] the people living in one particular area
a rural/small community
He's well-known in the local community.
Drug trafficking is a matter of considerable concern for the entire international community.
Learner example:
He supported some projects in our community.
GROUP OF PEOPLE
[B2] [+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] a group of people with the same interests, way of life,
nationality, job, etc.
397
the black/white/Chinese/Jewish community
the business community
Learner example:
As a member of our academic community, and a representative of [the] student's senate, I'm very
glad to hear that our college will have a surplus in its annual budget.
commute /kəˈmjuːt/
VERB [I]
[C1] to regularly travel between work and home
Dictionary example:
He commutes to London every day.
Learner example:
People who work in the centre will have to commute from the suburbs which will be a waste of
time for them.
companion /kəmˈpæn.jən/
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone you spend a lot of time with or go somewhere with
a travelling companion
Dan has been her constant companion these past ten years.
Learner example:
Jane and her companion felt absolutely foolish and muttered something about a wrong address.
company /ˈkʌm.pə.ni/
NOUN
OTHER PEOPLE
[B2] [U] when you are with a person or people, or the person or people you are with
I just enjoy his company.
Do you want company or would you rather go on your own?
I didn't realize you had company.
Margot came to stay for a week as company for my mother while I was away.
398
Learner example:
Fortunately a friend of mine came with me for company.
keep sb company
[B2] to stay with someone so that they are not alone
Dictionary example:
Come and keep me company, Isabel.
Learner example:
Usually I went with him to keep him company and because I liked it.
be good company
[C1] to be a pleasant or interesting person to spend time with
Dictionary example:
Ann and Charles are always good company.
Learner example:
He is a bit narrow-minded and at first he'll drive you crazy, but once you get to know him he'll be
good company.
comparable /ˈkɒm.pər.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: comparative, comparison
Verbs: compare
Adjectives: comparable, comparative
Adverbs: comparatively
ADJECTIVE
[C1] similar in size, amount, or quality to something else
Our prices are comparable to those in other shops.
The two experiences are not comparable.
Learner example:
Recent surveys revealed that the gap in salary between men and women doing comparable jobs
increased within the last years.
comparative /kəmˈpær.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: compare
399
ADJECTIVE
[C1] comparing similar things
Dictionary example:
a comparative study of two poems
Learner example:
In a comparative study we see [the] work force is increasing in Japan, whereas it is declining in
U.S.
comparatively /kəmˈpær.ə.tɪv.li/
Word family:
Verbs: compare
ADVERB
comparatively cheap/easy/little, etc.

[C1] cheap/easy/little, etc. when compared to something else or to what is usual
Dictionary example:
The climb was comparatively easy.
Learner example:
Although I am not a professional interpreter, please notice that my earnings are comparatively
low.
compare /kəmˈpeər/
Word family:
Verbs: compare
VERB
EXAMINE DIFFERENCES
[B1] [I or T] to examine the ways in which two people or things are different
400
If you compare house prices in the two areas, it's quite amazing how different they are.
That seems expensive - have you compared prices in other shops?
Compare some recent work with your older stuff and you'll see how much you've improved.
Teachers always used to compare me with my sister.
Learner example:
Our lives are so different, it's interesting to compare.
compared to/with sb/sth

[B2] used when saying how one person or thing is different from another
This road is quite busy compared to ours.
Children seem to learn more interesting things compared with when we were at school.
Learner example:
To my surprise it was very cheap compared with other restaurants.
compare notes
[C1] If two people compare notes, they tell each other what they think about
something that they have both done.
Dictionary example:
We compared notes about our experiences in China.
Learner example:
In conclusion, regular meetings between parents and school teachers [...] help both parties to
compare notes, acting in the best interest[s] of the children.
comparison /kəmˈpær.ɪ.sən/
Word family:
Verbs: compare
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when two or more people or things are compared
They made a comparison of different countries' eating habits.
By/In comparison with the French, the British eat far less fish.
I always drink fresh coffee, not instant. There's no comparison.
Learner example:
Nowadays we can see a very different world from the one our grandparents were living in.
Whereas they used to talk about how their daily life had changed in comparison with previous
generations', we remain astonished [at] how our li[v]es are changing frenetically.
401
compatible /kəmˈpæt.̩ ̩/
ə.bl
ADJECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
[C1] compatible equipment can be used together
Dictionary example:
This keyboard is compatible with all of our computers.
Learner example:
Actually it is compatible with the newest 3DFX technology, which gives [an] extremely realistic
[look] and the possibility to interact with the game.
compel /kəmˈpel/
VERB FORMAL (compelling, compelled)
feel compelled to do sth

[C1] to feel that you should do something
Dictionary example:
He felt compelled to resign from his job.
Learner example:
As a member of the International Student's Sports Club, I felt compelled to write this article in
answer to the previous article about how today's youth is putting sports and healthy activities
aside.
compensate /ˈkɒm.pən.seɪt/
VERB
MONEY
[C1] [T] to pay someone money because you are responsible for injuring them or
damaging something
Dictionary example:
Victims of the crash will be compensated for their injuries.
Learner example:
I would like to be compensated for the extra work I have done to please the guests from the last
stay.
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compete /kəmˈpiːt/
Word family:
Nouns: competition, competitor
Verbs: compete
Adjectives: competitive
VERB [I]
SPORT
[B1] to take part in a race or competition
She's competing for a place in next year's Olympics.
Are you competing in the 100 metres?
Learner example:
There's gonna be a competition and I want to compete, but you know that my bicycle is a mess
and very old.
SUCCESS
[B2] to try to be more successful than someone or something else
It's difficult for a small supermarket to compete against/with the big supermarkets.
Both girls compete for their father's attention.
Learner example:
Most small cities like ours think that we have to compete with big cities by building new houses
and shopping centres.
competence /ˈkɒm.pɪ.tənts/
Word family:
Nouns: competence
Adjectives: competent
NOUN [U]
[C1] the ability to do something well
Dictionary example:
Her competence as a teacher is unquestionable.
Learner example:
This report aims to outline the present state of our library's archives as well as to recommend
another book or newspaper for those interested in improving their competence in Greek.
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competent /ˈkɒm.pɪ.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: competence
Adjectives: competent
ADJECTIVE
[C1] able to do something well
a competent teacher/swimmer
I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent at his job.
Learner example:
As the game develops, the creatures and tasks get more and more complicated and by the end of
the game, you will be expected to become a competent shooter.
competition /ˌkɒm.pəˈtɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: compete
NOUN
BUSINESS/JOBS
[B2] [U] when someone, or a company, is trying to win something or be more

successful than someone else
Competition for jobs is intense.
There's a lot of competition between computer companies.
The two companies are in competition with each other.
Learner example:
Different opening times mean[s] competition between the shops.
competitive /kəmˈpet.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: compete
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ADJECTIVE
SITUATION
[B2] involving competition
competitive sports
a highly competitive industry
Learner example:
Nowadays people live in [a] very competitive society.
PERSON
[B2] wanting very much to win or be more successful than other people
Dictionary example:
She's very competitive.
Learner example:
I think that I am a very competitive player.
PRICES/SERVICES
[B2] as good as or better than other prices, services, etc.
Dictionary example:
They offer good quality goods at competitive prices.
Learner example:
I stayed at Riverside Hotel w[h]ich [is] great value because of the food and the competitive prices
they offer.
competitor /kəmˈpet.ɪ.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: compete
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person, team or company that is competing against others
How many competitors took part in the race?
Their prices are better than any of their competitors.
Learner example:
The last one I saw was called 'Spelling' and it was a kind of quiz where the competitors had to
spell difficult words fast and finish at a certain time.
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compile /kəmˈpaɪl/
VERB [T]
[C1] to collect information and arrange it in a book, report, list, etc.
Dictionary example:
We're compiling some facts and figures for a documentary on climate change.
Learner example:
The aim of this report is to compile the findings and thereby outline the main reasons why our
branch did not get the contract, in order to prevent future failures.
complain /kəmˈpleɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: complaint
Verbs: complain
VERB [I]
[B1] to say that something is wrong or that you are annoyed about something
Lots of people have complained about the noise.
He's always complaining!
He complained that she never listened to him.
If the service was so bad why didn't you complain to the manager?
Learner example:
If we are bad, they complain to our manager or they tell the head office.
complaint /kəmˈpleɪnt/
Word family:
Nouns: complaint
Verbs: complain
NOUN
SOMETHING WRONG
[B1] [C or U] when someone says that something is wrong or not satisfactory
We've received a complaint from one of our listeners about offensive language.
I've made a complaint to the police about the noise.
We've had complaints that you've been playing your radio too loud.
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Learner example:
I hope you give my complaint serious consideration and I would be very pleased if you would print
a correction in the next issue of your magazine.
ANNOYING THING
[C1] [C] something that makes you complain
Dictionary example:
My only complaint was the lack of refreshments.
Learner example:
My only complaint about the teaching staff is that they did not allow enough time for individual
tuition and help when needed.
complete /kəmˈpliːt/
Word family:
Nouns: completion
Verbs: complete
Adjectives: complete
Adverbs: completely
ADJECTIVE
TOTAL
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] very great or to the largest degree possible
It was a complete waste of time.
He's a complete idiot!
I made a complete and utter mess of it!
Learner example:
It was a complete disaster!
WHOLE
[B1] with all the parts
the complete works of Oscar Wilde
The report comes complete with diagrams and colour photographs.
Sun, sand and romance - her holiday was complete.
Learner example:
I can send you [a] complete map.
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completely /kəmˈpliːt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: completion
Verbs: complete
Adverbs: completely
ADVERB
[B1] in every way or as much as possible
I completely forgot I'd said I would call him.
He'd completely changed and I didn't recognize him.
I agree with you completely.
She's completely mad.
Learner example:
In the middle of the journey there was one of [those] summer rain [showers] and we got
completely wet.
completion /kəmˈpliː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: completion
Verbs: complete
Adverbs: completely
NOUN [U]
[C1] when something that you are doing or making is finished
The stadium is due for completion in 2008.
They will be paid on completion of the job.
Learner example:
After the completion of the work at the newly-built part of the airport and its opening for service,
the formerly quiet part of the town has become a victim of the above mentioned kind of noise,
even more than the parts which have had this problem for [a] long [time].
complex /ˈkɒm.pleks/
Word family:
Nouns: complexity
Adjectives: complex
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ADJECTIVE
[B2] involving a lot of different but connected parts in a way that is difficult to
understand
a complex network of roads
a complex procedure
The film's plot was so complex that I couldn't follow it.
Learner example:
It took us two weeks to modify the results in a very complex operation.
NOUN
BUILDINGS
[C1] a group of buildings or rooms that are used for a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
a sports/housing complex
Learner example:
A visit to any local shopping complex suggest[s] people between 14 to 35 years of age are the
[most] frequent shoppers.
complicate /ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: complication
Verbs: complicate
Adjectives: complicated
VERB [T]
[C1] to make something more difficult to deal with or understand
Dictionary example:
These new regulations just complicate matters further.
Learner example:
My friend, I hope I didn't complicate things for you with my appraisal of the situation.
complicated /ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: complication
Verbs: complicate
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ADJECTIVE
[B1] involving a lot of different parts, in a way that is difficult to understand
complicated instructions
I had to fill in this really complicated form.
The rules are rather complicated to follow.
The relationship is a bit complicated. He's my mother's cousin's daughter's child.
Learner example:
Life is getting easier but more complicated - I could have written a letter in a bottle but waiting
for the answer would take a decade, now it's just a click of a button.
complication /ˌkɒm.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: complication
Verbs: complicate
NOUN [C]
DIFFICULTY
[C1] something which makes a situation more difficult
Dictionary example:
We want to sign the contract, but there are several complications.
Learner example:
As you have already correctly mentioned in your memorandum, we indeed face some
complications in our resort.
compliment
Word family:
Nouns: compliment
Verbs: compliment
Adjectives: complimentary
VERB [T] /ˈkɒm.plɪ.ment/

[C1] to praise or express admiration for someone
Dictionary example:
He complimented me on my writing.
Learner example:
Firstly, I must compliment you on lowering your prices and adding new destinations to choose
from.
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comply /kəmˈplaɪ/
VERB [I]
[C1] to obey an order, rule, or request
Dictionary example:
The pilot complied with instructions to descend.
Learner example:
To comply with even the highest security standards, WEB-DMS features cutting-edge encryption
and access control technologies.
component /kəmˈpəʊ.nənt/
NOUN [C]
MACHINE
[C1] one of the parts of a machine or piece of equipment
Dictionary example:
Our company makes components for aircraft engines.
Learner example:
Since both the hardware and software components used by the employees of this department are
not in a good state, there is a need of brand new and more powerful computers and of updated
software.
FEATURE
[C1] one of the parts or characteristics of something or someone
Dictionary example:
The course has four distinct components.
Learner example:
These components are present in everyone, whether you are rich or poor, thus it is wrong to be
biased with one kind of people purely based on beliefs not support[ed] by solid evidence.
compose /kəmˈpəʊz/
Word family:
Nouns: composer, composition
Verbs: compose
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VERB
BE MADE OF
[B2] [T OFTEN PASSIVE] to be the parts that something consists of
Dictionary example:
The committee was composed of elected leaders and citizens.
Learner example:
It is composed of more than 50 members and they have various taste[s] [in] film: old and modern,
comedy, action and so on.
MUSIC
[B2] [I or T] to write a piece of music
Dictionary example:
Who composed the music for the film?
Learner example:
I've been composing music on a computer for over five years and I have a lot of knowledge when
it comes to hardware.
composer /kəmˈpəʊ.zər/
Word family:
Verbs: compose
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who writes music
Dictionary example:
a famous composer
Learner example:
I also met a lot of famous composers, singers and even my favourit[e] violin player, Ann Sophie
Mutter, because I had to interview them.
composition /ˌkɒm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: compose
NOUN
WRITING
[B1] [C] a short piece of writing about a particular subject, done by a student
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Dictionary example:
a 500-word composition
Learner example:
I have [to] do a composition in English to cover the work I missed.
MUSIC
[B2] [C] a piece of music that someone has written
Dictionary example:
This concerto is one of her later compositions.
Learner example:
He sang Schubert's "Die Winterreise" although it's already Spring - this composition [can be heard
in] every season.
comprehensive /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhent.sɪv/
Word family:
Adjectives: comprehensive
Adverbs: comprehensively
ADJECTIVE
[C1] including everything
Dictionary example:
a comprehensive study of the subject
Learner example:
Presentations on making a career in media, finance and IT could have been more comprehensive.
comprehensively /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhent.sɪv.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: comprehensive
Adverbs: comprehensively
ADVERB
[C1] completely
Dictionary example:
We were comprehensively beaten in the final.
Learner example:
However enjoyable and relaxing, driving needs [your] full attention. Therefore, it should be learnt
comprehensively and being experienced shouldn't be relied on.
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comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/
VERB [T] FORMAL
CONSIST
[C1] to consist of particular parts or members
Dictionary example:
The orchestra was comprised of amateur and professional musicians.
Learner example:
It comprises only twelve single and six double bedrooms, which will provide the intimacy we need.
FORM
[C1] to form part of something, especially a larger group
Dictionary example:
Women comprise 15% of the police force.
Learner example:
According to [a] survey carried out in 1997, the urban population comprises 71% of the total
population in Pakistan.
compromise /ˈkɒm.prə.maɪz/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when you agree to something which is not exactly what you want
It is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today's talks.
You've both got to be willing to make compromises.
In a compromise between management and unions, a 4% pay rise was agreed in return for an
increase in productivity.
Learner example:
I hope that we'll find a compromise.
VERB
AGREE
[B2] [I] to agree to something that is not exactly what you want
In a relationship, both people have to compromise.
I'm not going to compromise on quality.
Learner example:
The famous stars and the journalists should compromise and respect each other's rights.
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compulsory /kəmˈpʌl.sər.i/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law.
Wearing seat belts in cars is compulsory by law.
Swimming was compulsory at my school.
Learner example:
We have asked participants to wear a typical traditional dress/suit from their country - of course,
this is not compulsory but everyone is warmly invited to do so.
concentrate /ˈkɒnt.sən.treɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: concentration
Verbs: concentrate
VERB [I]
THINK CAREFULLY
[B1] to think very carefully about something you are doing and nothing else
Come on, concentrate! We haven't got all day to do this.
I can't concentrate on my work with all that noise.
I'm going to concentrate on my writing for a while.
Learner example:
I can't concentrate on studying.
(be) concentrated around/in/on, etc.

[C1] to be present in large numbers or amounts in a particular area
Dictionary example:
Most of the fighting was concentrated in the mountains.
Learner example:
However it might imply a shift from large stores, concentrated in a few areas within or outside the
city, to more local services.
concentration /ˌkɒnt.sənˈtreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: concentration
Verbs: concentrate
415
NOUN
THOUGHT
[B2] [U] the ability to think carefully about something you are doing and nothing
else
The noise outside made concentration difficult.
There was a look of intense concentration on her face.
I find that yoga improves my powers of concentration.
I found it hard to follow what the teacher was saying, and eventually I lost concentration.
Learner example:
First of all, in my opinion, watching a film is more relaxing, because you don't have to concentrate
to[o] much on it. You only have to watch the screen, while books require more concentration.
concept /ˈkɒn.sept/
Word family:
Nouns: concept, conception
Verbs: conceive
Adjectives: inconceivable
NOUN [C]
[B2] a principle or idea
the concept of free speech
I failed to grasp the film's central concept.
Learner example:
I had been trying very hard to get the point of the concept.
concern /kənˈsɜːn/
Word family:
Nouns: concern
Verbs: concern
Adjectives: concerned
VERB [T]
INVOLVE
[B2] to be important to someone or to involve someone directly
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Matters of pollution and the environment concern us all.
There are one or two other matters that don't concern you.
Learner example:
Fitness and health are two important issues in life which concern all of us.
BE ABOUT
[B2] to be about a particular subject
Dictionary example:
The next item on the agenda concerns staffing levels.
Learner example:
Your other question concerns clothes.
WORRY
[C1] to worry or upset someone
Dictionary example:
What really concerns me is her lack of experience.
Learner example:
The fact that the coach only had broken safety belts concerned me a great deal.
NOUN [C or U]
WORRY
[B2] when you feel worried or nervous about something, or something that makes
you feel worried
Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing.
There's a lot of public concern about/over dangerous toxins recently found in food.
The situation has been causing concern for some time now.
My concern is that you're not getting enough work done.
There's a matter of some concern that I have to discuss with you.
Learner example:
All those days I put aside all my concerns about my studies.
IMPORTANT THING
[B2] something that is important to you, or when something is important
Dictionary example:
Our primary concern is safety.
Learner example:
My concern is what present to buy for Mr Brown.
417
concerned /kənˈsɜːnd/
Word family:
Nouns: concern
Verbs: concern
Adjectives: concerned
ADJECTIVE
WORRIED
[B2] worried
He's very concerned about her health.
I'm concerned that sales figures haven't improved
Concerned parents have complained about the dangerous playground.
Learner example:
We are getting more and more concerned about our health and how to get and keep fit nowadays.
[B2] used to say what someone's opinion is
As far as I'm concerned, feng shui is a load of rubbish.
As far as our customers are concerned, price is the main consideration.
Learner example:
As far as Laura was concerned, he was the most disgusting man in the world.

[B2] used to say what you are talking about
Dictionary example:
As far as money is concerned, we're doing very well.
Learner example:
First of all, I think the Majestic Hotel would be the right location, but I have doubts as far as the
costs are concerned.
be concerned with sth

[C1] to be about a particular subject
The programme was more concerned with politics than the history of the place.
This field of linguistics is concerned with language acquisition.
Learner example:
This report is concerned with finding the best accom[m]odation for the three-day trip in north-
west England.
418
concerning /kənˈsɜː.nɪŋ/
PREPOSITION FORMAL
[B2] about
Dictionary example:
I've had a letter from the tax authorities concerning my tax payments.
Learner example:
I am writing in reply to your letter concerning the prize I won in your competition, which is two
weeks at Camp California in the U.S.A.
conclude /kənˈkluːd/
Word family:
Nouns: conclusion
Verbs: conclude
Adjectives: conclusive
Adverbs: conclusively
VERB
DECIDE
[C1] [T] to decide something after studying all the information about it very
carefully
Dictionary example:
The report concluded that the drug was safe.
Learner example:
It is because of this apparent pattern that we can conclude that as people grow older, they tend to
visit the cinema less frequent[ly].
END
[C1] [I or T] FORMAL to end something such as a meeting, speech, or piece of writing by

doing or saying one last thing
The concert concluded with a firework display.
I would like to conclude by thanking you all for attending.
Learner example:
To conclude, I would like to underline one more time how crucial the setting up of a library would
be for our college.
419
conclusion /kənˈkluː.ʒən/
Word family:
Nouns: conclusion
Verbs: conclude
Adjectives: conclusive
Adverbs: conclusively
NOUN
JUDGMENT
[B1] [C] the opinion you have after considering all the information about something
Dictionary example:
At first I thought he was a bit rude but I've come to/reached the conclusion that he's just shy.
Learner example:
Dear Jack and Ben: I['ve] been thinking about your last letter for quite a long time and I came to
the following conclusion.
In conclusion
[B2] used to introduce the last part of a speech or a piece of writing
In conclusion, I would like to thank our guest speaker for her fascinating talk.
In conclusion, swimming is an enjoyable form of exercise and an excellent way to keep fit.
Learner example:
In conclusion, music, TV and clothes are very important in a young person's life and can reflect
each person's character.
concrete /ˈkɒŋ.kriːt/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a very hard building material made by mixing together cement, sand, small
stones and water
reinforced concrete
a concrete floor/path
a grey concrete building
Learner example:
Some of our children, brought up in modern cities, in a world of concrete, cars, motorways and
supermarkets, when asked: "What is a fish?" are only able to answer: "a square piece of white flesh
we take from the freezer".
420
ADJECTIVE
CERTAIN
[C1] certain or based on facts
They think she killed her husband, but they have no concrete evidence/proof.
We've got a general idea of what we want, but nothing concrete at the moment.
Learner example:
Another piece of concrete evidence to suggest that children from a poorer background cannot
cope with social problems properly compared to the other group is the fact that they are more
inclined to be the troublemakers themselves.
condition /kənˈdɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: condition
Verbs: condition
Adjectives: unconditional
NOUN
STATE
[B1] [U NO PLURAL] the particular state that something or someone is in
My bike's a few years old, but it's in really good condition.
They left the flat in a terrible condition - there was mess everywhere.
He's in no condition to drive home.
Learner example:
It's very beautiful and in good condition.
conditions
[B1] the physical situation that someone or something is in and affected by
The prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions.
Severe weather conditions are making driving difficult.
What are their living/working conditions like?
Under what conditions do plants grow best?
Learner example:
Althoug[h] I had fun the weather conditions were horrible - it was raining all the time and the road
was too wet to ride on.
ILLNESS
[B2] [C] an illness
421
a medical condition
He suffers from a rare heart condition.
Learner example:
Besides, all the fats we eat every day plus the accumulated stress of a job, makes us the perfect
candidates [for] a heart condition.
on condition that
[B2] only if
Dictionary example:
I'll come with you on condition that we're back before midnight.
Learner example:
I would like to do this on condition that you will not mention my name [on] the website.
AGREEMENT
[C1] [C] something that must happen or be agreed before something else can
happen
Dictionary example:
One of the conditions of the contract is that we can't keep pets.
Learner example:
Now I want you to pay for that as it was agreed between us and according to the terms and
conditions of the contract.
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/
Word family:
Nouns: conductor
Verbs: conduct
VERB
ORGANIZE
[B2] [T] to organize and perform a particular activity
We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service.
The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York.
Learner example:
This is based on a questionnair[e] conducted in the school and our English department's
investigation.
MUSIC
[B2] [I or T] to stand in front of a group of musicians and control their performance
422
Dictionary example:
The orchestra was conducted by Charles Miller.
Learner example:
The o[r]chestra conducted by Mr Miller was just superb.
conductor /kənˈdʌk.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: conductor
Verbs: conduct
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who stands in front of a group of musicians or singers and controls
their performance
Dictionary example:
a famous conductor
Learner example:
I am fifty five years old and have experience [as] a conductor of a choir.
conference /ˈkɒn.fər.ənts/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large, formal meeting, often lasting a few days, where people discuss their
work, politics, subjects they are studying, etc.
a conference on women's rights
the annual sales conference
They frequently hold conferences at the hotel.
I'm speaking at/attending a conference next week.
Learner example:
As you know, I went to Canada in order to take part in an environmental conference.
confess /kənˈfes/
Word family:
Nouns: confession
Verbs: confess
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VERB [I or T]
[B2] to admit that you have done something wrong or something that you feel
guilty or bad about
She confessed to her husband that she had sold her wedding ring.
He has confessed to the murder.
He confessed to sleeping through most of the film.
I have to confess, I was a little confused at first.
I found it all very confusing, I must confess.
Learner example:
I must confess I've put on four kilos in the last three months and the bicycle will help me to
become fitter.
confession /kənˈfeʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: confession
Verbs: confess
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when you admit that you have done something wrong or illegal
He made a full confession to the police.
I have a confession to make - I've lost that book you lent me.
Learner example:
I also have a confession to make.
confidence /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənts/
Word family:
Nouns: confidence
Adjectives: confidential
NOUN [U]
CERTAIN
[B2] when you are certain of your ability to do things well
He's got the confidence to walk into a room of strangers and immediately start a conversation.
The training has given me the confidence to deal with any situation that arises.
She has ability but she lacks confidence.
I have every/complete confidence in her. She'll be perfect for the job.
424
Learner example:
As a result of such a bad appearance he lacks confidence.
confident /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt/
Word family:
Nouns: confidence, self-confidence
Adjectives: confident, self-confident
Adverbs: confidently
ADJECTIVE
ABILITY
[B1] certain about your ability to do things well
Be a bit more confident in yourself!
It was a confident performance.
He feels confident of winning.
Learner example:
But I soon felt more confident, as I saw what activities they were doing: some people were playing
tennis, others were sunbathing in the garden.
CERTAIN
[B2] being certain that something will happen
Are you confident that enough people will attend the event?
They don't sound confident about the future of the industry.
Learner example:
All in all, I'm confident that a solution will be found and our town will soon regain its former
attractive look.
confidential /ˌkɒn.fɪˈden.ʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: confidence
Adjectives: confidential
ADJECTIVE
[C1] secret, especially in an official situation
Dictionary example:
These documents are strictly confidential.
425
Learner example:
Remember, you are under no obligation to do anything and of course we will treat the confidential
information you give us with discretion and respect.
confidently /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B2] with confidence or in a confident way
Dictionary example:
Try to act confidently, even if you feel nervous.
Learner example:
I am quite [a] hard worker and I can confidently say that I am quite [a] reliable person.
confirm /kənˈfɜːm/
Word family:
Nouns: confirmation
Verbs: confirm
VERB
MAKE ARRANGEMENT CERTAIN
[B1] [I or T] to make an arrangement or meeting certain, often by telephone or in

writing
Six people have confirmed that they will be attending and ten haven't replied yet.
Flights should be confirmed 48 hours before departure.
I've accepted the job over the phone, but I haven't confirmed in writing yet.
Learner example:
I just want to confirm that we're going to the ABC cinema tonight.
PROVE TRUE
[B2] [T] to say or show that something is true
His wife confirmed that he had left the house that morning.
The leader's speech was impressive and confirmed her faith in the party.
426
Learner example:
Besides, it was confirmed by scientists that consum[er]ism may develop [in]to a compulsion.
confirmation /ˌkɒn.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: confirmation
Verbs: confirm
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a statement, often written, that an arrangement or meeting is certain
a letter of confirmation
We've only had five confirmations for the conference so far.
We will send you written confirmation of our offer shortly.
Learner example:
I look forward to receiving your confirmation.
conflict /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/
NOUN [C or U]
DISAGREEMENT
[B2] serious disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles
There was a lot of conflict between the two parties.
The Government was in conflict with the unions over pay.
It was an unpopular policy and caused a number of conflicts within the party.
Learner example:
As you know I was in conflict with myself, should I buy a computer or a bicycle?
FIGHTING
[B2] fighting between two or more groups of people or countries
Dictionary example:
armed conflict
Learner example:
In these years, Europe was in conflict with China, which meant war.
427
confuse /kənˈfjuːz/
Word family:
Nouns: confusion
Verbs: confuse
Adjectives: confused, confusing
VERB [T]
NOT THINK CLEARLY
[B2] to make someone unable to think clearly, or to make something difficult to

understand
You're confusing him! Tell him slowly and one thing at a time.
Stop confusing the issue!
Learner example:
When the corpse was found he - successfully - tried to confuse Mrs. Marple, Scotland Yard and
the members of the family where he was the doctor.
THINK ONE IS ANOTHER
[B2] to think that one person or thing is another person or thing
I think you're confusing me with my sister - we look quite similar.
It's easy to confuse his films, because he tends to use the same actors.
Learner example:
I had confused the two words, "uvas", which means grapes, and "huevos", which means eggs and
said "huevas", which unfortunately means testicles, instead...
confused /kənˈfjuːzd/
Word family:
Nouns: confusion
Verbs: confuse
ADJECTIVE
NOT UNDERSTAND
[B1] unable to think clearly or to understand something
People keep telling me different things and I'm getting very confused.
Sorry, I'm a bit confused - are we meeting here or in town?
She seemed a bit confused about the arrangements.
428
Learner example:
At first I felt very confused.
NOT CLEAR
[B2] not clear
Dictionary example:
The witnesses gave confused accounts of what happened.
Learner example:
What can a child [think], hearing such confused explanations about animals that don't live where
they s[h]ould live, that don't live how they should live.
confusing /kənˈfjuː.zɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: confusion
Verbs: confuse
ADJECTIVE
[B1] difficult to understand
Dictionary example:
I found the instructions very confusing.
Learner example:
As a secret agent I was prepared [for] this sort of thing but it was surprising and confusing.
confusion /kənˈfjuː.ʒən/
Word family:
Nouns: confusion
Verbs: confuse
NOUN
NOT UNDERSTAND
[B2] [C or U] when people do not understand what is happening, what they should do
or who someone or something is
Dictionary example:
There seems to be some confusion about/over who is actually giving the talk.
Learner example:
This caused some confusion because the courses were not completely prepared.
429
SITUATION
[B2] [U] a situation, often with a lot of activity and noise, in which people do not
know what to do
Dictionary example:
In the confusion after the bomb blast, I lost my bag.
Learner example:
In the confusion someone pushed her against the wall and she hurt her shoulder.
THOUGHT
[B2] [U] a feeling of not being able to think clearly
Dictionary example:
He could see the confusion on Marion's face.
Learner example:
Then I thought he recognised my confusion; therefore, he opened the box, picking up something
from [it].
congestion /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/
NOUN [U]
[C1] when something is full or blocked, especially with traffic
Dictionary example:
traffic congestion
Learner example:
The traffic congestion in Belo Horizonte is an issue that can't be ignored.
congratulate /kənˈgræt.jʊ.leɪt/
VERB [T]
[B2] to tell someone that you are happy because they have done something good or
something good has happened to them
Dictionary example:
I was just congratulating Ceri on winning her race.
Learner example:
Needless to say, everybody congratulated her and she spent all evening answering questions such
as: "Why did you choose water jumping?" or "Isn't it difficult for a teenager to train five hours a
day and to study?"
430
conjunction /kənˈdʒʌŋk.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
GRAMMAR
[B2] a word such as 'and', 'but', 'while' or 'although' that connects words, phrases
and clauses in a sentence
connect /kəˈnekt/
Word family:
Nouns: connection
Verbs: connect
VERB
JOIN
[B1] [I or T] to join or be joined with something else
Can I connect my printer to your computer?
Where does the cooker connect to the electricity?
Has the water/electricity/gas/telephone been connected in your new place yet?
Learner example:
I want to buy [a] computer to play games and connect to [the] Internet as well as listen to music in
my free time.
connection /kəˈnek.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: connection
Verbs: connect
NOUN
JOINING THINGS
[B1] [C or U] something that joins things together
Dictionary example:
Many companies now offer free connection to the Internet.
Learner example:
Moreover, some portable phones have a connection to the web, so it is easy to read newspapers if
one hasn't enough money to buy [them].
431
INVOLVEMENT
[B2] [C or U] when someone or something is involved with or related to someone or

something else
The connection between smoking and heart disease is well known.
He has denied having any connection with the terrorists.
They're sisters, are they? I knew their surname was the same, but I never made the connection.
Learner example:
If you are aware of the connection between food and health you can start changing your eating
habits.
in connection with sth

[B2] used to say what something is about
I am writing in connection with the above job advertised in The Daily Press on Monday 12th
February.
A man has been arrested in connection with last month's murder.
Learner example:
Dear Mrs Brown, I am writing in connection with a surprise birthday party for your husband, Mr
Brown.
TRAVEL
[B2] [C] a train, bus or aircraft that leaves a short time after another arrives, so
people can continue their journey
Dictionary example:
The train was half an hour late and I missed my connection.
Learner example:
Because of bad bus connections it's not easy to get there.
conquer /ˈkɒŋ.kər/
VERB
[C1] [I or T] to take control of a country or to defeat people by war
Dictionary example:
The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066.
Learner example:
However, following imper[i]alistic politics, the Persian King Darios wanted to expand his Kingdom
in Europe, so he had to conquer Greece.
432
conscientious /ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs/
Word family:
Nouns: conscience
Adjectives: conscientious
ADJECTIVE
[C1] always doing your work with a lot of care
Dictionary example:
a conscientious student
Learner example:
She is conscientious and hardworking.
conscious /ˈkɒn.tʃəs/
Word family:
Nouns: consciousness
Adjectives: conscious, unconscious, self-conscious
Adverbs: subconsciously, unconsciously
ADJECTIVE
be conscious of/that
[B2] to know that something is present or that something is happening
The tooth doesn't exactly hurt, but I'm conscious of it all the time.
I think she's very conscious of being the only person in the office who didn't have a university
education.
I'm very conscious of the fact that a lot of people disagree with me.
Learner example:
We have to be conscious that we are destroying the world where we are living.
AWAKE
[C1] awake and able to think and notice things
Dictionary example:
He's still conscious but he's very badly injured.
consciousness /ˈkɒn.tʃə.snəs/
Word family:
433
NOUN
AWAKE
[B2] [U] when someone is awake and can think and notice things
He lost consciousness for several minutes.
He never regained consciousness after the accident.
Learner example:
He lost consciousness and lay there on the floor just in front of me.
AWARE
[C1] [NO PLURAL] when someone knows about something
Dictionary example:
There's a growing consciousness about environmental issues among young people.
Learner example:
It also springs up out of a pleasure of playing the game and a consciousness that their health
matters and being fit is an important element of it.
consent /kənˈsent/
NOUN [U]
[C1] permission for someone to do something
Dictionary example:
You can't come without your parents' consent.
Learner example:
The role of the council is to organise things [well] and to do so with the consent of people living in
the city.
consequence /ˈkɒnt.sɪ.kwənts/
Word family:
Nouns: consequence
Adverbs: consequently
NOUN [C]
RESULT
[B2] the result of a particular action or situation, especially a bad result
434
The ship sank with disastrous consequences.
Excessive drinking can have serious consequences for a person's health.
If you neglect your relationships like that, you'll suffer the consequences.
Learner example:
My work was the best because I drew a big drawing about [the] consequences of us not caring [for
the] environment.
as a consequence FORMAL
[C1] used to talk about one thing that is the result of another
Dictionary example:
A lot of birds died as a consequence of the oil spill.
Learner example:
The influence from Italy is very strong and, as a consequence, pasta with different s[a]uces is
common in Slovenia, especially among students.
of little/no consequence FORMAL
[C1] not important
Dictionary example:
The money was of little consequence to Tony.
Learner example:
Second, the downpour of rain which was mentioned was in fact nothing more than a small shower,
of no significant consequence for the dance display and horse show.
consequently /ˈkɒnt.sɪ.kwənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: consequence
Adverbs: consequently
ADVERB
[B2] as a result
Dictionary example:
I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat by the end of
the holiday.
Learner example:
Because of their job or school, people are much more stress[ed]. Consequently, they don't take
[the] time to eat correctly.
435
conservation /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
NATURE
[B2] the protection of nature
wildlife conservation
conservation groups
Learner example:
I think that trying to save the wildlife in your area is a great aim because you don't have
conservation areas and people can easily go hunting without telling anyone and in that way they
destroy the wildlife.
NOT WASTE
[C1] when you are careful not to waste energy, water, etc.
Dictionary example:
Our top priority is conservation of water.
Learner example:
As the issue of energy conservation is becoming more and more important, our company has
decided to start doing something about it, as well.
conservative /kənˈsɜː.və.tɪv/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not trusting sudden changes or new ideas
Dictionary example:
Older people tend to be very conservative.
Learner example:
However, some people, especially some youngsters, would say that she's too conservative - I
heard lots of people describing her as a 'fuddy-duddy lady'.
consider /kənˈsɪd.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: consideration
Verbs: consider, reconsider
Adjectives: considerate, inconsiderate
436
VERB
THINK CAREFULLY
[B1] [I or T] to think carefully about something, often before you decide what to do
Have you considered what you'll do if you don't get the job?
We're considering selling the house.
She's being considered for the job.
I'd like some time to consider before I make a decision.
Learner example:
I must say thanks to you for your birthday money for me to buy a DVD. After considering [what to
buy], I decided to buy 'The Legend of Narnias'.
consider sb/sth (to be) sth

[B2] to have a particular opinion about someone or something
Dictionary example:
I don't consider myself to be a great athlete.
Learner example:
I consider myself to be punctual, hard-working, reliable and responsible.
FACTS
[C1] [T] to give attention to a particular subject or fact when making a decision or
judging something else
You've got to consider the time element when planning the whole project.
If you consider how long he's been learning the piano, he's not very good.
If you buy an old house, you have to consider the cost of repairs.
Learner example:
The only point we have to consider will be the price of food.
MAY BE TRUE
[C1] to think that something may exist or be true
Dictionary example:
Have you considered the possibility that he might be lying?
Learner example:
Many students this year refuse even to consider the possibility of going to one.

aspects
Dictionary example:
437
Learner example:
students.
considerable /kənˈsɪd.ər.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Adjectives: considerable
Adverbs: considerably
ADJECTIVE
[B2] large or important enough to be noticed
It's a considerable sum of money.
The effect on the region has been considerable.
Learner example:
I have considerable experience as a worker on [a] farm, having worked on my father's farm from
1956 to 1986.
considerably /kənˈsɪd.ər.ə.bli/
Word family:
Adjectives: considerable
Adverbs: considerably
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is large or important enough to be noticed
Rates of pay vary considerably.
He's considerably fatter than he was when I knew him.
Learner example:
The departures are at 8 am. and 10 a.m. daily, but I suggest that your group be there at the time
of the first departure because it is considerably less crowded.
considerate /kənˈsɪd.ə.rət/
Word family:
438
ADJECTIVE
[C1] showing concern for other people and their feelings
Dictionary example:
He is always a kind and considerate host.
Learner example:
As a colleague, I always found him thoughtful and considerate.
consideration /kənˌsɪd.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
NOUN
CAREFUL THOUGHT
[B2] [U] when you think about something very carefully
After careful consideration, we decided to offer her the job.
The whole matter needs to be given careful consideration.
Learner example:
Please give this your careful consideration.
take sth into consideration

[B2] when you think about a particular fact or detail and let it influence your
decision
Dictionary example:
It may be cheap to buy, but you've got to take into consideration the money you'll spend on
repairs.
Learner example:
For the reasons I have stated and taking into consideration that I am an ambitious and sociable
person, I think I am suitable for the job.
IMPORTANT FACT
[B2] [C] something that you have to think about when you make decisions or plans
Safety is our main consideration.
Cost, of course, is another consideration.
Learner example:
The next consideration is the activities.
439
considering /kənˈsɪd.ər.ɪŋ/
Word family:
PREPOSITION; CONJUNCTION
[B2] used for saying that you have a particular opinion about something, because
of a particular fact about it
She did really well, considering how little experience she'd had.
Considering the weather, we got here quite quickly.
Learner example:
Considering all the above, I think that your article was completely misleading.
consist /kənˈsɪst/
VERB
consist of sth PHRASAL VERB
[B1] to be made of or formed from something
The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.
It's a simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables.
Learner example:
Our team consists of 15 girls, who are all between 16 and 18.
consonant /ˈkɒn.sə.nənt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] one of the speech sounds or letters of the alphabet which is not a vowel
constant /ˈkɒnt.stənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: constant
Adverbs: constantly
440
ADJECTIVE
A LOT
[B2] happening a lot or all the time
He's in constant trouble with the police.
These machines are in constant use.
Learner example:
As for me, constant practice in [the] English language is quite important, it is the essence of my
life.
constantly /ˈkɒnt.stənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: constant
Adverbs: constantly
ADVERB
[B2] all the time or often
He's constantly changing his mind.
She has the television on constantly.
Learner example:
I stood up and walked around the house, constantly bumping into things!
constitute /ˈkɒn.stɪt.juːt/
Word family:
Nouns: constitution
Verbs: constitute
Adjectives: constitutional
VERB [T]
[C1] to be or form something
Dictionary example:
This defeat constitutes a real setback for their championship hopes.
Learner example:
Women constitute nearly half (48%) of the university students, and in some departments
(educational colleges, medicine schools) they are clearly the majority.
441
constitution /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: constitution
Verbs: constitute
Adjectives: constitutional
NOUN [C]
LAWS
[C1] the set of laws and principles that a country's government must obey
Dictionary example:
the US Constitution
Learner example:
This is to be seen as progress, although this development seems to start rather late as already in
1949, the German constitution indicated th[at] men and women have equal rights.
construct /kənˈstrʌkt/
Word family:
Nouns: construction, reconstruction
Verbs: construct, reconstruct
Adjectives: constructive
VERB [T]
[B2] to build something from several parts
The building was constructed in 1930.
The walls are constructed of concrete.
You need this information to construct a basic sentence.
Learner example:
Using some wood, we constructed small seats and tables.
construction /kənˈstrʌk.ʃən/
Word family:
442
NOUN
BUILDING WORK
[B2] [U] the work of building something, especially houses, offices, bridges, etc.
the construction industry
The next decade saw the construction of many more office blocks.
She works in construction.
This website is currently under construction.
Learner example:
It [is] worth mentioning that a huge gym is under construction.
LARGE BUILDING
[B2] [C] something that is built
Dictionary example:
a large steel construction
Learner example:
It would be a pity to build a modern construction there.
WORDS
[B2] [C] The construction of a sentence or phrase is the way the words are arranged.
Dictionary example:
Pay attention to sentence construction and check word order.
constructive /kənˈstrʌk.tɪv/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] helpful or useful
Dictionary example:
constructive advice/criticism
Learner example:
Moreover, I have quite often [asked] for the opinion of Mr. Walker on the making of our marketing
plan and his comments were always very helpful and constructive.
443
consult /kənˈsʌlt/
Word family:
Nouns: consultant, consultation
Verbs: consult
VERB [T]
GET INFORMATION
[C1] to go to a particular person or book to get information or advice
Dictionary example:
For more information, consult your travel agent.
Learner example:
Even if I think I know what to write, I usually consult an interpreter and/or a lawyer.
DISCUSS
[C1] to discuss something with someone before you make a decision
Dictionary example:
Why didn't you consult me about this?
Learner example:
As it is just after Christmas I had to consult my wife - that is why it took some time to write this
reply.
consultant /kənˈsʌl.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: consultant, consultation
Verbs: consult
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who advises people on a particular subject
a management/financial consultant
a firm of public relations consultants
Learner example:
I work in a bank as a consultant.
consume /kənˈsjuːm/
Word family:
Nouns: consumer, consumption
Verbs: consume
444
VERB [T]
EAT OR DRINK
[B2] FORMAL to eat or drink something

Dictionary example:
People generally consume far too much sugar.
Learner example:
People who eat fresh vegetables and meat tend to have good digestion and tend to consume less
salt.
USE RESOURCE
[C1] to use fuel, energy or time, especially in large amounts
Dictionary example:
Our high living standards cause our present population to consume 25 percent of the world's oil.
Learner example:
It did consume a lot of time, but it was very rewarding.
consumer /kənˈsjuː.mər/
Word family:
Verbs: consume
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who buys goods or services for their own use
The new telephone rates will affect all consumers including businesses.
consumer rights/advice
Learner example:
Some people might argue that this system is convenient for consumers as they can go shopping
whenever they would like to, and it makes the shops more secure against burglary and vandalism
since the shops are packed with people inside.
consumption /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: consume
NOUN [U]
[C1] the amount of something that someone uses, eats, or drinks
445
We need to reduce our energy consumption.
fuel/water consumption
Learner example:
One less obvious aspect of pollution is the surge in energy consumption caused by technological
development.
contact /ˈkɒn.tækt/
NOUN
COMMUNICATION
[B1] [U] communication with someone, especially by speaking or writing to them

regularly
Do you still keep in contact with Peter?
I'm still in contact with Sarah - we write a couple of times a year.
There isn't enough contact between teachers and parents.
I'd hate to lose contact with my old school friends.
If you manage to make contact with her, do let me know.
The school likes to have a contact number for parents during school hours.
Learner example:
Well, we'll [be] in contact in one week['s time].
TOUCH
[C1] [U] when two people or things are touching each other
She dislikes any kind of physical contact.
Wash your hands if they come into contact with chemicals.
Learner example:
I might even have become afraid of physical contact and of being face to face with others.
contain /kənˈteɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: container
Verbs: contain
VERB [T]
INSIDE
[B1] If one thing contains another, it has it inside it.
446
a box containing a diamond ring
How much liquid do you think this bottle contains?
I've lost a file containing a lot of important documents.
Learner example:
So he asks the man if that suitcase is his, [and] the man runs to get it but the security guards
don't let him until he shouts: "It contains my daughter's wedding dress!"
PART
[B2] to have something as a part
Does this drink contain alcohol?
Try to avoid foods which contain a lot of fat.
The allegations contained in this report are very serious.
Learner example:
[The] food was not wonderful, but it was healthy and contained a lot of vitamins.
container /kənˈteɪ.nər/
Word family:
Nouns: container
Verbs: contain
NOUN [C]
[B2] an object such as a box or a bottle that is used for holding something
an airtight container
a plastic drinks container
Learner example:
As a result, a mountain of plastic containers and harmful chemical fluid is [ruin]ing mother earth.
contemporary /kənˈtem.pər.ər.i/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] existing or happening now
contemporary music/literature/art/fashion
Although it was written hundreds of years ago, it still has a contemporary feel to it.
Learner example:
I always read a lot of different magazin[e]s and know a lot about contemporary writers.
447
content
Word family:
Nouns: discontent
Adjectives: content
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] /kənˈtent/

[B2] pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement
He seems fairly content with life.
They're content to socialize with a very small circle of people.
Learner example:
He looked really content and happy.
NOUN [NO PLURAL] /ˈkɒn.tent/
IDEAS
[B2] the ideas that are contained in a piece of writing, a speech or a film
the content of the article
It's a very stylish and beautiful film, but it rather lacks content.
We've discussed the unusual form of the book - now, what about the content?
Learner example:
I suggest explaining the content of the film.
contents /ˈkɒn.tents/
NOUN [PLURAL]
THINGS INSIDE
[B1] everything that is contained within something
The contents of his bag spilled all over the floor.
He hardly needed to open the letter because he already knew the contents.
Learner example:
He looked for the owner and gave him the suitcase. He also asked about its contents.
INFORMATION
[B1] the information or ideas that are written in a book, letter, document, etc.
Dictionary example:
the contents of his will
448
Learner example:
In the first lesson the teacher explaine[d] the rules and [the] contents of the course, and finally we
d[id] a group activity.
BOOK
[B2] a list in a book that tells you what different parts the book contains
Dictionary example:
a table of contents
contest /ˈkɒn.test/
Word family:
Nouns: contest, contestant
NOUN [C]
[B1] a competition to do better than other people, usually in which prizes are given
a dance/sports contest
She's won a lot of beauty contests.
Learner example:
Next week there will be a "Freestyle Battle", a rap contest, where [a] rapper can mess with others.
contestant /kənˈtes.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: contest, contestant
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who competes in a contest
Dictionary example:
All the contestants are ready to begin.
Learner example:
The contestants have to sing in front of an audience and the jury.
context /ˈkɒn.tekst/
NOUN [C or U]
FACTS
[B2] all the facts, opinions, etc. relating to a particular thing or event
449
This small battle is very important in the context of Scottish history.
It is important to see all the fighting and bloodshed in his plays in historical context.
Learner example:
It is interesting to see wild animals in their natural surroundings but for a number of reasons this
is mostly impossible. In this context, I think a zoo is a good alternative.
LANGUAGE
[C1] other words that were said or written at the same time as the word or words
you are talking about
In this exercise, a word is blanked out and you have to guess what it is by looking at the context.
Taken out of context, her remark sounded like an insult.
Learner example:
It's not like studying new words from [a] textbook as you hear or use the words [in] real situations
and [an] appropriate context.
continent /ˈkɒn.tɪ.nənt/
Word family:
Nouns: continent
Adjectives: continental
NOUN [C]
[B1] one of the seven main areas of land on the Earth, such as Africa, Asia, Europe
or South America
the North American continent
Asia and Africa are the two biggest continents.
Learner example:
Brazil is a large country, almost as big as a continent.
continual /kənˈtɪn.ju.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: continuity
Verbs: continue
Adjectives: continuous, continual
Adverbs: continuously, continually
450
ADJECTIVE
[C1] happening again and again over a long period of time or happening without
stopping
Dictionary example:
I can't work with these continual interruptions.
Learner example:
But, if you are seeking [a] developed city, Buenos Aires is your answer, as it is considered to be a
city in continual improvement.
continually /kənˈtɪn.ju.ə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: continuity
Verbs: continue
ADVERB
[C1] again and again or without stopping
Dad continually complains about money.
House prices have been rising continually for the last five years.
Learner example:
First of all I would like to mention that new blood is re[q]uired in the club, as the membership is
continually falling.
continue /kənˈtɪn.juː/
Word family:
Nouns: continuity
Verbs: continue
VERB [I or T]
NEVER STOP
[B1] to keep happening, existing or doing something
451
It continued to snow heavily for two days.
If the rain continues, we'll have to cancel tonight's plans.
The article continues on page ten.
I'll continue working until the end of June.
Shall I continue with this task?
Sally Palmer will be continuing as chairperson this autumn.
Learner example:
I t[h]ought that he wasn't calling me, so I continued walking to the car.
BEGIN AGAIN
[B1] to start doing or saying something again, after stopping for a short period
We'll have to continue this discussion tomorrow.
It's getting late - why don't we continue tomorrow?
After stopping for a quick snack, they continued on their way.
He paused for a moment to listen and then continued eating.
Learner example:
We continued our journey early in the morning.
continuous /kənˈtɪn.ju.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: continuity
Verbs: continue
ADJECTIVE
GRAMMAR
[B2] being the form of a verb used to show that an action is continuing to happen
Dictionary example:
the present/past continuous
Learner example:
The lesson was about the present continuous form.
WITHOUT STOPPING
[B2] happening or existing without stopping
continuous pain
My computer makes a continuous low buzzing noise.
A continuous white line in the middle of the road means no overtaking.
452
Learner example:
Since the development of nuclear weapons, the Earth's fate has been in continuous danger.
continuously /kənˈtɪn.ju.əs.li/
Word family:
Nouns: continuity
Verbs: continue
ADVERB
[B2] without stopping
Dictionary example:
You can't work continuously for six hours without a break!
Learner example:
They continuously claim that [the] destruction of the environment is totally all human beings'
responsibility.
contract
NOUN [C] /ˈkɒn.trækt/

[B1] a legal agreement between two people, two organizations or a person and an
organization
a contract of employment
a temporary/permanent contract
My solicitor is drawing up a contract.
Don't sign/enter into any contract before examining its conditions carefully.
Learner example:
He went to the 1994 World Cup in the USA and Brazil's victory helped him to sign a contract to
play in Holland.
contradict /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪkt/
Word family:
Nouns: contradiction
Verbs: contradict
Adjectives: contradictory
453
VERB
SAY SOMEONE IS WRONG
[C1] [I or T] to say that what someone has just said is wrong
Dictionary example:
Nobody dared to contradict her.
Learner example:
Jane: Be pa[t]ient with her, she is a lovely lady, although she doesn't like people to contradict her.
contrary /ˈkɒn.trər.i/
NOUN
on the contrary
[B2] used to show that the opposite of what has just been said is true
Dictionary example:
"You're a vegetarian, aren't you?" "On the contrary, I love meat."
Learner example:
As a result, it was not a perfect evening as the advertisement suggested - on the contrary, it
turned out to be a miserable one.
to the contrary
[C1] saying or showing the opposite
Dictionary example:
She claimed she hadn't been involved, despite evidence to the contrary.
Learner example:
Despite claims to the contrary, young people [are] get[ting] more involved in sport[s] activities.
ADJECTIVE
contrary to sth
[C1] opposite to what someone said or thought
Dictionary example:
Contrary to popular belief, bottled water is not always better than tap water.
Learner example:
Contrary to Mrs Jones' allegation, the exam results of our college are first-class and moreover,
there is an extremely varied social programme.
454
contrast
NOUN [C or U] /ˈkɒn.trɑːst/
DIFFERENCE
[B2] an obvious difference between two or more things
The contrast between their lifestyles couldn't be greater.
The busy north coast of the island is in sharp contrast to the peaceful south.
Learner example:
The contrast between the wild mountains and the crowded but charm[ing] beach on the ocean
shore would have pleased you.
by/in contrast
[B2] used to show that someone or something is completely different
Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, by contrast, has declined.
She's quite short, in contrast to her tall sister.
Learner example:
TV, by contrast, is a more passive activity.
contribute /kənˈtrɪb.juːt/
Word family:
Nouns: contribution
Verbs: contribute
VERB [I or T]
GIVE
[B2] to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something

together with other people
Are you going to contribute towards Jack's leaving present?
Her family have contributed £50, 000 to the fund.
Do come to the meeting if you feel you have something to contribute.
Learner example:
Furthermore, it is unfair to judge other performers as second-rate, as they did their best to
contribute.
WRITE
[C1] to write articles for a newspaper, magazine, or book
455
Dictionary example:
She contributes to several magazines.
Learner example:
After a lot of thinking and discussing with our members and with people who would like to
contribute to our magazine, I decided to suggest our well thought[-out] ideas.
contribution /ˌkɒn.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: contribution
Verbs: contribute
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] something that you do or give to help produce or achieve something, or to

help make something successful
This invention made a major contribution to road safety.
She didn't make much of a contribution at today's meeting, did she?
All contributions, no matter how small, will be much appreciated.
a generous contribution to charity
Learner example:
I am willing to make a significant contribution to the club.
control /kənˈtrəʊl/
VERB [T] (-ll-)
HAVE POWER OVER
[B1] to make someone or something do what you want
If you can't control your dog, put it on a lead!
This switch controls the temperature.
Learner example:
The movie was about a ring which [was] found in the river and used to control the world.
STAY CALM
[B1] to stop yourself expressing strong emotions or behaving in a silly way
Dictionary example:
You're going to have to learn to control your temper.
Learner example:
I tried to control myself and started to speak politely and in a friendly way.
456
LIMIT
[B2] to limit the number, amount or increase of something
Fire crews struggled to control the blaze.
No attempt was made to control the spread of the disease.
Learner example:
We have to control the [number of] cars, we can't allow as many car[s] as we drive [now].
RULE
[B2] to rule or govern an area
Dictionary example:
The whole area is controlled by rebel forces.
Learner example:
BRAVE NEW WORLD The part of the book I have read and I remember best is when John, the
savage, comes into the New World [State] controlled by several World Controllers from the savage
reservation.
NOUN
POWER
[B2] [C or U] when you make someone or something do what you want, or the power
to do this
She's got no control over that child.
He lost control of the vehicle.
The police are in control of the situation.
Learner example:
Ap[p]arently he lost control of the wheel, so the car crashed into a tree.
beyond your/out of control

[B2] If something or someone is beyond control or out of control, you cannot
influence, limit or direct them.
The car skidded and went out of control, crashing into an oncoming truck.
There's nothing we can do - the situation is beyond our control.
Learner example:
I had just driven through Piazza Duomo, when another car came round a corner much too fast,
skidded, and went out of control.
under control
[B2] being dealt with successfully
457
Dictionary example:
Don't worry - everything's under control.
Learner example:
"Everything is under control," said the captain.
EQUIPMENT
[B2] [C] a switch or other device used to operate a machine such as a vehicle
Where's the volume control on your stereo?
The main instruments are in the centre of the control panel.
The captain sat at the controls of the aircraft.
Learner example:
He touched a switch on the control panel and heard that characteristic hiss.
take control
[B2] to start to rule or govern an area
Dictionary example:
The dictator took control of the country in 1933.
Learner example:
In the first part of the story animals take control of a farm in England.
LAW
[B2] [C] a rule or law that limits something
Dictionary example:
He wants the government to impose strict controls on dog ownership.
Learner example:
[It is important] to find a way to regulate the information show[n] [o]n the internet, because right
now there is no control over the information.
OFFICIAL PLACE
[B2] [C or U] a place where something official, usually a document, is checked
Dictionary example:
passport/immigration control
Learner example:
I kissed my parents and went to passport control.
CALM
[C1] [U] the ability to be calm
Dictionary example:
It took a lot of control to stop myself hitting him.
458
Learner example:
If you think you [are doing] something wrong during your test you shouldn't [start] panic[k]ing
and losing your control.
controversial /ˌkɒn.trəˈvɜː.ʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: controversy
Adjectives: controversial
ADJECTIVE
[B2] causing disagreement or discussion
a controversial issue/decision/speech/figure
The book was very controversial.
Learner example:
From my point of view it is a very controversial issue.
controversy /ˈkɒn.trə.vɜː.si/
Word family:
Nouns: controversy
Adjectives: controversial
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a lot of disagreement and argument about something
Dictionary example:
There is a lot of controversy over mobile phone towers.
Learner example:
Travelling abroad to work has been a matter of controversy.
convenience /kənˈviː.ni.ənts/
Word family:
Nouns: convenience
Adjectives: convenient, inconvenient
Adverbs: conveniently
NOUN
BEING EASY
[B2] [U] the quality of being convenient
459
the convenience of credit cards
I like the convenience of living so close to the shops.
Learner example:
I think the first reason is its convenience. [...] Just by sitting in front of it, you can enjoy TV
program[me]s.
at your convenience FORMAL
[B2] at a time that is convenient to you
Dictionary example:
We can meet at your convenience.
Learner example:
I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.
HELPFUL THING
[C1] [C] something that makes life easier
Dictionary example:
Fortunately, the house has every modern convenience.
Learner example:
Thus, we have many facilities and conveniences in comparison with the past.
convenient /kənˈviː.ni.ənt/
Word family:
Nouns: convenience
ADJECTIVE
EASY/SUITABLE
[B1] easy to use or suiting your plans well
We could meet at either place - whichever is more convenient for you.
A bike's a very convenient way of getting around.
I find it more convenient to be able to do my banking by phone.
What would be a convenient time for me to come round?
Learner example:
If it would be possible for you, I can attend another class at any time which is convenient for you.
NEAR
[B1] near or easy to get to
460
Dictionary example:
My new house is more convenient for the station.
Learner example:
It is near the train station [so] it is very convenient to get there.
conveniently /kənˈviː.ni.ənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: convenience
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is convenient
Dictionary example:
The house is conveniently situated near the station and the shops.
Learner example:
First of all, your group has been booked into the Palace Hotel, which is conveniently situated in
the centre of Nymegen.
convention /kənˈvent.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: convention
Adjectives: conventional, unconventional
NOUN
MEETING
[C1] [C] a large formal meeting of people who do a particular job or have a similar
interest, or a large meeting for a political party
the national Democratic convention
Where are they holding their party convention?
Learner example:
Conference facilities: Being completely renovated, the historic building of Edessa's Cultural
Association is the ideal place for a modern scientific convention.
CUSTOM
[C1] [C or U] a usual and accepted way of behaving or doing something
Dictionary example:
In many countries it is the convention to wear black at funerals.
461
Learner example:
Nowadays, people tend to avoid traditions and conventions.
conventional /kənˈvent.ʃən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: convention
ADJECTIVE
TRADITIONAL
[B2] traditional and ordinary
conventional behaviour/attitudes/clothes
conventional medicine/farming
I find his art rather dull and conventional.
Learner example:
The accommodation wasn't bad, however our rooms were quite small and conventional.
conventional wisdom
[C1] what most people believe
Dictionary example:
These ideas about childcare go against conventional wisdom on the subject.
Learner example:
Thus, against conventional wisdom, I think that while a lot of adult problems are caused by money
or the lack of it, it is really the ability to deal with money and to see money as a means rather than
an end.
conversation /ˌkɒn.vəˈseɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C or U]
hold a conversation
[C1] to have a conversation
Dictionary example:
I can just about hold a conversation in Italian.
Learner example:
I know the grammar and many different expressions, and I can hold a conversation with other
people.
462
convert /kənˈvɜːt/
Word family:
Nouns: conversion
Verbs: convert
VERB [I or T]
CHANGE
[B2] to change the appearance, form, or purpose of something
Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom?
What's the formula for converting pounds into kilos?
Learner example:
Even some medieval castles have been converted into museums.
convey /kənˈveɪ/
VERB [T]
[C1] to communicate information, feelings, or images to someone
Dictionary example:
She always conveys a sense of enthusiasm for her work.
Learner example:
Being an Ambassador for Youth bears lot of responsibility, not only because the person must be
an outstanding character and widely well-known, but also because they must behave accordingly
and be able to convey a positive message.
convince /kənˈvɪnts/
Word family:
Verbs: convince
Adjectives: convinced, convincing
VERB [T]
[B1] to persuade someone or make them certain
She tried to convince me that I needed a new car.
I hope this will convince you to change your mind.
He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
Learner example:
She was the one who convinced me to go, and I am glad she did.
463
convinced /kənˈvɪntst/
Word family:
Verbs: convince
ADJECTIVE
[B2] certain
My boyfriend says I'd enjoy a walking holiday, but I'm not convinced.
I'm convinced (that) she is lying.
Learner example:
I'm convinced that I would benefit from this experience in the future.
convincing /kənˈvɪn.sɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: convince
ADJECTIVE
[C1] able to make you believe that something is true or right
a convincing argument/explanation
I didn't find the ending of the film very convincing.
Learner example:
The school didn't give us a real and convincing explanation for this.
cool /kuːl/
Word family:
Nouns: cool, coolness
Verbs: cool
Adjectives: cool
ADJECTIVE
SLIGHTLY COLD
[B1] slightly cold, but not too cold
cool water
a nice cool breeze
464
Learner example:
Sometimes a cool wind blows [in Bodrum].
CALM
[C1] calm and not emotional
Dictionary example:
She seemed cool and confident.
Learner example:
I remember saying to myself that "this little boy will survive" and after that I felt totally cool and
calm and did what had to be done.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to become less hot, or to make something become less hot
Dictionary example:
Allow the bread to cool before slicing it.
Learner example:
In the summer many people were delighted by fountains which cooled the air.
NOUN
keep your cool

[C1] to remain calm
Dictionary example:
You did well to keep your cool in all that panic.
Learner example:
Whatever the problem is, keep your cool, don't panic.
coolness /ˈkuːl.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: cool, coolness
Verbs: cool
Adjectives: cool
NOUN [U]
COLD
[C1] the quality of being cold
Dictionary example:
the coolness of the breeze
Learner example:
The coolness of the coach made me ill.
465
cooperate (ALSO co-operate) /kəʊˈɒp.ər.eɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: cooperation
Verbs: cooperate
Adjectives: cooperative
VERB [I]
WORK TOGETHER
[B2] to work together with someone in order to achieve the same aim
The Spanish authorities cooperated with the British police in finding the terrorists.
Several companies are cooperating in the relief effort.
Learner example:
Lime has become a sort of monster, with no consideration for life any more, and Martins decides
to cooperate with the police to catch and kill him.
HELP
[B2] to help someone or do what they ask
Dictionary example:
I find it very hard to dress my two-year-old when she refuses to cooperate.
Learner example:
Moreover, I am in favour of rules at school because it is very important for children to learn how
to cooperate with others.
cooperation (ALSO co-operation) /kəʊˌɒp.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: cooperation
Verbs: cooperate
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you work together with someone or do what they ask you
This documentary was made with the cooperation of Rails UK.
There's very little cooperation between the two countries.
We thank you in advance for your cooperation.
The clubs work in close cooperation with the Football Association.
Learner example:
Thank you in advance for your cooperation in this respect.
466
cooperative /kəʊˈɒp.ər.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: cooperation
Verbs: cooperate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] willing to help or do what people ask
Dictionary example:
I found them very cooperative.
Learner example:
You can rely on me - I love children and I am energetic and cooperative.
cope /kəʊp/
VERB [I]
[B2] to deal successfully with a difficult situation
How does she cope with three small children and a job?
It was too stressful and eventually he just couldn't cope.
Tyres generally don't cope well on wet roads.
Learner example:
Moreover she can't cope with life.
copper /ˈkɒp.ər/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a reddish-brown metal used especially for making wire and coins, or the
reddish brown colour of this metal
copper wire/pipes
Rosie's hair shone like copper in the sunlight.
Learner example:
Its domes are made of pure copper, inside there's a big bell called "Zygmunt".
467
copy /ˈkɒp.i/
VERB
CHEAT
[B2] [I or T] to cheat by looking at and using someone else's work
Dictionary example:
He was always copying from/off other children, but never got caught.
Learner example:
I'm certain she thought we had copied in the test.
BEHAVE
[B2] [T] to behave like someone else
Dictionary example:
He tends to copy his brother in the way he dresses.
Learner example:
He has to eat salads now, in [the] hope [that] the kids'll copy his attitudes and eat fresh and
healthy food instead of sweets and unhealthy st[u]ff.
NOUN [C]
MADE THE SAME
[B1] something that has been made to be exactly like something else
This painting is only a copy - the original hangs in the Louvre.
I always keep a copy of any official or important letters that I send off.
Could you make a copy of this for tomorrow's meeting, please?
Learner example:
For covering the work I missed, I will ask May on Thursday if I can borrow her exercise book and
make a copy.
SINGLE ONE
[B2] a single book, newspaper, etc. of which many have been produced
Dictionary example:
Over a million copies of the book have been sold.
Learner example:
The single with her new song sold more than 15 million copies, now she was a powerful star.
468
corn /kɔːn/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a crop of grain, or the seed from this crop used to make flour or feed animals
Dictionary example:
fields of corn
Learner example:
[My sister] is a farmer and we have to plant yams, corn, beans and other crops.
corporate /ˈkɔː.pər.ət/
Word family:
Nouns: corporation
Adjectives: corporate
[C1] relating to a large company or group
Dictionary example:
corporate finance
Learner example:
This proposal highlights advisable amendments to the ABC Company's management structure,
namely the marketing department, in view of unforeseen corporate losses.
corporation /ˌkɔː.pərˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: corporation
Adjectives: corporate

[B2] a large company or group of companies that is controlled together as a single
organization
a multinational corporation
the British Broadcasting Corporation
She didn't want to work for a big corporation where everything was so impersonal.
Learner example:
Since I was a child, I've always dreamed about being a car designer in a large and powerful
corporation like Ferrari, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, etc.
469
correct /kəˈrekt/
Word family:
Nouns: correction
Adjectives: correct, incorrect
Adverbs: correctly
ADJECTIVE
SUITABLE
[B1] suitable for a particular situation
Dictionary example:
correct behaviour
Learner example:
I think that is the correct option because I really like this [kind of] film!
VERB
SHOW MISTAKE
[B2] to show someone the mistakes in something they have said or written
Dictionary example:
Our teacher normally corrects our pronunciation.
Learner example:
Until now, I have never had someone really teaching me and correcting my mistakes.
MAKE RIGHT
[B2] to make a mistake or problem right or better
Dictionary example:
The new software finds and corrects any errors on the hard disk.
Learner example:
For example if I have to write a formal letter or something like this, I use my 'PC' because the
paper looks nicer and [the] computer corrects my mistakes.
correction /kəˈrek.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: correction
Adverbs: correctly
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a change made to something in order to correct or improve it, or when you
make such a change
470
I made some corrections before handing in my essay.
She was disappointed to see her essay returned with a mass of corrections in red ink.
Learner example:
My new teacher is friendlier and he is more careful [with his] correction [of] the work and exams
we do.
correctly /kəˈrekt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: correction
Adverbs: correctly
ADVERB
[B1] in a correct way
Dictionary example:
Have I pronounced your name correctly?
Learner example:
I don't speak English correctly.
correspond /ˌkɒr.ɪˈspɒnd/
Word family:
Verbs: correspond
Adjectives: corresponding
VERB [I]
BE SIMILAR
[B2] to be the same or very similar
The money I've saved corresponds roughly to the amount I need for my course.
The American FBI corresponds to the British MI5.
His story of what happened that night didn't correspond with the witness's version.
Learner example:
Therefore, I would like to ask you for my entrance fee, as this evening did not correspond to your
advertisement.
WRITE
[B2] to communicate with someone by writing letters
471
Dictionary example:
They had corresponded ever since the war.
Learner example:
Dear Tom It would be wonderful to see you because we've been corresponding for a long time but
I've never had [the] pleasure [of meeting] you.
corridor /ˈkɒr.ɪ.dɔːr/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a long passage in a building or train
Dictionary example:
Her office is at the end of the corridor.
Learner example:
The invigilator left the room and walked down the corridor looking for some help.
corrupt /kəˈrʌpt/
Word family:
Nouns: corruption
Verbs: corrupt
Adjectives: corrupt
ADJECTIVE
[C1] dishonest or illegal
Dictionary example:
a corrupt government
Learner example:
I am not saying he is corrupt - I don't believe that - but he com[m]ands many corrupt people.
VERB [T]
[C1] to make someone or something become dishonest or immoral
Dictionary example:
He became corrupted by power and money.
Learner example:
Maybe wealth can corrupt people's mind[s] and make people weak.
472
corruption /kəˈrʌp.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: corruption
Verbs: corrupt
Adjectives: corrupt
NOUN [U]
BAD BEHAVIOUR
[C1] dishonest or immoral behaviour, usually by people in positions of power
Dictionary example:
He was arrested for corruption and bribery.
Learner example:
I think that both have lost respect because of corruption.
MAKE DISHONEST
[C1] when you cause someone or something to become dishonest or immoral
Dictionary example:
the corruption of innocent young children
Learner example:
The contrast between those two groups was getting bigger and bigger and it ended up [in] a
destructive war, destructive doesn't refer only to deaths and city damage but also to the
corruption of morals.
cosmopolitan /ˌkɒz.məˈpɒl.ɪ.tən/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] consisting of people and things from many different countries
Dictionary example:
London is a very cosmopolitan city.
Learner example:
I chose London because it's a cosmopolitan city, and very near to the other European countries.
473
cost /kɒst/
NOUN
THING GIVEN
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] something that you give or lose, in order to get or achieve
something else
He rescued four people at the cost of his own life.
She finally got the job she wanted, but at great personal cost.
It's not worth getting into an argument with Tim, as I learned to my cost.
Learner example:
We wanted to travel by car and, to my cost, my friend began to drive the car.
at all costs
[B2] If something must be done at all costs, it is very important that it is done.
Dictionary example:
We have to succeed at all costs.
Learner example:
One thing was sure: he was convinced [he had] to save Anne's life at all costs.
VERB [T] (cost, cost)
LOSE
[B2] to cause someone to lose or destroy something valuable
Drinking and driving costs lives.
His affairs cost him his marriage.
Learner example:
However, many people are talking about car accidents which cost human lives.
costume /ˈkɒs.tjuːm/
NOUN [C or U]
PARTY/FILM/PLAY
[B2] a set of clothes worn in order to look like someone else, especially for a party
or a film or play
474
actors in costume
a clown costume
The children were dressed in Halloween costumes.
Learner example:
Everything becomes alive with music and dancing, and everybody wears amazing costumes.
TYPICAL OF COUNTRY
[B2] the set of clothes typical of a particular country or period of history
Dictionary example:
Japanese national costume
Learner example:
You also can take some terrific [ph]otographs of national costumes, hear music and take part in
dances.
cosy /ˈkəʊ.zi/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] comfortable and warm
This room is nice and cosy in the winter.
He showed me into a cosy little room.
Learner example:
I have a very tiny but cosy bedroom.
cottage /ˈkɒt.ɪdʒ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small house, usually in the countryside
Dictionary example:
They live in a country cottage, with roses round the door.
Learner example:
I live in a typical Norwegian cottage with a huge fireplace, and everything is natural and simple.
475
cotton /ˈkɒt.ən/
NOUN [U]
[B1] cloth or thread made from the fibres of the cotton plant
a shirt made of pure cotton
a simple cotton dress
a reel of cotton
Learner example:
Normally, I would prefer my blouses to be made of cotton or silk as these materials make me
[feel] comfortable.
cough /kɒf/
VERB [I]
[B1] to force air out of your lungs through your throat with a short loud sound
The smoke made me cough.
I coughed all night long.
Learner example:
I kept coughing, my nose kept running!
NOUN [C]
[B1] when you cough or an illness that makes you cough
a dry cough
Emily has a nasty cough.
Learner example:
Because of swimming so much I got a terrible cough and so I had to be sent back to school so
that I could be treated properly.
could /kʊd/
MODAL VERB
SUGGESTION
[B1] used for making a suggestion
476
We could go for a drink after work tomorrow, if you like.
You could always call Susie and see if she might babysit.
Learner example:
I could take you to a nice hotel.
POSSIBLY HAPPEN
[B1] used to talk about what will possibly happen or is possibly true
She could arrive any time now.
A lot of crime could be prevented.
This new drug could be an important step in the fight against cancer.
Learner example:
This could be a big advantage but on the other [hand], books contain more details and sometimes
some parts of the book are cut out [in] the film.
ASK PERMISSION
[B1] used as a more polite form of 'can' when asking for permission
Could I speak to Mr Davis, please?
Excuse me, could I just say something here?
Learner example:
Could I bring you the missing work [to the] next class?
could have
[B2] used to talk about things that possibly happened in the past or might possibly
have happened by some time in the future
She could have been killed.
Let's go to the coast anyway - the rain could have stopped by the time we get there.
Learner example:
Then they thought about the situation and tried to [develop] a theor[y] about what could have
happened with the dead body and who could be the murderer.
couldn't have
[B2] used to express certainty that something in the past was impossible or didn't
happen
He couldn't have damaged your bike - he was with me all evening.
That book couldn't have been on sale last week - it's only come out today!
Learner example:
The blood froze in our veins, and we were all sure that it couldn't have been anything but a ghost!
477

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
being.
council /ˈkaʊnt.səl/

[B2] the group of people elected to govern a particular area, town or city, and
organize services for it
Edinburgh City Council
The local council has/have decided not to allocate funds for the project.
The town/city council is/are responsible for keeping the streets clean.
Learner example:
Rubbish collecting needs to be arranged more regularly by the city council.
count /kaʊnt/
Word family:
Verbs: count
Adjectives: countless
VERB
SEE HOW MANY
[B1] [T] to see how many people or things there are
The teachers counted the students as they got on to the coach.
Count your money carefully to make sure it's all there.
We're still waiting for the votes to be counted (up).
Learner example:
I counted them and there were 5 suitcases.
SAY NUMBERS
[B1] [I] to say numbers in their correct order
478
Dictionary example:
Can you count to ten in French?
Learner example:
What he told me is "If you have any wishes, count 1 to 100 every Sunday for one month".
BE IMPORTANT
[B2] [I] to be important
I've always believed that happiness counts more than money.
My opinion doesn't count for anything around here.
Learner example:
It wasn't romantic, there were no flowers but Carla knew [that] what counts is in the h[e]art.
counter /ˈkaʊn.tər/
NOUN [C]
SURFACE
[B2] a long flat narrow surface or table in a shop, bank, restaurant, etc. at which
people are served
Dictionary example:
There was nobody at/behind the counter when I went into the bank, and I had to wait to be
served.
Learner example:
When I was at the counter, I put down my bags and paid for the serviettes.
counterpart /ˈkaʊn.tə.pɑːt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone or something that has the same job or position as someone or
something in a different place or organization
Dictionary example:
I had a meeting with my counterpart in our other branch.
Learner example:
I feel much more confident at work in terms of both my English and the ability to negotiate with
my counterparts.
479
countless /ˈkaʊnt.ləs/
Word family:
Verbs: count
Adjectives: countless
[C1] very many
Dictionary example:
The song has been played countless times on the radio.
Learner example:
We had to spend countless hours in the cold coach waiting for a bus that could take us to the
hotel in Edinburgh.
count noun /ˈkaʊntˌnaʊn/ (ALSO countable noun)
NOUN [C]
[B1] a noun that can be used in the singular and the plural
Dictionary example:
Count nouns are shown here with [C].
county /ˈkaʊn.ti/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the largest political division of a state or country
County Antrim
Westchester County
A county usually consists of several cities and towns and the rural areas surrounding them.
Rutland used to be the smallest county in England, but in 1974 it became part of Leicestershire.
Texas is divided into 254 counties.
Learner example:
Since my family originates from the county of Dalarna, where "Dal" paintings are both very popular
and common, I have started to paint a little on my own.
480
couple /ˈkʌp.l
̩/
NOUN
SOME
[B1] [NO PLURAL] two or a few
He'll be better in a couple of days.
I'm going away with a couple of friends.
We'll have to wait another couple of hours for the paint to dry.
She'll be retiring in a couple more years.
The weather's been terrible for the last couple of days.
Many economists expect unemployment to fall over the next couple of months.
I've been so busy over the past couple of weeks.
Learner example:
I went there a couple of times and I would love to go once more.
TWO PEOPLE
+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] two people who are married or in a romantic or

[B1] [C
sexual relationship, or two people who are together for a particular purpose
a married couple
A young couple walked into the bar.
The couple skated well throughout the competition.
Learner example:
The couple can say what they want to eat on their [wedding] day.
courage /ˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: courage
Adjectives: courageous
NOUN [U]
BRAVE
[B2] the ability to deal with a dangerous or difficult situation without being
frightened
I wanted to talk to him, but I didn't have the courage.
People should have the courage to stand up for their beliefs.
481
Learner example:
He [had] wanted to do it for a long time but never had the courage.
courageous /kəˈreɪ.dʒəs/
Word family:
Nouns: courage
Adjectives: courageous
ADJECTIVE
[C1] brave
Dictionary example:
a courageous decision
Learner example:
The people were very courageous and showed an extraordinary sense of calm.
courgette /kɔːˈʒet/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a long green vegetable that is white inside
Dictionary example:
We had fried courgettes and onions.
Learner example:
I really like hot and spicy chicken with courgette.
course /kɔːs/
NOUN
of course
[B1] used to show that what you are saying is obvious or already known
Dictionary example:
Of course, the Olympics are not just about money.
Learner example:
Of course, I met many new people.
SPORTS AREA
[B1] [C] an area of land or water used for a sports event
482
Dictionary example:
a golf course
Learner example:
It is a very nice club, it has 20 tennis courts, 2 soccer fields and an 18-hole golf course.
in due course
[B2] at a suitable time in the future
Dictionary example:
The results will be sent to you in due course.
Learner example:
I look forward to hearing from you in due course.
course of action
[C1] something that you can do in a particular situation
Dictionary example:
I think the best course of action would be to write to him.
Learner example:
However, I believe that the best course of action in this case is to give our student a refund.
during/in/over the course of sth

[C1] during a particular time or activity
Dictionary example:
In the course of the interview she mentioned her previous experience.
Learner example:
During the course of my studies and internship, I worked not only with people suffering from
certain disorders, but also with people who faced problems in interpersonal relationships.
a matter of course
[C1] If something happens as a matter of course, it always happens as part of the
normal process or system.
Dictionary example:
Babies were tested for the disease as a matter of course.
Learner example:
The transform[ation] has succeeded so far and caused enormous changes in ordinary life as a
matter of course, including eating habits.
483
court /kɔːt/
NOUN
SPORT
[B1] [C] an area drawn out on the ground which is used for playing sports such as
tennis and basketball
a tennis/basketball/squash court
They were penalized for having too many players on the court.
Learner example:
I stayed in a hotel with [a] swimming pool, tennis court and private beach.
LAW
[B2] [C or U] the place where a judge decides whether someone is guilty of a crime
He's due to appear in court again on Monday.
Please describe to the court exactly what you saw.
the European Court of Human Rights
The lack of evidence means that the case is unlikely to go to court.
Learner example:
Two days after, I went to the law court as a witness.
courtesy /ˈkɜː.tə.si/
Word family:
Nouns: courtesy
Adjectives: courteous
NOUN [U]
[B2] polite behaviour
Hotel staff must at all times treat guests with courtesy.
He could at least have had the courtesy to say sorry.
Learner example:
On balance, I think McDonalds should improve the courtesy of members of staff, as well as
keeping up the speedy service.
484
cover /ˈkʌv.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: cover, coverage
Verbs: cover, uncover
VERB [T]
LAYER
[B1] to form a layer on the surface of something
Snow covered the hillsides.
Cover the pasta with a layer of sauce.
The bandages were covered with/in blood.
Learner example:
The hills are covered by the snow.
DEAL WITH
[B1] to deal with or include a subject or piece of information
This leaflet covers what we've just discussed in more detail.
The book covers European history from 1789-1914.
Learner example:
Dear Teacher, I'm sorry but I won't be able to go to the English class tomorrow. But I can go
another day to cover the work I've missed.
DISTANCE
[B2] to travel a particular distance
Dictionary example:
We covered 700 km in four days.
Learner example:
Secondly, travelling by car is a very effective way of saving time - for instance you cannot cover
long distances with your bicycle.
AREA
[B2] to be a particular size or area
Dictionary example:
The town covers an area of 15 square kilometres.
Learner example:
The other suggestion is the flower market, wh[ich] is very famous for tourists because it covers 2
acres and there are plenty of flowers to buy.
REPORT
[C1] to report the news about a particular important event
485
Dictionary example:
She's covering the American election for BBC television.
Learner example:
Should you have your company's channel cover the [event], your profits from the advertis[e]ments
will be innumerable.
FINANCIAL PROTECTION
[C1] to provide financial protection if something bad happens
Dictionary example:
travel insurance that covers accident and injury
MONEY
[C1] to be enough money to pay for something
Dictionary example:
£100 should cover the cost of the repairs.
Learner example:
This means that only 15% was [allocat]ed to cover the cost of entertainment and administration
costs.
NOUN
BOOK
[B1] [C] the outer part of a book, magazine, etc., that protects the pages
Dictionary example:
Her picture is on the cover of several magazines.
Learner example:
I received it for Christmas [in] 1991, and I immediately decided to write [my name and my address
on] the cover.
PROTECTION
[B1] [C] something you put over something else, usually to protect it
I keep my computer printer under a protective plastic cover.
an ironing board cover
FINANCIAL
[C1] [U] financial protection so that you get money if something bad happens
Dictionary example:
The policy provides £50,000 accidental damage cover.
Learner example:
A mere 2% went on insurance cover.
486
FROM WEATHER/ATTACK
[C1] [U] protection from bad weather or an attack
Dictionary example:
They took cover under some trees until the rain stopped.
Learner example:
The bodyguards immediately reacted, shooting at the window through which Paul had fired, while
the judge took cover under a near car.
coverage /ˈkʌv.ər.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
REPORT
[C1] the way a newspaper, television programme, etc. reports an event or subject
Dictionary example:
There is live coverage of the game on cable TV.
Learner example:
Jos is very well known among people who love Formula 2 autoracing and I know there are a lot of
them all over the world because of the intense media coverage.
coward /ˈkaʊ.əd/ DISAPPROVING
Word family:
Nouns: coward
Adjectives: cowardly
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who is not brave and tries to avoid dangerous or difficult situations
Dictionary example:
You didn't talk to her? You coward!
Learner example:
Instead of behaving like a wise grown-up, I behaved like a coward.
487
cowardly /ˈkaʊ.əd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: coward
Adjectives: cowardly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] behaving in a way that shows you are not brave
Dictionary example:
This was a particularly brutal and cowardly attack.
Learner example:
Bernard was usually weak, depressed, cowardly and pessimistic, but, on the other hand, when he
became popular and famous by taking advantage of John, he was so boastful.
crab /kræb/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a sea creature with ten legs and a round, flat body covered by a shell, or the
meat from this animal
Dictionary example:
crab salad
Learner example:
Children can look at live fis[h], crabs and lobsters.
crack /kræk/
VERB [I or T]
BREAK
[B2] to break something so that very thin lines appear on its surface but it does not
separate, or to become broken in this way
A stone hit the window and cracked the glass.
I cracked my tooth when I fell.
The walls cracked and the roof collapsed in the earthquake.
Learner example:
The bottom tank cracked and the sea-water poured into the tank and further into the engine-
room.
488
crack a joke
[C1] to tell a joke
Dictionary example:
He seemed very relaxed, laughing and cracking jokes.
Learner example:
Many members will get the chance to show their talent and we will get to crack some jokes too!
craft /krɑːft/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] an activity in which you make something using a lot of skill, especially with
your hands
the craft of furniture-making/boat-building
rural/ancient/traditional crafts
Learner example:
You will find some interesting Swedish craft work [there] and get the best shots of the local
people.
crash /kræʃ/
VERB
VEHICLE
[B1] [I or T] to have an accident in a vehicle
He skidded on the ice and crashed into another car.
The plane crashed into a field.
Her brother borrowed her motorbike and crashed it.
Learner example:
I crashed my car and here in my city the bus is terrib[le].
COMPUTER
[B2] [I] If a computer or computer system crashes, it suddenly stops working.
Dictionary example:
My computer keeps crashing.
Learner example:
Will the computers crash after New Year?
489
MONEY
[C1] [I] If a financial market crashes, prices suddenly fall by a large amount.
Dictionary example:
They lost all their savings when the market crashed.
NOUN [C]
VEHICLE
[B1] an accident in which a vehicle hits something
a car/plane crash
They had a crash on the way to work.
She died in a car crash.
Learner example:
Hi, as you know I had a car crash and my car is damaged.
LOUD NOISE
[B2] a sudden, loud noise made when something falls or breaks
Dictionary example:
I heard a crash and hurried into the kitchen.
Learner example:
A loud crash disturbed the silence of the night.
BUSINESS
[C1] when the value of a country's businesses suddenly falls by a large amount
Dictionary example:
He lost a lot of money in the stock market crash of 1929.
Learner example:
Regarding the economy of the globe, this intensiv[e] trad[ing] may lead to a worldwide crash.
crawl /krɔːl/
VERB [I]
HANDS AND KNEES
[B2] to move on your hands and knees
The child crawled across the floor.
The injured soldier crawled to safety.
Learner example:
I crawled out from under the bed and stood [u]p.
490
NOUN
SPEED
[C1] [NO PLURAL] a very slow speed
Dictionary example:
Traffic slowed to a crawl.
Learner example:
Every morning traffic w[as] reduced to a crawl.
SWIMMING
[C1] [U] a style of swimming in which you move your arms over your head and kick
with straight legs
Dictionary example:
front/back crawl
Learner example:
I can already swim breaststroke and crawl but I am unable to swim backstroke and the dolphin-
like style.
crazy /ˈkreɪ.zi/
Word family:
Nouns: craziness
Adjectives: crazy
ADJECTIVE
go crazy
[B1] to become very excited about something
Dictionary example:
When he came on stage the audience went crazy.
Learner example:
So when our teachers told us yesterday that a TV company would come and film this project and
do interviews with us, everybody went crazy.
ANGRY
[B2] annoyed or angry
The constant noise drove me crazy.
Dad went crazy when I told him what had happened.
Learner example:
Be careful because you know computers drive me crazy.
491
like crazy INFORMAL
[C1] doing something a lot or in a fast way
Dictionary example:
We worked like crazy to get everything finished.
Learner example:
My heart was beating like crazy and when the ski-boat started its journey along the blue waves of
the sea...
cream /kriːm/
NOUN
FOR SKIN
[B1] [C or U] a soft substance that you rub into your skin
face/hand cream
moisturizing cream
Put some sun cream on to protect your face.
Learner example:
I think that we'll get a good suntan and I didn't forget the sun-cream.
the cream of sth

[C1] the best people or things in a particular group
Dictionary example:
the cream of Milan's designers
Learner example:
Last but not least, many Japanese style hotels and restaurants now have square holes in tatami
(straw mat) rooms so that foreign visitors can comfortably stretch their legs under the low table
without having to be seated on folded legs like Zen monks! Thus you will find it easier to enjoy
the cream of Japanese hospitality without tears.
create /kriˈeɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: creation, creativity
Verbs: create
Adjectives: creative
Adverbs: creatively
VERB [T]
[B1] to make something happen or exist
492
The project will create more than 500 jobs.
Charles Schulz created the characters 'Snoopy' and 'Charlie Brown'.
He created a wonderful meal from very few ingredients.
It's important to create a good impression when you meet a new client.
Learner example:
We had to create a new website for the club, and everybody seemed to have great fun.
creation /kriˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: create
Adverbs: creatively
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the act of creating something, or the thing that is created
the creation of a new political party
Their policies are all towards the creation of wealth.
This 25-foot-high sculpture is her latest creation.
The fashion magazines were full of the latest Paris creations.
Learner example:
First of all, since the creation of the virtual world internet, computers [have been] used to
communicate very quickly from [one] computer to another.
creative /kriˈeɪ.tɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: create
Adverbs: creatively
ADJECTIVE
[B1] producing or using original and unusual ideas
She's very creative.
creative talents/powers/abilities
creative thinking
Her book is full of creative ways to decorate the home.
493
Learner example:
I love to be creative.
creatively /kriˈeɪ.tɪv.li/
Word family:
Verbs: create
Adverbs: creatively
ADVERB
[B2] in a creative way
Dictionary example:
We have to think creatively about this problem.
Learner example:
I think that our college should have some of this kind of activities, so that students can spend
their time creatively.
creativity /ˌkriː.eɪˈtɪv.ə.ti/
Word family:
Verbs: create
Adverbs: creatively
NOUN [U]
[B2] the ability to produce new ideas or things using skill and imagination
Dictionary example:
I admire her creativity.
Learner example:
Realistic stories thus, develop our imagination and creativity, which are essential in our lives.
creature /ˈkriː.tʃər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] anything that lives but is not a plant
494
Rain forests are filled with amazing creatures.
Don't all living creatures have certain rights?
Blue whales are the largest living creatures.
Learner example:
There are some sea creatures (some are poisonous) that you have to avoid.
credit /ˈkred.ɪt/
NOUN
MONEY
[B1] [C or U] money in your bank account or on your mobile phone
Dictionary example:
I was relieved to see from my statement that my account was in credit.
Learner example:
I will talk to you on the phone [in a] week['s] time as I [don't have] enough credit.
PAYMENT
[B1] [U] a method of paying for goods or services at a later time, usually paying
interest as well as the original money
They decided to buy the car on credit.
The shop was offering six months' interest-free credit on electrical goods.
Learner example:
My father spent lots of money without [having the] cash. Unfortunately a credit loan company
helped him.
PRAISE
[B2] [U] praise, approval or honour
I did all the work and Amy got the credit for it!
I suppose I should give him credit for his honesty.
I can't take full credit for this meal - Sam did quite a bit too
Learner example:
I took part in this event and I think that you haven't given it enough credit.
COURSE
[B2] [C] a unit that shows you have completed part of a college course
Dictionary example:
I got three credits for the course.
495
Learner example:
"How could you get such a result?" her father barked, after seeing her report card which stated
only two credits.
crew /kruː/
SHIP/AIRCRAFT
[B1] the people who work together on a ship, aircraft or train
cabin crew
a crew member
Learner example:
When I was going back I saw the crew from my plane.
TEAM
[B2] a team of people with special skills who work together
an ambulance/lifeboat crew
a film/camera crew
Learner example:
I recommend that you and your film crew visit Zurich during August, because it's very cold and the
weather is mostly bad in January.
crime /kraɪm/
Word family:
Nouns: crime, criminal
Adjectives: criminal
NOUN
ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES
[B1] [U] illegal activities
crime prevention
serious/violent crime
We need tough new measures to fight crime.
a life of crime
496
Learner example:
The problem is the pollution and the crime.
ILLEGAL ACT
[B1] [C] an illegal act
He has admitted committing several crimes, including two murders.
The defendant is accused of/charged with a range of crimes, from theft to murder.
A knife was found at the scene of the crime.
Bombing civilians is a crime against humanity.
Learner example:
It's about the police [in] Los Angeles, I think, trying to discover how the criminals d[id] the crimes.
criminal /ˈkrɪm.ɪ.nəl/
Word family:
Nouns: crime, criminal
Adjectives: criminal
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who commits a crime
Dictionary example:
a dangerous/violent criminal
Learner example:
At least he didn't attack me, and he even lent me his cell phone, he was such a gentle criminal.
CRIME
[B2] relating to crime
criminal activity
a criminal act/offence
a criminal investigation
I didn't know he had a criminal record.
Learner example:
In spite of his criminal background I came to believe that man and also like him.
497
crisis /ˈkraɪ.sɪs/ (PLURAL crises)
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a situation or time that is extremely dangerous or difficult
an economic/financial crisis
The country's leadership is in crisis.
We had a family crisis at the time.
Learner example:
It is [a] crisis not only for animals but also [for] the planet.
criterion /kraɪˈtɪə.ri.ən/
NOUN [C] (criteria)

[C1] a fact or level of quality that you use when making a choice or decision
Dictionary example:
We have strict criteria for deciding which students will receive a grant.
Learner example:
This is because one of the key criteria for being an international commercial centre would be the
extensive transport options.
critic /ˈkrɪt.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: critic, criticism
Verbs: criticize
Adjectives: critical
Adverbs: critically
NOUN [C]
ARTS
[B2] someone whose job is to give their opinion about something, especially films,
books, music, etc.
She's a film/theatre critic for the 'Irish Times'.
The play has been well received by the critics.
Learner example:
Finally, I would like to ask for some of the extra budget [to be allocated] to inviting well-known
critics or film staff to our local cinema.
498
NOT APPROVE
[C1] someone who says that they do not approve of someone or something
Dictionary example:
an outspoken critic of the government
Learner example:
I am not a critic of modern technology and I am not among those people who have pessimistic
id[e]as about it.
critical /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Verbs: criticize
Adverbs: critically
ADJECTIVE
NOT PLEASED
[B2] saying that someone or something is bad or wrong
a critical report
The report is highly critical of safety standards at the factory.
Learner example:
Some of them are very critical [of] their food.
IMPORTANT
[B2] of the greatest importance to the way things might happen
The President's support is critical to this project.
a critical decision
Learner example:
It was a critical moment. Tom realized that we have to do something or [the] problems would be
wors[e].
SERIOUS
[B2] extremely serious or dangerous
Dictionary example:
The doctors said her condition was critical and she might not survive.
Learner example:
The doctor only said she was critical, not dead!
499
critically /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Verbs: criticize
Adverbs: critically
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is critical
Dictionary example:
They were both critically injured in the crash.
Learner example:
Cars are even more important for emergency situations such as [a] fire in a house or if somebody
is critically ill.
criticism /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.sɪ.zəm/
Word family:
Verbs: criticize
Adverbs: critically
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when you say that something or someone is bad
Dictionary example:
The designs for the new building have attracted widespread criticism.
Learner example:
Another criticism is that there were not enough plays and films.
criticize (ALSO UK criticise) /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.saɪz/
Word family:
Verbs: criticize
Adverbs: critically
VERB [I T OFTEN PASSIVE]
[B2] to say that someone or something is bad
500
The government is being widely criticized in the press for failing to limit air pollution.
The film was criticized for being too violent.
Learner example:
I had a very good relationship with him. He was always there when I needed him, [he] advised me,
and never criticised me. He just talked with me and made me understand my mistakes.
crocodile /ˈkrɒk.ə.daɪl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a large reptile with a long mouth and sharp teeth, that lives in lakes and rivers
Dictionary example:
a crocodile-infested swamp
Learner example:
My friend started to walk into the water when suddenly a crocodile grabbed her leg.
crop /krɒp/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a plant such as a grain, fruit or vegetable that is grown in large amounts, or
the amount of plants of a particular type that are produced at one time
The main crops grown for export are coffee and rice.
We had a bumper potato crop this year.
Learner example:
You can do lots of things that you can't do in the city, such as plant crops.
cross /krɒs/
Word family:
Nouns: crossing
Verbs: cross
VERB
cross your mind

[B2] If an idea crosses your mind, you think about it for a short time.
Dictionary example:
It never crossed my mind that she might be married.
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Learner example:
The first thought that crossed his mind was to call the police immediately and that was what he
actually did.
NOUN [C]
RELIGION
[B1] two pieces of wood that cross each other, on which people were left to die in
the past as a punishment, or an object in this shape, used as a symbol of the
Christian religion
Dictionary example:
She wears a gold cross round her neck.
Learner example:
That's the reason why this little cross is so importan[t] to me.
crossing /ˈkrɒs.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: crossing
Verbs: cross
NOUN [C]
WHERE PEOPLE CROSS
[B1] a place where people can go across a road, river, etc.
Dictionary example:
a pedestrian crossing
Learner example:
The taxi driver shouted at every pedestrian crossing.
TRIP BY WATER
[C1] a trip across water
Dictionary example:
regular ferry crossings from Tenerife to Gran Canaria
Learner example:
On the ferry there are rest[a]urants and a Tax-Free Shop. The crossing takes about 50 minutes.
crossroads /ˈkrɒs.rəʊdz/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL crossroads)

[B2] a place where two roads cross each other
502
Dictionary example:
Turn left at the crossroads.
Learner example:
When you go out of the hotel, turn right [and] at the first crossroads turn right again.
crowd /kraʊd/
Word family:
Nouns: crowd
Adjectives: crowded, overcrowded
VERB
[C1] to stand together in large numbers
Dictionary example:
Protesters crowded the streets.
Learner example:
However, this is not the case in big cities, since inhabitants from all over the world crowd their
streets.
crucial /ˈkruː.ʃəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extremely important or necessary
a crucial decision/question
Her work has been crucial to the project's success.
It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately.
Learner example:
Clothes [play] a crucial part in our everyday lives.
cruel /ˈkruː.əl/ (crueller, cruellest or crueler, cruelest)
Word family:
Nouns: cruelty
Adjectives: cruel
Adverbs: cruelly
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely unkind and unpleasant and causing pain to people or animals
intentionally
503
Don't tease him about his weight - it's cruel.
Children can be very cruel to each other.
Learner example:
The terrorists [in the film] are very cruel and also have an atomic weapon.
cruelly /ˈkruː.əl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: cruelty
Adjectives: cruel
Adverbs: cruelly
ADVERB
[B2] in a cruel way
Dictionary example:
She had been very cruelly treated.
Learner example:
Many young people and children go and look at various kinds of animals cruelly [held] behind the
bars.
cruelty /ˈkruː.əl.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: cruelty
Adjectives: cruel
Adverbs: cruelly
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] cruel behaviour or a cruel action
Dictionary example:
The farmer was accused of cruelty to animals.
Learner example:
The methods he used to become the farm leader, the way he ignored the seven commandments,
make him cruel - a cruelty he took to the extreme, causing damage to everyone living [on] the
farm except to himself.
504
cruise /kruːz/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a holiday on a large ship, sailing from place to place
Dictionary example:
My parents are going on a cruise this summer.
Learner example:
Luca gave it to me last year, during our romantic cruise.
VERB [I]
[B2] to go on a cruise or boat trip
Dictionary example:
They're currently cruising around the Caribbean.
Learner example:
The end-of-conference party will take place on a boat cruising on the lake.
cry /kraɪ/
VERB
SHOUT
[B1] [I or T] to say something loudly
Dictionary example:
"Look out!" she cried.
Learner example:
I cried out his name.
NOUN [C]
[B1] a shout, especially one that shows someone is frightened, hurt, etc.
a cry of pain
I could hear the cries of children playing in the street.
Learner example:
As the concert finished, I heard someone call my name. The cry came from the VIP-entrance.
be a far cry from sth

[C1] to be very different from something
Dictionary example:
Her luxury mansion is a far cry from the house she grew up in.
505
Learner example:
The museum was a far cry from what we expected. Not only were the machines really old and
should have been replaced a long time ago, but they were boring as well.
crystal /ˈkrɪ.stəl/
NOUN
crystal clear
[C1] extremely clear
Dictionary example:
crystal clear water
Learner example:
You will be amazed by the crystal clear water of the shallow sea and the multitude of colourful
fish which you will see as you [ar]e exploring the bottom of the sea.
cucumber /ˈkjuː.kʌm.bər/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a long, green vegetable that you eat raw in salads
Dictionary example:
sliced cucumber
Learner example:
We ask[ed] for three burgers with cucumbers.
cultivate /ˈkʌl.tɪ.veɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: cultivation
Verbs: cultivate
VERB [T]
GROW
[C1] to prepare land and grow crops on it
Dictionary example:
This shrub is cultivated in Europe as a culinary herb.
Learner example:
We're cutting down our forests to cultivate the plants which give us nourishing food.
506
cultivation /ˌkʌl.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: cultivation
Verbs: cultivate
NOUN [U]
[C1] the process of preparing land and growing crops
Dictionary example:
The area was drained so that cultivation could begin.
Learner example:
The basic thing is that people should [be] provided [with] better facilities for their cultivation of
crops and farming, so they can earn their bread and butter in their own environment.
cultural /ˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: culture
Adjectives: cultural
Adverbs: culturally
ADJECTIVE
WAY OF LIFE
[B1] relating to the habits, traditions and beliefs of a society
cultural diversity/differences/identity
cultural heritage
Learner example:
If you are interested in visiting historic building[s], Palermo is wonderful concerning [its] cultural
and artistic heritage.
ARTS
[B1] relating to music, art, theatre, literature, etc.
cultural activities/events
a cultural centre
Learner example:
There are lots of cultural attractions, [and] nightly discos.
507
culturally /ˈkʌl.tʃər.əl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: culture
Adverbs: culturally
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that relates to culture
Dictionary example:
It's a culturally diverse society.
Learner example:
What I think is that Rome has to become a cultural pole, and becoming culturally vital, it will
gradually look better.
culture /ˈkʌl.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: culture
Adverbs: culturally
NOUN
SOCIETY
[B1] [C or U] the way of life, especially the habits, traditions and beliefs, of a
particular group of people at a particular time
youth culture
She's studying modern Japanese language and culture.
Learner example:
I will tell you about Korean culture when you come here.
ARTS
[B1] [U] music, art, theatre, literature, etc.
popular culture
If you're looking for culture, this may not be the place for you.
Learner example:
I would suggest you to come to visit me here in Genoa, because this is a very unusual city and this
year, it is also the capital of culture.
508
cup /kʌp/
NOUN [C]
SPORT
[B1] a specially designed cup, usually with two handles and often made of silver,
which is given as a prize in a sports competition, or a game or match in which the
winner receives such a cup
Anna won this cup in the school squash championship.
The Davis Cup is an important championship.
Learner example:
This weekend we worked hard to win the ten[n]is cup.
cure /kjʊər/
Word family:
Verbs: cure
Adjectives: incurable
VERB [T]
HEALTHY
[B2] to make someone with an illness healthy again
Dictionary example:
At the time, they couldn't cure the disease.
Learner example:
Harry and the other racketeers had watered down the medicine, so it was useless for curing the
meningitis.
PROBLEM
[C1] to solve a problem
Dictionary example:
the fight to cure social inequality
Learner example:
I found out that this problem can be cured in only one way and that is not going to English
courses.
NOUN [C]
[B2] something that makes someone with an illness healthy again
Dictionary example:
They are trying to find a cure for cancer.
509
Learner example:
He was only an intelligent scienti[st] who looked into an AIDS cure. Laura thought he must have
found something very special.
curiosity /ˌkjʊər.iːˈɒs.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: curiosity
Adjectives: curious
Adverbs: curiously
NOUN
[B2] [U] the feeling of wanting to know or learn about something
My curiosity got the better of me and I opened the envelope.
Just out of curiosity, how did you get my address?
Learner example:
When the warrior had left, [he] explored the cave out of curiosity and [to] his big surprise [he]
found the treasure.
curious /ˈkjʊə.ri.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: curiosity
Adjectives: curious
Adverbs: curiously
ADJECTIVE
[B1] wanting to know or learn about something
I was curious to know what would happen next.
Babies are curious about everything around them.
"Why did you ask?" "I was just curious."
Learner example:
I was curious about it, so I picked it up.
curiously /ˈkjʊə.ri.əs.li/
Word family:
Nouns: curiosity
Adjectives: curious
Adverbs: curiously
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ADVERB
WANTING TO KNOW
[B1] showing that you want to know or learn more
Dictionary example:
She looked at him curiously.
Learner example:
Everyone around looked at me curiously.
STRANGELY
[B2] strangely
Dictionary example:
Curiously, there didn't seem to be a bank in the town.
Learner example:
Curiously, a few days before the murder Emma received a letter from a French girl named Martine
saying she wanted to visit them.
curly /ˈkɜː.li/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] shaped like a curl, or with many curls
Dictionary example:
curly hair
Learner example:
He has got long fair curly hair and big blue eyes.
currency /ˈkʌr.ənt.si/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] the money that is used in a particular country at a particular time
Dictionary example:
foreign currency
Learner example:
Take local currency in case you want to buy something.
511
current /ˈkʌr.ənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: current
Adverbs: currently
ADJECTIVE
[B2] happening or existing now
Is that your current address?
Have you seen the current issue of Vogue magazine?
The word 'thou' is no longer in current use.
Learner example:
Dear Mr Thomas, I was interested in [y]our advertisement in the current edition of "Spotlight" and I
would like to apply for a job in one of your campsites.
currently /ˈkʌr.ənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: current
Adverbs: currently
ADVERB
[B2] at the present time
The company currently employs around 750 people.
The Director is currently having talks in the USA.
Learner example:
I am 22 years old and I am currently studying trade and tourism.
curriculum /kəˈrɪk.jʊ.ləm/ (PLURAL curricula or curriculums)
NOUN [C]
[B1] the group of subjects studied in a school, college, etc.
Dictionary example:
the school curriculum
Learner example:
Introducing [in] schools the system of learning only the things one enjoys would make the
curriculum impossible to create.
512
cursor /ˈkɜː.sər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a symbol on a computer screen which shows the place where you are working
Dictionary example:
Put the cursor over the word you want to look up.
Learner example:
The black space reserved for the answer appeared and the text cursor started to blink.
curve /kɜːv/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a line which bends round, like part of a circle
a curve in the road
the curve of a graph
Learner example:
The other person was slimmer and she [had] womanly curves.
cushion /ˈkʊʃ.ən/
NOUN [C]
CLOTH BAG
[B1] a cloth bag filled with something soft which you sit on or lean against to make
you comfortable
Dictionary example:
She sank back against/into the cushions.
Learner example:
I['ll] go to b[u]y a nice wardrobe, a[n] armchair and a lot of cushions.
custom /ˈkʌs.təm/
Word family:
Nouns: custom
Adjectives: customary
513
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a way of behaving or a belief which has been established for a long time
local/ancient customs
In my country, it's the custom to get married in white.
Learner example:
It is a custom that [the] bride wears [a] white wedding dress and she [carries a] bouq[u]et of
flowers in her hands.
customary /ˈkʌs.təm.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: custom
Adjectives: customary
ADJECTIVE
[C1] normal or expected for a particular person, situation, or society
Dictionary example:
It is customary for the chairman to make the opening speech.
Learner example:
So it is customary that teachers have longer holiday[s].
customs /ˈkʌs.təmz/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the place where your bags are examined when you are going into a country, to
make sure you are not carrying anything illegal
customs officials
to go through customs
Learner example:
I work as [a] customs officer and I meet a lot of foreign people every day.
514
cut /kʌt/
VERB (cutting, cut, cut)
INJURE
[B1] [T] to injure yourself on a sharp object which makes you bleed
She cut her finger on some broken glass.
Careful or you'll cut yourself with that knife.
Learner example:
The robot had cut its hand.
REDUCE
[B2] [T] to reduce the size or amount of something
to cut prices/costs
The company is cutting 300 jobs.
Learner example:
The third thing is Internet [business]. This way is very good for both consumer and company, to
cut the cost.
FILM/WRITING
[B2] [T] to remove part of a film or piece of writing
Dictionary example:
Several scenes had been cut from the English version of the film.
Learner example:
You'll see how the film is cut to [fit] the story into two hours, more or less.
to cut a long story short

[C1] to mention only the final result or point of something without going into other
details
Dictionary example:
To cut a long story short, he never played baseball again.
Learner example:
Well, to cut a long story short, let's say tuition yes, facilities no.
NOUN [C]
INJURY
[B1] an injury made when the skin is cut with something sharp
Dictionary example:
He suffered cuts and bruises in the accident.
515
Learner example:
I have got a broken knee, but apart from that and a few cuts and bruises, I'm all right.
STOP IN SUPPLY
[B2] when the supply of something is stopped
Dictionary example:
a power cut
Learner example:
Those zeros indicate that your household has been affected by a power cut.
REDUCTION
[C1] a reduction in the number or amount of something
Dictionary example:
tax/job cuts
Learner example:
Unfortunately, due to gover[n]ment spending cuts he has lost his employment.
cutback /ˈkʌt.bæk/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a reduction of something, usually to save money
Dictionary example:
The company has made cutbacks and closed one of its factories.
Learner example:
There have been enormous cutbacks in the budget and children and teenagers are the ones who
have suffered the most.
cutting-edge /ˌkʌt.ɪŋˈedʒ/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] very modern and with all the newest developments
Dictionary example:
cutting-edge design/technology
Learner example:
On the other hand, in the past our previous generation could not enjoy such cutting-edge
technology as it was not developed well before 1970.
516
CV /ˌsiːˈviː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a document which describes your education, qualifications and the jobs you
have done, which you send to an employer that you want to work for
Dictionary example:
Send me your CV.
Learner example:
Th[ese] students are the same as me, they want [to] pass their exams next year and put the
degree on their CV.
cycle /ˈsaɪ.kl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: cycle, cycling, cyclist
Verbs: cycle
NOUN [C]
SERIES OF EVENTS
[B2] a series of events which happen in a particular order and are often repeated
Dictionary example:
the life cycle of a moth
Learner example:
So, the main disadvantage of zoos is that they put animals away from something which belongs to
the natural cycle of life.
BICYCLE
[B2] a bicycle
Dictionary example:
cycle paths/routes
Learner example:
I am writing about our cycle routes.
VERB [I]
[B1] to ride a bicycle
Dictionary example:
I usually cycle to work.
Learner example:
We cycled around Hungary.
517
cyclist /ˈsaɪ.klɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: cycle, cycling, cyclist
Verbs: cycle
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who rides a bike
Dictionary example:
He drove into a cyclist.
Learner example:
[There] was me, my friend and a group of ten people guided by a professional cyclist.
518
D
daily /ˈdeɪ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: day, midday
Adjectives: daily
Adverbs: daily
daily life
[B1] the usual things that happen to you every day
Dictionary example:
I try to keep exercise a part of my daily life.
Learner example:
Mr. Bean often does funny things in his daily life.
dairy /ˈdeə.ri/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to milk or products made using milk
Dictionary example:
dairy products
Learner example:
Meat, poultry, vegetables and dairy products are excellent for your health.
damage /ˈdæm.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: damage
Verbs: damage
Adjectives: damaged
NOUN [U]
[B1] harm or injury
519
Strong winds had caused serious damage to the roof.
storm/flood/fire/bomb damage
He suffered brain damage in the car crash.
Learner example:
I read in the paper last week that overworking may cause serious damage to your health.
VERB [T]
[B1] to harm, break or spoil something
Many buildings were badly damaged during the war.
Smoking can seriously damage your health.
Learner example:
They may be using chemicals that could damage the ozone layer.
damaged /ˈdæm.ɪdʒd/
Word family:
Nouns: damage
Verbs: damage
Adjectives: damaged
ADJECTIVE
[B1] harmed or spoilt
They're selling off damaged goods at reduced prices.
Both the cars involved in the accident looked badly damaged.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, my father died [from] a fractured skull and a damaged brain.
damn /dæm/ (ALSO damn it)
EXCLAMATION INFORMAL
[B1] ! used to express anger or disappointment
Dictionary example:
Damn! I've forgotten the tickets.
Learner example:
It was just a joke, damn it.
520
damp /dæmp/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] slightly wet, especially in a way that is not pleasant or comfortable
The grass is still damp.
This shirt still feels a bit damp.
It was a damp, misty morning.
Learner example:
I have recently noticed that they are stored in dark, damp rooms because the library has no money
to restore these places.
dance /dɑːnts/
Word family:
Nouns: dance, dancer, dancing
Verbs: dance
NOUN
STEPS
[B1] [C] a particular series of movements which you perform to music or the type of
music which is connected with it
Dictionary example:
The band played a slow dance.
Learner example:
There will be music and traditional dances from the countries involved in the meeting.
danger /ˈdeɪn.dʒər/
Word family:
Nouns: danger
Adjectives: dangerous, endangered
Adverbs: dangerously
NOUN
THREAT
[B1] [C] something or someone that may harm you
521
Icy roads are a danger to drivers.
The judge described him as a danger to society.
Learner example:
In fact cars may be a danger to human life in many ways.
dangerously /ˈdeɪn.dʒər.ə.sli/
Word family:
Nouns: danger
ADVERB
[B1] in a way that is dangerous
She drives dangerously.
He likes to live dangerously.
Learner example:
[A driver] could lose his or her life by driving dangerously.
dare /deər/
VERB
dare (to) do sth

[B2] to be brave enough to do something
I'd never dare to talk to my mother the way Ben talks to his.
I didn't dare tell Dad that I'd scratched his car.
I wouldn't dare have a party in my flat in case the neighbours complained.
I daren't/don't dare think how much it's going to cost.
Learner example:
Carla didn't dare to look at the door. She just sat there and waited for things to happen.
dare sb to do sth
[C1] to try to make someone do something dangerous
Dictionary example:
She dared her friend to climb onto the roof.
522
Learner example:
The idea was to hang like that for a while, then push strongly and start sliding on the rope until
you got to the other end. My friends dared me to tr[y] it.
How dare she/you, etc.

[C1] used to express anger about something someone has done
Dictionary example:
How dare you talk to me like that!
Learner example:
How dare you call that high standards?!
dark /dɑːk/
Word family:
Nouns: dark, darkness
Adjectives: dark
ADJECTIVE
BAD
[C1] frightening or unpleasant
Dictionary example:
a dark period in human history
Learner example:
They cannot cope with such matters as finances and studies, so they have to turn to the dark side
of society.
NOUN
the dark
[B1] when there is no light somewhere
Cats can see in the dark.
I've always been afraid of the dark.
Learner example:
As I was walking alone in the dark, I got really scared.
before/after dark
[B1] before/after the sun has gone down
It isn't safe to leave the house after dark.
I want to be home before dark.
523
Learner example:
Yesterday, soon after dark, I was [in] the kitchen and I was making my din[n]er.
darkness /ˈdɑːk.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: dark, darkness
Adjectives: dark
NOUN [U]
[B2] when there is little or no light
Dictionary example:
There was a power cut and the house was in darkness.
Learner example:
Too frightened to start crying, I just stood up and stared into the darkness.
darling /ˈdɑː.lɪŋ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] used when you speak to someone you love or like
Dictionary example:
Would you like a drink, darling?
Learner example:
Don't worry, darling.
dash /dæʃ/
VERB [I]
[B2] to go somewhere quickly
I've been dashing around all day.
I must dash - I've got to be home by seven.
Learner example:
I must dash now, [as] I have got to go to college.
NOUN
QUICK MOVEMENT
[B2] [NO PLURAL] when you run somewhere very quickly
524
I made a dash for the toilets.
There was a mad dash for the exit.
Learner example:
I made a dash to catch the plane.
PUNCTUATION
[B2] [C] a mark (-) that can be used to separate parts of a sentence
data /ˈdeɪ.tə/
NOUN [U]
FACTS
[B2] information or facts about something (in scientific English, this can be
followed by a plural verb, where the singular form is 'datum')
The data was collected by various researchers.
Isotope data are corrected to the appropriate age for each sample.
Learner example:
I collected lots of data on different air, noise, water, sea and land pollution.
COMPUTER
[B2] information in the form of text, numbers or symbols that can be used by or
stored in a computer
Dictionary example:
Now the data is being transferred from magnetic tape to hard disk.
Learner example:
Save your data on the hard disk [bit] by [bit] - do not wait until the whole article is ready.
database /ˈdeɪ.tə.beɪs/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that
it can be easily looked at or changed
Dictionary example:
We're linked to the online database at our head office.
Learner example:
So, we decide[d] to access our school database and change our test results.
525
date /deɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: date
Verbs: date
Adjectives: dated
NOUN [C]
ARRANGED TIME
[B1] a time when something has been arranged to happen
Let's make a date to have lunch.
I'd like to fix a date for our next meeting.
We've agreed to meet again at a later date.
Learner example:
We made a date for [our] next meeting in the "Mamboo".
GOING OUT
[B1] a romantic meeting when two people go out somewhere, such as to a

restaurant or to see a film
He's asked her out on a date.
She has a hot date tonight.
Learner example:
I'm going on a date with Priseila and my bicycle is broken.
out of date
[B1] old and no longer useful, correct or fashionable
Dictionary example:
These unemployment figures are out of date.
Learner example:
The library has got very poor staff and most of it is out of date.
up to date
[B1] modern, recent or containing the latest information
Dictionary example:
Great care is taken to keep our database up to date.
Learner example:
Furthermore, the website is not always up to date.
to date
[B2] FORMAL up to the present time
526
Dictionary example:
This is her best work to date.
Learner example:
I enclose a copy of my curriculum vitae, which will give you further details about my career to
date.
FRUIT
[C1] a sticky brown fruit with a long seed inside
Dictionary example:
I bought a box of dates.
VERB
WRITE DATE ON
[B1] [T] to write or print the day's date on something
Dictionary example:
Thank you for your letter dated August 30th.
Learner example:
Dear Sir, I refer to the advertisement published in the 'Daily Post' dated 5th December.
daughter-in-law /ˈdɔː.tər.ɪn.lɔː/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL daughters-in-law)

[B2] your son's wife
Dictionary example:
I get on well with my daughter-in-law.
Learner example:
And do you know what, we met your daughter-in-law.
dawn /dɔːn/
NOUN
START OF DAY
[B2] [C or U] the early morning when light first appears in the sky
We woke at dawn.
We left as dawn was breaking.
We left at the break of dawn.
527
Learner example:
The other ones will work from dawn till dusk.
the dawn of sth

[C1] LITERARY the time when something began
Dictionary example:
the dawn of civilization
Learner example:
Since the dawn of time, people of all religions have considered that there is a higher power that
dictates their destiny.
day /deɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: day, midday
Adjectives: daily
Adverbs: daily
NOUN
the other day

[B1] a few days ago
Dictionary example:
Didn't I see you in the post office the other day?
Learner example:
For example, the other day I stayed in my house all day watching television in bed.
one day/some day/one of these days

[B1] at some time in the future
Dictionary example:
One of these days I'll tell her what really happened.
Learner example:
I hope one day you will come with me.
for days
[B1] for a long time
Dictionary example:
They haven't been seen for days.
Learner example:
I had to wait for days while the car was being repaired.
in those days
[B2] used to talk about a period in the past
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Dictionary example:
In those days, boys used to wear short trousers.
Learner example:
In those days, life was much harder than now.
days
[C1] used to talk about a particular period of time when something happened or
existed
in my younger days
This book was written before the days of computers.
Learner example:
Before the days of television, we had the radio.
the old days

[C1] a period in the past
Dictionary example:
This place isn't as good as it was in the old days!
Learner example:
In the old days, a scholar could spend years of his life in search of specific information, which now
can be easily found at the click of a button!
daycare /ˈdeɪ.keər/
NOUN [U]
[C1] care provided during the day for people who cannot look after themselves,
especially young children or old people
Dictionary example:
a daycare centre
Learner example:
They simply didn't quit after they had a baby, but continued working as before and put their
children in daycare.
daydream /ˈdeɪ.driːm/
VERB [I]
[C1] to have pleasant thoughts about something you like or would like to happen
Dictionary example:
She just sits in class daydreaming about her horses.
529
Learner example:
When we are young, we daydream about becoming famous.
daylight /ˈdeɪ.laɪt/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the natural light from the sun
Dictionary example:
The colours look much better in daylight.
Learner example:
At the same time, we could change the curtains for lighter ones because we need the daylight.
daytime /ˈdeɪ.taɪm/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the period of the day when there is light from the sun, or the period when
most people are at work
I tend to sleep in/during the daytime and study at night.
a regular daytime job
a daytime telephone number
daytime television
Learner example:
There are different places to visit in the daytime.
day-to-day /ˌdeɪ.təˈdeɪ/
[C1] happening every day as a regular part of your job or your life
Dictionary example:
the usual day-to-day problems
Learner example:
Unfortunately modern life is very stressful; the day-to-day office routine make[s] people feel very
stressed and upset with their lives.
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dead /ded/
Word family:
Nouns: death
Adjectives: dead, deadly
Adverbs: dead, deadly
ADJECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
[B2] If a piece of equipment is dead, it is not working.
a dead battery
The phone suddenly went dead.
Learner example:
I tried to phone my sister, but the phone was dead.
ADVERB
EXTREMELY
[C1] INFORMAL extremely or completely

Dictionary example:
The exam was dead easy.
Learner example:
The teaching is dead boring; it really takes you more than one hour per day just to gain the basics
and if you want to get in contact with the teachers, you have to spend a fortune.
be dead (set) against sth/doing sth

[C1] to oppose something strongly
My parents were dead set against us getting married.
They were dead against the proposed new road.
Learner example:
Some others are dead set against the council's decision and provide some alternative ideas about
building a car park in another area.
deadline /ˈded.laɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a time or day by which something must be done
531
There's no way I can meet that deadline.
We're working to a tight deadline.
I'm afraid you've missed the deadline - the deadline for applications was May 30th.
Learner example:
My last question is about the deadline of your offer.
deadly /ˈded.li/
Word family:
Nouns: death
ADJECTIVE
[B2] likely to cause death
a deadly virus
a deadly weapon
Learner example:
Caught without cover, they were quickly eliminated by a burst of Bull's deadly machine gun.
ADVERB
deadly dull/serious, etc.

[C1] extremely dull/serious, etc.
Dictionary example:
His speech was deadly dull.
Learner example:
Sports don't have to be boring and deadly serious.
deaf /def/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] unable to hear, either completely or partly
Dictionary example:
He's been totally/partially deaf since birth.
Learner example:
She should take care of her family, especially her deaf three-year-old daughter.
532
deal /dɪəl/
Word family:
Nouns: deal, dealer
NOUN
AGREEMENT
[B2] [C] an agreement or an arrangement, especially in business
a business deal
I'll make/do a deal with you - you wash the car and I'll let you use it tonight.
Learner example:
"I want to make a deal with you," he went on.
a good/great deal
[B2] a lot
She spends a good deal of her time in Glasgow.
A great deal of effort has gone into making the software reliable.
They still need a great deal more money to finish the project.
Learner example:
There will be lots of events which you could see and take a great deal of pictures [of].
a good deal
[C1] an agreement, arrangement, or situation that benefits you
Dictionary example:
I think we got a really good deal on our new car.
Learner example:
The possibility [of] get[ting] the needed staff from our own departments is absolutely a good deal
for the company.
VERB (dealt, dealt)
deal with sth PHRASAL VERB
[B1] to take action in order to achieve something or in order to solve a problem
How do you intend to deal with this problem?
General enquiries are dealt with by our head office.
Learner example:
Sorry about such [a] late reply, but I've had some problems to deal with.
deal with sb PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to talk to someone or meet someone, especially as part of your job
533
Dictionary example:
She's used to dealing with difficult customers.
Learner example:
In my previous job, I used to deal with many, many people.
dealer /ˈdiː.lər/
Word family:
Nouns: deal, dealer
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who trades in something
a second-hand car dealer
an antiques dealer
drug dealers
Learner example:
The computer dealer in our street offered me a special combination package.
dear /dɪər/
ADJECTIVE
LIKED
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] liked very much
She was a very dear friend.
He's one of my dearest friends.
My dear Gina - how lovely to see you!
Learner example:
I decided to go to my dear friend Mary's house after writing a letter saying where I was and why.
death /deθ/
Word family:
Nouns: death
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NOUN [C or U]
END OF LIFE
[B1] the end of life
The disease causes thousands of deaths a year.
Do you believe in life after death?
He never got over the death of his daughter.
death threats
Learner example:
After his father's death, he didn't want to study.
bored/frightened/scared, etc. to death

[B2] extremely bored, frightened, scared, etc.
Dictionary example:
She's scared to death of dogs.
Learner example:
Preparing a surprise party, her parents had almost scared her to death.
debate /dɪˈbeɪt/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] (a) discussion or argument about a subject in which many people take part
Education is the current focus of public debate.
How we proceed from here is a matter for debate.
Over the year we have had several debates about future policy.
Learner example:
Public debates are shown on television and television is the best way for politicians to explain
their actions and projects.
debit /ˈdeb.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] money taken out of a bank account, or a record of this
Dictionary example:
The statement shows your most recent debits.
535
VERB [T]
[B2] to take money out of a bank account
Dictionary example:
£20 has been debited from my account.
debit card /ˈdeb.ɪtˌkɑːd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a plastic card used to pay for things directly from your bank account
Dictionary example:
I can use my debit card in most of the local shops.
debt /det/
NOUN
AMOUNT OWING
[B2] [C] an amount of money that you owe someone
He managed to pay off his debts in two years.
The firm ran up huge debts.
Learner example:
She thought of getting a loan but she already had huge debts.
STATE OF OWING
[B2] [U] when you owe money to someone
They are in debt to the bank.
He ran/got into debt after he lost his job.
The company is deep in debt.
Learner example:
The consequence is that I'm in debt.
debut /ˈdeɪ.bjuː/
NOUN [C]
[C1] when someone performs or presents something to the public for the first time
536
She made her debut as a pianist in 1975.
This is the band's debut album.
Learner example:
Pavarotti's grand debut took place in the Royal Theatre of Reggio Emilia.
decade /ˈdek.eɪd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a period of ten years, especially a period such as 1860 to 1869, or 1990 to
1999
Dictionary example:
The building was due to be knocked down decades ago.
Learner example:
Life has centred around fast food chains during the last decade and continues to do so.
decay /dɪˈkeɪ/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to become gradually damaged or to cause something to become gradually

damaged
Sugar makes your teeth decay.
Pollution has decayed the surface of the stonework on the front of the cathedral.
Learner example:
The historic buildings are starting to decay.
deceive /dɪˈsiːv/
Word family:
Nouns: deception
Verbs: deceive
Adjectives: deceptive
VERB [T]
[B2] to make someone believe something that is not true
537
The company deceived customers by selling old computers as new ones.
The sound of the door closing deceived me into thinking they had gone out.
Learner example:
So if you don't want to feel deceived or offended, think twice before you decide to go shopping.
decent /ˈdiː.sənt/
ADJECTIVE
SATISFACTORY
[B2] of a satisfactory quality or level
He earns a decent salary.
I haven't had a decent cup of coffee since I've been here.
Learner example:
I think it's a decent place for us to stay for a night.
HONEST
[B2] honest and morally good
Decent people have had their lives ruined by his behaviour.
She should do the decent thing and apologize.
Learner example:
In fact, it had such [a] bad reputation that nobody "decent" went there any longer.
decision /dɪˈsɪʒ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: decision
Verbs: decide
Adjectives: decisive
Adverbs: decisively
NOUN [C]
[B1] a choice that you make about something after thinking about several
possibilities
538
She has had to make some very difficult decisions.
The company will reach/come to/make a decision shortly.
Let me have a/your decision by next week.
It was his decision to leave.
We need to take a lot of factors into account in our decision-making.
Learner example:
Tell me your decision soon.
decisive /dɪˈsaɪ.sɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: decision
Verbs: decide
Adjectives: decisive
Adverbs: decisively
ADJECTIVE
MAKING DECISIONS
[B2] able to make decisions quickly and confidently, or showing this quality
You need to be more decisive.
a decisive reply
Learner example:
They were attractive, handsome, brave and decisive men.
AFFECTING
[C1] strongly affecting how a situation will progress or end
a decisive goal/victory
Seeing that advertisement was a decisive moment in my life.
Learner example:
Recently, our Board of Executives has taken a decisive step: from now on, our clothes will also be
available for purchase on the Internet!
deck /dek/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the flat area of a ship or boat that is not covered
539
Dictionary example:
We sat on deck until it was dark.
Learner example:
When I woke up and went on the deck, I saw the skipper who [was coming] back from the village
in the small boat.
declaration /ˌdek.ləˈreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: declaration
Verbs: declare
NOUN [C]
[C1] an announcement, often one that is written and official
Dictionary example:
a declaration of independence
Learner example:
Indochina is a French film that deals with the colonial period in Indochina from the Second World
War to the country['s] declaration of independence.
declare /dɪˈkleər/
Word family:
Nouns: declaration
Verbs: declare
VERB [T]
STATE VALUE/AMOUNT
[B1] to officially tell someone the value of goods you have bought, or the amount of
money you have earned, because you might have to pay tax
Dictionary example:
Have you got anything to declare?
EXPRESS
[B2] to announce something publicly or officially
They declared their support for the proposal.
America declared on Japan in 1941.
The country declared independence in 1952.
Learner example:
We should declare [the city centre] a pedestrian zone.
540
decline /dɪˈklaɪn/
VERB
GET LESS
[B2] [I] to gradually become less or worse
His interest in the project declined after his wife died.
The party's popularity has declined in the opinion polls.
Learner example:
It had slightly declined to about 88 per cent in 1992.
REFUSE
[B2] [I or T] to refuse politely
I invited him to the meeting but he declined.
He declined my offer.
Learner example:
We thank you for your offer of accommodation, but we decline it.
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when something becomes less in amount, importance, quality or strength
industrial decline
Home cooking seems to be on the/in decline.
a sharp decline in sales
She seemed to be recovering and then she went into a decline.
Learner example:
For the 25-34 age group, a decline can be seen from 2006 to 2010.
decorate /ˈdek.ə.reɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: decoration
Verbs: decorate
Adjectives: decorative
VERB
MAKE ATTRACTIVE
[B1] [T] to add attractive things to an object or place, often for a special day or
period
541
Dictionary example:
They decorated the wedding car with ribbons and flowers.
Learner example:
The church always is decorated with beautiful flowers and other things.
PAINT ROOM
[B1] [I or T] to put paint or paper on the walls or other surfaces of a room
We're going to decorate the kitchen next week.
I hate the smell of paint when I'm decorating.
Learner example:
It is all decorated in blue.
decoration /ˌdek.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: decoration
Verbs: decorate
NOUN
MAKE ATTRACTIVE
[B2] [C or U] something that you put on something to make it look attractive or

special, or the activity of putting things on something to make it look more
attractive or special
Christmas/party/table/cake decorations
He's good at cake decoration.
Learner example:
In November I joined a day course to learn how to make Christmas decorations.
PAINT
[B2] [U] when the walls or other surfaces of rooms or buildings are covered with
paint or paper
Dictionary example:
This place is badly in need of decoration.
Learner example:
I will start with the new decoration [of] my bedroom next week.
542
decorative /ˈdek.ər.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: decoration
Verbs: decorate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] made to look attractive
a decorative display of plants and flowers
a mirror in a decorative frame
Learner example:
It seems that the decorative role of clothes will have disappeared by the year 2050.
decrease
VERB [I or T] /dɪˈkri:s/
[B1] to become less, or to make something become less
Dictionary example:
During the summer months, rainfall decreases.
Learner example:
The aim to satisfy different interests should not [allow] the quality [to] decrease.
NOUN [C or U] /ˈdi:.kri:s/
[B1] a reduction
Dictionary example:
There has been a steady decrease in the number of visitors.
Learner example:
Their yellow and black stripe has a mysterious beauty (which is the main reason for the huge
decrease [in the] tiger population).
dedicate /ˈded.ɪ.keɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: dedication
Verbs: dedicate
Adjectives: dedicated
543
VERB
dedicate your life/yourself to sth

[C1] to give most of your energy and time to something
Dictionary example:
She has dedicated her life to helping others.
Learner example:
I have been interested in these matters but due to my lack of time, I haven't been able to dedicate
myself to this investigation.
dedicated /ˈded.ɪ.keɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: dedication
Verbs: dedicate
ADJECTIVE
GIVING TIME/ENERGY
[C1] believing that something is very important and giving a lot of time and energy
to it
Dictionary example:
a dedicated teacher
Learner example:
I myself am a totally dedicated sports fan and I believe that basketball is the greatest sport on this
earth.
dedication /ˌded.ɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: dedication
Verbs: dedicate
NOUN [U]
[C1] when you are willing to give a lot of time and energy to something because
you believe it is very important
Dictionary example:
She thanked the staff for their dedication and enthusiasm.
544
Learner example:
Sacrifice and self-denial are cornerstones, together with dedication and commitment to a good
cause.
deduction /dɪˈdʌk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: deduction
Verbs: deduce
NOUN [C or U]
AMOUNT
[C1] when an amount or a part of something is taken away from a total, or the
amount that is taken
Dictionary example:
tax deductions
Learner example:
After the deduction of 5% administration expense and 10% entertainment cost, we contributed the
remaining 85% of the surplus to the local hospital.
deep /diːp/
Word family:
Nouns: depth
Verbs: deepen
Adjectives: deep
Adverbs: deeply
ADJECTIVE
COLOUR
[B1] A deep colour is strong and dark.
Dictionary example:
deep purple
Learner example:
He is tall and has got black hair and beautiful deep brown eyes.
STRONGLY FELT
[B2] A deep feeling or experience is very strong.
deep regret
Their son has been a deep disappointment to them.
545
Learner example:
I fell into a deep depression, and took an extremely long time to recover.
SOUND
[B2] A deep sound is low.
Dictionary example:
a wonderfully deep voice
Learner example:
"I'm not Gary," a strange and deep voice answered, "I'm someone who wants to warn you that
tomorrow, you are going to die."
take a deep breath

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
one metre/6 ft, etc. deep

[B2] one metre/6 ft, etc. from the top to the bottom, or from the front to the back
Dictionary example:
This end of the pool is two metres deep.
Learner example:
Her father's friend, who is a professional scuba-diver, invited her to do her first immers[i]on on
the reefs, 15 met[res] deep.
a deep sleep
[B2] when someone is sleeping in a way that makes it difficult to wake them up
Dictionary example:
He fell into a deep sleep.
Learner example:
And then, he fell to a deep sleep, putting his sack next to him.
ADVERB
LONG WAY INTO
[B1] a long way into something from the top or outside
They travelled deep into the forest.
He thrust his hands deep in(to) his pockets.
Learner example:
I just fall deep into the story, into the writer's own world.
546
deep down
[B2] If you know or feel something deep down, you are certain that it is true, or you
feel it strongly although you do not admit it or show it.
Dictionary example:
Deep down, I knew that I was right.
Learner example:
No, because I [feel] deep down that it's wrong to put animals behind bars.
deepen /ˈdiː.pən/
Word family:
Nouns: depth
Verbs: deepen
Adjectives: deep
Adverbs: deeply
VERB [I or T]
KNOWLEDGE
[C1] if someone's knowledge or understanding deepens, it increases.
Dictionary example:
It certainly helped to deepen my understanding of the situation.
Learner example:
Furthermore, not only can travelling give you an opp[o]rtunity to make a lot of friends, but your
knowledge about this world could be broadened and deepened by travelling.
deeply /ˈdiː.pli/
Word family:
Nouns: depth
Verbs: deepen
Adjectives: deep
Adverbs: deeply
ADVERB
[B2] extremely or strongly
I'm deeply grateful to you.
He found her comments deeply irritating/annoying/offensive.
We don't want to get too deeply involved with these people.
After 20 years of marriage, they're still deeply in love.
547
Learner example:
I was deeply impressed by the long-term cooperation between the zoo and the school.
deer /dɪər/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL deer)

[B2] a large, wild animal that is sometimes hunted for food and has antlers (= long
horns) if it is male
Dictionary example:
a deer park
Learner example:
It would be even nicer if there would be some wildlife in the par[k], like deer, walking free all over.
defeat /dɪˈfiːt/
VERB [T]
WIN
[B1] to win a victory over someone in a fight, war or competition
Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo.
If we can defeat the Italian team, we'll be through to the final.
Learner example:
I still remember when Marcelo became [number] 1 in 1998 after he defeated Andre Agassi in the
final of the "fifth Grand Slam".
CAUSE TO FAIL
[B2] to cause someone or something to fail
The proposal to change the rules was narrowly defeated by 201 votes to 196.
I'm afraid anything that involves language learning has always defeated me.
Learner example:
But it was useless, Tina's friends had defeated their plan, and her.
NOUN
LOSING
[B1] [C] when someone loses against someone else in a fight, war or competition
548
After their defeat in battle, the soldiers surrendered.
Norwich City have suffered their worst defeat of the season.
Learner example:
The whole team will face serious problems, which may lead to big defeats.
FAILING
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] when someone or something is made to fail
At the last General Election, they suffered a massive defeat.
The company was not ready to admit defeat.
Learner example:
After long negotiations with the police, Linda admitted defeat and gave up.
defect /ˈdiː.fekt/
Word family:
Nouns: defect
Adjectives: defective
NOUN [C]
[C1] a fault or problem with someone or something
genetic defects
A mechanical defect caused the plane to crash.
Learner example:
There are also people that are overweight and it is not their own fault, because they suffer from
genetic defects.
defence /dɪˈfents/
Word family:
Nouns: defence, defender
Verbs: defend
Adjectives: defensive
NOUN
SPORT
[B1] [C or U] the part of a sports team which tries to prevent the other team from
scoring points
549
Dictionary example:
I play best in defence.
Learner example:
I did basketball exercises for defence.
PROTECTION
[B2] [C or U] protection or support against attack, criticism or infection
When Helen criticized me, Chris came/rushed to my defence.
She argued strongly in defence of her actions.
A good diet helps build the body's natural defences.
Learner example:
Movie stars like Brigitte Bardot started strong campai[g]ns against zoos as part of wider battles in
defence of animal rights.
MILITARY
[C1] [U] the weapons and military forces that a country uses to protect itself against
attack
Government spending on defence is increasing.
the defence industry
Learner example:
[The] USA spent only 2% of money on education; it spent quite a large amount of money on
defence (18%).
defend /dɪˈfend/
Word family:
Verbs: defend
VERB
PROTECT
[B1] [T] to protect someone or something from being attacked, especially by

fighting
How can we defend our homeland if we don't have an army?
I'm going to karate lessons to learn how to defend myself.
White blood cells help defend the body against infection.
550
Learner example:
In the fourth one, you learn to defend yourself by doing Karate and in the last section, you could
learn fencing.
SUPPORT
[B2] [T] to support someone or something that is being criticized
The newspaper's editor defended his decision to publish the photos.
They are fighting to defend their beliefs/interests/rights.
Learner example:
Do we know a lot of people nowadays who would be able to take the risk of being a prisoner for
10 or 20 years "just" to defend his beliefs?
LAW
[C1] [T] to try to show in a court that someone is not guilty of a crime
Dictionary example:
He has hired two lawyers to defend him in court.
Learner example:
An in[n]ocent man is arrested and the court ap[p]oints an attorney to defend him.
defender /dɪˈfen.dər/
Word family:
Verbs: defend
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone in a sports team who tries to prevent the other team from scoring
points, goals, etc.
Dictionary example:
The Brazilian attack put France's defenders under pressure.
Learner example:
I'm mostly a defender, so scoring a goal for the first time gave me great pleasure!
deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/
NOUN [C or U]
FAULT
[C1] a mistake or fault in something so that it is not good enough
551
Dictionary example:
Parents are complaining of serious deficiencies in the education system.
Learner example:
By studying the effects of rain and ways to handle the expected amount of water, one can plan the
laying out of the new roads and correct the deficiencies in the present ones.
deficit /ˈdef.ɪ.sɪt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the amount by which the money that you spend is more than the money that
you receive
Dictionary example:
a budget deficit
Learner example:
Unfortunately, this could not be fulfilled by the government due to a huge budget deficit.
define /dɪˈfaɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: definition
Verbs: define
Adjectives: definite, definitive
Adverbs: definitely, indefinitely
VERB [T]
GIVE MEANING
[B2] to say exactly what something means, or what someone or something is like
In the dictionary 'reality' is defined as 'the state of things as they are, rather than as they are
imagined to be'.
Your duties are clearly defined in the contract.
Learner example:
I guess you would have to define the word 'fit' to answer that question.
552
definite /ˈdef.ɪ.nət/
Word family:
Nouns: definition
Verbs: define
ADJECTIVE
[B2] certain, fixed and not likely to change
The date for the meeting - is that definite?
We need a definite answer by tomorrow.
Learner example:
I'm really excited about your definite plans to come.
definite article /ˌdef.ɪ.nətˈɑː.tɪ.kl

̩/
NOUN [C] SPECIALIZED
[B1] the grammatical name for the word 'the' in English, or the words in other
languages which have a similar use
Dictionary example:
'The City', referring to the financial area of London, takes a definite article.
definitely /ˈdef.ɪ.nət.li/
Word family:
Nouns: definition
Verbs: define
ADVERB
[B1] without any doubt
Have you definitely decided to go to America?
He definitely said he'd be here.
Learner example:
So if I were you, I would definitely stay in the city.
553
definitely not
Dictionary example:
"Do you think the work will be finished by June?" "Definitely not."
Learner example:
That's nice, but do you think that money is all that matters? Definitely not!
definition /ˌdef.ɪˈnɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: definition
Verbs: define
NOUN
MEANING
[B2] [C] an explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase
a dictionary definition
What is the definition of 'mood'?
Learner example:
He tried to give a definition of friendship.
IMAGE
[C1] [U] how clear an image of something is in a photograph or on a screen
high-definition TV
There is a slight loss of definition in the picture quality on transfer.
Learner example:
And, do not forget to appreciate the keyboard work from the legendary Tony Banks, and the
spectacular guitar-playing from Mike Rutherford, all of them surrounded by three huge high-
definition screens.
degree /dɪˈgriː/
NOUN
QUALIFICATION
[B1] [C] a qualification given for completing a university course
554
"What degree did you do at York?" "Geography."
She's got a physics degree/a degree in physics from Oxford.
Learner example:
I completed my languages degree course at U.P.N University.
AMOUNT
[B2] [C or U] an amount or level of something
This job demands a high degree of skill.
A good society depends on the degree to which people are able to trust each other.
Learner example:
Can you imagine the degree of pollution you absorb in crossing London every morning by bicycle?
delay /dɪˈleɪ/
VERB
CAUSE LATENESS
[B1] [T] to cause someone or something to be slow or late
Dictionary example:
I was delayed by traffic.
Learner example:
The roads were crowded with a lot of traffic, so I got really delayed.
NOUN [C or U]
without delay
[B1] immediately
Dictionary example:
This problem needs to be dealt with without delay.
Learner example:
Firstly, the programme began on time at midday without delay.
delegate
Word family:
Nouns: delegate, delegation
Verbs: delegate
555
NOUN [C] /ˈdel.ɪg.ət/
[C1] someone who is sent somewhere to represent a group of people, especially at
a meeting
Dictionary example:
The delegates were all given badges to wear.
Learner example:
I participated at the opening of the new Arts Centre as a delegate from my college.
delete /dɪˈliːt/
VERB [T]
[B1] to remove something, especially from a computer's memory
Dictionary example:
All names have been deleted from the report.
Learner example:
I didn't take notice of [the email] and deleted it again.
deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.ər.ət/
Word family:
Adjectives: deliberate
Adverbs: deliberately
ADJECTIVE
[B2] done intentionally or planned
a deliberate attack/insult/lie
This was a deliberate attempt to mislead us.
Learner example:
I'm sure that his deliberate intention with this was to make us get closer.
deliberately /dɪˈlɪb.ər.ət.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: deliberate
Adverbs: deliberately
ADVERB
[B2] intentionally
556
Dictionary example:
I'm sure he says these things deliberately to annoy me.
Learner example:
Many of them choose the bicycle deliberately, just to have at least a small amount of exercise
before and after [the] hours they spend sitting at their desks.
delicate /ˈdel.ɪ.kət/
ADJECTIVE
SOFT
[B2] soft, light or gentle
a delicate flavour
a delicate shade of pink
Learner example:
She liked his delicate skin and his body's warmth.
EASY TO DAMAGE
[B2] easy to damage or break
delicate china
Delicate plants need to be kept in a greenhouse during the winter.
Learner example:
Although you told me I can make use of anything, I'd like to make sure that it isn't a problem to
use such delicate things as the computer and the CD player?
NEEDING CARE
[C1] needing to be handled with great care or skill
I need to speak to you about a rather delicate matter/question.
The pay negotiations have reached a delicate point/stage.
Repairing damaged nerves is a very delicate operation/process.
Learner example:
Being aware of the two proposals our local government is considering in order to solve the
apparently unavoidable matter of traffic in our beloved city, I feel compelled to offer my views on
such a delicate subject.
557
delicious /dɪˈlɪʃ.əs/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] having a very pleasant taste or smell
a delicious cake
The delicious smell of freshly-made coffee came from the kitchen.
This wine is delicious.
Learner example:
I love it because they make delicious hamburgers.
delight /dɪˈlaɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: delight
Adjectives: delighted, delightful
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] (something or someone that gives) great pleasure, satisfaction or happiness
The children screamed with delight.
My sister's little boy is a real delight.
I read your letter with great delight.
He seems to take great delight in teasing his sister.
Learner example:
At midnight fireworks covered the concert hall and I, as well as the rest of [the] spectators, felt
excitement and delight.
delighted /dɪˈlaɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: delight
ADJECTIVE
[B1] very pleased
We're delighted with our new house.
I was delighted at/by your news.
I'm absolutely delighted that you can come.
We'd be delighted to come to dinner on Friday.
558
Learner example:
I've just seen your letter and I'm really delighted to have won the first prize in your competition.
delightful /dɪˈlaɪt.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: delight
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very pleasant, attractive, or enjoyable
Dictionary example:
We had a delightful evening.
Learner example:
A table was laid with a lot of delightful food and a beautiful cake was in the centre of it.
deliver /dɪˈlɪv.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: delivery
Verbs: deliver
VERB
TAKE
[B1] [I or T] to take things such as goods, letters and parcels to people's houses or
places of work
Mail is delivered to our office twice a day.
The shop is delivering our new bed on Thursday.
Learner example:
You have to deliver newspapers to the town centre's shops.
deliver a speech/talk, etc.

[B2] to speak formally to a group of people
Dictionary example:
The priest delivered a passionate speech against war.
Learner example:
Then, he delivered a speech to the public.
559
PROMISE
[C1] [I or T] to achieve or do something that you have promised to do, or that people
expect you to do
Dictionary example:
The company failed to deliver the high-quality service that we expect.
Learner example:
I can also help as a team-leader to help others to deliver the right services.
delivery /dɪˈlɪv.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: delivery
Verbs: deliver
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] when things such as goods, letters, or parcels are taken to people's houses or
places of work
a delivery van
We get two deliveries of mail a day.
You can pay for the carpet on delivery.
We expect to take delivery of our new car next week.
Learner example:
I called for a delivery [from] Pizza Hut and after that went to study.
demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/
Word family:
Nouns: demand
Verbs: demand
Adjectives: demanding
VERB [T]
REQUEST
[B1] to ask for something in a way that shows that you do not expect to be refused
I demanded an explanation.
I demand to see the manager.
She demanded that he return the books he borrowed from her.
560
Learner example:
I demand a full refund or I will be forced to take this matter further.
NEED
[B2] to need something such as time or effort
Dictionary example:
This job demands a high level of concentration.
Learner example:
I would say that driving a car demands a lot of responsibility.
NOUN
REQUEST
[B1] [C] a strong request
You can't give in to children's demands all the time.
The government is unlikely to agree to the rebels' demands for independence.
They received a final demand for payment.
Learner example:
Of course only when my demands are logical.
NEED
[B2] [U] a need for something to be sold or supplied
Dictionary example:
There was little demand for tickets.
Learner example:
I believe we [have] to stop the demand for ivory!
in demand
[C1] wanted or needed in large numbers
Dictionary example:
Good teachers are always in demand.
Learner example:
Nevertheless, people will always use cars and vehicles, so petrol will always be in demand.
demanding /dɪˈmɑːn.dɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: demand
Verbs: demand
Adjectives: demanding
561
ADJECTIVE
[B2] needing a lot of time, attention or energy
She's a very demanding child.
a demanding job
Learner example:
Although the job was demanding I enjoyed it.
democracy /dɪˈmɒk.rə.si/
Word family:
Nouns: democracy
Adjectives: democratic
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a system of government in which people elect their leaders, or a country with
this system
Dictionary example:
The early 1990s saw the spread of democracy in Eastern Europe.
Learner example:
From then on it represented democracy and freedom until Hitler took over power in January 1933.
democratic /ˌdem.əˈkræt.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: democracy
Adjectives: democratic
ADJECTIVE
[B2] based on the principles of democracy
Dictionary example:
We must accept the results of a democratic election.
Learner example:
If we regard ourselves as modern people, we must be democratic enough to release them.
562
demolish /dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃ/
VERB [T]
DESTROY
[B2] to completely destroy a building, especially in order to use the land for
something else
Dictionary example:
A number of houses were demolished so that the supermarket could be built.
Learner example:
The building was demolished, and so was the dream of a house of the[ir] own.
demonstrate /ˈdem.ən.streɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: demonstration
Verbs: demonstrate
VERB
PROVE
[B2] [T] to show or prove that something exists or is true
These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
These figures clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country.
Research has demonstrated that babies can recognize their mother's voice very soon after birth.
Learner example:
The results were amazing, the group man[a]ged to demonstrate that the learning capacity
increased a lot with respect to traditional methods.
MARCH
[B2] [I] to march or stand with a group of people to show that you disagree with or
support someone or something
Dictionary example:
Thousands of people gathered to demonstrate against the new proposals for universities.
Learner example:
Maybe the RSPCA should demonstrate, to show that it's not [accept]able. We have to stand up for
their rights! Yesterday I heard that animal rights activists have met the prime minister.
SHOW HOW
[C1] [T] to show something and explain how it works
563
The teacher demonstrated how to use the equipment.
He's got a job demonstrating kitchen equipment in a department store.
Learner example:
I could demonstrate to people how to create compost pits and use kitchen waste to generate
compost for their gardens.
demonstration /ˌdem.ənˈstreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: demonstration
Verbs: demonstrate
NOUN
MARCH
[B2] [C] when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree
with or support something or someone
The students are holding a demonstration to protest against the increase in their fees.
Protesters staged an anti-war demonstration in front of the US embassy.
Learner example:
There were many demonstrations and violence.
SHOWING
[C1] [C or U] showing how to do something, or how something works
Let me give you a demonstration of how the camera works.
a cooking demonstration
Learner example:
Some of our workers will give you a demonstration on how they produce, step by step, some of
the world's best-known rings and necklaces.
PROOF
[C1] [C or U] proof that something exists or is true
Dictionary example:
This disaster is a clear demonstration of the need for tighter controls.
Learner example:
Most women are now allowed to wear trousers and this is a demonstration of the change of
women's role in society throughout the years.
564
denim /ˈden.ɪm/
NOUN [U]
[B2] thick, strong, cotton cloth, often blue in colour, used especially for making
jeans
Dictionary example:
a denim jacket and jeans
Learner example:
If you have time to go shopping you could buy me a pair of blue denim jeans (size 30).
dense /dents/
Word family:
Nouns: density
Adjectives: dense
Adverbs: densely
ADJECTIVE
[B2] thick and difficult to see through
dense fog
a dense forest
Learner example:
"Don't [be afraid] and don't run" shouted someone from the dense forest.
densely /ˈdent.sli/
Word family:
Nouns: density
Adjectives: dense
Adverbs: densely
ADVERB
[B2] with a lot of things close together
England was once a densely wooded country.
Mexico City is one of the most densely populated cities in the world.
Learner example:
It's densely populated and with that the ugliness [of] densely populated places follows.
565
density /ˈden.sə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: density
Adjectives: dense
Adverbs: densely
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] the number of people or things in a place when compared with the size of the
place
Dictionary example:
The area has a high population density.
Learner example:
However, the factors of population density and transport systems in some regions must not be
ignored during this analysis.
dental /ˈden.təl/
Word family:
Nouns: dentist
Adjectives: dental
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to the teeth
Dictionary example:
dental treatment
Learner example:
In Kingsthorp you have lots of GPs and dental surger[ie]s.
deny /dɪˈnaɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: denial
Verbs: deny
Adjectives: undeniable
Adverbs: undeniably
VERB [T]
NOT TRUE
[B2] to say that something is not true
566
Neil denies that he broke the window, but I'm sure he did.
Neil denies breaking the window.
Learner example:
We cannot deny that technology has changed our lives.
REFUSE
[B2] to not allow someone to have or do something
Her request for time off work was denied.
No one should be denied a good education.
The goalkeeper denied him his third goal.
I was denied the opportunity of learning French at school.
Learner example:
Should wild animals be kept in cages, and denied their freedom so that we can have the pleasure
of watching them at zoos?
deodorant /diˈəʊ.də.rənt/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a substance that you put on your body to prevent or hide unpleasant smells
Dictionary example:
I always use deodorant.
Learner example:
On the other hand, men require regular supplies of shaving lotions, shampoo, deodorant, and
many more [things] too.
depart /dɪˈpɑːt/
Word family:
Nouns: departure
Verbs: depart
VERB [I] FORMAL
[B1] to go away or leave, especially on a journey
The plane departs at 6.00 a.m.
The train for London departs from Platform 2.
Learner example:
The boat departs from King's Bridge.
567
departure /dɪˈpɑː.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: departure
Verbs: depart
NOUN [C or U]
LEAVING
[B1] when someone or something leaves a place, especially to start a journey to

another place
There are several departures for Paris every day.
Our departure was delayed because of bad weather.
departure time
Learner example:
Now I am just waiting for the day of departure.
depend /dɪˈpend/
Word family:
Nouns: independence, dependence
Verbs: depend
Adjectives: dependent, independent
Adverbs: independently
VERB
it/that depends
[B1] used to say that you are not certain about something because other things
affect your answer
Dictionary example:
"Are you coming out tonight?" "It depends where you're going."
Learner example:
It depends how you want to spend your holidays.
dependent /dɪˈpen.dənt/
Word family:
Verbs: depend
568
ADJECTIVE
NEEDING SUPPORT
[B2] needing the support of something or someone in order to continue existing or

operating
He has three dependent children.
It's very easy to become dependent on sleeping pills.
Learner example:
If I went to school by car I would be dependent on my father.
dependent on/upon sth

[C1] influenced by or decided by something
Dictionary example:
The amount of tax you pay is dependent on how much you earn.
Learner example:
The benefits for a traveller will be dependent upon the purpose for which someone travels.
deposit /dɪˈpɒ.zɪt/
NOUN [C]
BUYING
[B1] a payment that you make immediately when you decide to buy something, as
proof that you will really buy it
Dictionary example:
They've put down a deposit on a house.
Learner example:
How many days in advance do we have to make our reservation? I also wonder if there is a deposit
that we have to pay.
BANK
[C1] an amount of money that you pay into a bank
Dictionary example:
to make a deposit
Learner example:
Now, you can [make a] deposit, have a record of your expenses, transfer funds from one account
to another and even pay your credit card .
569
RENT
[C1] an amount of money that you pay when you rent something, and that is given
back to you when you return it without any damage
Dictionary example:
Did you get your deposit back?
Learner example:
I told the estate agent I was interested, paid my deposit and moved in within a week.
VERB [T]
[C1] to put money into a bank or valuable things into a safe place
Dictionary example:
She deposited $150,000 in a Swiss bank account.
Learner example:
Now, you can deposit [money], have a record of your expenses, transfer funds from one account
to another and even pay your credit card.
depressed /dɪˈprest/
Word family:
Nouns: depression
Adjectives: depressed, depressing
ADJECTIVE
UNHAPPY
[B1] unhappy and without hope for the future
He seemed a bit depressed about his work situation.
She became deeply depressed when her husband died.
Learner example:
I felt depressed and decided to go to live in another city.
depressing /dɪˈpres.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: depression
ADJECTIVE
[B2] making you feel unhappy and without hope for the future
570
I find this weather so depressing.
Her letter made depressing reading.
It was very depressing watching the news on television tonight.
It's depressing to think that we've got five more years of this government!
Learner example:
It was really depressing, seeing people drinking and having fun [when] I just had to work.
depression /dɪˈpreʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: depression
NOUN [C or U]
UNHAPPINESS
[B2] when you feel very unhappy, or a mental illness that makes you feel very
unhappy and anxious for long periods
Dictionary example:
If you suffer from depression, it's best to get professional help.
Learner example:
My mum always worried about my sister because of her shyness and depression.
deprive /dɪˈpraɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: deprivation
Verbs: deprive
Adjectives: deprived
VERB [T]
[B2] to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from

someone
He claimed that he had been deprived of his freedom/rights.
You can't function properly when you're deprived of sleep.
Learner example:
We shouldn't deprive our music fans of this wonderful event, that can only enrich our city's
cultural life.
571
deprived /dɪˈpraɪvd/
Word family:
Nouns: deprivation
Verbs: deprive
Adjectives: deprived
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not having enough food, money, and the things that you need to have a
normal life
Dictionary example:
children from deprived backgrounds
Learner example:
It is true that possibly, because of a deprived childhood in which every purchase had to be
considered carefully, a person learns to manage his finances.
depth /depθ/
Word family:
Nouns: depth
Verbs: deepen
Adjectives: deep
Adverbs: deeply
NOUN
DISTANCE DOWN
[B1] [C or U] the distance down either from the top of something to the bottom, or to
a distance below the top surface of something
the depth of a lake/pond
There are very few fish at depths below 3000 metres.
The river froze to a depth of over a metre.
Learner example:
But suddenly Laura did not feel any fear anymore and within a second she jumped into the air and
fell into the endless depth of the Grand Canyon.
SERIOUSNESS
[B2] [C or U] when you have serious qualities or the ability to think seriously about
something
572
Terry lacks depth - he's a very superficial person.
Her writing shows astonishing depth.
Jo has hidden depths.
Learner example:
I think that the main reason why someone has to read this book twice is the strength and depth of
the two main characters: Donald Woods and Steve Biko.
in depth
[B2] in a very detailed way
Dictionary example:
With access to the Internet, students can do their homework in greater depth.
Learner example:
I would love to learn English in more depth during the summer.
deputy /ˈdep.jə.ti/
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who has the second most important job in an organization
Dictionary example:
the deputy Prime Minister
Learner example:
If you would like to have [a] teacher on your side, for general questions, I would propose our
deputy principal Mr Brown.
derive /dɪˈraɪv/
VERB
derive (sth) from sth PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to come from or be developed from something
Dictionary example:
The name derives from Latin.
Learner example:
From another chart, we can have a clear understanding of nuclear power's contribution to
different European countries. 78.0% [of] electricity production [is] derived from nuclear power in
France.
573
descend /dɪˈsend/
Word family:
Nouns: descendant
Verbs: descend
VERB [I or T] FORMAL
[B2] to go or come down
The path descended steeply into the valley.
Jane descended the stairs.
Learner example:
Paul slowly descended to the river and sat down on the grassy bank.
description /dɪˈskrɪp.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: description
Verbs: describe
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] something that tells you what something or someone is like
Write a description of your favourite seaside resort.
Your essay contains too much description, and not enough discussion of the issues.
She has given the police a very detailed/full description of the robber.
Learner example:
Here's a description of [my bedroom].
deserted /dɪˈzɜː.tɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If a place is deserted, it has no people in it.
Dictionary example:
a deserted street
Learner example:
Too often have I seen deserted city centres caused by loss of trade, centres subject to graffiti, dirt
and vandalism.
574
deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/
VERB [T]
[B1] If you deserve something good or bad, it should happen to you because of the
way you have behaved.
After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday.
Chris deserves our special thanks for all his efforts.
I hope they get the punishment they deserve.
They certainly deserved to win that match.
Learner example:
I wish you happiness, you deserve it.
design /dɪˈzaɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: design, designer
Verbs: design
NOUN
PLANNING
[B1] [U] the way in which something is planned and made
I don't like the design of this kettle.
The building was originally Victorian in design.
a serious design fault
The car has some excellent design features.
Learner example:
I was looking to find a good bicycle with a nice design.
PROCESS
[B1] [U] the art of making plans or drawings for something
She's an expert on kitchen/software design.
He's studying design at college.
Learner example:
You know that my subject is design.
DECORATION
[B1] [C] a pattern or decoration
575
Dictionary example:
a floral design
Learner example:
Last year I made and sold more than 200 pairs of knitted socks and because of that I got a prize
from The Swedish Handcraft Company for [the] wonderful and original design on my socks.
DRAWING
[C1] [C] a drawing which shows how an object, machine, or building will be made
Dictionary example:
Engineers are working on the new designs.
Learner example:
To finish some of your designs on time you could take them home and continue them there or
you could work for longer in your office.
VERB
PLAN
[B1] [T] to draw or plan something before making it
Who designed this building/dress/furniture?
This range of clothing is specially designed for shorter women.
Learner example:
It was built in 1570 and designed by [the] Italian architect Morando.
be designed for/to do sth

[B2] to have been planned or done for a particular purpose
This dictionary is designed for advanced learners of English.
These measures are designed to reduce pollution.
Learner example:
The end-of-conference party is designed to give rough ideas about many different cultures.
designer /dɪˈzaɪ.nər/
Word family:
Nouns: design, designer
Verbs: design
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who draws and plans how something will be made
Dictionary example:
a fashion/software designer
576
Learner example:
After five months, she was working as a co-designer with the best Italian designer, although she
was just a student.
[B2] made by a famous or fashionable designer
designer jeans/sunglasses
I can't afford designer labels/designer label clothes.
Learner example:
People like designer clothes like Armani, Chanel [and] so on.
desirable /dɪˈzaɪə.rə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: desire
Verbs: desire
Adjectives: desirable, desired, undesirable
ADJECTIVE
[B2] worth having and wanted by most people
Reducing class sizes in schools is a desirable aim.
It's regarded as a highly desirable job.
The house is in a very desirable area of the city.
Learner example:
It is desirable that they include showers, although a bath tub would be nice, too.
desire /dɪˈzaɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: desire
Verbs: desire
Adjectives: desirable, desired, undesirable
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a strong feeling that you want something
I certainly have no desire to have children.
There is a strong desire for peace among the people.
She had a strong desire to go back to her home country before she died.
Several people have expressed a desire to see the report.
577
Learner example:
I had such a desire to go to the disco that I decided to go even without [my] parents' permission.
VERB [T] FORMAL
[C1] to want something
Dictionary example:
You can have whatever you desire.
Learner example:
Indeed, the location of this hotel will allow all of us to do whatever we desire.
desktop /ˈdesk.tɒp/
NOUN [C]
COMPUTER SCREEN
[B2] a computer screen that contains icons that represent files, programs and other
features of the computer
Dictionary example:
The menu bar with its windows is one of the features of the desktop.
COMPUTER
[B2] (ALSO desktop computer) a computer that is small enough to fit on a desk
Dictionary example:
I can download from my desktop to my mobile phone.
Learner example:
The computer I bought is a beautiful, new, white desktop.
despair /dɪˈspeər/
Word family:
Nouns: despair, desperation
Adjectives: desperate
Adverbs: desperately
NOUN [U]
[B2] a feeling of having no hope
a mood/sense of despair
They're the depths of despair over/about the money they've lost.
Learner example:
Almost in despair, I came out of the bathroom and tried my best to look for a candle.
578
desperate /ˈdes.pər.ət/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
WITHOUT HOPE
[B2] extremely worried or frightened and ready to do anything to change the bad
situation you are in
The doctors made one last desperate attempt/effort to save the boy's life.
They made a desperate appeal for help.
Learner example:
I was almost desperate, trying to think about any possible solution to my problem, but the more I
thought, the bigger was my problem, because hours went by.
NEEDING
[B2] needing or wanting something very much
They are desperate for help.
He was desperate to tell someone his good news.
Learner example:
She was 19 and in desperate need of a boyfriend.
desperately /ˈdes.pər.ət.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
SERIOUSLY
[B2] extremely or very much
He was desperately ill.
I'm not desperately keen on football.
He was desperately in love with her.
They desperately wanted a child.
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Learner example:
I desperately need a bicycle as a bicycle competition is going to take place in our city.
TRYING EVERYTHING
[B2] in a way that shows you are frightened and ready to try anything to change a
situation
Dictionary example:
They fought desperately for their lives.
Learner example:
He desperately tried to keep the stalking sharks at bay, but he couldn't succeed.
despite /dɪˈspaɪt/
PREPOSITION
[B1] used to say that something happened or is true, although something else
makes this seem not probable
I still enjoyed the week despite the weather.
Despite claims that the product is safe, many people have stopped buying it.
He managed to eat a big lunch despite having eaten an enormous breakfast.
Learner example:
Despite having to share a bedroom with my three cousins, I feel very comfortable.
despite the fact that

[B2] used to refer to a situation which is surprising in relation to something that is
true or happens
Dictionary example:
The company has been forced to reduce its price, despite the fact that the offer has been very
popular.
Learner example:
The advantages of the kind of life that people ha[d] years ago is that they could eat more fruit and
vegetables than us. However, there are advantages for us too, because despite the fact that we eat
more fast food, we do more exercise than they [did].
destination /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the place where someone or something is going
580
We arrived at our destination tired and hungry.
His letter never reached its destination.
The Caribbean is a popular tourist/holiday destination.
Learner example:
The journey to the destination lasted about an hour.
destiny /ˈdes.tɪn.i/
NOUN
FUTURE
[C1] [C] the things that will happen to someone in the future
Dictionary example:
At last she feels in control of her own destiny.
Learner example:
It was our parents' destiny, it is our destiny and is going to be our children's destiny, too.
POWER
[C1] [U] a power that some people believe controls what will happen in the future
Dictionary example:
Nick said it was destiny that we met.
Learner example:
If anybody ever asked me if I believed in destiny, I would hesitate.
destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: destruction
Verbs: destroy
VERB [T]
[B1] to damage something so badly that it does not exist or cannot be used
Most of the old part of the city was destroyed by bombs during the war.
The accident seemed to have completely/totally destroyed his confidence.
Learner example:
The film described a terrible period of our history when a lot of people died and a lot of cities
were destroyed.
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destruction /dɪˈstrʌk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: destruction
Verbs: destroy
NOUN [U]
[B2] when something is destroyed
Many people are very concerned about the destruction of the rainforests.
Unusually high winds left a trail of destruction over southern Britain.
weapons of mass destruction
Learner example:
With the ongoing industrialisation and, for example, the destruction of the rain forest men have
taken or destroyed the natural places of several hundred species all over the world.
detached /dɪˈtætʃt/
ADJECTIVE
BUILDING
[C1] a detached building is one that is not joined to another building
Dictionary example:
They have a detached 5-bedroom house in Surrey.
Learner example:
I live in a detached house in the countryside with my two friends, who are married.
detail /ˈdiː.teɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: detail
Adjectives: detailed
NOUN
FACT
[B1] [C] one of many facts or pieces of information about something
She insisted on telling me every single detail.
We don't know the full/precise details of the story yet.
582
Learner example:
Consequently we [want] to know every single detail about them and their lives.
in detail
[B1] including or considering all the information about something or every part of
something
We haven't discussed the matter in detail yet.
The book described her sufferings in great detail.
Learner example:
I'm really sorry that I didn't write back earlier, but to make up for this I will answer your questions
in detail!
go into detail/s
[B2] to tell or include all the facts about something
I won't go into detail over the phone, but I've been having a few health problems recently.
The longer document goes into more detail about the experiments.
Learner example:
In one of his books he really goes into detail [about] how children treat other children [who] have
difficulties with their "new" [language].
detailed /ˈdiː.teɪld/
Word family:
Nouns: detail
Adjectives: detailed
ADJECTIVE
[B2] giving a lot of information
Dictionary example:
A witness gave a detailed description of the man.
Learner example:
We ran until we arrived at the police station where we gave a detailed description of that man and
what had happened.
detect /dɪˈtekt/
Word family:
Nouns: detective
Verbs: detect
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VERB [T]
[C1] to discover or notice something, especially something that is difficult to see,

hear, smell, etc.
Some sounds cannot be detected by the human ear.
This special camera can detect bodies by their heat.
Learner example:
The kind of contamination that can be detected and observed most easily is the air pollution.
detective /dɪˈtek.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: detective
Verbs: detect
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone, especially a police officer, whose job is to discover information

about a crime
a private detective
detective stories
Learner example:
I know that you love detective stories.
deteriorate /dɪˈtɪə.ri.ə.reɪt/
VERB [I]
[C1] to become worse
Dictionary example:
Her condition deteriorated rapidly.
Learner example:
Otherwise, the situation will deteriorate more and more.
determination /dɪˌtɜː.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: determination
Verbs: determine
Adjectives: determined
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NOUN [U]
[B2] when someone continues trying to do something, although it is very difficult
Dictionary example:
Andy Murray will need great determination and skill to win this match.
Learner example:
Mandela tried to better the political situation of South Africa [-] he was strong enough to fight, he
had determination.
determine /dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/
Word family:
Verbs: determine
VERB [T]
FIND
[C1] to discover the facts or truth about something
The doctors are still unable to determine what is wrong.
You can use a simple test to determine whether the paint contains lead.
Learner example:
Our feelings about the issue led our class to direct a survey among local residents in Fordham, in
order to determine statistically how often the latter use Greendale Park.
DECIDE
[C1] to decide what will happen
Her exam results will determine which university she goes to.
The army's response was determined by a combination of political and social factors.
Learner example:
It considers the reasons for these developments and highlights the trends which will determine
the future of the job market.
determined /dɪˈtɜː.mɪnd/
Word family:
Verbs: determine
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ADJECTIVE
[B2] wanting to do something very much, and not letting anyone stop you
I'm determined to get this piece of work finished today.
She's sure to get the job she wants - she's a very determined person.
Learner example:
I am determined to study computer engineering and pursue my education oversea[s].
determiner /dɪˈtɜː.mɪ.nər/
[B2] in grammar, a word which is used before a noun to show which particular
example of the noun you are referring to
Dictionary example:
In the phrases 'my first boyfriend' and 'that strange woman', the words 'my' and 'that' are
determiners.
devastated /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: devastation
Adjectives: devastated, devastating
ADJECTIVE
[C1] very shocked and upset
She was devastated when her husband died.
They were devastated by the terrible news.
Learner example:
To begin with, everyone was devastated [at] how long we had to wait at the airport, as the flight to
Dublin was late.
devastating /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: devastation
Adjectives: devastated, devastating
586
ADJECTIVE
SHOCKING
[C1] making someone very shocked and upset
Dictionary example:
Despite the devastating news, no one is giving up hope.
Learner example:
It can be really devastating for such [a] person to experience it.
develop /dɪˈvel.əp/
Word family:
Nouns: development, developer, redevelopment
Verbs: develop, redevelop
Adjectives: developed, developing, underdeveloped, undeveloped
VERB
CHANGE
[B1] [I or T] to (cause something to) grow or change and become more advanced
The baby develops inside the mother for nine months.
Over time, their acquaintance developed into a lasting friendship.
This exercise is designed to develop the shoulder and back muscles.
I'm looking for a job which will enable me to develop my skills/talents.
Learner example:
Therefore it's an important tool that is used to develop new friendships.
MAKE
[B1] [T] to make something new such as a product
Scientists are developing new drugs all the time.
The company is spending $650 million on developing new products/technology.
Learner example:
With more free time we can develop new tec[h]nology, learn more about ourselves and the world
that surrounds us.
ILLNESS
[B2] [I or T] If you develop an illness or problem, or if it develops, you start to suffer

from it.
587
The study showed that one in twelve women is likely to develop breast cancer.
She's developed some very strange habits lately.
Learner example:
They often developed the same symptoms as can be seen among mentally disturbed human
beings.
developed /dɪˈvel.əpt/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] describes a country or region of the world with an advanced level of

technology, industry, etc.
Dictionary example:
a developed country/nation
Learner example:
To conclude I would like to say that the gover[n]ments of all developed countries wouldn't have
been so concerned about [the] so-called "problem 2000" if the computer had not been so
important for modern society.
developer /dɪˈvel.ə.pər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
PRODUCTS
[C1] someone whose job is to create new products, especially computer products
such as software
Dictionary example:
We mostly use developers based in India.
Learner example:
For example, we may have the top website developers in China, but quite often the[ir] skills are
[restrict]ed by poor IT infrastructures.
588
developing /dɪˈvel.ə.pɪŋ/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] describes a country or region of the world which is poor and has few industries
Dictionary example:
the developing world/countries/nations
Learner example:
Nowadays, both developed and developing countries spend a lot of money on computeriz[ation].
development /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/
Word family:
NOUN
CHANGE
[B1] [U] when someone or something grows or changes and becomes more
advanced
healthy growth and development
The programme traced the development of popular music through the ages.
a development project in Pakistan
Learner example:
There are some machines which have helped in my development, and others which help to make
my life easier.
PROCESS
[B1] [U] the process of developing something new
the development of new drugs
Mr Berkowitz is in charge of product development.
Learner example:
Owing to the great speed of technological development, people need to lead a faster life.
589
EVENT
[B2] [C] something new that happens and changes a situation
an important development in the fuel crisis
Phone me if there are any new developments.
Learner example:
There have been impressive developments in technology lately.
device /dɪˈvaɪs/
NOUN [C]
EQUIPMENT
[B2] a piece of equipment that is used for a particular purpose
an electronic device
Rescuers used a special device for finding people trapped in collapsed buildings.
Learner example:
I have much more time for many other things during the day thanks to [the] devices modern
technology offers us.
devil /ˈdev.əl/
NOUN [C]
EVIL BEING
[B2] ! an evil being, often represented in human form but with a tail and horns
Learner example:
This film is about a devil who meets a priest.
devote /dɪˈvəʊt/
Word family:
Verbs: devote
Adjectives: devoted
590
VERB
devote sth to sb/sth PHRASAL VERB
USE TIME
[B2] to use time, energy, etc. for a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
He resigned from his job to devote more time to his family.
Learner example:
At that time, everyone should have devoted their life to the nation.
USE SPACE
[B2] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to use a space or area for a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
Most of the magazine was devoted to celebrity gossip.
Learner example:
And we ha[ve] come [up with] the idea of building a drama theatre at our college and a new
department for our library devoted to music.
devote yourself to sth PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to spend all your time or energy doing something that you think is important
Dictionary example:
He retired in 1814 to devote himself to social reforms.
Learner example:
Bosses do not like women of such marital status, because there is a threa[t] that they will have not
enough time to devote themselves to their professional work.
devoted /dɪˈvəʊ.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: devote
Adjectives: devoted
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extremely loving or caring very much about someone or something
a devoted fan/husband/wife
Lucy is devoted to her cats.
Learner example:
I am devoted to reading and I can say this book is wonderful.
591
diagram /ˈdaɪ.ə.græm/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a simple picture showing what something looks like or explaining something
Dictionary example:
The teacher drew a diagram showing how the blood flows through the heart.
Learner example:
The first diagram tells us that the number of Japanese tourist[s] travelling abroad increased
dramatically from about 5 million in 1985 to about 11 million in 1990.
dial /ˈdaɪ.əl/
VERB [I or T] (-ll-)
[B1] to make a telephone call to a particular number
Can I dial this number direct, or do I have to go through the operator?
Dial 0 for the switchboard.
Learner example:
So he picked up the phone and dialled the number written in the letter.
dialogue /ˈdaɪ.ə.lɒg/
NOUN [C or U]
IN BOOK, ETC.
[B2] (a) conversation which is written for a book, play or film
The play contained some very funny dialogue.
Act Two begins with a short dialogue between father and son.
Learner example:
However, she shows her courage during her first dialogue with Joss.
592
diamond /ˈdaɪə.mənd/
NOUN
STONE
[B2] [C or U] an extremely hard valuable stone which is used in jewellery, and in

industry for cutting hard things
a diamond ring/necklace
He had worked in the diamond mines of South Africa.
Learner example:
She found a gorgeous diamond ring on her finger.
SHAPE
[B2] [C] a shape with four straight sides of equal length, forming two opposite
angles which are wide and two which are narrow
Dictionary example:
Joe's socks had diamond patterns on them.
dictate /dɪkˈteɪt/
VERB
[C1] to decide or control what happens
Dictionary example:
The weather will dictate where we hold the party.
Learner example:
Since the dawn of time people of all religions have considered that there is a higher power that
dictates their destiny.
die /daɪ/
VERB [I] (dying, died, died)
be dying for/to do sth

[B1] INFORMAL to be extremely eager to have or do something
I'm dying to hear your news.
I'm dying for a cup of tea.
593
Learner example:
Now I have to leave you because I'm dying for a pizza!
diesel /ˈdiː.zəl/
NOUN [U]
[C1] fuel used in the engines of some vehicles, especially buses and trucks
Dictionary example:
We need to stop for some diesel.
Learner example:
Secondly, if the price of petrol is increased, people will buy cars that run on diesel.
diet /ˈdaɪ.ət/
NOUN
USUAL FOOD
[B1] [C or U] the type of food that someone usually eats
a healthy/balanced diet
The children seem to exist on a diet of burgers and chips.
Learner example:
You can try our fresh farm food, which [is] very good for your diet.
WEIGHT LOSS
[B1] [C] when someone eats less food, or only particular types of food, because they
want to become thinner or for medical reasons
I'm going on a diet next week and hope to lose two kilos before Christmas.
The doctor put me on a low-salt diet to reduce my blood pressure.
Learner example:
I'm on a serious diet, and I have to exercise.
594
differ /ˈdɪf.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: difference, indifference
Verbs: differ, differentiate
Adjectives: different, indifferent
Adverbs: differently
VERB [I]
[B2] to be not like something or someone else, either physically or in another way
The twins look alike, but they differ in personality.
His views differ considerably from those of his parents.
The findings of the various studies differ greatly/widely.
Learner example:
People's opinions on this matter differ widely.
difference /ˈdɪf.ər.ənts/
Word family:
NOUN
AMOUNT
[B1] [C or U] the amount by which one thing is different from another
a(n) age/price/temperature difference
There's a big difference in age between them.
Learner example:
This age difference was too big!
make a (big) difference

[B2] to improve a situation (a lot)
Dictionary example:
Exercise can make a big difference to your health.
Learner example:
It wouldn't make a big difference in my life, but it would be good.
595
make no difference/not make any difference
[B2] to not be important or change a situation
You can ask him again if you like, but it won't make any difference - he'll still say no.
It makes no difference where you put the aerial, the TV picture's still bad.
Learner example:
Does it make any difference, some might ask?
tell the difference

[C1] to notice a difference between two things
Dictionary example:
I can't tell the difference between an American and a Canadian accent.
Learner example:
Not only will their critical sen[s]e atrophy but also they will not be able to tell the difference
between what is right and wrong.
different /ˈdɪf.ər.ənt/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
SEPARATE
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] used to talk about separate things or people of the same
type
Dictionary example:
I had to go to three different shops to find the book she wanted.
Learner example:
I have three different teachers for three different things, one for the grammar, [an]other for the
lis[ten]ing and finally [one] for my writing.
differentiate /ˌdɪf.ərˈen.ʃi.eɪt/
Word family:
596
VERB
SEE DIFFERENCE
[C1] [I or T] to understand or notice how two things or people are different from each
other
Dictionary example:
He can't differentiate between blue and green.
Learner example:
The person would learn how to differentiate his needs from his wants and would value hard work.
differently /ˈdɪf.ər.ənt.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B1] in a different way
We want to do things differently.
Are girls treated differently?
Learner example:
I had always pictured it quite differently.
difficult /ˈdɪf.ɪ.kəlt/
Word family:
Nouns: difficulty
Adjectives: difficult
ADJECTIVE
NOT FRIENDLY
[B1] not friendly or easy to deal with
The manager is difficult to deal with/a difficult person to deal with.
His wife is a very difficult person.
Please children, don't be so difficult!
Learner example:
I'm not a difficult person and I can cook very [well].
597
put sb in a difficult position
[C1] to cause someone to be in a difficult situation
Dictionary example:
When two of your best friends argue it puts you in a very difficult position.
Learner example:
I know that I will put you in a difficult position with my absence but I must leave.
difficulty /ˈdɪf.ɪ.kəl.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: difficulty
Adjectives: difficult
NOUN
NOT EASY
[B1] [U] when something is not easy to do or understand
We finished the job, but only with great difficulty.
The difficulty of the task excited them.
She had great difficulty finding a job.
Learner example:
They would have difficulty in sleeping outdoors.
PROBLEM
[B2] [C] something that is not easy to deal with
financial difficulties
to have/experience difficulties
children with learning difficulties
Learner example:
As you know my family has financial difficulties and we can't afford this.
dig /dɪg/
VERB (digging, dug, dug)
MOVE SOIL
[B1] [I or T] to break up and move soil using a tool, a machine or your hands
598
Dictionary example:
Digging (in) the garden is good exercise.
Learner example:
I started digging, but it was useless.
dig a hole/tunnel
[B2] to form a hole by moving soil
The tunnel was dug with the aid of heavy machinery.
The dog was digging a hole to hide its bone in.
Learner example:
I was ready to dig a hole and jump into it, because when you are at that age and your best friend's
father sees you kissing your boyfriend in the dark, [it is] just the most embarr[a]ssing thing which
can happen to you.
digest /daɪˈdʒest/
Word family:
Nouns: digestion
Verbs: digest
VERB [T]
FOOD
[C1] to change food in your stomach into substances that your body can use
Dictionary example:
I need some time to digest my dinner.
Learner example:
Most families are also trying to eat a bit less meat, because meat is very hard to digest.
INFORMATION
[C1] to think about new information carefully in order to understand it
Dictionary example:
You need to give me time to digest this report.
Learner example:
Also I found the lectures about how to write CVs very useful although if the groups were smaller,
it would have made the information easier to digest.
599
digestion /daɪˈdʒest.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: digestion
Verbs: digest
NOUN [U]
[C1] when your body changes food in your stomach into substances that it can use
Dictionary example:
He has problems with his digestion.
Learner example:
Afterwards, I had some serious digestion problems, and no medical care was available.
digital /ˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.təl/
ADJECTIVE
DISPLAY
[B1] showing information in the form of an electronic image
a digital clock/display
a digital watch
Learner example:
The alarm clock was flashing with the annoying digital zeros.
dilemma /daɪˈlem.ə/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two different
things you could do
The President is clearly in a dilemma about/over how to tackle the crisis.
She faces the dilemma of disobeying her father or losing the man she loves.
a moral/ethical dilemma
Learner example:
Actually I think it's a typical female dilemma: we try to do many things by ourselves and at the
same time!
600
dimension /ˌdaɪˈmen.tʃən/
NOUN [C]
ASPECT
[B2] a particular part of a situation, especially something that affects how you think
or feel
Dictionary example:
Music has added a new dimension to my life.
Learner example:
I had never felt this way before, it was like being part of another life, another dimension!
MEASUREMENT
[B2] a measurement of the length, width, or height of something
Dictionary example:
The dimensions of the photo should be no larger than 30cm by 20cm.
Learner example:
Also I [want to] take a big mirror, the dimensions are 0.70 x 1.20 m.
diminish /dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to become less, or to make something become less
Dictionary example:
Your pain should diminish gradually after taking these tablets.
Learner example:
As one student I've asked said, if we manage to keep cars out of town, air pollution will
considerably diminish.
dip /dɪp/
VERB (-pp-)
PUT INTO LIQUID
[B2] [T] to put something into a liquid for a short time
Dip the fish in the batter, then drop it into the hot oil.
She dipped her toe into the pool to see how cold it was.
601
Learner example:
I recommend little sandwiches, chips and other things to dip [into sauces].
BECOME LOWER
[B2] [I] to become lower in level or amount
Dictionary example:
The number of students taking sciences has dipped sharply.
Learner example:
Cinema attendance in th[is] age group dipped to 88%.
diplomat /ˈdɪp.lə.mæt/
Word family:
Nouns: diplomat, diplomacy
Adjectives: diplomatic
Adverbs: diplomatically
NOUN [C]
[B2] an official whose job is to represent one country in another, and who usually
works in an embassy
Dictionary example:
a Spanish/British diplomat
Learner example:
The owner of the restaurant was a diplomat, and he invited the refugees to eat at the restaurant.
diplomatic /ˌdɪp.ləˈmæt.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: diplomat, diplomacy
Adjectives: diplomatic
Adverbs: diplomatically
ADJECTIVE
GOVERNMENTS
[C1] relating to diplomacy or diplomats
Dictionary example:
diplomatic relations
Learner example:
The price has been arranged by the Argentine an[d] English Governments, that have now entered
diplomatic relations.
602
direct /daɪˈrekt/
Word family:
Nouns: direction, directions, director
Verbs: direct
Adjectives: direct, indirect
Adverbs: directly, indirectly
ADJECTIVE
STRAIGHT
[B1] going straight from one place to another without stopping or changing
direction
a direct route/line
Is there a direct train to Edinburgh?
Learner example:
I'm looking for a direct flight from Zurich to Botswana.
NOTHING BETWEEN
[B2] with no other person or thing involved or between
She decided to take direct control of the project.
Have you any direct experience of this kind of work?
He left as a direct result/consequence of what she said.
There is a direct link/connection between smoking and lung cancer.
Learner example:
I think that there are huge dangers today such as war, violence, crime, pollution, etc. that have a
direct influence on our lives.
CLEAR
[C1] saying clearly and honestly what you think
Dictionary example:
a direct answer
Learner example:
He preferred to give me [a] hint rather than a direct answer.
VERB
FILM/PLAY
[B1] [I or T] to tell the actors in a film or play what to do
He wanted to give up acting and start directing (his own films).
'Jaws' was directed by Steven Spielberg.
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Learner example:
We plan to see an action film which was directed by Tarantino.
ROUTE
[B1] [T] to show or tell someone how to get to a place
Dictionary example:
Can you direct me to the manager's office please?
Learner example:
He directed me to a room where other guests were waiting.
direct sth against/at/towards, etc. sb/sth

[C1] to aim something at someone or something
Dictionary example:
The demonstrators' anger was directed at the police.
Learner example:
In these circumstances it is important, however, that alte[r]native options are provided (e.g.
efficient and affordable train services) and that economic measures (such as increased prices) are
directed at those who really cause the most environmental costs.
ORGANIZE
[C1] [T] to organize and control the way something is done
Dictionary example:
He directed the building of the new art gallery.
Learner example:
Obviously they will work in the com[m]ercial department, under the supervision of Lorenzo Soboli,
the person who is in charge of directing that section.
direction /daɪˈrek.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: direct
NOUN
WAY
[B1] [C] the way that someone or something is moving or facing
"No, go that way," I said, pointing in the opposite direction.
He was going in the direction of the bedroom.
They drove away in opposite directions.
604
Learner example:
I walked for hours in the same direction I [had] walked before.
in sb's direction
[B2] towards someone
Dictionary example:
She keeps looking in my direction.
Learner example:
I didn't know why she was talking to me but suddenly she walked in my direction and told me: "I
need to know your name".
CONTROL
[C1] [U] control or instructions
Dictionary example:
Under his direction the company has doubled its profits.
Learner example:
I am writing to you on behalf of the Social Club of our language school to express some
complaints that we had from several students concerning our recent visit to the Science and
Technology Museum which is under your direction.
directly /daɪˈrekt.li/
Word family:
Verbs: direct
ADVERB
NOTHING BETWEEN
[B1] with no other person or thing involved or in between
Our hotel room was directly above a building site.
The disease is directly linked to poor drainage systems.
The sun shone directly in my eyes.
Learner example:
The Youth Hostel was directly beside the sea.
CLEARLY
[B2] clearly and honestly
Dictionary example:
Let me answer that question directly.
605
Learner example:
While being interviewed, try to answer the questions directly and look into [the] interviewer's eyes.
director /daɪˈrek.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: direct
NOUN [C]
MANAGER
[B1] an important manager in an organization or company
the board of directors
She has become the director of the new information centre.
Learner example:
It was from my school teacher and she was saying the most horrible things about the school, the
director and other teachers.
FILM/PLAY
[B1] someone who tells the actors in a film or play what to do
Dictionary example:
a famous film/movie director
Learner example:
We want to see the latest film by our favourite director - Oliver Stone.
directory /dɪˈrekt.ər.i/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a book or list of names, numbers, or other facts
Dictionary example:
I looked in the telephone directory.
Learner example:
If you['d] like to know more, look at the phone book (directory); you'll find 3 or 4 pages about how
to phone, how to dial, how to get numbers etc. in English.
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dirt /dɜːt/
Word family:
Nouns: dirt
Adjectives: dirty
NOUN [U]
[B1] dust, soil or any substance that makes a surface not clean
Dictionary example:
His coat was covered with dirt.
Learner example:
Maybe in the future they'll find a new fabric which protects you from dirt and dangerous sunshine.
disability /ˌdɪs.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Verbs: enable
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] an illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult for someone to do the
things that other people do
a physical/learning disability
Trying to change attitudes to disability is a real struggle.
Learner example:
Such [problems] as cancer, heart attack, [or] mental disability are very likely to bother you in the
future.
disabled /dɪˈseɪ.bl
̩d/
Word family:
Verbs: enable
ADJECTIVE
[B1] having an illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult to do the things
that most people do
607
The accident left him severely disabled.
The library does not have disabled access.
Learner example:
I have done a lot of work looking after disabled people in the local area.
disadvantage /ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
MAKING DIFFICULT
[B1] something which makes a situation more difficult, or makes you less likely to
succeed
One disadvantage of living in the town is the lack of safe places for the children to play.
We need to consider whether the disadvantages of the plan outweigh the advantages.
Learner example:
After that we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of public transport.
disadvantaged /ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒd/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Disadvantaged people are poor and do not have many opportunities.
Dictionary example:
economically disadvantaged children
Learner example:
Therefore, there are several ways in which these people are becoming more and more
disadvantaged.
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disagree /ˌdɪs.əˈgriː/
Word family:
VERB [I]
[B1] to have a different opinion from someone else about something
I disagree with most of what he said.
Experts disagree about / on the causes of the disease.
Few people would disagree that something should be done to reduce the level of crime in the
area.
I strongly disagree with the decision that has been taken.
Learner example:
We saw "Harry Potter" [and] the film was good but I think the book is better. Carlos disagreed with
me.
disagreement /ˌdɪs.əˈgriː.mənt/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when people have a different opinion about something or have an argument
They had a disagreement about/over money.
There was some disagreement with this view.
Literary critics were in total disagreement about the book.
Learner example:
I am writing to express my disagreement with your article "Failure of Festival", as I attended the
festival last weekend.
disappear /ˌdɪs.əˈpɪər/
Word family:
609
VERB [I]
NOT SEE
[B1] to become impossible to see
The sun disappeared behind a cloud.
We looked for her but she had disappeared into the crowd.
Learner example:
They saw my mother's shadow [on] the stairs and disappeared.
NOT FIND
[B1] to become impossible to find
She disappeared from her home over a month ago.
I can't find my keys anywhere - they've completely disappeared.
Learner example:
I noticed that my wallet had disappeared.
STOP EXISTING
[B2] to no longer exist
These flowers are disappearing from our countryside.
This is a way of life that is fast disappearing.
Learner example:
It seems that the decorative role of clothes will have disappeared by the year 2050.
disappearance /ˌdɪs.əˈpɪə.rənts/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when someone or something disappears
Dictionary example:
A man was being questioned in connection with her disappearance.
Learner example:
After his disappearance lots of people were looking for him and [in] the end they tracked him
down!
610
disappoint /ˌdɪs.əˈpɔɪnt/
Word family:
Nouns: disappointment
Verbs: disappoint
Adjectives: disappointed, disappointing
VERB [T]
[B1] to make someone feel unhappy because someone or something was not as
good as they had expected
I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I'm afraid I can't come after all.
We don't want to disappoint the fans.
Learner example:
I've always got along very well with little kids and I'm sure I won't disappoint you.
disappointed /ˌdɪs.əˈpɔɪn.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: disappoint
ADJECTIVE
[B1] unhappy because someone or something was not as good as you hoped or
expected, or because something did not happen
She was disappointed (that) they hadn't phoned.
We were deeply disappointed at/about the result.
His parents were bitterly disappointed in/with him.
He was disappointed to find they'd already gone.
Learner example:
I feel so disappointed.
disappointing /ˌdɪs.əˈpɔɪn.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: disappoint
611
ADJECTIVE
[B1] making you feel disappointed
What a disappointing performance/result!
The response to our advertisement has been very disappointing.
Learner example:
I started my new English class last week, which was [a] really disappointing experience since the
teacher was not a native speaker.
disappointment /ˌdɪs.əˈpɔɪnt.mənt/
Word family:
Verbs: disappoint
NOUN
FEELING
[B1] [U] the feeling of being disappointed
Book early to avoid disappointment.
To my (great) disappointment, he decided to leave.
Learner example:
However, to my disappointment, the restaurant was closed because it was being redecorated.
PERSON/THING
[B1] [C] something or someone that disappoints you
The party turned out to be a big / huge / great disappointment.
I'm afraid I've been rather a disappointment to my parents.
Learner example:
It was all a big disappointment!
disapproval /ˌdɪs.əˈpruː.vəl/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[C1] when you think that someone or something is bad or wrong
612
Dictionary example:
I could sense their disapproval.
Learner example:
I am writing to express my disapproval of the deplorable service experienced in your museum.
disapprove /ˌdɪs.əˈpruːv/
Word family:
VERB [I]
[B2] to feel that something or someone is bad or wrong
The survey showed that 32% of respondents approve, 54% disapprove and the rest are undecided.
I strongly disapprove of under-age drinking.
Learner example:
Since the system has more disadvantages than advantages, I disapprove of [the] "open 24 hours a
day, seven days a week" system.
disaster /dɪˈzɑː.stər/
Word family:
Nouns: disaster
Adjectives: disastrous
NOUN [C or U]
DAMAGE
[B2] something that causes great harm or damage
An inquiry was ordered into the recent rail disaster.
This is one of the worst natural disasters ever to hit the area.
Everything was going smoothly until suddenly disaster struck.
Learner example:
Secondly, we have to save our planet from disaster.
FAILURE
[B2] something that is a failure or has a negative result
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His idea was a total disaster.
Inviting James and Ivan to dinner on the same evening was a recipe for disaster - they always
argue with each other.
Learner example:
For very shy people who have trouble communicating even in everyday situations it would be a
disaster to become famous, watched by curious fans and recognised while walking in the streets.
disastrous /dɪˈzɑːs.trəs/
Word family:
Nouns: disaster
Adjectives: disastrous
ADJECTIVE
[C1] extremely bad
disastrous consequences
a disastrous week
Learner example:
Let's hope that people involved - politicians and trade union leaders - will be able to sort things
out soon in order to put an end to these disastrous conditions.
disc /dɪsk/
NOUN [C]
RECORDING
[B1] a CD
Dictionary example:
Both songs are on their latest disc.
Learner example:
Then after the movie, we went to a CD shop and I bought the new Foo Fighters' disc.
SHAPE
[B2] a flat, round shape or object
Dictionary example:
The dog had a small, metal disc attached to its collar.
614
discipline /ˈdɪs.ə.plɪn/
NOUN
RULES
[B2] [U] when people's behaviour is controlled using rules and punishments
parental/military/school discipline
There should be better discipline in schools.
Learner example:
I don't know if that is because of their age, but whatever it is, I think teachers should change the
methods of discipline they use.
SELF CONTROL
[C1] [U] when you can control your own behaviour carefully
Dictionary example:
I don't have enough discipline to save money.
Learner example:
He's an example to be followed not only as an athlete, but also as a person who is [a] symbol of
discipline, maturity, humility.
disc jockey /ˈdɪskˌdʒɒk.i/ (ALSO DJ)
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who plays music on the radio or at live events
Dictionary example:
a radio 2 disc jockey
Learner example:
I found out that there would be a special event with disc jockeys like DJ Quicksilver.
discomfort /dɪˈskʌm.fət/
Word family:
Verbs: comfort
615
NOUN
SITUATION
[C1] [C or U] a physically uncomfortable situation
Dictionary example:
They travelled in great discomfort.
Learner example:
First of all, the coach was not suitable for adults, as we had very little leg room [and] the seat belts
were broken, which mean[t] discomfort and insecurity.
discontent /ˌdɪs.kənˈtent/
Word family:
Nouns: discontent
Adjectives: content
NOUN [U]
[C1] unhappiness about a situation
Dictionary example:
There is growing discontent with this government.
Learner example:
You must know that this is a delicate moment for [the] Italian economy, because of the recession
and unemployment problems, and the discontent with government policy has pushed many
workers to go on strike.
discourage /dɪˈskʌr.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: encouragement
Verbs: discourage, encourage
Adjectives: encouraging
VERB [T]
MAKE LESS CONFIDENT
[B2] to make someone less confident or enthusiastic about something
Dictionary example:
The thought of how much work she had to do discouraged her.
Learner example:
It should include the prices of the tickets. If not, it will discourage people.
616
discourage sb from doing sth
[B2] to try to persuade someone not to do something
Dictionary example:
Her parents tried to discourage her from seeing him.
Learner example:
Yet there are also disadvantage[s] which might discourage you from buying a mobile phone.
discover /dɪˈskʌv.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: discovery
Verbs: discover
VERB [T]
[B1] to find out something or to find a place or an object, especially for the first
time
Who discovered America?
Scientists have discovered how to predict an earthquake.
We searched all morning for the missing papers and finally discovered them in a drawer.
She discovered (that) her husband was having an affair.
Learner example:
I have discovered that horses are wonderful animals.
discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: discovery
Verbs: discover
NOUN
FINDING
[B2] [C or U] when someone discovers something
the discovery of electricity
Leonardo made many scientific discoveries.
a journey/voyage of discovery
The discovery of a body in the woods started a murder enquiry.
Learner example:
How will this affect our lifestyles and homes in the future if scientists go on making new
discoveries?
617
THING/PERSON
[C1] [C] something or someone that is discovered
Dictionary example:
I've made a great discovery!
Learner example:
My second discovery is a more serious one. After thirty years since its premier[e], "Macbeth" sees
its first release on video.
discriminate /dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.neɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: discrimination
Verbs: discriminate
VERB [I]
TREAT UNFAIRLY
[C1] to treat someone unfairly because of their sex, race, religion, etc.
Dictionary example:
The company was accused of discriminating against people on the basis of age.
Learner example:
Firstly, the disadvantage of this policy is that it discriminates against the poor.
discrimination /dɪˌskrɪm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: discrimination
Verbs: discriminate
NOUN [U]
[C1] when someone is treated unfairly because of their sex, race, religion, etc.
racial/sex/sexual discrimination
discrimination against older workers
Learner example:
But we must not forget that there is still sexual discrimination when women apply for jobs higher
up in [a] hierarchy.
618
discussion /dɪˈskʌʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: discussion
Verbs: discuss
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] when people talk about something and tell each other their ideas or opinions
They were having a discussion about football.
I can say nothing - the matter is still under discussion.
Management are holding/having discussions with the union about possible redundancies.
Learner example:
Jane told us something about the Civil War and after that we had a discussion about the rights of
black people in th[o]se days.
disease /dɪˈziːz/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] (an) illness caused by infection or by a failure of health rather than by an

accident
heart disease
a common/rare disease
They reported a sudden outbreak of the disease in the south of the country.
The first symptom of the disease is a very high temperature.
Starvation and disease have killed thousands of refugees.
Learner example:
I was worried about her incurable disease.
disgrace /dɪsˈgreɪs/
NOUN
LOSS OF RESPECT
[B2] [U] when someone does something very bad that makes people stop respecting
them or their family, team, etc.
They were sent home in disgrace.
He brought disgrace on the whole team.
619
Learner example:
When we came back, it felt like we were sinking in[to] a miserable life, full of disgrace.
be a disgrace
[B2] to be very bad
Dictionary example:
It's a disgrace that money is being wasted like this.
Learner example:
The park is really a disgrace.
disguise /dɪsˈgaɪz/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] clothes and other things that you wear to change the way you look so that
people cannot recognize you
Dictionary example:
She usually goes out in disguise to avoid being bothered by the public.
Learner example:
There will be a big parade in the first week of the month with people in disguise.
VERB [T]
DIFFERENT APPEARANCE
[B2] to give a new appearance to a person or thing, especially in order to hide its
true form
He disguised himself by shaving his head and wearing a false beard.
Minor skin imperfections can usually be disguised with make-up.
We tried to disguise the fact that it was just a school hall by putting up coloured lights and
balloons.
Learner example:
This writer that we are going to welcome is a brilliant woman, because she had the courage to
disguise herself as an [im]migrant to see and to feel how those poor and miserable Turkish
[im]migrants live in Germany.
disgusted /dɪsˈɡʌs.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: disgust
Adjectives: disgusting, disgusted
620
ADJECTIVE
[C1] feeling extreme dislike or disapproval of something
Dictionary example:
I'm totally disgusted with your behaviour.
Learner example:
As you realise, I am thoroughly disgusted with the tour which you provided.
disgusting /dɪsˈgʌs.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: disgust
Adjectives: disgusting, disgusted
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely unpleasant or unacceptable
It's disgusting that there are no schools or hospitals for these people.
Passengers were kept for hours in a disgusting waiting room.
Learner example:
Personally I don't like the special food that they do sometimes, because it's disgusting.
dishonest /dɪˈsɒn.ɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: dishonesty, honesty
Adjectives: dishonest, honest
Adverbs: honestly, dishonestly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not honest and likely to lie or do something illegal
a dishonest lawyer
a dishonest way of making money
He's been dishonest in his dealings with us/about his past.
Learner example:
Both of them are dishonest men: Joss organizes the smuggling, and Jem is a horse-thief.
621
dishonestly /dɪˈsɒn.ɪst.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[C1] in a dishonest way
Dictionary example:
She acted dishonestly.
Learner example:
The prize is valueless if achieved dishonestly.
dishonesty /dɪˈsɒn.ɪ.sti/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B2] when someone is not honest
Dictionary example:
Her dishonesty landed her in prison.
Learner example:
He is so open in his dishonesty that Mary can't be angry with him.
dishwasher /ˈdɪʃˌwɒʃ.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a machine that washes dirty plates, cups, forks, etc.
Dictionary example:
I was just loading the dishwasher.
Learner example:
Finally, modern technology has changed my way of spending the free time that is provided by
household appliances [such] as the dishwasher [and] the washing machine.
622
disk /dɪsk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a piece of computer equipment that records and stores information

electronically
the hard disk
How much disk space is there?
Learner example:
I bought a brand new, state of the art computer which is equipped with a 300 Mhz PENTIUM
Processor, a 300 GB hard disk, a 17" monitor and so on.
dislike /dɪˈslaɪk/
Word family:
Verbs: dislike, like
VERB [T]
[B1] to not like someone or something
Why do you dislike her so much?
I dislike walking and I hate the countryside.
Learner example:
I generally prefer reading newspapers, but I don't dislike books.
NOUN
likes and dislikes

[B1] things that you do and do not like
Dictionary example:
What are your top five likes and dislikes?
Learner example:
The teacher asked about our families, friends, [and] likes and dislikes and [then] the lesson
finished.
NOT LIKING
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] when you do not like someone or something
Dictionary example:
a dislike of cold weather
Learner example:
The main reason for my dislike is that it's so unnatural.
623
dismiss /dɪˈsmɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: dismissal
Verbs: dismiss
VERB [T]
NOT CONSIDER
[C1] to refuse to consider an idea or opinion
Dictionary example:
The committee dismissed the idea as rubbish.
Learner example:
That is why I would dismiss this facility: there is already a small video room in our school which is
hardly ever used.
MAKE LEAVE
[C1] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to officially make someone leave their job
Dictionary example:
Anyone who breaks company rules will be dismissed.
Learner example:
What's more, every day hundreds of workmen are dismissed and thereby the ratio of
unemployment still increases.
dismissal /dɪˈsmɪs.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: dismissal
Verbs: dismiss
NOUN
IDEA
[C1] [U] when someone refuses to consider an idea or opinion
Dictionary example:
I was angered by his dismissal of my worries.
Learner example:
Their dismissal of our proposal was essentially because of our lack of worldwid[e] investments; as
everybody knows, we fundamentally concentrate our assets inside the European Union
boundaries.
JOB
[C1] [C or U] when an employer officially makes someone leave their job
624
a letter of dismissal
She accused her employers of unfair dismissal.
Learner example:
Another episod[e] of this sort is when Miss K. threatens to leave Darlington Hall because of the
dismissal of the two Jewish maids.
disorder /dɪˈsɔː.dər/
Word family:
Nouns: order, disorder
NOUN
ILLNESS
[C1] [C] an illness or medical condition
Dictionary example:
a blood disorder
Learner example:
We should react at an early stage of an eating disorder by watching ourselves, consulting a doctor
and going to the fitness cent[re].
BAD BEHAVIOUR
[C1] [U] uncontrolled, bad behaviour, especially by large groups of people
crime and disorder
public/civil disorder
Learner example:
Although the transport facilities are good, the neighbo[u]rhood has become increasingly
dangerous, with numerous incidents of attacks and public disorder.
disorganized (ALSO UK disorganised) /dɪˈsɔː.gə.naɪzd/
Word family:
Nouns: organization, organizer
Verbs: organize
Adjectives: disorganized, organized
ADJECTIVE
OF SOMETHING
[B2] not planned or organized well
625
Dictionary example:
The whole conference was totally disorganized - nobody knew what they were supposed to be
doing.
Learner example:
Even though it was rather disorganized, most of [the] audience seemed to be [pleased] with it.
OF SOMEONE
[B2] not good at planning or organizing things
Dictionary example:
He's impossible to work for - he's so disorganized.
Learner example:
Apart from that, I am a disaster working in offices and I am very disorganised.
displace /dɪˈspleɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: place, replacement, displacement
Verbs: place, replace, displace, misplace
VERB [T]
[C1] to take the place of someone or something
Dictionary example:
Many of these workers will be displaced by modern technology.
Learner example:
Mexico was traditionally the land of the tortilla and the beans, but every day, this seems to be
changing ever more rapidly, displaced by the heavy advertising campai[gn]s and Americani[z]ed
habits.
displacement /dɪˈspleɪs.mənt/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[C1] the act of displacing something
Dictionary example:
Widespread flooding has led to the displacement of thousands of people.
Learner example:
Apart from the fact that population growth is also playing its role, the reason for the enormous[ly]
increased size of cities is [the] displacement of people from rural areas to the cities.
626
display /dɪˈspleɪ/
NOUN
ARRANGEMENT
[B1] [C] a collection of objects or pictures arranged for people to look at
Dictionary example:
a display of children's paintings
Learner example:
I decided to visit a museum which has a special display on Friday.
on display
[B1] If something is on display, it is there for people to look at.
Dictionary example:
Many old aircraft are on display at the museum at the moment.
Learner example:
There were some new musical instruments on display.
ON SCREEN
[B1] [C or U] when something is shown electronically such as on a computer screen
Dictionary example:
The display problems might be due to a shortage of disk space.
Learner example:
The phone has many facilities like games and color display.
SHOW
[B2] [C] a performance or show for people to watch
Dictionary example:
a firework display
Learner example:
One of the high points of our exciting and well organised event was the fireworks display.
VERB
ARRANGE
[B1] [T] to arrange something somewhere so that people can see it
Dictionary example:
Family photographs were displayed on the wall.
Learner example:
The problem [with] some museums is that the way in which the pieces of art are displayed is not
right.
627
ON SCREEN
[B2] [I or T] to show something electronically such as on a computer screen
Dictionary example:
The text can be displayed and edited on screen.
Learner example:
The timetable is hidden somewhere in a submenu which, I think, should be displayed on the main
page.
disposal /dɪˈspəʊ.zəl/
Word family:
Nouns: disposal
Verbs: dispose
Adjectives: disposable
NOUN [U]
REMOVAL
[B2] when you get rid of something, especially by throwing it away
waste disposal
the disposal of hazardous substances
Learner example:
Nowadays waste disposal and environmental protection has become one of the most important
questions of our life in a world with environmental catastrophes.
at sb's disposal
[B2] available for you to use at any time
Dictionary example:
We will have a car at our disposal for the whole trip.
Learner example:
But on Wednesday morning I'm at your disposal.
dispose /dɪˈspəʊz/
Word family:
Nouns: disposal
Verbs: dispose
Adjectives: disposable
628
VERB
dispose of sth PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to get rid of something, especially by throwing it away
Dictionary example:
I need to dispose of these old clothes.
Learner example:
Naturally there are abuses and in large cities, some people continue to dispose of their rubbish in
the street.
disrespect /ˌdɪs.rɪˈspekt/
Word family:
Nouns: respect, disrespect
Verbs: respect
Adjectives: respectable, respected, disrespectful, respectful
Adverbs: respectfully
NOUN [U]
[C1] when someone does not show any respect or behave politely towards someone
or something
Dictionary example:
a disrespect for authority
Learner example:
This report is not only bad publicity for the charity organisation, it also shows a great deal of
disrespect towards the people working with these events.
disrupt /dɪsˈrʌpt/
Word family:
Nouns: disruption
Verbs: disrupt
Adjectives: disruptive
VERB [T]
[B2] to interrupt something and stop it continuing as it should
A heavy fall of snow had disrupted the city's transport system.
The meeting was disrupted by a group of protesters who shouted and threw fruit at the speaker.
Learner example:
On the other hand the beep on your mobile phone sometimes disrupts the most romantic moment
or the best scene in the cinema.
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disruption /ˌdɪsˈrʌp.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: disruption
Verbs: disrupt
Adjectives: disruptive
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when something is stopped from happening as it should
Dictionary example:
a disruption of services
Learner example:
Please also advise if there are evening or weekend courses, so I can attend them without any
disruption to my main work.
dissatisfaction /ˌdɪs.sæt.ɪsˈfæk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: dissatisfaction, satisfaction
Verbs: satisfy
Adjectives: dissatisfied, satisfactory, satisfied, unsatisfactory
Adverbs: satisfactorily
NOUN [U]
[B2] when someone is dissatisfied
Dictionary example:
At the moment she's experiencing a lot of dissatisfaction with her job.
Learner example:
I expect a full refund plus compensation for my dissatisfaction and discomfort which I suffered.
dissatisfied /ˌdɪsˈsæt.ɪs.faɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: satisfy
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not pleased or happy with something
Dictionary example:
If you're dissatisfied with the service, why don't you complain to the hotel manager?
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Learner example:
However, I must say that museums are really useful, to understand the history of the world, and
that's why people keep going there even though they're sometimes dissatisfied.
dissertation /ˌdɪs.əˈteɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a very long piece of writing done as part of a course of study
Dictionary example:
She's writing a dissertation on American poetry.
Learner example:
I have completed my dissertation work on antifungal studies.
dissolve /dɪˈzɒlv/
VERB
END
[C1] [T OFTEN PASSIVE] to end an organization or official arrangement
Dictionary example:
They decided to dissolve the partnership.
Learner example:
Now, the Parliament is dissolved and we are waiting for new elections.
distance /ˈdɪs.tənts/
Word family:
Nouns: distance
Adjectives: distant
NOUN
LENGTH
[B1] [C or U] the amount of space between two places
What's the distance between Madrid and Barcelona/from Madrid to Barcelona?
He travels quite a distance to work every day.
Does she live walking distance of her parents?
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Learner example:
There are also caves to explore a short distance away.
PLACE
[B2] [NO PLURAL] somewhere that is far away, but close enough for you to see or hear
the things that are there
I could see Mary in the distance.
From a distance, it sounded like a bell ringing.
Learner example:
Far in the distance they spotted another ship.
distant /ˈdɪs.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: distance
Adjectives: distant
ADJECTIVE
FAR AWAY
[B2] far away
a distant country
She could hear the distant sound of fireworks exploding.
Learner example:
A distant rumbling could be heard through the thick layers of rock that she was under.
NOT FRIENDLY
[C1] not friendly
Dictionary example:
She seemed cold and distant.
Learner example:
I like the idea of join[ing] a lively team; being a gregarious person I need a change from the cold
and distant treatment which is usual in the big department stores.
distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/
Word family:
Nouns: distinction
Adjectives: distinct, distinctive
632
ADJECTIVE
DIFFERENT
[C1] different and separate
Dictionary example:
This word has three distinct meanings.
Learner example:
However, two distinct groups of employees, namely the molecular dynamics simulation group and
the Drawing Section, are indeed hampered in their daily work due to old equipment.
CLEAR
[C1] clear and certain
Dictionary example:
There's been a distinct improvement in your work.
Learner example:
So, getting married, either in [your] thirties or when younger, has distinct advantages.
distinction /dɪˈstɪŋk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: distinction
NOUN
DIFFERENCE
[B2] [C or U] a difference between two similar things
the distinction between spoken and written language
There's a clear distinction between the dialects spoken in the two regions.
This company makes no distinction between the sexes.
Learner example:
You must be able to make [a] distinction between wild and feroc[ious] species and small animals.
distinctive /dɪˈstɪŋk.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: distinction
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ADJECTIVE
[C1] Something that is distinctive is easy to recognize because it is different from

other things.
Dictionary example:
a distinctive style of writing
Learner example:
But their most distinctive feature is their carefree manner of walking, taking their time and
actually looking at the buildings, the people, the landscapes.
distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.gwɪʃ/
VERB
RECOGNIZE DIFFERENCES
[B2] [I or T] to recognize the differences between two people, ideas or things
He's colour-blind and can't distinguish (the difference) between red and green easily.
I sometimes have difficulty distinguishing Spanish from Portuguese.
It's important to distinguish between business and pleasure.
It's not the beauty so much as the range of his voice that distinguishes him from other tenors.
Learner example:
This is the scene where in a card game between pig Napoleon and human Pilkington, the other
animals, who secretly [watch] the game through the window, find it impossible to distinguish
between pigs and humans.
SHOW DIFFERENCES
[B2] [T] to make one person or thing seem different from another
Dictionary example:
His great skill distinguishes him from the rest of the team.
Learner example:
A person distinguishes [himself] from others by different tastes, manners, characters or
behaviour.
SEE/HEAR
[B2] [T] to be able to see, hear or understand something
Dictionary example:
I couldn't distinguish anything in the darkness.
Learner example:
I could distinguish nothing in the darkness and was [scar]ed to death.
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distinguished /dɪˈstɪŋ.gwɪʃt/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] famous, praised, or admired
Dictionary example:
a distinguished writer
Learner example:
One of HuXin Ting's most distinguished visitors in recent times was Queen Elizabeth II, whose tour
of Shanghai included a stop here and a cup of tea.
distort /dɪˈstɔːt/
VERB [T]
[C1] to change information so that it is not true or realistic
Dictionary example:
Newspapers distorted the truth about their marriage.
Learner example:
The report distorted this figure to "less than 60%".
distract /dɪˈstrækt/
Word family:
Nouns: distraction
Verbs: distract
VERB [T]
[B2] to make someone stop giving their attention to something
Don't distract her from her studies.
He tried to distract from his own illegal activities.
Learner example:
Television is not always useful because it distracts our mind from other thing[s].
distraction /dɪˈstræk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: distraction
Verbs: distract
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NOUN
NO ATTENTION
[C1] [C or U] something that makes you stop giving your attention to something else
Dictionary example:
The phone calls were a constant distraction.
Learner example:
Some of them have really unacceptable behaviour and cause distractions even in class.
FUN
[C1] [C] an activity you can do for fun or entertainment
Dictionary example:
He is studying too much and needs some distractions.
Learner example:
Swiss people are workaholics; they sacrifice their free time to earn money, although [occasionally]
they need some kind of distraction.
distress /dɪˈstres/
Word family:
Nouns: distress
Adjectives: distressing, distressed
NOUN [U]
UPSET
[C1] the feeling of being extremely upset or worried
Dictionary example:
The newspaper reports caused her a great deal of distress.
Learner example:
I am constantly praised for the quality of my work and I get personal satisfaction helping people in
emotional distress.
distressed /dɪˈstrest/
Word family:
Nouns: distress
ADJECTIVE
[C1] extremely upset or worried
636
Dictionary example:
They were very distressed to learn of her death.
Learner example:
I was distressed to discover that your advertisement was inaccurate.
distressing /dɪˈstres.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: distress
ADJECTIVE
[B2] making you feel extremely worried or upset
distressing news
a distressing experience
Learner example:
If you confront a distressing situation try to compensate [for] it with a relaxing activity.
distribute /dɪˈstrɪb.juːt/
Word family:
Nouns: distribution
Verbs: distribute, redistribute
VERB [T]
GIVE OUT
[B2] to give something out to several people
The books will be distributed free to local schools.
Several people were arrested for distributing racist leaflets to the spectators.
Learner example:
I also had to distribute the flyers [at the concert].
SUPPLY
[C1] to supply goods to shops and companies
Dictionary example:
The company manufactures and distributes computer equipment worldwide.
Learner example:
Our company imports all the merchand[i]se from [the] Far East and then distribute[s] those
products in high quantities to different customers.
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distribution /ˌdɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: distribution
Verbs: distribute, redistribute
NOUN
SUPPLYING
[C1] [U] when something is supplied or given out to people or places
Dictionary example:
the sale and distribution of electrical goods
Learner example:
During the economic slowdown throughout the 1980s, the use of rail roads for goods transport
dropped significantly (about 50%) while terrestrial and water transport provided cheaper and
mo[re] effective means of distribution.
SHARING
[C1] [U NO PLURAL] the way something is divided and shared in a group or area
Dictionary example:
the distribution of wealth
Learner example:
Poverty, domestic problems and [an] uneven distribution of wealth in the community make such
children bitter and instead of working hard, they become reb[ell]ious and try to look for short
cut[s] to gain money and comfort.
district /ˈdɪs.trɪkt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a part of a city or country, either an official area or one that is known for
having a particular feature or characteristic
South Cambridgeshire District Council
the financial/business district
the Lake District/the Peak District
Learner example:
I recommend you go from one district to another by public transport.
638
disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/
Word family:
Nouns: disturbance
Verbs: disturb
Adjectives: disturbed, disturbing
VERB [T]
INTERRUPT
[B2] to interrupt what someone is doing by making noise or annoying them
Please don't disturb Georgina - she's trying to do her homework.
I'm sorry to disturb you so late, but my car's broken down and I was wondering if I could use your
phone.
Learner example:
If we go outdoors we won't disturb my parents.
disturbance /dɪˈstɜː.bənts/
Word family:
Nouns: disturbance
Verbs: disturb
Adjectives: disturbed, disturbing
NOUN
INTERRUPTION
[C1] [C or U] something that interrupts what you are doing, especially something loud
or annoying
Dictionary example:
I don't want any disturbances this morning.
Learner example:
On the other hand, I think I represent each and every student when I apologise for the disturbance
of the residents who live near the College.
dive /daɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: diver, diving
Verbs: dive
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VERB [I]
ENTER WATER
[B1] If you dive into water, you enter it head-first with your arms held out above
your head.
They ran to the pool, dived in, and swam to the other side.
Look at those children diving for oysters over there!
Mark dived off the bridge into the river.
Learner example:
I dived from high rocks into the water.
SWIM UNDER WATER
[B1] to swim under water, usually with breathing equipment
Dictionary example:
I like to go somewhere on holiday where I can dive.
Learner example:
Now, she dives regularly [and] spends all her holidays at a place where there is a Diving Centre.
NOUN [C]
ENTRY INTO WATER
[B2] when you enter water head-first with your arms held out above your head
Dictionary example:
He entered the pool with a neat dive.
SWIMMING UNDER WATER
[B2] when you spend some time swimming under water
Dictionary example:
The centre also offers night dives, which are highly recommended.
Learner example:
It will start with a medical test, a few hours of theory, some training dives in a swimming pool
and, at last, two dives on the reef.
diver /ˈdaɪ.vər/
Word family:
Verbs: dive
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who swims under water, usually with breathing equipment
640
Dictionary example:
a deep-sea diver
Learner example:
I've got [the qualification] of "open water diver''.
diverse /daɪˈvɜːs/
Word family:
Nouns: diversity
Adjectives: diverse
ADJECTIVE
[B2] varied or different
Students from countries as diverse as Colombia and Lithuania use Cambridge textbooks.
New York is a very culturally/ethnically diverse city.
Learner example:
I am a sociable person who has been exposed to diverse social circumstances.
diversity /daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: diversity
Adjectives: diverse
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
[C1] when many different types of things or people are included in something
Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country?
There is a wide diversity of opinion on the issue.
Learner example:
On the other hand, the fact that all the people buy the same goods and live in similar ways may
threaten the cultural diversity.
divert /daɪˈvɜːt/
VERB [T]
divert sb's attention/thoughts, etc.

[C1] to take someone's attention away from something
641
Dictionary example:
A movement outside the window diverted my attention.
Learner example:
For example, when I feel sad or depressed, shopping can help [me] temporarily forget those
negative feelings by diverting my attention to something which I really love doing.
divide /dɪˈvaɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: division, divide
Verbs: divide
Adjectives: divided
VERB
SEPARATE
[B1] [I or T] to separate into parts or groups or to make people or things do this
At the end of the lecture, I'd like all the students to divide into small discussion groups.
After World War Two, Germany was divided into two separate countries.
Learner example:
The class was divided in[to] two groups.
PLACE
[B2] [T] to separate a place into two areas
Dictionary example:
There's a narrow alley which divides our house from the one next door.
Learner example:
The city is divided into two parts by the River Danube: Buda and Pest.
divide sth (up) among/between sb

[C1] to separate something into parts and give a part to each person in a group
Dictionary example:
The prize money will be divided equally among the winners.
Learner example:
As women start to work out[side] the home more, the housework has to be divided among all the
family members.
NUMBERS
[C1] [T] to calculate how many times a number can go into another number
Dictionary example:
12 divided by 6 equals 2.
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DISAGREE
[C1] [T OFTEN PASSIVE] to cause people to disagree about something
Dictionary example:
Council members were divided over plans to build a new stadium.
Learner example:
It is certainly clear to all that cars cannot continue to [enter the city] as they are currently doing,
but this is a polemic subject and citizens are bound to be divided.
NOUN [C]
[C1] a difference or separation
Dictionary example:
Because of debt repayments, the divide between rich and poor countries is continuing to grow.
Learner example:
Increasing petrol prices may make the divide between the rich and poor more obvious.
divided /dɪˈvaɪ.dɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: divide
Adjectives: divided
ADJECTIVE
[B2] If a group, organization or country is divided, there are disagreements among

the people in it.
Dictionary example:
Board members are divided over the plans for the new stadium.
Learner example:
Opinions are divided.
diving /ˈdaɪv.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: dive
NOUN [U]
[B1] the activity of swimming under water, usually with breathing equipment
Dictionary example:
I want to go diving in Malta.
643
Learner example:
We can go fishing, diving or windsurfing, it depends on how [you] would like to spend your time.
division /dɪˈvɪʒ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: divide
Adjectives: divided
NOUN
PART
[B2] [U] when something is separated into parts or groups, or the way that it is
separated
Dictionary example:
the equal division of labour between workers
Learner example:
Suddenly all the atomic missiles of the defensive system rose up in the sky, and so did the
Russian ones, not turned off after the division of the ex-USSR.
ORGANIZATION
[B2] [C] one of the groups in a business or organization
Dictionary example:
the sales division
Learner example:
Being a lucky guy, I had the chance to work at the Disneyland Hotel, which is a division of the
famous Walt Disney Company.
SPORT
[B2] [C] one of the groups of football teams in a league
Dictionary example:
the Second Division
Learner example:
I've been playing football for an Italian second division team, by the way.
divorce /dɪˈvɔːs/
Word family:
Nouns: divorce
Verbs: divorce
Adjectives: divorced
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NOUN [C or U]
[B1] when two people officially stop being married
The last I heard they were getting a divorce.
Divorce is on the increase.
Ellie wants a divorce.
What are the chances of a marriage ending in divorce?
Learner example:
After her divorce, she had two boyfriends.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to end a marriage by an official or legal process
Dictionary example:
She's divorcing her husband.
Learner example:
I asked Vina, "If I divorce my wife, will you marry me?"
divorced /dɪˈvɔːst/
Word family:
Nouns: divorce
Verbs: divorce
Adjectives: divorced
ADJECTIVE
[B1] married in the past but not now married
She's divorced.
They got divorced after only six months of marriage.
Learner example:
My best friend Petra is getting divorced.
dizzy /ˈdɪz.i/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] feeling as if everything is turning round, so that you feel ill or as if you might
fall
Going without sleep for a long time makes me feel dizzy and light-headed.
I felt quite dizzy with excitement as I went up to collect the award.
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Learner example:
She felt a little bit dizzy.
DJ /ˈdiːˌdʒeɪ/ (ALSO disc jockey)
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who plays music on the radio or at live events
Dictionary example:
He's a DJ on Radio 1.
Learner example:
I found out that there would be a special event with disc jockeys like DJ Quicksilver.
do /duː/
Word family:
Verbs: do, overdo
AUXILIARY VERB (did, done)
do badly/well
[B1] to be unsuccessful/successful
Dictionary example:
Sam did very well in her exams.
Learner example:
I had done badly in my last exam and my teacher said she would talk to my mother.
AVOID REPEATING
[B1] used to avoid repeating a verb that has just been used
She runs much faster than he does.
Maria looks much healthier than she did.
"I hate that song!" "So do I."
"I don't like the heat." "Nor/Neither do I."
"May I join you?" "Please do!"
Learner example:
I like Brad Pitt a lot, and so does she.
FOR EMPHASIS
[B2] used to give extra force to the main verb
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Do let me know if you need anything.
He does like you - he's just shy.
Learner example:
I real[l]y do love to be a volunteer, to help people as much as I can.
VERB (did, done)
do your hair/make-up, etc.

[B1] to make your hair/make-up, etc. look nice
Dictionary example:
It takes him half an hour to do his hair in the morning.
Learner example:
I was the assistant of the person responsible for the clothes and make-up of the pop-group, [and]
I was asked to do their make-up on my o[w]n.
do your best
[B1] to make the greatest effort possible
Dictionary example:
I did my best to persuade him.
Learner example:
I'll do my best to cover the work.
do sb good
[B2] to have a good effect on someone
Dictionary example:
A break from this would do us all good.
Learner example:
I must admit that my stay in your nice home did me good.
do damage/harm, etc.
[B2] to cause damage/harm, etc.
Dictionary example:
The fire did a lot of structural damage to the building.
Learner example:
I promise not to do any damage!
be/have to do with sth

[B2] to be related to something
Dictionary example:
She lacks confidence and I think that has to do with her childhood.
Learner example:
I think that is nothing to do with my accident.
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will do
[C1] will be satisfactory
Dictionary example:
You don't have to pay now, next week will do.
Learner example:
You need a telephone card. They can cost from 100zT to 1000zT. One of 100zT will do.
do your utmost
[C1] to try as hard as you can to do something
Dictionary example:
We did our utmost to finish the project on time.
Learner example:
In addition, we l[i]ve in a materialistic society where we all do our utmost in order to make ends
meet, but we are never satisfied.
dock /dɒk/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the place where ships stop and goods are taken off or put on
Dictionary example:
The ship is in dock.
Learner example:
I would like to take them with me to a very typical restaurant near the docks: Mummie's House 25
Harbour Street 2 Tel. 070 321 26 33.
document /ˈdɒk.jə.mənt/
NOUN [C]
ON COMPUTER
[B1] a piece of text produced electronically on a computer
Dictionary example:
I'll send you the document by email.
Learner example:
That document was a "virus" and erased all my documents [o]n my computer.
648
documentary /ˌdɒk.jʊˈmen.tər.i/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a film, television or radio programme that gives facts and information about a
subject
The documentary took a fresh look at the life of Darwin.
They showed a documentary on animal communication.
Learner example:
It's supposed to be a documentary about a man who lives with his wife and dogs in The Rockies,
in Canada.
dolphin /ˈdɒl.fɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an intelligent animal that lives in the sea, breathes air and looks like a large,
smooth, grey fish
Dictionary example:
They swam with dolphins on holiday.
Learner example:
I saw a dolphin jumping in the air.
domain /dəʊˈmeɪn/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a particular area, activity, or subject that someone controls or deals with
The garden is his domain.
This information should be in the public domain.
Learner example:
In the late 70s, a profitable domain to work in was the petrol and oil business and, as large
reserves of that natural resource were located in Alaska, the Americans and certain other
companies moved their "base-camp" over there.
649
domestic /dəˈmes.tɪk/
ADJECTIVE
HOME
[B2] belonging or relating to the home, house or family
Dictionary example:
domestic chores/duties/arrangements
Learner example:
All domestic appliances such as showers, kettles, lights, TV and curtains may be voice activated.
COUNTRY
[B2] relating to a person's own country
domestic airlines/flights
Domestic opinion had turned against the war.
Learner example:
We should advertise all [the] good points of our city in [the] domestic and foreign mass-media.
dominant /ˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt/
Word family:
Nouns: dominance, domination
Verbs: dominate
Adjectives: dominant, predominant
Adverbs: predominantly
ADJECTIVE
IMPORTANT
[C1] main or most important
Dictionary example:
Unemployment will be a dominant issue at the next election.
Learner example:
Looking back on the ongoing discussion about women's role in modern German society, there is
one dominant impression: women have to enlarge, improve, intensify, etc.... they have to enlarge
their horizon, to improve their professional skills, to intensify their involvement in politics and so
on ....
650
dominate /ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt/
Word family:
Verbs: dominate
VERB [I or T]
HAVE CONTROL
[B2] to have control over a place or a person
He refuses to let others speak and dominates every meeting.
They work as a group - no one person is allowed to dominate.
Learner example:
For instance, in bank[s], school[s], hospital[s], [and] airport[s] we are absolutely dominated by
computers, aren't we?
BE IMPORTANT
[C1] to be the largest, most important, or most noticeable part of something
The subject of pay dominated their discussions.
The cathedral dominates the skyline.
Learner example:
The religious values that dominated every aspect of life are slowly being replaced by new ones
and the outcome of this metamorphosis has yet to be examined.
domination /dɒm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: dominate
NOUN [U]
[C1] great power and control over someone or something else
Dictionary example:
world domination
Learner example:
[A] more serious argument is that [the] domination of huge multinationals suppresses local
creativity and forces the local traditions to fade away.
651
donate /dəʊˈneɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: donation, donor
Verbs: donate
VERB [I or T]
GIVE MONEY
[B2] to give money or goods to help a person or organization
An anonymous businesswoman donated one million dollars to the charity.
Please donate generously.
Learner example:
You don't have to pay for [it] but you can donate some money if you wish.
BLOOD/ORGANS
[C1] to allow some of your blood or part of your body to be used for medical
purposes
Dictionary example:
He donated a kidney to his sister.
Learner example:
For example, he once saved my life, putting his in danger by donating a large quantity of blood.
donation /dəʊˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: donation, donor
Verbs: donate
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when money or goods are given to help a person or organization
donations of food and money
I'd like to make a small donation in my mother's name.
Learner example:
First of all, I would [like to] say that I and my friends are very happy because of Mr Maitland's
donation.
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donkey /ˈdɒŋ.ki/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an animal like a small horse with long ears
Dictionary example:
The donkey struggled with its heavy burden.
Learner example:
You can use animals like donkeys for transportation.
dose /dəʊs/
NOUN [C]
MEDICINE
[B2] a measured amount of something such as medicine
a high/low dose
a dose of penicillin
Learner example:
It is important to me because I have asthma and cannot miss even one dose of it.
a dose of sth
[B2] an amount of something, often something unpleasant
Dictionary example:
a dose of bad news
Learner example:
You ought to plan your work and mainly learn in the morning when your brain is ready to accept a
great dose of knowledge.
dot /dɒt/
NOUN
INTERNET
[B1] [U] the spoken form of a full stop in an Internet or email address, or some
computer files
Dictionary example:
"What's the web address?" "www dot cambridge dot org".
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MARK
[B2] [C] a very small round mark
The full stop at the end of this sentence is a dot.
Her skirt was blue with white dots.
Learner example:
On the map we have marked a black dot on the place where you will find the hotel.
double /ˈdʌb.l
̩/
DETERMINER
[B1] twice as much or as many
Our new house is double the size of the old one.
It'll cost you double that now.
Learner example:
[There] has been an increase of 15% in the [number of] old people that live alone, and in the case
of living in a care home, the percentage is double (50%) [that of] 1976.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to become twice the original size or amount, or to make something do this
The government aims to double the number of students in higher education within 25 years.
Company profits have doubled since the introduction of new technology.
Learner example:
Taxes have doubled, and the price for petrol shows an increase of more than 50% within the last 3
months.
doubt /daʊt/
Word family:
Nouns: doubt
Verbs: doubt
Adjectives: doubtful, undoubted
Adverbs: undoubtedly
NOUN [C or U]
NOT CERTAIN
[B1] when you are not certain about something, or do not trust someone or
something
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I'm having doubts about his ability to do the job.
If there's any doubt about the rocket's engines, we ought to cancel the launch.
Learner example:
If you have any doubt, send me an e-mail.
have no doubt
[B1] to be certain
I have no doubt (that) I made the right decision.
I never had any doubt (that) you would win.
Learner example:
Maria went with me, and I have no doubt she loved the lake like I did.
there's no doubt
[B1] it is certain
Dictionary example:
There is no doubt (that) he's a good player.
Learner example:
However, there is no doubt that it is a nice one.
be in doubt
[B2] to not be certain
Dictionary example:
The future of the project is in doubt.
Learner example:
If you don't know the difference, or if you are in doubt, keep on reading.
without (a) doubt

[B2] certainly
Dictionary example:
She is without doubt a great writer.
Learner example:
Without a doubt we all are influenced by fashion in a number of ways.
no doubt
[C1] used to say that something is very likely
Dictionary example:
No doubt she'll spend the money on new clothes.
Learner example:
No doubt I will find the skills acquired [on] the course, especially speaking skills, most useful in
my future contacts with clients from English-speaking countries.
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VERB [T]
FEEL UNCERTAIN
[B2] to feel uncertain about something or to think that something is not probable
I doubt whether/if I can finish the work on time.
I doubt (that) I'll get the job.
He may come back tomorrow with the money, but I very much doubt it.
Learner example:
She doubted if she could manage it at all.
NOT BELIEVE
[C1] to not believe someone or something
Dictionary example:
Do you have any reason to doubt her?
Learner example:
I urge you to act fast and promptly in order to avoid serious consequen[c]es: to apologise to the
hospital, note the mistakes in your newspaper and to doubt the reliability of your source.
doubtful /ˈdaʊt.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: doubt
Verbs: doubt
ADJECTIVE
NOT PROBABLE
[B2] not probable
It is doubtful whether/if he'll be able to come.
It was doubtful that the money would ever be found again.
Learner example:
It is certainly doubtful to say that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence
on our personality than any experiences we may have in our life.
NOT CERTAIN
[B2] not feeling certain about something
Dictionary example:
The teacher is doubtful about having parents working as classroom assistants.
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Learner example:
I am very doubtful [about whether] you were there when it was held.
down /daʊn/
ADVERB
IN WRITING
[B1] in writing or on paper
Do you have it down in writing/on paper, or was it just a verbal agreement?
I've put you down for three tickets each.
Learner example:
You have to bring a pen and paper to write down the teacher's notes.
FAR
[B1] used, especially with prepositions, to emphasize that a place is far from you or
from somewhere considered to be central
I'll meet you down at the club after work.
He has a house down by the harbour.
I'm going down to the shop to buy some milk.
Learner example:
As soon as we drove down from the hills, I heard the noise from the town and I didn't like that.
down to earth
[C1] People or ideas that are down to earth are practical and work well.
Dictionary example:
David's a bit of a dreamer but Ruth's much more down to earth.
Learner example:
He has much practical knowledge, he is down to earth.
ADJECTIVE
UNHAPPY
[B2] unhappy or unable to feel excited or energetic about anything
She's been really down since her husband died.
I've been (feeling) a bit down this week.
Learner example:
If you are feeling down or depressed, what are you doing?
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NOT WORKING
[C1] If a computer or machine is down, it is temporarily not working.
Dictionary example:
The network was down all morning.
Learner example:
If other departments use the online system, it seems to be down for a while.
download
NOUN [C] /ˈdaʊn.ləʊd/

[B1] a computer program, music or other information that has been or can be
downloaded
Dictionary example:
a free download
downside /ˈdaʊn.saɪd/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[C1] the disadvantage of a situation
Dictionary example:
The downside of living in a city is all the pollution.
Learner example:
However, there is a downside to it as more and more products are exported/imported, domestic
economies lose a lot trying - and usually failing - to face the competition that is coming from
other countries.
downstairs
ADJECTIVE /ˈdaʊn.steəz/
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] on or at a lower floor of a building, especially the ground
floor
Dictionary example:
The burglars had got in through a downstairs window.
Learner example:
Every year when winter com[es], our heating [doe]sn't work very well. [The] upstairs rooms [are]
ok, but [the] downstairs rooms are cold.
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down-to-earth /ˌdaʊn.tuˈɜːθ/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Down-to-earth people or ideas are practical and work well.
Dictionary example:
I like your down-to-earth approach to problem-solving.
Learner example:
His huge popularity mainly lies in his down-to-earth attitude.
downward /ˈdaʊn.wəd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] moving towards a lower position
Dictionary example:
a downward trend
Learner example:
Company B's profit marks a downward tendency from 1990 to 2000, going from [a] 2 million
dollar profit to the extrem[e] result of no profit at all.
downwards /ˈdaʊn.wədz/
ADVERB
[C1] towards a lower place or level
Dictionary example:
The road slopes downwards to the river.
Learner example:
Water runs downwards into [the] turbine when the valve is open.
dozen /ˈdʌz.ən/
NOUN [C]; DETERMINER
[B1] twelve
a dozen eggs
This recipe makes three dozen cookies.
Could you get me half a dozen eggs when you go to the shop?
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Learner example:
We were a dozen people.
dozens
[C1] INFORMAL a lot
Dictionary example:
She's got dozens of friends.
Learner example:
There are, as well, dozens of robots able to handle any kind of work in our homes.
draft /drɑːft/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of writing or a plan that is not yet in its finished form
This is only a rough draft - the finished article will have pictures as well.
She asked me to check the first draft of her proposal.
Learner example:
Now I can use my computer for making monthly reports at home [and] making different kinds of
project drafts.
VERB [T]
[C1] to produce a piece of writing or a plan that you intend to change later
Dictionary example:
to draft a letter
Learner example:
I hope all these statements will help you to draft the new programme, good luck!
drag /dræg/
VERB (-gg-)
COMPUTER
[B1] [T] to move something on a computer screen using a mouse
Dictionary example:
Drag the icon to the new window.
drag and drop

[B1] to move something on a computer screen using a mouse and place it where
you want it to be
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Dictionary example:
drag and drop exercises
PULL
[B2] [T] to pull someone or something along the ground, usually with difficulty
Pick the chair up instead of dragging it behind you!
She dragged the canoe down to the water.
Learner example:
Another man approached the agent, both watching as officers dragged the man to a nearby car.
drama /ˈdrɑː.mə/
Word family:
Nouns: drama
Adjectives: dramatic
Adverbs: dramatically
NOUN [C or U]
THEATRE
[B1] a play in a theatre or on television or radio, or plays and acting generally
She's been in several television dramas.
He's the drama critic for the Times.
She studied English and drama at college.
Learner example:
It was a drama club.
EXCITEMENT
[B1] an event or situation, especially an unexpected one, in which there is worry or

excitement and usually a lot of action
We had a little drama last night when the oil in the pan caught fire.
There was a lot of drama in the courtroom.
Learner example:
Fortunately he found [my ring]. How happy I was! The drama was over!
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dramatic /drəˈmæt.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: drama
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very sudden or noticeable, or full of action and excitement
a dramatic change/improvement
We watched scenes of the dramatic rescue on the news.
Learner example:
His suicide at the end of the book was the most dramatic event in this story and has touched me
deeply.
dramatically /drəˈmæt.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Nouns: drama
ADVERB
[B2] suddenly or obviously
Dictionary example:
Your life changes dramatically when you have a baby.
Learner example:
She fell dramatically to the floor.
drastic /ˈdræs.tɪk/
Word family:
Adjectives: drastic
Adverbs: drastically
ADJECTIVE
[C1] severe and sudden or having very noticeable effects
Dictionary example:
drastic measures
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Learner example:
If within 30 days I don't receive any kind of compensation (preferably money), I may have to take
drastic measures.
drastically /ˈdræs.tɪk.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: drastic
Adverbs: drastically
ADVERB
[C1] in a drastic way
Dictionary example:
The number of bees has drastically declined due to a combination of factors.
Learner example:
Conditions have changed drastically after the reunification.
draught /drɑːft/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a current of cold air in a room
Dictionary example:
There's a terrible draught coming from under the door.
Learner example:
When it is windy we can feel a draught.
draw /drɔː/
Word family:
Nouns: drawing
Verbs: draw
VERB (drew, drawn)
draw into/out/away, etc.

[B2] to move in a particular direction, especially in a vehicle
The train slowly drew into the station/drew in.
As we drew alongside the black car, I suddenly recognized my ex-boyfriend at the wheel.
Montgomery drew level with Greene in the 100 metres final, but never passed him.
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Learner example:
I drew up at the gate of the house; the inside was in darkness and nobody seemed to be there.
ATTRACT
[B2] [T] to attract someone to a place or person
Dictionary example:
He's an excellent speaker who always draws a crowd.
Learner example:
In the darkness, dark figures moved and twisted, [and] I felt drawn toward those evil chanting
hordes, they seemed to mesmerise me, was all this for real or just a kind of Hell?
draw (sb's) attention to sth/sb

[B2] to make someone notice something or someone
Could I draw your attention to item number three on the agenda?
Does he wear those ridiculous clothes to draw attention to himself?
Learner example:
Thank you very much for drawing attention to this letter.
draw a conclusion
[B2] to consider the facts of a situation and make a decision about what is true,
correct, likely to happen, etc.
Dictionary example:
I'd seen them together so often I drew the logical conclusion that they were husband and wife.
Learner example:
Since nobody ever heard from them again, we all drew the sad conclusion that they must be dead.
draw near/close
[B2] to become nearer in space or time
Dictionary example:
Her birthday's drawing nearer every day.
Learner example:
I would appreciate [it] very much if you could reply as soon as possible, as the school holiday is
drawing near.
SPORT
[C1] [I or T] to finish a game or competition with each team or player having the
same score
Dictionary example:
England drew 2-2 against Italy.
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drawback /ˈdrɔː.bæk/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a problem or disadvantage
The only drawback with this camera is the price.
One of the main drawbacks of the program is the amount of memory required.
Learner example:
Both perspectives are important, but, overall, the advantages of proper in-house teaching
outweigh the drawbacks.
dreadful /ˈdred.fəl/
Word family:
Verbs: dread
Adjectives: dreadful
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extremely bad or unpleasant
The food was bad and the service was dreadful.
I was beginning to think I'd made a dreadful mistake.
The news report was so dreadful that I just had to switch it off.
Learner example:
What a dreadful nightmare!
dream /driːm/
NOUN [C]
HOPE
[B1] something that you want to happen very much but that is not very likely
It's always been my dream to have flying lessons.
Winning all that money was a dream come true.
Learner example:
My dream was to become a professional singer.
665
be in a dream
[B2] to not notice things that are around you because you are thinking about
something else
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
The first time I [saw a fashion] show, I was 10 years old and I [was] in a dream during the [whole]
show.
VERB [I or T] (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
IMAGINE
[B1] to imagine something that you would like to happen
Dictionary example:
He never dreamed that one day he would become President.
Learner example:
I have always dreamed [of] becom[ing] a famous tennis [player].
dress /dres/
Word family:
Nouns: dress
Verbs: dress, undress
Adjectives: dressed, undressed
NOUN
STYLE
[B2] [U] a particular style of clothes
Dictionary example:
casual/formal dress
Learner example:
You had better put on formal dress.
VERB
WEAR PARTICULAR CLOTHES
[B1] [I] to wear a particular type of clothes
I have to dress quite smartly for work.
Patricia always dresses in black.
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Learner example:
The waiters dress in national clothes and are very kind.
dressed /drest/
Word family:
Nouns: dress
PARTICULAR CLOTHES
[B1] wearing clothing of a particular type
Dictionary example:
a well-dressed/casually dressed man
Learner example:
Last Saturday, there was a big party and everyone w[as] well dressed.
drive /draɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: drive, driver
Verbs: drive
VERB (drove, driven)
drive sb mad/crazy, etc. INFORMAL
[B2] to make someone extremely annoyed
My mother-in-law has been staying with us this past week and she's driving me crazy.
He leaves dirty clothes all over the floor and it's driving me mad.
Learner example:
It drove me crazy.
drive sb to sth; drive sb to do sth

[C1] to make someone have a bad feeling or do something bad
Dictionary example:
The arguments and violence drove her to leave home.
Learner example:
She would discover all about her affair with Lorraine's husband and the real cause that drove him
to commit suicide.
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NOUN
JOURNEY
[B1] [C] a journey in a car
Dictionary example:
The drive from Boston to New York took four hours.
Learner example:
This restaurant is about [a] 1 hour drive from my home.
COMPUTER
[B1] [C] a part of a computer that can read or store information
Dictionary example:
Save your work on the C: drive.
Learner example:
Then we learned how to install components like a Soundboard or a CD-Rom drive.
ENERGY
[C1] [U] energy and determination to achieve things
Dictionary example:
She has drive and ambition.
Learner example:
They definitely have the drive and motivation to succeed.
drop /drɒp/
VERB (-pp-)
FALL
[B1] [I or T] to fall or to allow something to fall
She dropped her keys.
I'm always dropping things.
Amanda dropped her sunglasses in/into the fountain.
The book dropped from/off the shelf.
Don't drop it!/Don't let it drop!
Learner example:
Maybe this is the reason why I dropped my cup of tea.
drag and drop

[B1] to move something on a computer screen using a mouse and place it where
you want it to be
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Dictionary example:
drag and drop exercises
Learner example:
With simple mouse-clicks and by means of the well-known "drag-and-drop" method, this
programme will enable you to select a fabric from the catalogue and "drop" it on a chair or couch,
to see what they look like.
LOWER
[B2] [I or T] to move to a lower level, or cause something to move to a lower level
The water level in the flooded region has finally begun to drop.
The land drops (away) sharply behind the house.
We've had to drop our prices because of the recession.
Learner example:
Especially if you imagine that the number of heart-attacks was about 40% per year and for [the]
last 3 years dropped down to 23%.
STOP ACTIVITY
[B2] [T] to stop doing or planning something, especially an activity
I'm going to drop yoga and do aerobics instead.
Can you drop what you're doing and help me with this report?
Learner example:
I think you shouldn't drop sports but on the other hand, if you drop sports and do music, it
[would be] quite good as well.
TAKE
[C1] [T] (ALSO drop off) to take someone or something to a place, usually by car as
you travel somewhere else
Dictionary example:
I can drop you at the station on my way to work.
Learner example:
You [had] better hire a car or get to know somebody who can drop you there.
NOUN
LIQUID
[B1] [C] a small round-shaped amount of liquid
I thought I felt a drop of rain.
There were little drops of paint on the kitchen floor.
Learner example:
I could only hear the drops against the window-pane.
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REDUCTION
[B2] [NO PLURAL] a reduction in the amount or level of something
a drop in crime
The recent drop in magazine subscriptions is causing some concern.
Learner example:
It maintain[ed] the same level between 1998 and 2008 after a drop from 1996 to 1998.
DISTANCE
[C1] [NO PLURAL] a vertical distance down from somewhere to the ground
Dictionary example:
It's a drop of about 50 metres from the top of the cliff.
drown /draʊn/
VERB
DIE
[B2] ! to die because you are under water and cannot breathe, or to kill someone in
this way
Dictionary example:
Two people drowned in a boating accident yesterday.
Learner example:
Those days we spent in Brazil were full of excit[e]ment and I certainly wouldn't mind doing it again
- well, except [for] the episode in which you almost drowned when we went water-skiing.
drug /drʌg/
NOUN [C]
MEDICINE
[B2] ! any natural or artificially made chemical which is used as a medicine
anti-cancer/fertility/pain-killing drugs
a prescription drug
He takes several drugs for his condition.
Learner example:
A great many drug companies all over the world have reduced input of dangerous chemicals into
rivers, lakes and seas.
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ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE
[B2] ! any natural or artificially made chemical which is taken for pleasure, to
improve someone's performance of an activity, or because a person cannot stop
using it
illegal drugs
a drug addict
drug addiction/abuse
She began to suspect that her son was on/taking/doing drugs.
Learner example:
Of course, I have never taken drugs.
drunk /drʌŋk/
Word family:
Nouns: drink
Verbs: drink
Adjectives: drunk
[B2] ! unable to behave or speak normally because of having had too much alcohol
He got very drunk at my sister's wedding.
I'd had a glass of wine but I certainly wasn't drunk.
He came home last night blind drunk.
Learner example:
So, I just sat down watching Julie and her monstrous friends drinking and acting like animals -
they were all blind drunk!
dry /draɪ/
ADJECTIVE (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
WINE
[C1] ! Dry wine is not sweet.
Dictionary example:
I'd like a glass of dry white wine.
Learner example:
The only wine sold - a dry white wine of a very good quality - is the one made by the owners of
the restaurant and I can assure you that it's worth trying it.
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HAIR/SKIN
[C1] Dry skin or hair does not feel soft or smooth.
Dictionary example:
My lips feel really dry.
Learner example:
She looked old, her skin was dry and her eyes so lucid... .
dual /ˈdjuː.əl/
[C1] having two parts, or having two of something
dual nationality
She's got a bit of a dual personality.
Learner example:
I have dual nationality.
due /djuː/
ADJECTIVE
EXPECTED
[B1] expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a particular time
What time is the next bus due?
The next meeting is due to be held in three months' time.
Their first baby is due in January.
Learner example:
It is my science assignment which is due on Tuesday, so I have no time to research and write it
again.
due to
[B1] because of
A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom.
Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.
Learner example:
First of all, I want to say that France is the best place to cycle, due to its mountains and fantastic
forests.
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in due course
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
be due for sth

[C1] If you are due for something, it should happen very soon.
Dictionary example:
I'm due for a check-up at the dentist's.
Learner example:
The facilities and canteen are due for improvement too.
dull /dʌl/
ADJECTIVE
BORING
[B1] not interesting or exciting in any way; boring
She wrote dull, respectable articles for the local newspaper.
He's pleasant enough, but deadly dull.
Learner example:
In my opinion the film was very boring because the story was poor and dull.
NOT BRIGHT
[C1] not bright
dull colours
dull weather
Learner example:
Confronted with her childrens' styles she changed from old-fashioned skirts in dull colours to
comfortable jeans and colourful shirts.
dumb /dʌm/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] physically unable to talk
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Dictionary example:
The child is deaf and dumb.
Learner example:
The first one is "Lessons of Piano". It is the story of a dumb woman who uses a piano to express
her feelings and moods.
dump /dʌmp/
VERB
GET RID OF
[C1] [T] to put something somewhere to get rid of it, especially in a place where you
should not put it
Dictionary example:
The company was fined for illegally dumping toxic chemicals.
Learner example:
I can pick up all the bottles and other rubbish that are dumped on the street where I live.
NOUN [C] (ALSO UK tip)
WASTE
[C1] a place where people take things that they do not want
Dictionary example:
We took our old mattress to the dump.
Learner example:
Thankfully, with the help of the government, a recycling centre was built nearby and so the
rubbish littering the streets, as well as that being taken to the dump, was cut down by 60%.
duration /djʊəˈreɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [U] FORMAL
[C1] the amount of time that something lasts
Dictionary example:
The singer remained in the hotel for the duration of his stay in the UK.
Learner example:
If you are between 18 and 30 years old, we offer you a wide range of jobs with a duration varying
from two weeks to three months.
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dust /dʌst/
Word family:
Nouns: dust
Adjectives: dusty
NOUN [U]
[B1] dry dirt in the form of powder that covers surfaces inside a building, or very
small dry pieces of soil, sand or other substances
The furniture was covered in dust.
A cloud of dust rose in the air as the car roared past.
coal dust
Learner example:
Also, in the countryside there are more bugs and dust than in the city.
dustbin /ˈdʌst.bɪn/ (UK ALSO bin)
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large container for rubbish from a house or other building, usually made of
strong plastic or metal and kept outside
Dictionary example:
I threw his old clothes in the dustbin.
Learner example:
Finally, I will put this horrible yellowed carpet in the dustbin!
dusty /ˈdʌs.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: dust
Adjectives: dusty
ADJECTIVE
[B1] covered with dust
Dictionary example:
a dusty old chair
Learner example:
Not a sound could be heard in the dusty street except for the contin[u]ous roar of my almost
useless pick-up.
675
duty /ˈdjuː.ti/
NOUN
RIGHT THING TO DO
[B1] [C or U] something that you have to do because it is part of your job, or

something that you feel is the right thing to do
I felt it was my duty to tell them the truth.
He only went to see her out of duty.
Learner example:
It is not enjoyable if you look at it as a duty.
JOB
[B2] [C or U] something you do as part of your job or because of your position
Dictionary example:
professional/official duties
Learner example:
And it is the most important duty of the local police to keep an eye on hooligans.
on/off duty
[B2] If someone such as a doctor or a soldier is on duty, they are working, and if
they are off duty, they are not working.
Dictionary example:
What time are you off/on duty tomorrow?
Learner example:
I was on duty in front of the major's house with another soldier.
duty-free /ˌdjuː.tiˈfri:/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] Duty-free goods are things you can buy and bring into a country without
paying tax.
Dictionary example:
I bought some duty-free perfume at the airport.
Learner example:
We went to get some alcohol in a duty-free shop.
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duvet /ˈduː.veɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a cover filled with feathers or warm material that you sleep under
Dictionary example:
She snuggled down under the duvet.
Learner example:
So I'm thinking [of] buy[ing] a feather duvet, a real one!
dwell /dwel/
VERB
dwell on/upon sth PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to keep thinking or talking about something, especially something bad or

unpleasant
Dictionary example:
I don't want to dwell on the past.
Learner example:
Considering this astonishing technical feature, I do not wish to dwell too long upon the subject.
dynamic /daɪˈnæm.ɪk/
ADJECTIVE
ACTIVE
[B2] full of ideas, energy and enthusiasm
Dictionary example:
She's young and dynamic and will be a great addition to the team.
Learner example:
I am a cheerful, dynamic and hardworking person.
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E
eager /ˈiː.gər/
Word family:
Nouns: eagerness
Adjectives: eager
Adverbs: eagerly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] wanting to do or have something very much
She sounded very eager to meet you.
They crowded round the spokesperson, eager for any news.
Learner example:
We are six Italian teenagers eager to meet new people.
eagerly /ˈiː.gə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: eagerness
Adjectives: eager
Adverbs: eagerly
ADVERB
[B2] in an eager way
Dictionary example:
an eagerly awaited announcement
Learner example:
I'm eagerly waiting for your reply.
eagerness /ˈiː.gə.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: eagerness
Adjectives: eager
Adverbs: eagerly
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NOUN [U]
[B2] when you are eager to do something
Dictionary example:
In their eagerness to find a solution, they have overlooked certain difficulties.
Learner example:
I really admire your stamina, your commitment and your eagerness to pursue a career as one of
the youngest vice presidents ever in the company, but is it really worth it?
eagle /ˈiː.gl
̩/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a large, strong bird with a curved beak that hunts smaller animals
Learner example:
For many animals zoos are [the] only hope for survival: for example [the] Chinese panda or white
eagle.
ear /ɪər/
NOUN [C]
not believe your ears

[B2] to be very surprised when you hear what someone says
Dictionary example:
I couldn't believe my ears when Dan said they were getting married.
Learner example:
I couldn't believe my ears. All my wishes had come true.
have an ear for sth

[C1] to be good at hearing, repeating, or understanding a particular type of sound
Dictionary example:
He has no ear for music.
Learner example:
In terms of communication I believe that I have an ear for languages.
679
earache /ˈɪər.eɪk/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] pain in your ear
Dictionary example:
He was suffering from earache.
Learner example:
I feel ill and I've got earache.
early /ˈɜː.li/ (earlier, earliest)
ADJECTIVE
BEFORE
[B1] before the usual time or the time that was arranged
I'm going to have an early night.
She took early retirement.
Learner example:
I have been thinking about early retirement.
earn /ɜːn/
Word family:
Nouns: earnings
Verbs: earn
VERB
earn a/your living

[B2] to work to get money for the things you need
Dictionary example:
You can't expect to earn a living from your painting.
Learner example:
We work to earn a living.
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earnings /ˈɜː.nɪŋz/
Word family:
Nouns: earnings
Verbs: earn
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] money that you get for working
Dictionary example:
Average earnings for skilled workers are rising.
Learner example:
Finally, I think that publishers are so worried about their earnings that they don't pay attention to
new writers.
earth /ɜːθ/
NOUN
PLANET
[B1] [NO PLURAL] (ALSO Earth) the planet that we live on
The Earth takes approximately 365 days to go round the Sun.
Swimming in a pool is the best place on Earth to be on a hot day like this.
Learner example:
I like it because it is the best football on Earth!
SUBSTANCE
[B2] [U] soil or ground
Dictionary example:
The ploughed earth looked rich and dark.
Learner example:
At the same time, the two sisters began to throw earth and stones.
how/what/why, etc. on earth? INFORMAL
[C1] used when you are extremely surprised, confused, or angry about something
Dictionary example:
Why on earth didn't you tell me before?
Learner example:
How on earth can you have a coach without a toilet?
681
down to earth
[C1] People or ideas that are down to earth are practical and work well.
Dictionary example:
David's a bit of a dreamer but Ruth's much more down to earth.
Learner example:
He has much practical knowledge, he is down to earth.
earthquake /ˈɜːθ.kweɪk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a sudden movement of the Earth's surface, often causing severe damage
Dictionary example:
A powerful earthquake struck eastern Turkey last night.
Learner example:
Human beings are afraid of dangers such as [a] tornado or earthquake.
ease /iːz/
Word family:
Nouns: ease
Adjectives: easy, uneasy
Adverbs: easily, easy
NOUN [U]
NOT DIFFICULT
[B2] If you do something with ease, it is easy for you to do it.
She won the 400m race with ease.
I was amazed at the ease with which she learnt the language.
Learner example:
She finally left the small village in the pursuit of her goal, wh[ich] she achieved with relative ease.
at ease
[B2] feeling relaxed and comfortable
Dictionary example:
I felt completely at ease with him.
Learner example:
I really felt at ease: your house is very comfortable and the neighbours are nice people.
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easily /ˈiː.zɪ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: ease
ADVERB
LIKELY
[C1] used to emphasize that something is likely
Dictionary example:
A comment like that could easily be misunderstood.
Learner example:
Considering the results of our research and the available alternatives, we came to the conclusion
that there is no valid reason for replacing a valuable park with a car park that could easily be
located somewhere else.
east (ALSO East) /iːst/
Word family:
Nouns: east
Adjectives: east, eastern
NOUN [U]
the East
[B2] the countries of Asia
Dictionary example:
She spent her childhood in the East - mostly in China and Japan.
eastern (ALSO Eastern) /ˈiː.stən/
Word family:
Nouns: east
Adjectives: east, eastern
EAST PART
[B1] in or from the east part of an area
Dictionary example:
The eastern part of the country is very mountainous.
683
Learner example:
After that you can catch a train which takes you to the eastern part of Switzerland.
ASIA
[B2] in or from the countries of Asia
Dictionary example:
Buddhism and other Eastern religions fascinate me.
Learner example:
I would like to know if the restaurant [has] Eastern or Asian [food]?
easy /ˈiː.zi/
Word family:
Nouns: ease
ADJECTIVE
(take) the easy way out

[C1] to do what is easiest in a difficult situation
Dictionary example:
I know you don't approve of his working methods, but why not take the easy way out this time
and agree to his request?
Learner example:
On the other hand you cannot survive without your pay-check and to be able to both make a
car[ee]r and have the time to be green, sometimes you just have to take the easy way out.
ADVERB
take it/things easy

[B1] to relax and not use too much energy
Dictionary example:
After his heart attack, he had to take things easy for a while.
Learner example:
Take it easy and see you soon.
easier said than done

[C1] used to say that something seems like a good idea but it would be difficult to
do
Dictionary example:
I want to ask her out, but it's easier said than done.
684
Learner example:
I know it's easier said than done but you have to try.
easygoing (easy-going) /ˌIː.ziːˈgəʊ.ɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] usually relaxed and calm, not worried or upset
Dictionary example:
My brother is easygoing, but I'm the excitable type.
Learner example:
She was friendly, easygoing and sociable, [and] I enjoyed my free time with her.
eat /iːt/ (ate, eaten)
VERB
eat out PHRASAL VERB
[B1] to eat in a restaurant
Dictionary example:
When I lived in Spain, I used to eat out all the time.
Learner example:
If you don't have any plans next weekend, I want to eat out with you.
eat up (sth) or eat (sth) up PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to eat all the food you have been given
Dictionary example:
Be a good boy and eat up your dinner.
Learner example:
There wasn't any more time after eating it up.
ecological /ˌiː.kəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: ecology
Adjectives: ecological
Adverbs: ecologically
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to ecology or the environment
685
Dictionary example:
The destruction of the rain forests is an ecological disaster.
Learner example:
There are ecological, technical, and social problems.
ecologically /ˌiː.kəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Nouns: ecology
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that relates to ecology or the environment
Dictionary example:
It's an ecologically friendly/sound means of transport.
ecology /ɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/
Word family:
Nouns: ecology
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
[C1] the relationship between living things and the environment, or the scientific
study of this
Dictionary example:
The oil spill caused terrible damage to the fragile ecology of the coast.
Learner example:
This solution supports business - well, then it's up to the residents to choose either business or
ecology.
economic /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: economics, economist, economy
Adjectives: economic, economical
[B2] relating to trade, industry and money
686
We have seen ten years of economic growth.
The government's economic policies have led us into the worst recession for years.
Learner example:
Nowadays there are economic problems in many countries.
economical /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not using a lot of money, fuel, etc.
What's the most economical way of heating this building?
There's increasing demand for cars which are more economical on fuel.
Learner example:
Moreover a bike is a very economical means of transport because it does not need any fuel.
economics /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪks/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B1] the study of the way in which trade, industry and money are organized
Dictionary example:
She's in her third year of economics at York University.
Learner example:
I am 20 years old and I am studying economics at university in Berlin.
economist /ɪˈkɒn.ə.mɪst/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who studies or has a special knowledge of economics
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Learner example:
I discovered that one of the examiners was a very famous economist.
economy /ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B2] the system by which a country produces and uses goods and money
the German/US economy
the global economy
a weak/strong economy
The economy has been growing at a rapid rate these past five years.
Tourism contributes millions of pounds to the country's economy.
Learner example:
As China's economy is growing fast, we will run low [on] resources soon.
edge /edʒ/
NOUN [C]
OUTER POINT
[B1] the part of something that is furthest from the centre
He'd piped fresh cream around the edge of the cake.
They built the church on the edge of the village.
I caught my leg on the edge of the table as I walked past.
A man was standing at the water's edge with a small boy.
Learner example:
Finally, I managed to move my right foot closer to the edge.
BLADE
[B2] the part of a blade of a knife or tool that cuts, or any sharp part of an object
which could cut
Dictionary example:
Careful with that open tin - it's got a very sharp edge.
688
Learner example:
When I sat down, I didn't notice that the seat in front of me was broken on the side, and when it
was time for me to get off the bus, I cut my hand on the sharp edge.
edible /ˈed.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Adjectives: edible, inedible
ADJECTIVE
[C1] safe to eat and not harmful
Dictionary example:
edible berries
Learner example:
Part of your journey can be made th[r]ough the forests where you can pick up some edible berries
and wild mushrooms but be careful, you may need the local guide to help you with de[c]isions
there.
edit /ˈed.ɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: edition, editor
Verbs: edit
VERB [T]
[B2] to prepare text, film, etc. by deciding what to include and by correcting
mistakes
Janet edited books for a variety of publishers.
The film's 129 minutes were edited down from 150 hours of footage.
Learner example:
If you can edit these errors, I [would] appreciate [it].
edition /ɪˈdɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: edit
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NOUN [C]
[B2] a book, newspaper, etc. that is one of several that are the same and were
produced at the same time
a new edition
the paperback/hardback edition of the dictionary
The local/regional editions of the paper contain specific information for that area.
Learner example:
With reference to your advertisement in Thursday's edition of the Daily Star, I am interested in
applying for the position of babysitter.
editor /ˈed.ɪ.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: edit
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who corrects or changes text, film, etc., or a person who is in charge
of a newspaper or magazine
She's a senior editor in the reference department of a publishing company.
Who is the current editor of the Times?
Learner example:
It seems to me that you don't take your job as serious[ly] as every reader expects from an
objective and informative newspaper editor.
educate /ˈed.jʊ.keɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: education
Verbs: educate
Adjectives: educated, educational
VERB [T]
TEACH
[B2] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to teach someone at a school, college or university
She was educated at Crown Woods secondary school.
How much does it cost to educate a child privately?
690
Learner example:
Occasionally, students are not being educated equally. I strongly believe that students have to
have the right to choose their subjects.
GIVE INFORMATION
[B2] to give people information about something so that they understand it better
Dictionary example:
The government say they are trying to do more to educate the public about the consequences of
drug abuse.
Learner example:
Therefore, in my opinion, if people ha[d] been educated to love and respect nature, zoos would
have already been abolished.
educated /ˈed.jʊ.keɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: education
Verbs: educate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] Someone who is educated has learned a lot at school or in college and has a
good level of knowledge.
Dictionary example:
These are all educated, professional people.
Learner example:
I'm going to buy a computer because I think it is [a] very useful and important thing for every
educated [person].
education /ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: education
Verbs: educate
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
[B1] the process of teaching or learning in a school or college, or the knowledge

that you get from this
691
primary/secondary/adult/university/higher education
As a child he received most of his education at home.
It's a country which places great importance on education.
It's important for children to get a good education.
Learner example:
During my education I realised that it is very important for my career to speak English very well.
educational /ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: education
Verbs: educate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] providing education or relating to education
educational toys
Reducing the size of classes may improve educational standards.
Learner example:
I want to ask you if the cinema could provide some extra services to the com[m]unity, such as
showing educational films for free.
effect /ɪˈfekt/
Word family:
Nouns: effect, effectiveness
Adjectives: effective
Adverbs: effectively
NOUN
RESULT
[B1] [C or U] the result of a particular influence
The accident had a huge effect on her life.
We don't know the long-term effects of this drug.
Learner example:
The next day, my teacher asked me to stand in front of all the student[s] and then she told my
classmates that being honest could alway[s] bring us a gift or [have] a fantastic effect on our life.
692
a sound/special/visual effect
[B1] a sound, image, etc. that is created artificially
Dictionary example:
It's got to be thirty seconds long, and we can use whatever sound effects we like.
Learner example:
The film was amazing, with excellent special effects and good actors.
have little/no effect

[C1] make little/no difference
Dictionary example:
The new measures have had little effect on ordinary people's lives.
Learner example:
As for the weather, it was only a five-minute shower that soon went over and therefore had no
effect on the show.
take effect
[C1] to start to produce results or changes
Dictionary example:
They had to wait ten minutes for the anaesthetic to take effect.
Learner example:
Some factories tried to organize the transport for the employees, but it took effect in small towns
only, where people live with[in] shorter distances.
effective /ɪˈfek.tɪv/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] successful or achieving the results that you want
effective management
It's an extremely effective cure for a headache.
The lighting for the production made a very effective use of shadow.
She's a very effective teacher.
Learner example:
To be honest, I don't think it's very effective, but we have to do something against fat.
693
effectively /ɪˈfek.tɪv.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
SUCCESS
[B2] in a way that is successful and achieves what you want
Teachers need to be able to communicate ideas effectively.
The tablets work more effectively if you take a hot drink after them.
Learner example:
As well as learning English, we should be aware of the cultures of many countries in order to be
able to communicate more effectively.
effectiveness /ɪˈfek.tɪv.nəs/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[C1] the degree to which something achieves its intended result
Dictionary example:
There are doubts about the effectiveness of the drug.
Learner example:
If this is done, the effectiveness of the lessons will no doubt be increased.
efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt.si/
Word family:
Nouns: efficiency
Adjectives: efficient, inefficient
Adverbs: efficiently
NOUN [U]
[B2] when someone or something uses time and energy well, without wasting any
694
What is so impressive about their society is the efficiency of the public services.
energy/fuel efficiency
Learner example:
Finally, I think modern technology makes me do my business faster, with much more efficiency.
efficient /ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/
Word family:
Nouns: efficiency
ADJECTIVE
[B1] working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way
The city's transport system is one of the most efficient in Europe.
We need someone really efficient who can organize the office and make it run smoothly.
Learner example:
The staff were so court[e]ous and efficient, and the a[t]mosphere was intimate and relaxing.
efficiently /ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: efficiency
ADVERB
[B2] quickly and effectively in an organized way
Dictionary example:
She runs the business very efficiently.
Learner example:
Needless to say, the computer plays a [key] role [in making] us use a library efficiently.
effort /ˈef.ət/
NOUN
ATTEMPT
[B1] [C or U] an attempt to do something
695
If we could all make an effort to keep this office tidier it would help.
In their efforts to reduce crime the government have expanded the police force.
He's jogging round the park every morning in an effort to get fit for the football season.
Learner example:
So they planned everything and they didn't have to make an effort as the stupid "kidnapper" was
walking my dog round the park before the meeting so they arrested him and I got my dog back.
ENERGY
[B1] [U] the energy that you need to do something
They've put a lot of effort into getting the design of the magazine right.
It takes a long time to prepare the dish but the results are so good that it's worth the effort.
It would take too much effort to tidy his bedroom.
Learner example:
We climb[ed] a mountain and it was so hard, but the effort [was] worth it because the view was
beautiful.
egg /eg/
NOUN
BABY
[B2] [C] an oval object with a hard shell that contains a baby bird, insect or other
creature
The cuckoo lays her egg in another bird's nest.
After fourteen days the eggs hatch.
Learner example:
The only thing they can do is to lay eggs.
eighty /ˈeɪ.ti/
NUMBER
(be) in your eighties

[B2] to be aged between 80 and 89
Dictionary example:
Many of the residents are in their eighties.
696
the eighties
[B2] the years from 1980-1989
Dictionary example:
They moved to Britain in the eighties.
Learner example:
He is a normal man with no special education but he became famous during the eighties as a
musician.
either /ˈaɪ.ðər/
CONJUNCTION
either... or
[B1] used when you are giving a choice between two or more things
Dictionary example:
Either you leave now or I call the police!
Learner example:
I thought: "Either I talk to her now or I won't be able to talk to her [at all]!"
ADVERB
[B1] used in negative sentences to mean that something else is true
I don't eat meat and my husband doesn't either.
"I've never been to the States." "I haven't either."
The menu is boring at that restaurant and it's not cheap either.
Learner example:
It's so quick and not too expensive either.
PRONOUN; DETERMINER
ONE OF TWO
[B1] one of two people or things when it is not important which
Either candidate would be ideal for the job.
"Would you like the metal or plastic one?" "Either will do."
Learner example:
But, either option, call me [at] my house before coming.
either way
[B1] used to talk about two possibilities where the result will be the same
697
You can get there by train or bus - either way it'll take an hour.
He might have to resign or he might be given a desk job, but either way, his career is effectively
over.
Learner example:
If that doesn't work, you can ask them to talk to your friends' parents so you could all go together.
Either way, I know you will have lots of fun this summer.
either side/end, etc.

[B2] each of two sides, ends, etc.
Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on either side of me.
There are two entrances, one at either end of the campsite.
Learner example:
You can watch it while it's eating: standing up on its back legs and holding the nut with its front
legs, then putting all of it into one [of] its two "sacks" on either side of its mouth.
elbow /ˈel.bəʊ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the part in the middle of your arm where it bends
Dictionary example:
Her arm was bandaged from the elbow to the fingers.
Learner example:
I was sure I would have a beautiful bru[i]se on my elbow.
elder /ˈel.dər/
ADJECTIVE
elder sister/brother/son/daughter
[B1] a sister/brother/son/daughter who is older than the other sister(s), brother(s),
etc.
Dictionary example:
My elder sister is getting married.
Learner example:
My elder brother visited me [in] Berlin as you know.
698
NOUN
the elder
[B2] the older person of two people
Dictionary example:
Of the two brothers, Harvey is the elder.
Learner example:
The most interesting characters of "Jamaica Inn" are the Merlyn brothers. We first meet Joss, the
elder, when Mary, the heroine of the story, arrived at the inn.
elderly /ˈel.dəl.i/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] a more polite word for 'old', used to describe people
Dictionary example:
elderly relatives/parents
Learner example:
This short story is about a man who is accused of having murdered a rich elderly widow.
NOUN
the elderly
[C1] people who are elderly
Dictionary example:
The elderly are given help with fuel bills.
Learner example:
I also heard complaints from the elderly, fearing the city streets due to the traffic, something that
would not be resolved by a central parking lot, and certainly the elderly would be the ones [worst]
affected by increased pollution, with their less effective immune systems.
eldest /ˈel.dɪst/
ADJECTIVE
eldest child/brother/daughter, etc.

[B1] the oldest of three or more children, brothers, etc., especially within a family
Dictionary example:
Her eldest child is nearly 14.
Learner example:
And guess who I met: Jack Hawk, Tony Hawk's eldest son.
699
NOUN
the eldest
[B2] a person who is the oldest of three of more people
Dictionary example:
He was the eldest of four kids.
Learner example:
She's the eldest - 98 years old - and knows the whole history of our town.
elect /ɪˈlekt/
Word family:
Nouns: election
Verbs: elect
[B2] to choose someone for a particular job or position by voting
He was elected president in 1997.
She was elected to the US Senate in 2004.
We elected him as our representative.
Learner example:
In 1987 a young girl, Cecilia Bolocco, was elected Miss Chile.
election /ɪˈlek.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: election
Verbs: elect
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official
job
a presidential election
Who do you think will win the election?
Local government elections will take place in May.
The first election results have started to come in.
Learner example:
The film shows very different things about the American election.
700
electric /ɪˈlek.trɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: electrician, electricity
Adjectives: electric, electrical
ADJECTIVE
SUPPLY
[B1] supplying electricity
Dictionary example:
an electric socket
Learner example:
The weight of the snow broke the branches of the trees and some branches fell on electric cables,
breaking them.
electrical /ɪˈlek.trɪ.kəl/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
USING ELECTRICITY
[B1] related to or working using electricity
electrical appliances/equipment/goods
an electrical fault
Learner example:
Japan is famous for electrical things, [and] you can buy them cheaper than you do [in] other
countries.
SUPPLY
[C1] relating to the production and supply of electricity
Dictionary example:
an electrical engineer
Learner example:
As an electrical engineer, computer training is very important to me in several ways.
701
electrician /ˌe.lekˈtrɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone whose job is to put in, check or repair electrical wires and equipment
Dictionary example:
We have an electrician coming round to put some new sockets in.
Learner example:
I rang up an electrician and told him about the problem.
electronic /eˌlekˈtrɒn.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: electronics
Adjectives: electronic
Adverbs: electronically
ADJECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
[B1] Electronic equipment consists of things such as computers, televisions, and

radios.
Dictionary example:
electronic components/devices
Learner example:
I like buying clothes, but I prefer buying some other stuff like electronic devices or that sort of
thing.
TECHNOLOGY
[B1] done by computers
Dictionary example:
electronic communication
Learner example:
On the other hand, many people argue about the security [of an] electronic transaction and also
that not many people have Internet access.
702
electronically /eˌlekˈtrɒn.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Nouns: electronics
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that uses electronic equipment, especially a computer
electronically generated graphics
electronically stored information
Learner example:
I hope that you can subscribe to [the] Internet as well so that we can communicate electronically.
electronics /eˌlekˈtrɒn.ɪks/
Word family:
Nouns: electronics
NOUN [U]
[B2] the scientific study of electric current and the technology that uses it
a degree in electronics
the electronics industry
Learner example:
I am still studying electronics and computer science.
elegance /ˈel.ɪ.gənts/
Word family:
Nouns: elegance
Adjectives: elegant
Adverbs: elegantly
NOUN [U]
[C1] when someone or something is stylish or attractive in their appearance or

behaviour
Dictionary example:
We were impressed by the elegance of his clothes.
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Learner example:
As with the sport I mentioned before, it also has the grace and elegance of a dancer and the
technique, of course, of a skater.
elegant /ˈel.ɪ.gənt/
Word family:
Nouns: elegance
Adjectives: elegant
Adverbs: elegantly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] stylish and attractive
She's a very elegant woman.
Tara looked very elegant in a simple black dress.
He led me to an elegant dining room.
Learner example:
The building itself looks grand and elegant.
elegantly /ˈel.ɪ.gənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: elegance
Adjectives: elegant
Adverbs: elegantly
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is elegant
Dictionary example:
elegantly dressed
Learner example:
You should alway[s] [be] dressed elegantly.
element /ˈel.ɪ.mənt/
NOUN [C]
PART
[B2] a part of something
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List the elements which make up a perfect dinner party.
The film had all the elements of a good thriller.
Learner example:
The main element of a novel is, of course, the story itself.
SIMPLE SUBSTANCE
[B2] a simple substance that cannot be reduced to smaller chemical parts, for
example hydrogen
Dictionary example:
Iron is one of the elements of the Earth's crust.
Learner example:
Cars produce CO2 and this combining of chemical elements pollutes our environment and
promotes the Greenhouse effect.
elementary /ˌel.əˈmen.tri/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] basic or relating to the early stages of studying a subject
Dictionary example:
students at elementary level
Learner example:
This book can be used by English students [at] [an] elementary level.
eligible /ˈel.ɪ.dʒə.bl
̩/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If you are eligible to do something, you can do it because you are in the right
situation.
Only people over 18 are eligible to vote.
You might be eligible for a grant for your studies.
Learner example:
I am [a] member of ACCA Council, am I eligible for any discount on this Course, as I have
information from AAA College that they can charge discounted fees for ACCA students?
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eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: elimination
Verbs: eliminate
VERB [T]
GET RID OF
[C1] to remove something from something, or get rid of something
Dictionary example:
The doctor advised me to eliminate salt from my diet.
Learner example:
The parents should spend enough time with their offspring and teach them the good things and
eliminate the bad things.
COMPETITION
[C1] to defeat someone so that they cannot go any further in a competition
Dictionary example:
She was eliminated after the first round of the tournament.
elite /ɪˈliːt/
NOUN [GROUP]
[C1] the richest, most powerful, or best educated group in a society
a member of the elite
an elite group
Learner example:
But before you decide to become one of the elite, you should think about all the freedom you
would be giving up and all the freedom you would get.
else /els/
ADVERB
or else
[B2] used to say what will happen if another thing does not happen
Dictionary example:
We must be there by six, or else we'll miss the beginning.
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Learner example:
[He] told me to hurry up, or else I would miss my bus.
elsewhere /elsˈweər/
ADVERB
[B2] in or to another place
The report looks at economic growth in Europe and elsewhere.
They couldn't find what they wanted and decided to look elsewhere.
Learner example:
As for communication with our relatives in Sweden or elsewhere, the fax-machine turned out to
be an excellent invention.
embarrassed /ɪmˈbær.əst/
Word family:
Nouns: embarrassment
Verbs: embarrass
Adjectives: embarrassed, embarrassing
ADJECTIVE
[B1] feeling ashamed or shy
She felt embarrassed about undressing in front of the doctor.
I was too embarrassed to admit that I was scared.
Learner example:
I went to the first lesson last week and I have to admit I felt a bit embarrassed about doing some
writing at the begin[nin]g of the lesson.
embarrassing /ɪmˈbær.ə.sɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: embarrass
ADJECTIVE
[B1] making you feel embarrassed
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an embarrassing situation
It's embarrassing to be caught telling a lie.
What has been your most embarrassing moment?
Learner example:
The first lesson was very embarrassing for me, because I went late.
embarrassment /ɪmˈbær.ə.smənt/
Word family:
Verbs: embarrass
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when you feel embarrassed, or something or someone that makes you feel
embarrassed
She blushed with embarrassment.
My parents were such an embarrassment to me.
Learner example:
Looking at his face she could see his embarrassment.
embassy /ˈem.bə.si/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the official group of people who live in a foreign country and represent their
government there, or the building where they work
the Swedish Embassy in London
The Ambassador held a reception at the embassy.
Learner example:
He lent me his cell phone to call the embassy.
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embrace /ɪmˈbreɪs/
VERB
ACCEPT
[C1] to accept new ideas, beliefs, methods, etc. in an enthusiastic way
Dictionary example:
We are always eager to embrace the latest technology.
Learner example:
They seem to have embraced "the new deal" symbolising "freedom".
INCLUDE
[C1] to include a number of things
Dictionary example:
The report embraces a wide range of opinions.
Learner example:
This should embrace things like examination entries (I was not able to enter for any exam [due to]
time constrain[t]s), as well as "social affairs".
emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
VERB [I]
APPEAR
[B2] to appear from somewhere or come out from somewhere
Dictionary example:
She emerged from the sea, blue with cold.
Learner example:
The owner of these eyes emerged from a nearby door, which was shabby and old, like the rest of
the street.
BECOME KNOWN
[C1] to become known
Dictionary example:
It emerged that she had lied to her employers.
Learner example:
It emerged from the students' survey conducted during the recent protest that unhealthy food and
little choice were the main reasons to complain, followed by high prices, unfriendly service and
limited opening hours.
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emergency /ɪˈmɜː.dʒənt.si/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a serious or dangerous situation that needs immediate action
Call him - it's an emergency.
How would disabled people escape in an emergency?
Is the emergency exit suitable for wheelchairs?
The pilot of the aircraft was forced to make an emergency landing on Lake Geneva.
Learner example:
We really need you. It's an emergency.
emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: emission
Verbs: emit
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when gas, heat, light, etc. is sent out into the air, or an amount of gas, heat,
light, etc. that is sent out
Dictionary example:
Carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by 20%.
Learner example:
One may argue from the point of linking CO2 emissions to other known pollutants, like industry,
but recent studies have shown traffic to be [one of] the most important causes of air pollution.
emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: emotion
Adjectives: emotional
Adverbs: emotionally
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a strong feeling such as love or anger, or strong feelings in general
Like a lot of men, he finds it hard to express/show his emotions.
My mother was overcome with emotion and burst into tears.
Learner example:
Unlike Annie Lennox, who[se] voice sound[s] so pure and full of emotion.
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emotional /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: emotion
ADJECTIVE
EMOTIONS
[B2] relating to emotions
a child's emotional development
My doctor said the problem was more emotional than physical.
Learner example:
Doctors have found that many healt[h] problems are linked with emotional changes in [a person]'s
life.
STRONG FEELINGS
[B2] having and expressing strong feelings
an emotional speech
I felt quite emotional during the wedding ceremony.
Learner example:
It was so big and full of people that she felt very emotional.
emotionally /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən.əl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: emotion
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that shows emotions or relates to emotions
She spoke emotionally about her experiences as a war correspondent.
Many children have become emotionally disturbed as a result of the abuse they have suffered.
Learner example:
After two days, Laura was emotionally and physically exhausted.
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emperor /ˈem.pə.rər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the male ruler of an empire
Dictionary example:
Emperor Charlemagne
Learner example:
I would certainly go, because it fascinates me how more or less 2,000 years ago, the Roman
emperors could build up such a big empire.
emphasis /ˈem.fə.sɪs/ (PLURAL emphases)
Word family:
Nouns: emphasis
Verbs: emphasize
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the particular importance or attention that you give to something
There is a lot of emphasis on curing disease but too little emphasis on preventing it.
Schools here place/put great emphasis on written work and grammar.
Learner example:
[I]n the tale "It's a good life", the author gives much more emphasis to Anthony than to anyone
else in the story.
emphasize (ALSO UK emphasise) /ˈem.fə.saɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: emphasis
Verbs: emphasize
VERB [T]
[B2] to show that something is especially important or needs special attention
She emphasized the need for better diet.
He emphasized that the driver was not to blame for the accident.
You can use italics or capitals to emphasize a word in a piece of writing.
Learner example:
To put it in a nutshell, I would like to emphasize the fact that I did not spen[d] a "perfect evening
out" at all.
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empire /ˈem.paɪər/
NOUN [C]
COUNTRIES
[C1] a group of countries that is ruled by one person or government
Dictionary example:
the British Empire
Learner example:
All the Greeks can be very proud of him and have to [hope] that a general with unlimited skills like
Alexander will make Greece an unstoppable and worldwide empire again.
BUSINESSES
[C1] a large group of businesses that is controlled by one person or company
Dictionary example:
a publishing empire
Learner example:
This concerns products like pizzas, French fries and of course hamburgers and the empire
MacDonald's.
employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: employee, employer, employment, unemployment, unemployed
Verbs: employ
Adjectives: unemployed
VERB [T]
JOB
[B1] to have someone work or do a job for you and pay them for it
How many people does your company employ?
Can't we employ someone as an assistant to help with all this paperwork?
We've employed a market researcher to find out what people really want from a cable TV system.
More people are now employed in service industries than in manufacturing.
Learner example:
As you know I am employed in a travel agency and last week I started my new English class.
USE
[C1] FORMAL to use something
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Dictionary example:
Companies employ clever tactics to persuade us to buy their products.
Learner example:
A friend that I made on the course shares the same opinion and insists on the fact that the course
gave us the opportunity to employ some of the techniques we practi[s]ed in the "How to
Negotiate" classes.
employee /ɪm.plɔɪˈiː/
Word family:
Verbs: employ
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who is paid to work for someone else
The number of employees in the company has trebled over the past decade.
She's a former council employee/employee of the council.
Learner example:
There is a[n] exotic atmosphere, helped [by] the pictures on the walls and the clothes of the
employees.
employer /ɪmˈplɔɪ.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: employ
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person or organization that employs people
Dictionary example:
We need a reference from your former employer.
Learner example:
I took this English course and my employer said, if I pass my exam, he will give me a bonus of
fifty pounds.
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employment /ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/
Word family:
Verbs: employ
NOUN [U]
[B1] when someone is paid to work for a company or organization
full-time/part-time/temporary/permanent/regular employment
Employment levels are unlikely to rise significantly before the end of next year.
It's not easy to find employment in the countryside.
Learner example:
Furthermore, the stores need more employees to work at night, and therefore create employment.
empty /ˈemp.ti/
ADJECTIVE
NO MEANING
[C1] having no meaning or value
Dictionary example:
an empty promise/threat
Learner example:
But on the other hand, I need to point out all the empty promises you made with your
advertisements.
enable /ɪˈneɪ.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: enable
VERB [T]
[B2] to make someone able to do something, or to make something possible
Dictionary example:
Computerization should enable us to cut production costs by half.
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Learner example:
Furthermore, computers enable us to store any amount of necessary information, which probably
would take plenty of room on our bookshelves, if in written form.
enclose /ɪnˈkləʊz/
VERB [T]
SEND
[B2] to send something in the same envelope or parcel as something else
Dictionary example:
I enclose a map of the area.
Learner example:
date.
BE ALL AROUND
[C1] to be all around something and separate it from other things or places
Dictionary example:
The house is enclosed by parkland.
Learner example:
You know that Aragon is a deep valley which is enclosed by two ranges of mountains.
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊn.tər/
VERB [T]
[B2] to experience something unpleasant
Dictionary example:
We encountered quite a few problems at the beginning.
Learner example:
On the other hand, we could infer that teenage life is quite a good time, as there is no stress or
anxiety that is usually encountered later on in life.
encourage /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
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VERB [T]
MAKE MORE LIKELY
[B1] to make someone more likely to do something, or to make something more

likely to happen
We were encouraged to learn foreign languages at school.
Cutting back plants will encourage growth.
Learner example:
I thought it would be great to go and I encouraged them to do it.
GIVE CONFIDENCE
[B1] to give someone confidence or hope
Dictionary example:
My parents encouraged me when things weren't going well at school.
Learner example:
We went into the ward and looked at her thinking all the happy thoughts we had with her and
trying to encourage her to live.
encouragement /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪdʒ.mənt/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when someone talks or behaves in a way that gives you confidence to do
something
Children need lots of encouragement from their parents.
I could never have achieved this without the encouragement of my husband and family.
Learner example:
Children need some encouragement, which parents can provide at any time.
encouraging /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪ.dʒɪŋ/
Word family:
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ADJECTIVE
[B2] giving you confidence or hope
The team's performance was very encouraging.
an encouraging smile
Learner example:
She spoke about young people that want to start this kind of career: she was so encouraging!
end /end/
Word family:
Nouns: end, ending
Verbs: end
Adjectives: endless
NOUN
in the end
[B1] finally, after something has been thought about or discussed a lot
Dictionary example:
We were thinking about going to Switzerland, but in the end we went to Austria.
Learner example:
Well I can only tell you what I would do, but in the end it's your choice.
STOP
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] when something stops happening
They are calling for an end to the violence.
My contract comes to an end in June.
Learner example:
My job comes to an end in two weeks, and then I will have one month free, so it will be possible
for me to go [on] your next journey to Africa.
for hours/days, etc. on end

[B2] for hours/days, etc. without stopping
Dictionary example:
He waited by the telephone for hours on end.
Learner example:
You can find information o[n] whatever issue you want, science, technology, business, arts, etc.,
everything is there, without mentioning the fantastic and simplified way of buying by internet or
just surfing for hours on end [for] whatever thing you are int[e]rested in.
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no end INFORMAL
[B2] a lot
Dictionary example:
I've had no end of trouble finding a hotel room.
Learner example:
I had no end of fun when we were going to the beach and the car stopped and we had to go on
foot.
put an end to sth

[B2] to make something stop happening or existing
He's determined to put an end to these rumours.
Leg injuries put an end to his athletics career.
Learner example:
Maybe because I needed someone to know, or because I wanted to put an end to that feeling, and
[have] a normal life.
make ends meet

[C1] to have just enough money to pay for the things that you need
Dictionary example:
I've taken a second job in the evenings just to make ends meet.
Learner example:
Most students support themselves and barely make ends meet every month.
bring sth to an end

[C1] to make something finish
Dictionary example:
The stories in the newspaper brought her career to a sudden end.
Learner example:
At the end of the year 2002 a great construction was brought to an end.
VERB [I or T]
end up PHRASAL VERB
[B1] to finally be in a particular place or situation
They're travelling across Europe by train and are planning to end up in Moscow.
Much of this meat will probably end up as dog food.
After working her way around the world, she ended up teaching English as a foreign language.
Learner example:
After the movie we went for a drink and we ended up dancing salsa.
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endangered /ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒəd/
Word family:
Nouns: danger
ADJECTIVE
[B2] used of animals and plants which may soon disappear from the world because
there are very few left alive
Dictionary example:
Tigers are now an endangered species.
Learner example:
Many endangered species have been saved by zoos which ha[ve] been able to make them
reproduce.
endeavour /ɪnˈdev.ər/
VERB
endeavour to do sth FORMAL
[C1] to try very hard to do something
Dictionary example:
I endeavoured to help her, but she wouldn't let me.
Learner example:
I totally [agree] with the latter and I shall endeavour to look at both points of view.
ending /ˈen.dɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: end, ending
Verbs: end
Adjectives: endless
NOUN [C]
FINAL PART
[B1] the last part of a story, film, etc.
Dictionary example:
People want love stories with happy endings.
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Learner example:
This film is a typical romantic story with a happy ending.
WORD
[B1] a part added to the end of a word
Dictionary example:
To make the plural of 'dog', you add the plural ending '-s'.
endless /ˈend.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: end, ending
Verbs: end
Adjectives: endless
ADJECTIVE
[B2] never finishing, or seeming never to finish
We used to have endless arguments about politics.
He seems to think that I have an endless supply of money.
The possibilities are endless.
Learner example:
But there were long, seemingly endless holidays ahead.
endure /ɪnˈdjʊər/
Word family:
Nouns: endurance
Verbs: endure
VERB [T]
[B2] to suffer something difficult, unpleasant or painful
We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.
She's already had to endure three painful operations on her leg.
Learner example:
In addition to this, I have been doing various kinds of sports including swimming and jogging, so I
could endure a long trip.
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enemy /ˈen.ə.mi/
NOUN
PERSON
[B1] ! [C] a person who you dislike or oppose
He's made a few enemies in this company.
political enemies
Learner example:
I have made a lot of enemies.
COUNTRY/ARMY
[B2] ! [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] a country, or the armed forces of a country, which is at war
with another country
enemy forces/territory
The enemy had succeeded in stopping our supplies from getting through.
energetic /ˌen.əˈdʒet.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: energy
Adjectives: energetic
ADJECTIVE
[B2] having or involving a lot of energy
an energetic young woman
I tried aerobics but it was too energetic for me.
Learner example:
I am a cheerful and energetic person.
energy /ˈen.ə.dʒi/
Word family:
Nouns: energy
Adjectives: energetic
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NOUN [U]
STRENGTH
[B1] the power and ability to be very active without becoming tired
Looking after children takes up a lot of time and energy.
I was going to go out this evening, but I just don't have the energy.
I didn't even have the energy to get out of bed.
Learner example:
In the evening, you can go to the pub to try Czech beer or if you have [enough] energy, you can
go clubbing.
ELECTRICITY, GAS, ETC
[B1] the power that comes from electricity, gas, etc.
It is important for us to save energy.
We mustn't waste energy.
nuclear/wind energy
energy conservation/efficiency
Learner example:
I thought [of buying] an air-conditioning [unit], but it consumes [too] much energy, so I'm going
to buy a [fan], because [it] is very hot here.
enforce /ɪnˈfɔːs/
VERB [T]
[C1] to make people obey a rule or law
Dictionary example:
It is the duty of the police to enforce the law.
Learner example:
Traffic police rarely enforce the law on public transport vehicles, which leads to a lot of chaos.
engage /ɪnˈgeɪdʒ/
VERB [T] FORMAL
[C1] to interest someone in something and keep them thinking about it
Dictionary example:
The debate about food safety has engaged the whole nation.
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Learner example:
It would be great if we could employ professional entertainers to set up activities to engage
people and buy fun prizes and awards.
engaged /ɪnˈgeɪdʒd/
ADJECTIVE
MARRIAGE
[B1] having formally agreed to marry
Debbie and Chris have just got engaged.
She was engaged to some guy in the army.
Learner example:
I'm engaged [to] him.
IN USE
[B1] If a telephone or public toilet is engaged, someone is already using it.
Every time I ring her, the number is engaged.
The sign on the toilet door said 'Engaged'.
Learner example:
I was worried and so I decided to phone him but the line was always engaged.
engineering /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪə.rɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: engine, engineer, engineering
NOUN [U]
[B1] the work of an engineer, or the study of this work
Dictionary example:
Richard studied engineering at Manchester University.
Learner example:
His name is Marco and he is [studying] engineering.
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enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/
VERB [T] FORMAL
[C1] to improve something
Dictionary example:
Winning that award greatly enhanced her reputation.
Learner example:
In addition, enhancing the reputation of the family might be anoth[e]r factor as well.
enjoyable /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: enjoyment
Verbs: enjoy
Adjectives: enjoyable
ADJECTIVE
[B1] An enjoyable event or experience gives you pleasure.
We had a very enjoyable evening - thank you!
I found the whole experience very enjoyable.
Learner example:
First, thanks for the most enjoyable weekend [of] my life.
enjoyment /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: enjoyment
Verbs: enjoy
Adjectives: enjoyable
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you enjoy something
Dictionary example:
Knowing the ending already didn't spoil my enjoyment of the film.
Learner example:
It is worth seeing because of the wonderful actors who play their roles with inspiration and
enjoyment.
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enormous /ɪˈnɔː.məs/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely large
an enormous car/house
He earns an enormous salary.
You've been an enormous help.
Learner example:
It has two bedrooms, an enormous bathroom, a small kitchen and a nice living-room.
enough /ɪˈnʌf/
DETERMINER; PRONOUN
NEGATIVE COMMENT
[B2] as much as or more than is wanted
I've got enough work to do at the moment, without being given any more.
Half an hour in his company is quite enough!
Stop. You've made enough of a mess already.
You've drunk more than enough already.
Learner example:
Now I think I'm going to stay around here, as I [have] had enough disappointments for one
summer.
have had enough

[C1] to want something to stop because it is annoying you
Dictionary example:
I've had enough of your excuses.
Learner example:
My neighbours and I have had enough of this sudden and deafening noise, which seems to affect
our pets as well.
ADVERB
strangely enough
[B2] although it may seem strange
Dictionary example:
Strangely enough, I was just speaking to him the other day.
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Learner example:
Today, strangely enough, people out on the sea, often local fishermen, see the complete castle,
like a ghost.
fair enough INFORMAL
[B2] used for saying that you can understand and accept someone's opinion or
decision
Dictionary example:
"He says he'll only work on Sunday if he gets paid extra." "Fair enough."
Learner example:
Most of the streets are open [to] cars and therefore people tend to escape to a little area around
the pedestrian streets. Fair enough, but it make[s] those streets terribly overcrowded.
enquire (UK ALSO inquire) /ɪnˈkwaɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: enquiry
Verbs: enquire
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to ask someone for information about something
I'm enquiring about dentists in the area.
"Are you staying long?" she enquired.
Learner example:
I am writing to enquire about the job you are offering.
enquiry (UK ALSO inquiry) /ɪnˈkwaɪə.ri/
Word family:
Nouns: enquiry
Verbs: enquire
NOUN
QUESTION
[B1] [C] a question that you ask when you want more information
Dictionary example:
We receive a lot of enquiries about tax issues.
Learner example:
I also have some enquiries concerning the trip.
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enrich /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: riches, richness
Verbs: enrich
Adjectives: rich
VERB [T]
[C1] to improve the quality of something by adding something to it
Dictionary example:
Our culture has been enriched by the many immigrants who live here.
Learner example:
It can be of great assistance especially for those who start studying the Greek language and for
those who want to enrich their knowledge, too.
ensure (US FORMAL
USALSO insure) /ɪnˈʃɔːr/
Word family:
Verbs: ensure
Adjectives: sure, unsure
Adverbs: surely
VERB [T]
[B2] to make something certain to happen
Dictionary example:
Please ensure that all examination papers have your name at the top.
Learner example:
Please ensure [the] above corrections and new information about Lampton [are included in the
next edition].
enter /ˈen.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: entrance, entry
Verbs: enter
VERB
COMPETITION
[B1] [I or T] to take part in a competition, race or examination
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Are you going to enter the photography competition?
Both men have been entered for/in the 100 metres in Paris next month.
Learner example:
I [have] enter[ed] a competition and I need your bike.
INFORMATION
[B1] [T] to put information into a computer, book or document
Dictionary example:
You have to enter a password to access the database.
Learner example:
You only have to click on the product you want and enter your credit card number.
PERIOD OF TIME
[C1] [T] to begin a period of time
Dictionary example:
The violence is now entering its third week.
Learner example:
It is a family-run business which is now entering its tenth successful year.
enterprise /ˈen.tə.praɪz/
NOUN
BUSINESS
[C1] [C] a business or organization
Dictionary example:
a state-owned enterprise
Learner example:
It is true that many state enterprises went on strike several days ago, among others transport and
medical services.
QUALITY
[C1] [U] when someone is enthusiastic and willing to do something new and clever,
although there are risks involved
Dictionary example:
The scheme shows imagination and enterprise.
Learner example:
I am talking about a frank and sincere young lady with enterprise.
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entertain /en.təˈteɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: entertainer, entertainment
Verbs: entertain
Adjectives: entertaining
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to keep a group of people interested or enjoying themselves
We hired a magician to entertain the children.
Most children's television programmes aim to educate and entertain at the same time.
Learner example:
You should sing in a pub to entertain people.
entertainer /en.təˈteɪ.nər/
Word family:
Verbs: entertain
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone whose job is to entertain people by singing, telling jokes, etc.
Dictionary example:
We've hired a children's entertainer for the party.
Learner example:
You could hire some entertainers.
entertaining /en.təˈteɪ.nɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: entertain
ADJECTIVE
[B2] funny and enjoyable
an entertaining story/film/talk
His books aren't particularly well-written, but they're always entertaining.
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Learner example:
It is obvious that some people prefer reading books, [while] others claim that watching films is
much more entertaining.
entertainment /en.təˈteɪn.mənt/
Word family:
Verbs: entertain
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] shows, movies, television, or other performances or activities that entertain

people
There is live entertainment in the bar every night.
There's not much in the way of entertainment in this town - just the cinema and a couple of pubs.
Learner example:
You can find cinemas, discos and night clubs for entertainment.
enthusiasm /ɪnˈθjuː.zi.æz.əm/
Word family:
Nouns: enthusiasm
Adjectives: enthusiastic
Adverbs: enthusiastically
NOUN [U]
[B2] a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and an

eagerness to be involved in it
One of the good things about teaching young children is their enthusiasm.
After the accident he lost his enthusiasm for the sport.
Learner example:
I am filled with enthusiasm about [spend]ing two weeks at Camp California in the U.S.A.
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enthusiastic /ɪnˌθjuː.ziˈæs.tɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: enthusiasm
ADJECTIVE
[B2] showing enthusiasm
Dictionary example:
You don't seem very enthusiastic about the party - don't you want to go tonight?
Learner example:
I've got a lot of friends who are really enthusiastic about cycling and we often go cycling
[together].
enthusiastically /ɪnˌθjuː.ziˈæs.tɪk.li/
Word family:
Nouns: enthusiasm
ADVERB
[B2] in an enthusiastic way
Dictionary example:
She responded very enthusiastically to the idea.
Learner example:
She accepted my suggestion enthusiastically.
entire /ɪnˈtaɪər/
Word family:
Adjectives: entire
Adverbs: entirely
[B2] whole or complete, with nothing missing
Between them they ate an entire cake.
He'd spent the entire journey asleep.
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Learner example:
On behalf of the entire school, I would like to put forward a num[b]er of suggestions in regard to
the improvement of the reception area.
entirely /ɪnˈtaɪə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: entire
Adverbs: entirely
ADVERB
[B2] completely
I admit it was entirely my fault.
I'm not entirely convinced it will work.
The company is run almost entirely by middle-aged men.
Learner example:
I would like to do something entirely different before I start to study again.
entitle /ɪnˈtaɪ.tl
̩/
GIVE RIGHT
[B2] to give someone the right to do or have something
I'm entitled to apply for citizenship.
Being unemployed entitles you to free medical treatment.
Learner example:
In conclusion, I believe that I am entitled to a partial refund.
GIVE TITLE
[C1] to give something a particular title
Dictionary example:
a lecture entitled "Language, Learning and Literacy"
Learner example:
In June, [the] club arranged a slide show and talk which was entitled 'Walking In The Black Hills';
this was very informative and the students had lots of tips for hill walking.
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entrance /ˈen.trənts/
Word family:
Verbs: enter
NOUN
RIGHT
[B1] [U] the right to enter a place or join an organization
Dictionary example:
Entrance is free, but you have to pay for your drinks.
Learner example:
If you've [got] membership, you don't need to pay for entrance. You only pay for the drinks and
the food.
entry /ˈen.tri/
Word family:
Verbs: enter
NOUN
INFORMATION
[B1] [C] a separate piece of information that is recorded in a book such as a

dictionary, or on the Internet
They've updated a lot of the entries on the website.
As his illness progressed, he made fewer entries in his diary.
Learner example:
Later I got my own entry on their Clan-home-page.
PLACE
[B1] [U] the right or ability to come into or go into a place
She was refused entry.
A flock of sheep blocked our entry to the village.
I can't go down that street - there's a 'No entry' sign.
There's free entry to the exhibition for students after 6 pm.
JOINING OR TAKING PART
[B1] [U] when you join an organization or take part in a competition
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Are there lots of exams for entry into the legal profession?
Have you filled in your entry form yet?
Learner example:
You can do anything in this club from football to chess. If you ever come to visit, I could organise
an entry form [for] you.
COMPETITION WORK
[B1] [C or U] a piece of work that you do to try to win a competition
There have been a fantastic number of entries for this year's poetry competition.
the winning entries
environment /ɪnˈvaɪə.rən.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: environment, environmentalist
Adjectives: environmental
Adverbs: environmentally
NOUN
the environment
[B1] the air, land and water where people, animals and plants live
We're not doing enough to protect the environment from pollution.
The new road may cause damage to the environment.
Learner example:
The first lesson was enjoyable - we had to talk about the environment.
SURROUNDINGS
[B2] [C] the conditions that you live or work in and the way that they influence how
you feel or how effectively you can work
The office is quite bright and airy - it's a pleasant working environment.
As a parent you try to create a stable home environment.
Learner example:
They need to live in a friendly environment with their relatives and their friends.
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environmental /ɪnˌvaɪə.rən.ˈmen.təl/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B1] relating to the environment
Dictionary example:
People are becoming far more aware of environmental issues.
Learner example:
As you know, I went to Canada in order to take part in an environmental conference.
environmentalist /ɪnˌvaɪə.rənˈmen.təl.ɪst/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who tries to protect the natural environment from being damaged
Dictionary example:
She is a well-known environmentalist.
Learner example:
Others also, especially environmentalists, suggest that we should turn to electric-powered
engines which are environmentally friendly, as these air pollutants bring about the thinning of the
ozone layer.
environmentally /ɪnˌvaɪə.rən.ˈmen.təl.i/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is related to the environment
environmentally damaging chemicals
We need our industries to work in an environmentally responsible way.
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Learner example:
All these [things] were made possible because we have the world's most dedicated and
environmentally adaptable government, spearheaded by Lee Kuan Yew decades ago.
environmentally friendly /ɪn.vaɪə.rənˌmen.təl.iˈfrend.li/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not harmful to the environment
Dictionary example:
environmentally-friendly washing powder
Learner example:
A lot was said about creating more environmentally-friendly products.
envisage /ɪnˈvɪz.ɪdʒ/
VERB [T]
[C1] to imagine something happening, or think that something is likely to happen
Dictionary example:
The police don't envisage any trouble at the festival.
Learner example:
We envisage the size of the branch to be around 50 people to start with and expect to grow circa
20% a year.
envision /ɪnˈvɪʒ.ən/
VERB [T]
[C1] to imagine something happening, or think that something is likely to happen
Dictionary example:
He envisioned a partnership between business and government.
Learner example:
From the childhood, when you are only a kid, you envision you[r]self getting married and quite
naturally it is a great feeling when you do get married.
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envy /ˈen.vi/
VERB [T]
[B2] to wish that you had something that someone else has
I envy her ability to talk to people she's never met before.
I don't envy you the job of cooking for all those people.
Learner example:
I really envy you, Pete.
NOUN [U]
FEELING OF WANTING
[B2] the feeling that you wish you had something that someone else has
Dictionary example:
I watched with envy as she set off for the airport.
Learner example:
Sam, your last letter has filled me with envy.
episode /ˈep.ɪ.səʊd/
NOUN [C]
EVENT
[B2] a single event or group of related events
This latest episode in the fraud scandal has shocked a lot of people.
The drugs, the divorce and the depression - it's an episode in his life that he wants to forget.
Learner example:
This little episode happened when I was seven years old.
PART OF STORY
[B2] one of the single parts into which a story is divided, especially when it is
broadcast on the television or radio
Dictionary example:
I missed the first episode.
Learner example:
I watch[ed] the news and one episode of "Friends".
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equal /ˈiː.kwəl/
Word family:
Nouns: equality, inequality
Adjectives: equal
Adverbs: equally
ADJECTIVE
SAME AMOUNT/NUMBER, ETC.
[B1] the same in amount, number or size
The sides are of equal length.
One litre is equal to 1.76 imperial pints.
Learner example:
We are a well-mixed class with equal numbers of boys and girls, all about 20 years old.
AS IMPORTANT
[B2] the same in importance and deserving the same treatment
All people are equal, deserving the same rights as each other.
They've got a long way to go before they achieve equal pay/opportunities for men and women.
Learner example:
Then Napoleon did whatever he wanted to do under the motto of "all animals are equal", which
was false.
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone or something that has the same importance as someone or

something else and deserves the same treatment
Dictionary example:
The good thing about having her as a boss is that she treats us all as equals.
Learner example:
We must respect and treat them as our equals.
equality /ɪˈkwɒl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Adjectives: equal
Adverbs: equally
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NOUN [U]
[B2] the right of different groups of people to have a similar social position and
receive the same treatment
equality between the sexes
racial/sexual equality
Learner example:
That's why I think people who fight to defend equality are amazing, especially Nelson Mandela
because he spen[t] part of his life in jail for that.
equally /ˈiː.kwə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: equal
Adverbs: equally
ADVERB
SAME WAY
[B2] fairly and in the same way
Dictionary example:
Everyone should be treated equally.
Learner example:
In [the] festival, all the performers were treated equally.
SAME AMOUNTS
[C1] into amounts or parts that are the same size
Dictionary example:
She shared the money equally between the four children.
Learner example:
The obligations should be divided equally between the members of the gro[u]p.
SAME DEGREE
[C1] to the same degree or level
an equally important question
She did equally well in the competition last year.
Learner example:
I think the choice of a good organization, which can provide good facilities and social conditions,
along with good teaching, is equally important.
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equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/
Word family:
Nouns: equation
Verbs: equate
NOUN [C]
[C1] when you show that two amounts are equal using mathematical symbols
Dictionary example:
In this equation, x = 6.
Learner example:
I would like to address the issue [using] a very simple equation of economics: Demand = supply.
equip /ɪˈkwɪp/ (-pp-)
Word family:
Nouns: equipment
Verbs: equip
VERB [T]
[B2] to provide someone or something with what is needed for a particular purpose
They're raising money to equip the hospital.
The new trains are equipped with all the latest technology.
Learner example:
We were equipped with crampons, ropes, ice axes, gloves, sunglasse[s] and so on.
equipment /ɪˈkwɪp.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: equipment
Verbs: equip
NOUN [U]
[B1] the set of necessary tools, clothing, etc. for a particular purpose
office/camping/kitchen equipment
electrical equipment
This is a really useful piece of equipment.
Learner example:
You can rent equipment or take your own.
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equivalent /ɪˈkwɪv.əl.ənt/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] equal in amount, value, importance, or meaning
Dictionary example:
The UK's Brit Awards are roughly equivalent to the Oscars.
Learner example:
They go to the same school and I daresay that the same percentage of girls does the Abitur
(equivalent to the English GCE A level).
NOUN [C]
[C1] something that has the same value, importance, size, or meaning as
something else
Dictionary example:
She won the equivalent of $5 million.
Learner example:
As well as this I have passed the Cambridge First Certificate exam and another exam in Spain
which is the equivalent of FCE.
era /ˈɪə.rə/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a period of time in history that is special for a particular reason
the Clinton era
the post-war era
They had worked for peace during the long era of conflict.
The fall of the Berlin wall marked the end of an era.
Learner example:
The world is paddling through the era of technology.
erosion /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/
Word family:
Nouns: erosion
Verbs: erode
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NOUN [U]
PHYSICAL DAMAGE
[C1] when soil, stone, etc. is gradually damaged and removed by the sea, rain, or
wind
Dictionary example:
soil/coastal erosion
Learner example:
Deforestation changes the climate and natural ability to stop soil erosion also plays a role here.
error /ˈer.ər/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a mistake
He admitted that he'd made an error.
The letter contained a number of typing errors.
Human error has been blamed for the air crash.
The document was destroyed in error by the police.
Learner example:
There are a lot [of] factual errors in this article.
escalator /ˈes.kə.leɪ.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] moving stairs that take people from one level of a building to another
I'll meet you by the up/down escalator on the second floor.
Shall we use the lift or take the escalator?
Learner example:
The newly decorated section is fairly modern [in] style with escalators and touch-screen ticket
machine[s].
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escape /ɪˈskeɪp/
VERB
GET AWAY
[B1] [I] to succeed in getting away from a place where you do not want to be
The two prisoners escaped from prison last night.
There were reports that a lion had escaped from its cage at a nearby zoo.
Learner example:
You also get to meet people there, interesting people - for example, I met a really weird guy who
claims to have escaped from an asylum, twice!
AVOID
[B2] [I or T] to avoid a dangerous or unpleasant situation
She was lucky to escape serious injury.
Chelsea only just escaped defeat in the second round of the cup.
Learner example:
Happily they were found by some hunters and escaped with minor injuries.
NOUN
FORGETTING PROBLEMS
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] something that helps you to forget about your usual life or
problems
Dictionary example:
I love old movies - they're such an escape from the real world.
Learner example:
Going on holiday is a great idea and I think it's the best way to relax and have fun, but it would
also be an escape from the daily routine and a break from your tiring job.
GETTING OUT
[C1] [C or U] when someone succeeds in getting out of a place or a dangerous or bad

situation
He made his escape on the back of a motorbike.
an escape route
Learner example:
Being impatient in the jail, Tom planned for his escape.
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especially /ɪˈspeʃ.əl.i/
ADVERB
ONLY
[B2] for one particular person, purpose, or reason
Dictionary example:
I cooked this meal especially for you.
Learner example:
I remember the taste of the pineapple cake that you baked especially for me and your home-made
goos[e]berry wine.
essay /ˈes.eɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a short piece of writing about a particular subject, especially one done by
students
Dictionary example:
For homework I want you to write an essay on endangered species.
Learner example:
I could write an extra essay.
essential /ɪˈsen.tʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: essence
Adjectives: essential
Adverbs: essentially
ADJECTIVE
NECESSARY
[B1] very important and necessary
Government support will be essential if the project is to succeed.
Computers are an essential part of our lives.
Water is essential for/to living things.
It is essential that our prices remain competitive.
For the experiment to be valid, it is essential to record the data accurately.
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Learner example:
Well, thirdly, rest is essential!
essentially /ɪˈsen.tʃəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: essence
Adjectives: essential
Adverbs: essentially
ADVERB
[B2] relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of something
It's essentially a dictionary but it differs in one or two respects.
What he's saying is essentially true.
Learner example:
Although we are essentially a rock band, we integrate elements of traditional Indian music (such
as sitar).
establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: establishment
Verbs: establish
START
[B2] to start a company or organization that is likely to continue for a long time
Dictionary example:
The brewery was established in 1822.
Learner example:
The first restaurant, which was established 10 years ago, is called Paris.
establish communication/relations, etc.

[C1] to start having a relationship or communicating with another person,
company, country, or organization
Dictionary example:
The two countries have only recently established diplomatic relations.
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Learner example:
[As] everyone knows, English is called "the universal language", which is used in all the airports of
the world, to establish communication between the airports and the planes that arrive from all
over the world.
establish sb/sth as sth

[C1] to put someone or something into a successful and lasting position
Dictionary example:
He quickly established himself as a talented actor.
Learner example:
In fact, after ending his career as a football player, Pele managed to establish himself as a
successful businessman.
establishment /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: establishment
Verbs: establish
NOUN
ORGANIZATION
[C1] [C] FORMAL a business or other organization, or the place where an organization
operates
Dictionary example:
an educational/religious establishment
Learner example:
Even if you do not enjoy novel eating experiences, this establishment is worth a visit due to its
architecture and atmosphere.
STARTING
[C1] [U] when an organization, school, business, etc. is started
Dictionary example:
the establishment of a new national bank
Learner example:
That explains the establishment of various fast-food restaurants in our countries, which spread in
a[n] incredibly quick way, and have changed our eating habits in a short time.
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estate /ɪˈsteɪt/
NOUN [C]
LAND
[B2] a large area of land in the country which is owned by a family or an

organization and is often used for growing crops or raising animals
Dictionary example:
a country estate
Learner example:
There is a special law in Sweden which allows everyone to wander [through] any private estate
unless one causes harm.
BUILDINGS
[B2] a group of houses or factories built in a planned way
a housing estate
an industrial estate
Learner example:
I live [o]n a big housing estate.
estimate /ˈes.tɪ.meɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: estimate
Verbs: estimate, underestimate, overestimate
Adjectives: estimated
VERB [T]
[B2] to guess the cost, size, value, etc. of something
Government sources estimate a long-term 50% increase in rail fares.
They estimate that the journey will take at least two weeks.
It was difficult to estimate how many trees had been destroyed.
The number of dead is estimated at over three hundred.
Learner example:
I estimate it will take only 7 minutes to walk from the conference center to the hotel.
NOUN [C] /ˈes.tɪ.mət/

[B2] a guess of what the size, value, amount, cost, etc. of something might be
748
The number of people who applied for the course was 120 compared with an initial estimate of
between 50 and 100.
This is only a rough estimate.
estimated /ˈes.tɪ.meɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: estimate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] guessed
Dictionary example:
an estimated cost/value
Learner example:
My estimated [time of] arrival [at] Heathrow airport is nine o'clock in the morning and my flight
number is OK 1312.
ethnic /ˈeθ.nɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] relating to a particular race of people
Dictionary example:
ethnic minorities
Learner example:
Over 98% of the population are ethnic Chinese.
evaluate /ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: evaluation
Verbs: evaluate
VERB [T] FORMAL
[C1] to consider or study something carefully and decide how good or bad it is
Dictionary example:
We need time to evaluate the proposal.
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Learner example:
The aim of this report is to evaluate and describe how successful our College Film Club has been
so far.
evaluation /ɪˌvæl.juˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: evaluation
Verbs: evaluate
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] the act of considering something carefully and deciding how good or bad it is
There was no evaluation of the risks involved.
She carried out an evaluation of their services.
Learner example:
And that is what counts in the evaluation of job candidates.
even /ˈIː.vən/
ADVERB
EMPHASIS
[B1] used to emphasize a comparison
Her last film was even better.
The next 36 hours will be even colder, with snow showers just about everywhere.
I think Alex is going to be even taller than his father.
It's even more difficult to find work.
Learner example:
When I saw her getting off the train I really was close to break[ing] down because she looked even
more beautiful.
not even
[B1] used to emphasize the fact that something does not happen or is not true
"I never cry." "Not even when you hurt yourself really badly?"
Nobody spoke, not even the children.
Learner example:
We tried to fish, but didn't catch a thing, not even a shoe!
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even if
[B2] whether or not
Dictionary example:
Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train.
Learner example:
I often go to parks, with or without the children, even if the weather is not good.
even though
[B2] although
Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become a millionaire.
He still smokes even though he's got asthma.
Learner example:
They didn't give up hope even though they were tired and wet to the bone.
even so
[C1] used to emphasize that something surprising is true despite what you have
just said
Dictionary example:
Car prices have gone down a lot, but even so, we couldn't afford to buy one.
Learner example:
I'm sure many of [these things] happened due to bad luck, but even so, there are some
arrangements that, I bel[ie]ve, can easily be improved.
break even
[C1] to not make money but also not lose money
Dictionary example:
The company only managed to break even this year.
Learner example:
Company C does not seem to be doing well. In the year 2000, it just seems to be breaking even.
event /ɪˈvent/
Word family:
Nouns: event
Adjectives: eventful, uneventful
NOUN [C]
HAPPENING
[B1] something that happens, especially something important or unusual
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Local people have been shocked by recent events in the town.
The police are trying to determine the series of events that led up to the murder.
Learner example:
I like this book because I like the description of historical events.
RACE
[B1] a race, party, competition, etc. that has been organized for a particular time
Over two thousand people took part in the event.
They stage big sporting events here.
They organize a lot of social events.
Learner example:
When there are parties or important social events, I usually choose a dress to wear.
in the event of sth FORMAL
[C1] if something happens
Dictionary example:
An airbag could save your life in the event of an accident.
Learner example:
In the event of bad weather, it would be wise to plan an alternative to the boat trip, for example a
visit of Buckingham Palace or the Houses of Parliament.
in any event
[C1] whatever happens
Dictionary example:
I'm not sure if I'm coming on Friday, but in any event, I'll see you next week.
Learner example:
In any event, it is incumbent upon all of us to carefully plan our travel matters, so as to take
advantage of their several benefits.
eventually /ɪˈven.tju.əl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: eventual
Adverbs: eventually
ADVERB
[B2] in the end, especially after a long time
Eventually they reached an agreement.
He eventually got round to fixing the bike.
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Learner example:
Anyway Pat eventually apologized to me.
ever /ˈev.ər/
ADVERB
hardly ever
[B1] almost never
Dictionary example:
We hardly ever go out these days.
Learner example:
My bedroom hardly ever looks tidy.
ever since
[B1] continuously since that time
We met at school and have been friends ever since.
He's been depressed ever since he got divorced.
Learner example:
The pen was given [to me] by my father on my birthday and I have treasured it ever since.
for ever
[B1] always in the future
Dictionary example:
I'm not going to live here for ever.
Learner example:
My friend was leaving the city for ever and [going] to a city in another country.
ever so
[B2] very
Dictionary example:
It was ever so kind of you to meet us at the airport.
Learner example:
It was ever so kind of you to take the trouble and make room for us although we arrived quite
unexpectedly.
better/faster/happier, etc. than ever

[C1] better/faster/happier, etc. than at any time before
Dictionary example:
She is running faster than ever.
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Learner example:
First of all, I would like to thank you for your invitation to the new opening of Longridge Arts
Centre, the centre looks better than ever and I enjoyed the arts exhibition that is on now.
every /ˈev.ri/
DETERMINER
POSSIBLE
[B2] as much as is possible
I'd like to wish you every success in your new job.
She has every reason to be unhappy after losing her job and her home.
You had every opportunity to make a complaint.
Every effort is being made to minimise civilian casualties.
She has every right to be proud of her tremendous achievements.
Learner example:
The man realized that people should take every opportunity that life offers them, because all we
are is dust in the wind.
every now and then

[C1] sometimes, but not often
Dictionary example:
We still meet up every now and then.
Learner example:
Each day choose 10 new words and learn them by heart. In a week you will have learned 70 new
words, and in a year 3640, a lot of words. Please, do not forget to repeat them every now and
then.
everything /ˈev.ri.θɪŋ/
PRONOUN
be/mean everything
[B2] to be the most important part of someone's life
His children mean everything to him.
Money isn't everything.
Learner example:
I think that every person has a different opinion, but for me, money and fame isn't everything in
life.
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do everything in your power to do sth
[C1] to do everything that you are able and allowed to do in order to achieve
something
Dictionary example:
I've done everything in my power to help him.
Learner example:
I think of myself as an open-minded and cheerful person and if I get the job I will do everything in
my power to make sure your visitors will have a great time at the theme park.
evidence /ˈev.ɪ.dənts/
Word family:
Nouns: evidence
Adjectives: evident
Adverbs: evidently
NOUN [U]
PROOF
[B2] something that makes you believe that something is true or exists
evidence of global warming
There is no evidence that the theory is true.
New evidence suggests/shows this argument is flawed.
There is scientific evidence that the drug is addictive.
All the evidence points to a substantial rise in traffic over the next few years.
There is growing/increasing evidence that people whose diets are rich in vitamins are less likely to
develop some types of cancer.
Learner example:
David started looking for evidence, but he found nothing.
evident /ˈev.ɪ.dənt/ FORMAL
Word family:
Nouns: evidence
Adjectives: evident
Adverbs: evidently
ADJECTIVE
[B2] obvious to everyone and easy to see or understand
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The full extent of the damage only became evident the following morning.
From the smell it was evident that the drains had been blocked for several days.
Learner example:
In conclusion, it is evident that it is better to do shopping in big supermarkets or shopping
centres than small local shops in terms of time, money, working hours and family life.
evidently /ˈev.ɪ.dənt.li/ FORMAL
Word family:
Nouns: evidence
Adjectives: evident
Adverbs: evidently
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is easy to see
Dictionary example:
He evidently likes her.
Learner example:
There are, evidently, points in favour and points against.
evil /ˈiː.vəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very cruel, bad or harmful
an evil monster
These people are just evil.
Learner example:
She is a very dark and evil person who can't forget the first Mrs. de Winter.
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] something that is very bad and harmful
Drug-addiction is one of today's great social evils.
The theme of the play is the battle between good and evil.
Learner example:
It is not simply [the] confronting of good and evil.
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evolution /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: evolution
Verbs: evolve
NOUN [U]
NATURAL WORLD
[B2] the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years
Dictionary example:
Darwin's theory of evolution
Learner example:
I think it is good to have zoos, but we shouldn't try to control natural evolution as we have done
until now.
GRADUAL CHANGE
[B2] a gradual process of change and development
Dictionary example:
the evolution of language
Learner example:
[Leonardo's] studies and projects on mechanics puzzle us and foresee the future evolution of
science and technology.
evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/
Word family:
Nouns: evolution
Verbs: evolve
VERB
[C1] to develop or make something develop, usually gradually
Dictionary example:
rapidly evolving technology
Learner example:
This device has evolved from being a large machine into the size of a notebook.
exact /ɪgˈzækt/
Word family:
Adjectives: exact
Adverbs: exactly
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ADJECTIVE
[B1] completely correct in every detail
The exact distance is 1.838 metres.
I'm afraid I can't give you exact details.
The exact location of the factory has yet to be decided.
They've lived here a long time - 25 years to be exact.
Learner example:
I am looking forward to your next letter to know the exact time of your [arrival].
exactly /ɪgˈzækt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: exact
Adverbs: exactly
ADVERB
EMPHASIS
[B1] used to emphasize what you are saying
I've found some shoes that are exactly the same colour as that dress.
Do exactly what I tell you and no-one will get hurt!
That's exactly why I didn't go.
Learner example:
That is exactly one of the reasons [why] I decided to join a new English class.
AGREEMENT
[B2] something you say when you agree completely with someone
Dictionary example:
"Surely they should have told us about this problem sooner?" "Exactly!"
not exactly
[B2] used to say that something is not completely true
Dictionary example:
"So you gave her your book?" "Not exactly, I lent it to her."
not exactly easy/new/rich, etc. INFORMAL
[C1] used to emphasize that someone or something does not have a particular
quality
Dictionary example:
Let's face it, we're not exactly rich, are we?
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Learner example:
The Hotel Royal was not exactly luxurious.
exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒ.ə.reɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: exaggeration
Verbs: exaggerate
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to make something seem larger, better, worse, etc. than it really is
Dictionary example:
Don't exaggerate - it didn't cost that much!
Learner example:
Without exaggerating, I would like to mention that she is dependable and trustworthy but also
tactful and supportive.
exaggeration /ɪgˌzædʒ.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: exaggeration
Verbs: exaggerate
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when you describe something as larger, better, worse, etc. than it really is
Dictionary example:
a slight/gross exaggeration of the facts
Learner example:
You wrote about "a sudden downpour of rain" which was a huge exaggeration.
examination /ɪgˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: exam, examination, examiner
Verbs: examine
NOUN
CAREFUL LOOK
[B2] [C or U] when someone looks at or considers something carefully in order to

discover something
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a medical examination
I had to have a medical examination when I started my new job.
The evidence is still under examination.
I thought it was paint at first, but on closer examination I realised it was dried blood.
Learner example:
Finally we went to the hospital for a medical examination and fortunately we were all right.
examine /ɪgˈzæm.ɪn/
Word family:
Verbs: examine
VERB [T]
LOOK AT
[B2] to look at or consider a person or thing carefully and in detail in order to

discover something about them
She picked up the knife and examined it closely.
He was examined by a doctor as soon as he arrived.
Experts are examining the wreckage for clues about the cause of the explosion.
Learner example:
I examined both of them and finally I discovered [that it] was a virus changed genetically in order
to kill people.
examiner /ɪgˈzæm.ɪn.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: examine
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who tests how much you know about something, or how well you can
do something
Dictionary example:
The writing paper is marked by trained examiners.
Learner example:
When the examiner said that I had passed, I could not believe it.
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example /ɪgˈzɑːm.pl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: example
Verbs: exemplify
NOUN [C]
set an example
[B2] to do something in a good way so that other people might try to copy you
Dictionary example:
Try to set a good example to the children.
Learner example:
It sets a good example for other museums.
VERY GOOD
[B2] someone or something that is very good and should be copied
Dictionary example:
He is a very good example to the rest of the class.
Learner example:
You are a shining example for you[r] colle[a]gues.
exceed /ɪkˈsiːd/
Word family:
Nouns: excess
Verbs: exceed
Adjectives: excess, excessive
VERB [T]
BE MORE
[C1] to be more than a particular number or amount
Dictionary example:
Sales have exceeded $1 million so far this year.
Learner example:
Our administration costs didn't exceed 5%, the other 10% were the pure costs of the
entertainment.
exceed sb's expectations

[C1] to be much bigger or better than expected
Dictionary example:
The location of the apartment exceeded our expectations.
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Learner example:
They might exceed our expectations with the top-quality cuisine, which is fine as long as it is
value for money; we don't want an unaffordable canteen.
exceed the speed limit

[C1] to drive faster than you are allowed to according to the law
Dictionary example:
She was caught exceeding the speed limit.
Learner example:
There are three ground rules you have to follow: stop at stop-signs, don't exceed the speed limit
and don't be in the way of other cars.
except /ɪkˈsept/
Word family:
Nouns: exception
Adjectives: exceptional
Adverbs: exceptionally
PREPOSITION; CONJUNCTION
except that
[B1] used to give a reason why something is not possible or true
I want to go, except that I'm tired.
She would have passed the exam, except that she was ill on the day.
exception /ɪkˈsep.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: exception
NOUN [C or U]
NOT INCLUDED
[B2] someone or something that is not included in a rule, group or list or that does
not behave in the expected way
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There are exceptions to every rule.
I like all kinds of films with the exception of horror films.
Her books are always entertaining and this one is no exception.
You must report here every Tuesday without exception.
Learner example:
The animals looked so sad to me. So I decided to set them free, all of them, without exception.
make an exception
[C1] to not treat someone or something according to the usual rules
Dictionary example:
They don't usually take cheques, but they said they'd make an exception in my case.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, they were not flexible enough to make an exception, but on the other hand we
know about the problem now and can avoid it in the future.
exceptional /ɪkˈsep.ʃən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: exception
ADJECTIVE
GOOD
[B2] extremely good
Dictionary example:
He really is an exceptional student.
Learner example:
This trip constitutes an exceptional challenge for me.
exceptionally /ɪkˈsep.ʃən.əl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: exception
ADVERB
[C1] extremely
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Dictionary example:
an exceptionally gifted student
Learner example:
Jacky Chan is an exceptionally hardworking person who won't let anything bring him down and he
has a great sense of humour which is why most people like him.
excess
Word family:
Nouns: excess
Verbs: exceed
NOUN /ɪkˈses/
[C1] more of something than is usual or needed
An excess of oil on the markets has caused prices to fall sharply.
He earns in excess of £60,000 a year.
Learner example:
We should change our behaviour and buy what we need and not in excess, giving the children a
pattern to follow.
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] /ˈek.ses/

[C1] more than is usual or allowed
Dictionary example:
We had to pay £100 for excess baggage.
Learner example:
Most students feel that they need to get rid of excess energy at the end of the day and also
convey that they are hampered by the fact that not enough sports facilities are available.
excessive /ɪkˈses.ɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: excess
Verbs: exceed
ADJECTIVE
[C1] more than is necessary or wanted
Dictionary example:
They accused the police of using excessive force.
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Learner example:
On the other hand the excessive use of mobile telephones ha[s given] us the excuse to decrease
our face to face contact.
exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
NOUN
GIVING
[B1] [C or U] when you give something to someone and they give you something else
an exchange of ideas/information
They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.
Learner example:
So, it was a very interesting exchange of ideas.
STUDENTS
[B1] [C] an arrangement by which students and teachers from one country go to stay
with students and teachers in another country
Dictionary example:
Are you going on the French exchange this year?
Learner example:
His name is Rob and, [like] me, [he] applied to the student exchange program.
VERB [T]
GIVING
[B1] to give something to someone and receive something similar from them
It's traditional for the two teams to exchange shirts after the game.
We exchanged addresses and telephone numbers.
Learner example:
She moved to another part of town and we forgot to exchange our addresses.
SHOP
[B2] to take something back to the shop where you bought it and change it for
something else
Goods can only be exchanged on production of the original receipt.
Could I exchange this shirt for a larger size?
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exchange looks, opinions, views, etc.
[B2] If two people exchange looks, opinions, views, etc., they look at each other,
talk to each other, etc.
Dictionary example:
The group meets every month to exchange their views on a book they have all read.
Learner example:
You can exchange opinions with them as to the way of life in Japan and your country.
exchange rate /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒˌreɪt/ (ALSO rate of exchange)
NOUN [C]
[B1] the rate at which the money of one country can be changed for the money of
another country
Dictionary example:
The Money Ready Reckoner gives the exchange rate for any country you plan to visit and shows
how much currency you will get.
Learner example:
I looked around and saw a shop with the notice "Currency exchange". I decided to [go] in [to find
out] the exchange rate.
excitedly /ɪkˈsaɪ.tɪd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: excitement
Adjectives: excited, exciting
Adverbs: excitedly
ADVERB
[B1] in an excited way
Dictionary example:
She ran excitedly down the hall to greet her cousins.
Learner example:
We talked excitedly about it all the way home.
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excitement /ɪkˈsaɪt.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: excitement
Adjectives: excited, exciting
Adverbs: excitedly
NOUN [U]
[B1] when people feel very happy and enthusiastic
The competition is causing a lot of excitement.
If you want excitement, you should try parachuting.
Learner example:
However, if you are looking for fun and excitement, I would go for the city.
exclamation mark /ek.skləˈmeɪ.ʃənˌmɑːk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a punctuation mark (!) used at the end of a sentence that expresses surprise,
excitement or shock
Dictionary example:
Her emails are full of exclamation marks.
Learner example:
The day was wonderful as I got two A's with [an] exclamation mark.
exclude /ɪksˈkluːd/
Word family:
Verbs: exclude
Adjectives: exclusive
Adverbs: exclusively
VERB [T]
KEEP OUT
[C1] to not allow someone or something to take part in an activity or enter a place
Dictionary example:
Women are still excluded from the club.
Learner example:
Sometimes the range of sports offered is small and they feel excluded from some sports because
they are not fit enough or the sport is too violent.
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NOT INCLUDE
[C1] to intentionally not include something
Dictionary example:
The insurance cover excludes particular medical conditions.
Learner example:
Thus, excluding the cost of organising the day, we were able to give 85% of what we earned to the
hospital.
exclusive /ɪkˈskluː.sɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: exclude
ADJECTIVE
EXPENSIVE
[B2] expensive and only for people who are rich or of a high social class
an exclusive club/hotel/shop
an exclusive part of town
Learner example:
We can also discern sophisticated, exclusive shops with expensive clothes in the city centres.
NOT SHARED
[C1] not shared with another person, organization, newspaper, etc.
Dictionary example:
an exclusive interview
Learner example:
They don't have a personal life anymore because of this and photographers are following them
everywhere because they want to take an exclusive picture, so they can earn a lot of money with it
when a magazine wants to buy it.
exclusively /ɪksˈkluː.sɪv.li/
Word family:
Verbs: exclude
768
ADVERB
[C1] only
Dictionary example:
an exclusively female audience
Learner example:
In addition, the reduced price mentioned refers exclusively to UK students, which caused
significant problems.
excuse
VERB [T] /ɪkˈskjuːz/
FORGIVE
[B1] to forgive someone
Please excuse me for arriving late - the bus was delayed.
Please excuse my appearance - I've been painting.
Learner example:
I hope you'll excuse me now, I have to do my homework.
EXPLAIN
[B2] to be given as a reason for someone's bad behaviour, so that it does not seem
so bad
Dictionary example:
Nothing can excuse that sort of behaviour.
Learner example:
Their main goals are to save the animals and/or to show the animals to the public in order to
make us take an interest in the animals and in ecology. I think that these purposes can excuse
[the fact] that the animals are locked up, if they [have] enough space and [are] treated very well.
NOUN [C] /ɪkˈskjuːs/
REASON
[B1] a reason that you give to explain why you did something wrong
What was his excuse for being late?
He'd better have a good excuse for not being here!
I've never known him to miss a meeting - I'm sure he'll have an excuse.
There's no excuse for that sort of behaviour.
Learner example:
I had no excuse to give [for] being late with this report.
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FALSE REASON
[B1] a false reason that you give to explain why you do something
Nick was just looking for an excuse to call her.
Any excuse for a holiday!
Learner example:
Also shopping for clothes is an excuse to go out with girls!!
executive /ɪgˈzek.jə.tɪv/
[C1] relating to making decisions and managing businesses
Dictionary example:
an executive director
Learner example:
So I am now an executive director, I have a job and I know very important people in the Romanian
Government.
NOUN
[C1] [C] someone who has an important job in a business
Dictionary example:
a company executive
Learner example:
The main reason why I attended this conference was to learn how international companies select
their employees and how I could improve my qualifications as a finance executive.
exercise /ˈek.sə.saɪz/
VERB
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
[B1] [I or T] to do physical activities to make your body strong and healthy
She exercises most evenings, usually by running.
A work-out in the gym will exercise all the major muscle groups.
Learner example:
It's funny how I heard about that; I was at the gym with Sarah, we were exercising when we heard
Tom talking about it with John.
770
exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/
Word family:
Nouns: exhaustion
Verbs: exhaust
Adjectives: exhausted, exhausting, exhaustive
VERB [T]
[C1] to make someone very tired
Dictionary example:
The long journey exhausted the children.
Learner example:
I think that the students were expecting to be given a job that would actually improve their
English and not just exhaust them physically.
NOUN
GAS
[C1] the waste gas from a vehicle's engine
Dictionary example:
exhaust fumes
Learner example:
Therefore, it might cause a great deal of pollution because of exhaust fumes.
PIPE
[C1] (exhaust pipe) the pipe that waste gas from a vehicle's engine flows through
Dictionary example:
The car needs a new exhaust.
Learner example:
There are traffic jams and it becomes a real hell to drive or simply to walk (because of the noise
and pollution of exhaust pipes).
exhausted /ɪgˈzɔː.stɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: exhaustion
Verbs: exhaust
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely tired
771
By the time they reached the summit they were exhausted.
Exhausted, they fell asleep.
Learner example:
When we got back home I was absolutely exhausted.
exhausting /ɪgˈzɔː.stɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: exhaustion
Verbs: exhaust
ADJECTIVE
[B2] making you feel extremely tired
Dictionary example:
I've had an exhausting day.
Learner example:
We will also have the opportunity to drink a coffee or have a snack after an exhausting day in the
swimming pool!!
exhaustion /ɪgˈzɔːs.tʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: exhaustion
Verbs: exhaust
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you are extremely tired
She felt ill with exhaustion.
The tennis star is said to be suffering from exhaustion.
Learner example:
Eighty kilometres is a pretty long distance and there is a threat that our trip would turn out to be a
gruelling experience because of physical exhaustion.
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exhaustive /ɪgˈzɔːs.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: exhaustion
Verbs: exhaust
ADJECTIVE
[C1] complete and including everything
Dictionary example:
an exhaustive account of the incident
Learner example:
I think this report is exhaustive and that we can rely on this institution, should other colleagues be
sent on a similar course there.
exhibit /ɪgˈzɪb.ɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: exhibition, exhibit
Verbs: exhibit
VERB
SHOW OBJECTS
[C1] to show objects such as paintings to the public
Dictionary example:
She's exhibiting her roses at the local flower show.
Learner example:
One of the most important pictures of Van Gogh will be exhibited at the London Museum during
the summer holidays.
NOUN [C]
[C1] an object such as a painting that is shown to the public
Dictionary example:
a museum exhibit
Learner example:
Apart from that, there are English-speaking tourist guides in museums and historical sites, so
that visitors can enjoy them and understand what the exhibits are.
773
exhibition /ˌek.sɪˈbɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: exhibition, exhibit
Verbs: exhibit
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] when objects such as paintings are shown to the public
to see/visit an exhibition
an exhibition centre
There's a new exhibition of sculpture on at the city gallery.
Learner example:
We went to the Royal Academy to see the Kandinsky exhibition.
exist /ɪgˈzɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: existence
Verbs: exist
Adjectives: existing, non-existent
VERB [I]
BE REAL
[B1] to be present or real
Poverty still exists in this country.
Ghosts don't exist anyway.
Learner example:
Buses will not exist any more and everyone will have his own car and his own computer too.
LIVE
[C1] to live in difficult conditions
Dictionary example:
You can't exist without water for more than a week.
Learner example:
It's hard to exist without water, so there were long queues to our local wells.
774
existence /ɪgˈzɪs.tənts/
Word family:
Nouns: existence
Verbs: exist
NOUN
BEING
[B2] [U] when something or someone exists
Many people question the existence of God.
According to modern cosmology, the Universe came into existence about fifteen billion years ago.
The theatre company that they started is still in existence today.
Learner example:
The book gives explanations about all these popular beliefs about ghosts and their supposed
existence among living people.
LIFE
[C1] [C] a particular way of life
Dictionary example:
We could have a much more peaceful existence in the countryside.
Learner example:
People from all over the world emigrated to the fifth continent and it was believed that they would
have a better existence there.
existing /ɪgˈzɪs.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: existence
Verbs: exist
[B2] describes something that exists now
The existing church was built in the sixteenth century.
The existing laws are inadequate.
Learner example:
The computer upgraded most of the existing inventions, and made them more efficient, faster
and [more user-friendly].
775
exit /ˈek.sɪt/
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to stop using a program on a computer
Dictionary example:
Press escape to exit the game.
exotic /ɪgˈzɒt.ɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] unusual, interesting and often foreign
Dictionary example:
exotic flowers/fruits
Learner example:
Even if you do not have any cooking skills you can enjoy exotic meals.
expand /ɪkˈspænd/
Word family:
Nouns: expansion
Verbs: expand
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to increase in size or amount, or to make something increase in this way
The air in the balloon expands when heated.
They expanded their retail operations during the 1980s.
Learner example:
I would like to expand my library.
expansion /ɪkˈspæn.tʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: expansion
Verbs: expand
NOUN [U]
[B2] when something increases in size or amount
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Dictionary example:
These years saw the rapid expansion of the software industry.
Learner example:
More effective ways includ[e] the construction of bridges [in] heavy traffic areas and the expansion
of METRO to even more areas of Athens.
expect /ɪkˈspekt/
Word family:
Nouns: expectation
Verbs: expect
Adjectives: expected, unexpected
Adverbs: unexpectedly
VERB
THINK
[B1] [T] to think or believe that something will happen
We are expecting a lot of applicants for the job.
I expect (that) she'll be very angry.
He didn't expect to see me.
Learner example:
I expect that it is going to be sunny because in the hotel there is a swimming-pool.
be expecting sb/sth
[B1] to be waiting for someone or something to arrive
Dictionary example:
I'm expecting a letter from my sister.
Learner example:
I wasn't expecting any message.
BEHAVE
[B2] [T] to think that someone should behave in a particular way or do a particular
thing
Dictionary example:
You will be expected to work some weekends.
Learner example:
You have to satisfy your boss [but] you do not have to do more than you are expected to.
I expect
[B2] used to show that you think something is likely to be true
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I expect Isabel's told you about me?
"Will you be coming to the party?" "I expect so."
be expecting (a baby)
[B2] to be going to have a baby
Dictionary example:
I'm expecting our first baby in May.
Learner example:
When I was nine or ten years old, my mother was expecting a baby.
expectation /ˌek.spekˈteɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: expectation
Verbs: expect
NOUN
[B2] [C USUALLY PLURAL] when you expect good things to happen in the future
The holiday lived up to all our expectations.
I have high expectations for this job.
We did so well - beyond all our expectations.
Learner example:
The talks given by writers were up to my expectations and it was a pleasure to attend all of them.
exceed sb's expectations

[C1] to be much bigger or better than expected
Dictionary example:
The location of the apartment exceeded our expectations.
Learner example:
They might exceed our expectations with the top-quality cuisine, which is fine as long as it is
value for money; we don't want an unaffordable canteen.
778
expected /ɪkˈspek.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: expectation
Verbs: expect
ADJECTIVE
[B2] thought likely to happen or be true
Dictionary example:
The expected power cuts never happened.
Learner example:
I went into the theatre on time but became a little bit angry [at having to] wait until 20:15, forty-
five minutes after the expected starting time.
expedition /ˌek.spəˈdɪʃ.ən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an organized journey, especially a long one for a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
Shackleton led several expeditions in the Antarctic.
Learner example:
I was with my father on Mount Tahan [and] I had the best time of my life during this expedition.
expense /ɪkˈspents/
Word family:
Nouns: expense, expenditure, expenses
Adjectives: expensive, inexpensive
NOUN [C or U]
MONEY SPENT
[B2] the money that you spend on something
Buying a bigger car has proved to be well worth the expense.
We've just had a new garage built at great expense.
It's silly to go to the expense of buying new clothes when you don't really need them.
You have to pay/cover your own medical expenses.
779
Learner example:
We couldn't afford the expense of a new car [at] that time.
at the expense of sth

[C1] If you do one thing at the expense of another, doing the first thing harms the
second thing.
Dictionary example:
He spent a lot of time at work, at the expense of his marriage.
Learner example:
Unfortunately one is usually done at the expense of the other.
expenses /ɪkˈspens.ɪz/
Word family:
NOUN [PLURAL]
[C1] money that you spend when you are doing your job, that your employer will
pay back to you
travel expenses
They pay us two hundred pounds a week, plus expenses.
Learner example:
They actually helped me a lot with relocation and even reimbursed my travel expenses.
experience /ɪkˈspɪə.ri.ənts/
Word family:
Nouns: experience
Verbs: experience
Adjectives: experienced, inexperienced
NOUN
KNOWLEDGE
[B1] [U] knowledge that you get from doing a job, or from doing, seeing, or feeling
something
780
She has a lot of teaching experience.
You become more confident in your work as you get more experience.
Do you have any experience of working with children?
I know from experience that you can't trust him.
In my experience, people smile back if you smile at them.
Learner example:
I believe as I get more experience, I will be converted to an international [basketball] player.
SOMETHING THAT HAPPENS TO YOU
[B1] [C] something that happens to you that affects how you feel
I had a rather unpleasant experience at the dentist's.
My trip to Australia was an experience I shall never forget.
Learner example:
It was a great experience, we talked for 3 hours about lots of thing[s].
VERB [T]
[B1] If you experience something, it happens to you, or you feel it.
We experienced a lot of difficulty in selling our house.
It was the worst pain I'd ever experienced.
Learner example:
We had three fantastic days [- the best] we have ever experienced.
experienced /ɪkˈspɪə.ri.əntst/ APPROVING
Word family:
Nouns: experience
Verbs: experience
ADJECTIVE
[B1] having skill or knowledge because you have done something many times
an experienced teacher
She is very experienced in marketing.
Learner example:
You can go to the nearest village, where you can [do a] mountain walk led by experienced guides.
781
experiment
Word family:
Nouns: experiment
Verbs: experiment
Adjectives: experimental
NOUN [C] /ɪkˈsper.ə.mənt/

[B1] a test, especially a scientific one, that you do in order to learn something or to
discover whether something is true
Some people believe that experiments on animals should be banned.
Scientists are carrying out/doing experiments to test the effectiveness of the new drug.
Learner example:
In the chemistry lab experiments are often set up.
VERB [I] /ɪkˈsper.ə.ment/
TRY
[B2] to try something in order to discover what it is like
Dictionary example:
Did he ever experiment with drugs?
Learner example:
Last year I started to take a lot of black and white photos and I wanted to follow the process all
the way through so I bought an enlarger. I was now able to experiment with all sorts of
te[chniq]ues.
expert /ˈek.spɜːt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who has a lot of skill in something or a lot of knowledge of

something
a computer/gardening/medical expert
He's an expert on Japanese literature.
Learner example:
My "personal" trainer is Peter, he is a real expert in running.
[B2] having or showing a lot of knowledge or skill
782
The centre provides expert advice for people with financial problems.
What's your expert opinion?
Learner example:
We're not expert cyclists and we could [get] tired before we get to the Mountain Hostel.
explanation /ˌek.spləˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: explanation
Verbs: explain
Adjectives: inexplicable
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] the details or reasons that someone gives to make something clear or easy to
understand
What was her explanation for why she was late?
Could you give me a quick explanation of how it works?
Learner example:
There must be some kind of explanation.
explode /ɪkˈspləʊd/
Word family:
Nouns: explosion, explosive
Verbs: explode
Adjectives: explosive
VERB [I or T]
[B1] If something such as a bomb explodes, it bursts with noise and force, and if
you explode it, you make it burst with noise and force.
A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway stations this morning.
He was driving so fast that his car tyre exploded.
Learner example:
783
exploit /ekˈsplɔɪt/
VERB [T]
USE UNFAIRLY
[B2] to treat someone unfairly for your own advantage
Dictionary example:
Laws exist to stop companies exploiting their employees.
Learner example:
I suppose those people are often exploited and do not have real friends with whom they can share
feelings and emotions. Therefore I believe being a famous person is also synon[y]mous [with]
being lonely.
USE WELL
[B2] to use or develop something to your advantage
Dictionary example:
We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible.
Learner example:
John would certainly exploit this unique opportunity and meet the interviewer's expectations
easily.
exploration /ˌek.spləˈreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: exploration
Verbs: explore
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a journey to a place to find out about something
Livingstone was the first European to make an exploration of the Zambesi river.
She's always loved travel and exploration.
Learner example:
In the near future robots will take part in space exploration, as well as ocean exploration.
explore /ɪkˈsplɔːr/
Word family:
Nouns: exploration
Verbs: explore
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VERB
LOOK AROUND
[B1] [I or T] to go around a place where you have never been in order to find out what
is there
The best way to explore the countryside is on foot.
The children have gone exploring in the woods.
Learner example:
You can walk and explore in the jungle.
LOOK INTO
[B2] [T] to find out more about something, often something that you might do in
the future
Dictionary example:
We're exploring the possibility of buying a holiday home.
Learner example:
It is a great camera and I still [have] not explore[d] all [the] possibilities it holds.
explosion /ɪkˈspləʊ.ʒən/
Word family:
Nouns: explosion, explosive
Verbs: explode
Adjectives: explosive
NOUN [C]
BOMB
[B2] when something such as a bomb explodes
Forty people were killed in the explosion.
The fire was thought to have been caused by a gas explosion.
Learner example:
I was doing my homework when I heard an explosion.
INCREASE
[C1] when something increases suddenly by a large amount
Dictionary example:
the recent population explosion
785
Learner example:
The factors leading to this population explosion in cities of the world might vary from country to
country and city to city, but there is one common demominator - the quest for a better life.
export
VERB [I or T] /ɪkˈspɔːt/
[B2] to send goods to another country for sale
French cheeses are exported to many different countries.
Our clothes sell so well in this country that we have no need to export.
Learner example:
And of course, while Italy is exporting pizza, spaghetti and food like that, Italian people are able
to try different food from foreign countries, like hamburger[s], Chinese food, or pudding.
NOUN [C or U] /ˈek.spɔːt/
[B2] a product that you sell in another country or the business of selling products
in another country
Coffee is one of Brazil's main exports.
The export of ivory is now strictly controlled.
India grows tea for export.
We are planning to develop our export market.
Learner example:
At present I work for a Multinational company as export officer.
expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/
Word family:
Nouns: exposure
Verbs: expose
VERB [T]
MAKE PUBLIC
[B2] to make public something bad or dishonest
The review exposed widespread corruption in the police force.
The newspaper story exposed him as a liar.
Learner example:
If I do not receive full satisfaction, I will expose your operation by writing to the newspaper.
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be exposed to sth
[B2] to experience something or be affected by something because you are in a
particular situation or place
Dictionary example:
It was the first time I'd been exposed to violence.
Learner example:
Also, with television, we might be exposed to violence in some films and advertisements, which
does not happen [if] we read a book.
exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒər/
Word family:
Nouns: exposure
Verbs: expose
NOUN
[C1] [U] when someone experiences something or is affected by it because they are
in a particular situation or place
There is a risk of exposure to radiation.
Many young children now have exposure to computers in the home.
Learner example:
Due to exposure to low temperatures throughout the tour I developed pneumonia and had to be
admitted to hospital on arrival [in] London.
express /ɪkˈspres/
Word family:
Nouns: expression
Verbs: express
Adjectives: expressive
VERB [T]
[B2] to show what you think or how you feel using words or actions
I'm simply expressing my opinion.
I would like to express my thanks for your kindness.
I'm sorry, I'm not expressing myself very clearly.
Words can't express how happy I am.
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Learner example:
Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to express my dissatisfaction about the show you presented two
weeks ago at your theatre.
expression /ɪkˈspreʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: expression
Verbs: express
Adjectives: expressive
NOUN
PHRASE
[B2] [C] a word or phrase
He uses a lot of informal expressions.
'A can of worms' is an expression which means 'a difficult situation'.
Learner example:
With th[ese] kind[s] of videos, they could learn words and expressions used every day by normal
people talking to normal people.
LOOK
[B2] [C] the look on someone's face, showing what they feel or think
facial expressions
He had such a sad expression on his face.
I could tell from her expression that something serious had happened.
Learner example:
He had a funny expression on his face.
SHOWING THOUGHTS
[B2] [C or U] when you show what you think or how you feel using words or actions
He wrote her a poem as an expression of his love.
We've received a lot of expressions of support for our campaign.
Freedom of expression is a basic human right.
It's better to give expression to your anger, rather than hiding it.
Learner example:
It always thrilled me, the energy and expression this dance had.
788
extend /ɪkˈstend/
Word family:
Nouns: extension, extent
Verbs: extend
Adjectives: extensive
VERB
MAKE BIGGER
[B2] [T] to make something bigger or longer
We have plans to extend our house.
They've extended their range of products.
Learner example:
The existing lighting loop would be extended and [the] capacity of the illumination would be
increased.
MAKE LAST
[B2] [T] to make an activity, agreement, etc. last for a longer time
They have extended the deadline by one week.
A lot of shops have extended their opening hours.
I need to extend my visa.
Learner example:
If we decide to extend our stay for two more days, does the offer still stand?
extension /ɪkˈsten.tʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: extend
NOUN [C]
EXTRA TIME
[B2] extra time that you are given to do or use something
Dictionary example:
I've applied for an extension to my visa.
TELEPHONE
[B2] a telephone that is connected to the main telephone in an office or other large
building
789
Dictionary example:
Call me on extension 3104.
Learner example:
For further information call 990-643 extension 93.
DEVELOPMENT
[B2] something that has developed as a result of something else
Dictionary example:
The book is an extension of ideas he set out in an earlier article.
Learner example:
So we might say the computer is the extension of our brain.
extensive /ɪkˈstent.sɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: extend
ADJECTIVE
[B2] large in amount or size
Fire had caused extensive damage to the building.
This is probably the most extensive modern art collection in Europe.
The school has extensive grounds.
The motorway was in need of extensive repairs.
Both events received extensive coverage in the newspapers.
Learner example:
You see, this medi[e]val city has [an] extensive collection of antique[s].
extent /ɪkˈstent/
Word family:
Verbs: extend
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
SIZE
[B2] the size or importance of something
790
They are just beginning to realize the full extent of the damage.
Her face was injured to such an extent that we didn't recognize her.
Rosie's teacher was impressed by the extent of her knowledge.
The River Nile is over 6500 kilometres in extent.
Learner example:
[For the] past couple of decades, TV has been diffused in Japan to such an extent that nowadays,
one household is likely to have more than 2 TV sets that [show] a wide range of programmes
nearly 24 hours [a day].
to a great/large, etc. extent

[B2] mainly
Dictionary example:
Their anger was to a large extent justified.
Learner example:
As we all know, TV, video and cinema have replaced books to an enormous extent.
to some extent/to a certain extent

[B2] in some ways
To some extent, she was responsible for the accident.
I agree with you to a certain extent.
Learner example:
To a certain extent, this point of view seems to be very respectable.
exterior /ɪkˈstɪə.riər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the outside part of something or someone
Dictionary example:
The exterior of the house was painted white.
Learner example:
Thus, it is best for the management to improve the look of this building as other buildings in this
area have a better looking exterior than ours.
791
external /ɪkˈstɜː.nəl/
ADJECTIVE
OUTSIDE
[B2] relating to the outside part of something
the external walls of the house
This cream is for external use only.
Learner example:
If you see all this external decoration, you will probably fall in love [with] this art.
FROM A DIFFERENT PLACE
[B2] coming from or relating to another country, group, organization, etc.
Most news magazines have a section devoted to external affairs.
All exams are marked by an external examiner.
extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
Word family:
Nouns: extinction
Adjectives: extinct
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If a type of animal is extinct, it does not now exist.
Dictionary example:
These creatures could soon be extinct.
Learner example:
We are destroying the Earth by polluting it and we do not realise [this], and the thing is, we will
not do so until we have made some species become extinct and we have damaged it all.
extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: extinction
Adjectives: extinct
NOUN [U]
[C1] when a type of animal no longer exists
792
Dictionary example:
Many species of animal are threatened with extinction.
Learner example:
I wholeheartedly suggest that it should be returned to nature and to the turtles, as they face
extinction after the loss of their natural home.
extra /ˈek.strə/
ADVERB
[B1] more
Dictionary example:
They pay her extra to work nights.
Learner example:
Will there be any special events that cost extra?
NOUN [C]
ANOTHER THING
[B1] something that you can get with something else if you pay a little more money
Dictionary example:
A sunroof is an optional extra on this model of the car.
Learner example:
The DVD contains many extras.
ACTOR
[C1] an actor in a film who does not have a main part and usually plays someone in
a crowd
Dictionary example:
He was an extra in the crowd scene.
Learner example:
A theatre troop at the beginning of a new project is more often than not a flabbergasting rabble of
actors, technicians, extras, back-stage workers and so forth.
extract
VERB [T] /ɪkˈstrækt/

[B2] to remove or take out something
793
The oil which is extracted from olives is used mainly for cooking.
The tooth was eventually extracted.
Learner example:
I'm really sorry, but I can't come on the day before because I need to have my teeth extracted.
NOUN [C] /ˈek.strækt/

[B2] a short part of a book, poem, etc.
Dictionary example:
They published an extract from his autobiography.
Learner example:
The number of copied and read articles or book extracts ha[s] increased steadily.
extraordinarily /ɪkˈstrɔː.dɪn.ər.əl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: extraordinary
Adverbs: extraordinarily
ADVERB
[B2] very
Dictionary example:
She is, it must be said, extraordinarily beautiful.
Learner example:
Besides, the trip will be extraordinarily helpful for my course at school.
extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔː.dɪn.ər.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: extraordinary
Adverbs: extraordinarily
ADJECTIVE
[B1] very special, unusual or strange
He told the extraordinary story of his escape.
She was an extraordinary young woman.
Learner example:
On the next day there was an extraordinary thunderstorm!
794
extreme /ɪkˈstriːm/
Word family:
Nouns: extremist
Adjectives: extreme
Adverbs: extremely
ADJECTIVE
VERY LARGE
[B2] very large in amount or degree
Dictionary example:
extreme pain/danger/wealth
Learner example:
This time I promise that I will take extreme caution [with] your things.
SERIOUS
[B2] the most unusual or the most serious possible
extreme weather conditions
In extreme cases, the disease can lead to blindness.
Learner example:
It seems to be an extreme case but it is a fact that modern children have no more contact with
animal life.
extremely /ɪkˈstriːm.li/
Word family:
Nouns: extremist
Adjectives: extreme
Adverbs: extremely
ADVERB
[B1] very, or much more than usual
They played extremely well.
She's extremely beautiful/intelligent.
Learner example:
The film was extremely funny.
795
extreme sports /ɪkˌstriːmˈspɔːts/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a sport or activity that is exciting and dangerous
Dictionary example:
I love most extreme sports, such as bungee jumping and white-water rafting.
Learner example:
You can go camping, climb mountains or learn a lot of extreme sports.
extrovert /ˈek.strə.vɜːt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who is very confident and likes being with other people
Dictionary example:
She is an extrovert.
Learner example:
She is an extrovert, a sociable person, who loves talking to people and is always ready to
sacrif[i]ce her free time to make them happy.
eye /aɪ/
NOUN [C]
not believe your eyes

[B1] to be very surprised when you see someone or something
Dictionary example:
I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw what he was wearing.
Learner example:
Well, this church was extremely simple [o]n the outside, but when I got inside it, I couldn't believe
my eyes.
in sb's eyes
[B2] in someone's opinion
Dictionary example:
In my parents' eyes, I'll always be a child.
Learner example:
To answer your question right away, the boat trip is highly recommendable in my eyes!
796
keep your/an eye on sb/sth
[B2] to watch or look after someone or something
Dictionary example:
Could you keep an eye on this pan of soup for a moment?
Learner example:
You have to supply [e]verything they need and keep an eye on them all the time.
can't keep/take your eyes off sb/sth

[B2] to be unable to stop looking at someone or something because they are so
attractive or interesting
Dictionary example:
He couldn't take his eyes off her all night.
Learner example:
Her daughter, Lourdes Maria, is such a pretty little girl that I couldn't take my eyes off her.
have an eye for sth

[B2] to be good at noticing a particular type of thing
Dictionary example:
Your son has a very good eye for detail.
Learner example:
She's got an eye for details but a mind like anybody else's.
look sb in the eye/eyes

[B2] to look at someone in a direct way, without showing fear or shame
Dictionary example:
Look me in the eye and say that you didn't steal it.
Learner example:
One day she looked me in the eyes with a sharp deep look - never have I seen such a deep look -
and asked me what was happening and I told her.
keep an eye out for sb/sth

[C1] to watch carefully for someone or something to appear
Dictionary example:
Keep an eye out for the delivery van.
Learner example:
Although individually we try to deliver the best care possible for our individual patients, we do
keep an ear or an eye out for the other members of the team that day.

Dictionary example:
797
Learner example:
be in the public eye

[C1] to be famous and often featured in the media
Dictionary example:
Her new role means that she will be in the public eye.
Learner example:
But being famous also means that you are always in the public eye, which is a major drawback.
eyebrow /ˈaɪ.braʊ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the thin line of hair that is above each eye
Dictionary example:
He's got really bushy eyebrows.
Learner example:
He woke up and cleaned off the blood from his injured eyebrow.
eyelash /ˈaɪ.læʃ/
[B2] one of the short hairs which grow from the edge of your eyelids
Dictionary example:
false/long eyelashes
eyelid /ˈaɪ.lɪd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the piece of skin that covers your eyes when you close them
Dictionary example:
His eyelids drooped with tiredness.
798
eyesight /ˈaɪ.saɪt/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the ability to see
Dictionary example:
My eyesight is getting worse.
Learner example:
I had some trouble with my eyesight, so he advised me to wear glasses and not to strain my eyes.
799
F
fabric /ˈfæb.rɪk/
NOUN
[C1] [C or U] cloth
Dictionary example:
a light/woollen fabric
Learner example:
Do small pieces of coloured fabric really have the might to change how people live their lives?
(1533768; Certificate in Advanced English; Germany; C1 EFFECTIVE OPERATIONAL PROFICIENCY;
2004; German; Pass)Lifestyle-changing fashion Do small pieces of coloured fabric really have the
might to change how people live their lives?
fabulous /ˈfæb.jə.ləs/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] extremely good
They've got a fabulous house.
We had an absolutely fabulous holiday.
Learner example:
Everybody admitted that the entertainment was absolutely fabulous.
face /feɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: face
Verbs: face
Adjectives: facial
NOUN
make a face
[B1] to show with your face that you do not like someone or something
800
Dictionary example:
Joe made a face when he saw what was for lunch.
Learner example:
Making a face, I slapped my forehead.
at face value
implications.
Learner example:
VERB
DIRECTION
[B1] [I or T] to be or turn in a particular direction
Our house faces north/south/east/west.
She turned to face him.
The café faces (towards) the sea.
Learner example:
There is a desk [to] the right of the room which faces my bed.
PROBLEM
[B2] [T] If you face a problem, or a problem faces you, you have to deal with it.
This is one of the many problems faced by working mothers.
Passengers could face long delays.
You're faced with a very difficult choice there.
Learner example:
Grandparents are experienced people and they can help their child[ren] to avoid a lot of problems
which they have faced.
can't face sb/sth/doing sth

[B2] to not want to do something or deal with someone, often because it is difficult
or unpleasant
I can't face walking up all those steps again.
I knew someone had to tell her but I couldn't face it.
How can I face him now that he knows what I've done?
801
Learner example:
Everybody at [the] swimming pool was laughing about me. I couldn't face my family.
ACCEPT
[B2] [T] to accept that something unpleasant is true and start to deal with the
situation
I think Phil has to face the fact that she no longer loves him.
We have to face facts here - we simply don't have enough money.
He's dying but he refuses to face the truth.
Learner example:
But Mary has a strong personality, she faces the facts.
face the music

[C1] to accept punishment or criticism for something bad that you have done
Dictionary example:
At the end of the day I had to go home and face the music.
Learner example:
Teenagers who live with their parents have to face the music about the long bills their parents
receive monthly!
face to face /ˌfeɪs.təˈfeɪs/
ADVERB
[B1] directly, meeting someone in the same place
Dictionary example:
We need to talk face to face.
Learner example:
I need to talk to her face to face.
face-to-face /ˌfeɪs.təˈfeɪs/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] involving two people who are meeting in the same place
Dictionary example:
a face-to-face meeting
802
facilitate /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: facilities, facility
Verbs: facilitate
VERB [T] FORMAL
[C1] to make something possible or easier
Dictionary example:
I will do everything in my power to facilitate the process.
Learner example:
I found that the presentations and talks about CVs and letters of application were really useful,
[but] we should have been divided into smaller groups to facilitate conversation.
facilities /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.tiz/
Word family:
Verbs: facilitate
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B1] the buildings, equipment and services provided for a particular purpose
childcare facilities
sports facilities
Learner example:
The city has more facilities than the countryside.
facility /fəˈsɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Verbs: facilitate
NOUN [C]
[B2] a part of a system or machine which makes it possible to do something
Dictionary example:
an overdraft facility
Learner example:
I would suggest free Internet access as an extra facility in our library.
803
fact /fækt/
NOUN
in fact
We met Rebecca for lunch. In fact, we spent the whole afternoon with her.
I was told there were some tickets left but in fact they were sold out.
Learner example:
The club has its own small clubhouse, with many things in it. For example, there was a big
pinball-game and some computers. In fact it was the best clubhouse I've ever seen.
despite the fact that

[B2] used to refer to a situation which is surprising in relation to something that is
true or happens
Dictionary example:
The company has been forced to reduce its price, despite the fact that the offer has been very
popular.
Learner example:
The advantages of the kind of life that people ha[d] years ago is that they could eat more fruit and
vegetables than us. However, there are advantages for us too, because despite the fact that we eat
more fast food, we do more exercise than they [did].
REAL THINGS
[B2] [U] real events and experiences, not things that are imagined
Dictionary example:
It's sometimes hard to separate fact from fiction.
in actual fact
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
as a matter of fact
[B2] used to give more information, or to correct something that has been said
John plays golf professionally. As a matter of fact, he has just won a big competition.
"So you're from Cambridge?" "No, as a matter of fact, I'm from Bristol."
804
Learner example:
I think it would be better to choose somewhere outdoors. As a matter of fact, I prefer the open air
and the sunlight!
the fact (of the matter) is

[B2] used to tell someone that something is the truth
Dictionary example:
I wouldn't usually ask for your help, but the fact is I'm desperate.
Learner example:
You may find [it] unusual for a woman to play football, but the fact is I'm Brazilian and in Brazil [it]
is really common.
factor /ˈfæk.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of the things that has an effect on a situation, decision, event, etc.
Money was an important factor in their decision to move.
Price is an important/key/major factor in the success of any product.
economic factors
Learner example:
[Modern technology] is another important factor which affects our life.
faculty /ˈfæk.əl.ti/
NOUN
the English/law/science, etc. faculty

[C1] a particular department at a college or university, or the teachers in that
department
Dictionary example:
He works in the law faculty.
Learner example:
I graduated from Warsaw University, where I studied [in] the faculties of applied linguistics and
journalism.
805
fade /feɪd/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to become less bright, strong or clear, or to make something become less
bright, strong or clear
If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade.
My suntan is already fading.
They arrived home just as the light was fading.
The music began to fade.
The sun had faded the blue walls.
Learner example:
Since the cottage is quite isolated, the electric power sup[p]ly is not always the best. Anyway, the
first night, the lights started to fade.
fail /feɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: failure
Verbs: fail
VERB
fail to do sth
[B2] to not do what is necessary or expected
He failed to turn up for football practice yesterday.
He failed to mention that we wouldn't be paid for the work.
Learner example:
Your advertisement also failed to mention the fact that there w[ere] no discounts.
NOT SUCCEED
[B2] [I] to not be successful
She moved to London in the hope of finding work as a model, but failed.
He failed in his attempt to break the record.
This method of growing tomatoes never fails.
Learner example:
I tried to make him give up, but all my attempts failed.
STOP WORKING
[B2] [I] to stop working normally, or to become weaker
806
Dictionary example:
Two of the plane's engines had failed.
Learner example:
The sound system failed.
failure /ˈfeɪ.ljər/
Word family:
Nouns: failure
Verbs: fail
NOUN
NO SUCCESS
[B2] [C or U] when someone or something does not succeed
Their attempt to climb Everest ended in failure.
I'm a bit of a failure at making cakes.
I feel such a failure.
Learner example:
David told her that the reason [for] his failure was her, because she used to press him and she
couldn't accept that he wanted to be an actor.
failure to do sth
[B2] when you do not do something that you are expected to do
Failure to pay within 14 days will result in interest being charged.
It was his failure to return her phone call that told her that something was wrong.
STOP WORKING
[B2] [C or U] when something does not work, or stops working as well as it should
All trains were delayed due to a power failure.
He died of heart/liver failure.
Learner example:
[There] has been a power failure but it will be solved in [a] few minutes.
807
faint /feɪnt/
ADJECTIVE
SLIGHT
[B2] slight and not easy to notice, smell, hear, etc.
a faint sound/noise/smell
She gave me a faint smile.
Learner example:
I heard a faint sound.
VERB [I]
[B2] to suddenly become unconscious for a short time, usually falling down
He faints at the sight of blood.
I nearly fainted in the heat.
Learner example:
The young girl was about to faint.
fair /feər/
Word family:
Nouns: fairness
Adjectives: fair, unfair
Adverbs: fairly, unfairly
ADJECTIVE
EQUAL
[B1] treating everyone in the same way, so that no one has an advantage
That's not fair! You always go first!
It's not fair to make me do all the work.
a fair trial
I can't spend all my time with one child - it wouldn't be fair on the others.
Learner example:
Even though she thought her m[u]m wasn't being fair, she decided to go and try to have a nice
day with her family.
REASONABLE
[B1] acceptable, reasonable or right
808
a fair deal
He offered a fair price for the car.
That's a fair comment/question.
Learner example:
You may ask yourself: "What do you do in a club?" Well, it's a fair question!!!
fair enough INFORMAL
[B2] used for saying that you can understand and accept someone's opinion or
decision
Dictionary example:
"He says he'll only work on Sunday if he gets paid extra." "Fair enough."
Learner example:
Most of the streets are open [to] cars and therefore people tend to escape to a little area around
the pedestrian streets. Fair enough, but it make[s] those streets terribly overcrowded.
AVERAGE
[C1] not very good but not very bad
Dictionary example:
Her German is very good, but her knowledge of French is only fair.
Learner example:
As for grammar, listening and writing skills, they were only fair.
NOUN [C]
EVENT
[B1] an event outside where you can ride large machines for pleasure and play
games to win prizes
Dictionary example:
The children spent all their money on rides at the fair.
Learner example:
For example in the morning we can go to a fair, like Six Flags. I think that it will be exciting.
SHOW OF GOODS/SERVICES
[C1] an event where people show and sell goods or services relating to a particular
business or hobby
Dictionary example:
a trade fair
Learner example:
Starting on 18th May 2003, the Birmingham NEC hosted the annual British trade fair.
809
fairly /ˈfeə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: fairness
ADVERB
QUITE
[B1] more than average, but less than very
a fairly big family
She's fairly tall.
We get on fairly well.
I saw her fairly recently.
Learner example:
The weather was fairly warm.
IN THE RIGHT WAY
[B2] If you do something fairly, you do it in a way which is right and reasonable and
treats people equally.
He claimed that he hadn't been treated fairly by his employers.
Officials will ensure that the election is carried out fairly.
fairness /ˈfeə.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: fairness
NOUN [U]
[C1] when you treat everyone in the same way, so that no one has an advantage
Dictionary example:
He believes in fairness and decency.
Learner example:
I think you have not treated us with fairness and truthfulness and therefor[e] I do think that an
apology in the newspaper would be in order.
810
faith /feɪθ/
Word family:
Nouns: faith
Adjectives: faithful
Adverbs: faithfully
NOUN
TRUST
[B2] ! [U] great trust or confidence in something or someone
She has no faith in modern medicine.
You'll be fine - I have great faith in you.
After the trial, his family said they had lost all faith in the legal system.
Learner example:
We must do our best to help [these children] to have faith in their future.
STRONG BELIEF
[B2] ! [U] strong belief in a god or gods
Even in the bad times she never lost her faith.
Her faith in God was shattered when her baby died.
It's my faith that keeps me going.
Learner example:
Your story about Christianity was very interesting and I was shocked at your deep faith in God.
RELIGION
[B2] ! [C] a particular religion
the Muslim/Christian/Jewish faith
a multi-faith society
Learner example:
Everybody was praying, asking for help according to their faith or religion.
faithful /ˈfeɪθ.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: faith
Adverbs: faithfully
811
ADJECTIVE
LOYAL
[B2] loyal
a faithful friend
They are faithful supporters of the Labour Party.
His faithful old dog accompanied him everywhere he went.
Learner example:
An ideal pet should be a faithful friend [to] people, especially [to] its owner.
faithfully /ˈfeɪθ.fəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: faith
Adverbs: faithfully
ADVERB
Yours faithfully
[B2] used to end a formal letter to someone whose name you do not know
Dictionary example:
Yours faithfully, Katherine Smith
Learner example:
Yours faithfully, SAMSON LAM (READER)
fake /feɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not real, but made to look or seem real
fake fur
a fake passport
Learner example:
On the walls there are paintings which are very artistic - one of them is a fake Picasso.
812
fall /fɔːl/
VERB [I] (fell, fallen)
BECOME LOWER
[B1] to become lower in size, amount or strength
Demand for new cars has fallen recently.
The standard of his work has fallen during the year.
The temperature could fall below zero overnight.
Average temperatures fell by ten degrees.
The pound has fallen to its lowest-ever level against the dollar.
Share prices fell sharply this week.
Learner example:
It fell steadily until 1960, and remained [at] 3% until 1987.
fall asleep/ill
[B1] to start to sleep or become ill
Dictionary example:
I fell asleep on the sofa watching TV.
Learner example:
I planned to go with my cousin but unfortunately she fell ill, so I had to go with my friend.
fall in love
[B1] to start to love someone
Dictionary example:
I was 20 when I first fell in love.
Learner example:
I fell in love with David.
fall flat
[C1] If an event or joke falls flat, it fails to have the effect that you wanted, such as
making people laugh.
Dictionary example:
All the jokes in his speech fell flat.
Learner example:
The cultural visits fell flat [in comparison] to their expectations, although the sightseeing tour of
Willstown was, as the students said, "fascinating".
LOWER AMOUNT
[B1] when the size, amount or strength of something gets lower
813
the recent fall in the price of petrol
a fall in the unemployment rate
We could hear the rise and fall of voices in the other room.
Learner example:
There is a fall in job vacancies.
MOVEMENT
[B2] when someone or something falls down to the ground, often without intending
to or by accident
He had a nasty fall and hurt his back.
The boulder smashed several small trees during its fall.
Learner example:
I was terrified and I heard the noise of a fall just by my side.
DEFEAT
[C1] when a city, government, leader, etc. loses power or control
Dictionary example:
the fall of communism
Learner example:
After the fall of the previous system everything changed.
false /fɒls/
ADJECTIVE
NOT CORRECT
[B1] not true or correct
a false name
false information
The rumour later turned out to be false.
You'll get a false impression/idea of the town if you only visit the university.
Learner example:
I must say that the advertisement for the show included a lot of false information.
NOT REAL
[B2] not real, but made to look or seem real
814
false eyelashes/teeth
false documents
Learner example:
Asking what made her do so she answered that she had forgotten her false teeth, without which
she couldn't have faced the fire-brigade.
NOT SINCERE
[C1] not sincere or expressing real emotions
false promises
I hate the way he smiles at everyone. It's so false.
Learner example:
The actor is really getting on my nerves because he is so selfish and so false.
fame /feɪm/
Word family:
Nouns: fame
Adjectives: famous
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you are known by many people because of your achievements, skills, etc.
She first rose to fame as a singer at the age of 16.
She moved to London in search of fame and fortune.
Learner example:
It is certain that these people have fame, fortune and success, and that many of them are very
rich.
familiar /fəˈmɪl.i.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: familiarize
Adjectives: familiar, unfamiliar
ADJECTIVE
EASY TO RECOGNIZE
[B1] easy to recognize because of being seen, met, heard, etc. before
815
There were one or two familiar faces.
The house looked strangely familiar, though she knew she'd never been there before.
The street was familiar to me.
Learner example:
Someone started to wave and then I saw a familiar face.
be familiar with sth/sb

[B2] to know something or someone well
Dictionary example:
I'm sorry, I'm not familiar with your poetry.
Learner example:
I'm familiar with many kinds of sports activities such as ball games, recreation games, swimming
and Japanese budo-karate, judo etc.
family /ˈfæm.əl.i/
NOUN
CHILDREN
[B1] [C + SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] the children of a family
Single parents have to raise a family on their own.
Paul and Alison are hoping to start a family soon.
Learner example:
Some people also want to [have] a family because they want to be a father or a mother.
fan /fæn/
NOUN [C]
MACHINE/OBJECT
[B1] something that is used to move the air around so that it feels cooler, such as a
machine or an object that you move with your hand
Dictionary example:
There was no air conditioning, just a ceiling fan turning slowly.
Learner example:
Since it's quite hot here I brought a fan. I have to use it at night otherwise I can't get to sleep.
816
fancy /ˈfænt.si/
VERB [T]
WANT
[B1] to want to have or do something
Do you fancy a drink this evening?
I didn't fancy swimming in that water.
Learner example:
Do you fancy eating at the restaurant together?
PERSON
[B2] to feel sexually attracted to someone
Dictionary example:
I fancied him the first time I saw him.
Learner example:
He had 3 very nice boys and everybody in my class knew that I fancied his youngest son Nicolai.
fantastically /fænˈtæs.tɪk.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: fantastic
Adverbs: fantastically
ADVERB
[B2] extremely
They're fantastically rich.
They're doing fantastically well.
Learner example:
We spent three fantastically romantic days later.
fantasy /ˈfæn.tə.si/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a situation or event that you imagine, which is not real or true
817
Steve's favourite fantasy was to own a big house and a flashy car.
sexual fantasies
She retreated into a fantasy world, where she could be anything she wanted.
Learner example:
Reading a book stimulates one's fantasy and imagination.
far /fɑːr/
ADVERB (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
so far
[B1] until now
Dictionary example:
So far we've made thirty-two thousand pounds.
Learner example:
So far I like it here very much.
VERY MUCH
[B2] very much
This car is far better than our old one.
It cost far more (money) than I could afford.
He loses his temper far too often.
I'd far rather/sooner go to the theatre than watch a DVD.
Learner example:
I think restaurant B is far better than restaurant A.
as far as I know
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
[B2] used to say what someone's opinion is
Dictionary example:
It's all over as far as I'm concerned.
Learner example:
As far as I am concerned, Bernard is similar to him.
818
[B2] used to say what you are talking about
Dictionary example:
As far as sport is concerned, I like tennis and football.
Learner example:
As far as studying abroad is concerned, I totally agree with this idea.
by far
[B2] by a great amount
Dictionary example:
They are by far the best students in the class.
Learner example:
I have travelled to many countries, but New Zealand is by far the best.
far from sth

[C1] certainly not something
Dictionary example:
The situation is far from clear.
Learner example:
The quality of catering was far from ideal as well, as a meal in a hamburger restaurant can hardly
be called a typical English lunch.
far from it INFORMAL
[C1] used to tell someone that something is certainly not true
Dictionary example:
He's not handsome - far from it.
Learner example:
The Hotel Royal cannot be considered as being luxury - far from it - i.e. our rooms were dirty and
situated [o]n the 4th floor without a lift.
how far
[C1] used to talk about how true something is
Dictionary example:
How far do politicians represent the views of ordinary people?
Learner example:
How far and to what extent would the characteristics we are born with influence our future
development in life?
819
DISTANT
[B2] describes the part of something that is most distant from the centre or from
you
His office is at the far end of the corridor.
The children ran to the far side/corner of the room.
Learner example:
The dark spot at the far end of the wall seemed to be coming after her this time.
be a far cry from sth

[C1] to be very different from something
Dictionary example:
Her luxury mansion is a far cry from the house she grew up in.
Learner example:
The museum was a far cry from what we expected. Not only were the machines really old and
should have been replaced a long time ago, but they were boring as well.
fare /feər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the money that you pay for a journey on a vehicle such as a bus or train
Dictionary example:
Air/Bus/Train fares are going up again.
Learner example:
In fact, there are buses (number 843 and 845) which go [to] my village but the bus fare is very
expensive for me.
farming /ˈfɑː.mɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: farm, farmer, farming
NOUN [U]
[B1] the activity of working on a farm or organizing the work there
Dictionary example:
modern farming practices
Learner example:
I am interested in farming and hope to own a farm one day.
820
fascinate /ˈfæs.ɪ.neɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: fascination
Verbs: fascinate
Adjectives: fascinated, fascinating
VERB [T]
[C1] to interest someone a lot
Dictionary example:
Science has always fascinated me.
Learner example:
What fascinates me about it is that this style of music allows the artist to bring in crazy new ideas
such as African or Indian rhythms.
fascinated /ˈfæs.ə.neɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: fascination
Verbs: fascinate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extremely interested
Dictionary example:
They were fascinated by his stories.
Learner example:
I am sure you will be fascinated by his work and his multi-faceted character.
fascinating /ˈfæs.ɪ.neɪ.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: fascination
Verbs: fascinate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extremely interesting
a fascinating person/place
I found the movie fascinating.
821
Learner example:
You can enjoy not only Hungarian food but also fascinating Hungarian music.
fascination /ˌfæs.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: fascination
Verbs: fascinate
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
[C1] when you find someone or something fascinating
Dictionary example:
Her fascination with fashion started at an early age.
Learner example:
Anyhow, even if you can't grasp the deep meaning behind [the] words, its beautiful rhyme and
r[h]ythm will exert a fascination on you.
fashion /ˈfæʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: fashion
Adjectives: fashionable
NOUN
BUSINESS
[B1] [U] making and selling clothes
the fashion industry
fashion magazines
Learner example:
When I'm tired, I like reading fashion magazines.
fashionable /ˈfæʃ.ən.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: fashion
Adjectives: fashionable
ADJECTIVE
[B1] popular at a particular time
822
a fashionable nightclub/restaurant
fashionable clothes
It's no longer fashionable to smoke.
Learner example:
There are some fashionable cafes, restaurants and museums.
fasten /ˈfɑː.sən/
VERB
CLOSE/FIX
[B1] [I or T] to close or fix something together, or to become closed or fixed together
Fasten your seat belt.
This shirt fastens at the back.
Learner example:
She fell fast asleep and only woke to the sound of the announcement: "Ladies and gent[le]men
fasten your seat belts [-] in a couple of minutes we will be landing in Kingston".
fasten sth on/to/together, etc.

[B2] to fix one thing to another
Dictionary example:
He fastened the rope to a tree.
fat /fæt/
Word family:
Nouns: fat
Adjectives: fat, fatty
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a solid or liquid substance that is taken from animals or plants and used in
cooking
This product contains no animal fat.
I only use vegetable fats in cooking.
Learner example:
They should also consum[e] as much salad as they can, due to the fact that it does not contain fat.
823
fatal /ˈfeɪ.təl/
ADJECTIVE
CAUSING DEATH
[B2] A fatal illness or accident causes death.
This illness is fatal in almost all cases.
the fatal shooting of an unarmed 15-year-old
Learner example:
Paul received a fatal shot in [the] head.
SERIOUS
[B2] Fatal actions have very bad effects.
Dictionary example:
He made the fatal mistake/error of believing what they told him.
Learner example:
That was a fatal mistake because that [person] was my teacher and he wasn't so pleased about my
behaviour.
fate /feɪt/
NOUN
WHAT HAPPENS
[B2] [C] what happens to someone, especially something bad
We want to decide our own fate.
His fate is now in the hands of the jury.
Learner example:
No one as powerless as him deserves this fate.
POWER
[B2] [U] a power that some people believe decides what will happen
When we met again by chance in Cairo, I felt it must be fate.
Fate has brought us together.
Learner example:
But, little we did know what fate had in store for us.
824
father-in-law /ˈfɑːð.ər.ɪn.lɔː/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL fathers-in-law)

[B2] the father of your husband or wife
Dictionary example:
My father-in-law was a banker.
Learner example:
My father-in-law, I'm pretty sure, [will] be able to answer all your questions.
fatty /ˈfæt.i/
Word family:
Nouns: fat
Adjectives: fat, fatty
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Fatty foods contain a lot of fat.
Dictionary example:
Try to cut down on eating fatty foods.
Learner example:
There is a greater reliance on fast food and fatty foods.
fault /fɒlt/
Word family:
Nouns: fault
Adjectives: faulty, faultless
NOUN
sb's fault
[B1] If something bad that has happened is someone's fault, they are responsible
for it.
She believes it was the doctor's fault that Peter died.
It's not my fault she didn't come!
Learner example:
"It's my fault" I said and he answered "Never mind, it's all ok".
at fault
[B2] responsible for something bad that has happened
825
Dictionary example:
I was at fault and I would like to apologize.
Learner example:
I really felt at fault.
PROBLEM
[B2] [C] something that is wrong with something
The car has a serious design fault.
They think the fire was caused by an electrical fault.
Learner example:
I went out of the house and I saw that the other houses had not got any lights, so it was not an
electrical fault.
BAD QUALITY
[B2] [C] something that is wrong with someone's character
Dictionary example:
He has many faults, but dishonesty isn't one of them.
Learner example:
He had a fault: he talked a lot.
faulty /ˈfɒl.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: fault
Adjectives: faulty, faultless
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not working correctly or not in perfect condition
Dictionary example:
faulty brakes/goods
Learner example:
Big supermarkets always [give] you a complete refund if an item is of poor quality or faulty.
favour /ˈfeɪ.vər/
Word family:
Nouns: favour, favourite
Verbs: favour
Adjectives: favourable, favourite, unfavourable
826
NOUN
HELP
[B1] [C] something that you do to help someone
She rang up to ask me a favour.
Could you do me a favour - could you give this to Sean, please?
Learner example:
Could you do me a favour?
be in favour of sth
[B2] to agree with or approve of a plan or idea
Dictionary example:
Most people are in favour of reducing traffic in cities.
Learner example:
I am certainly in favour of h[o]lding the music festival next year.
in sb's favour
[C1] If something is in your favour, it helps you to win or succeed.
Dictionary example:
Both sides have strong arguments in their favour.
Learner example:
Unfortunately the weather conditions were not in our favour, but the rain only lasted a few
minutes and did not look at all like a downpour.
favourable /ˈfeɪ.vər.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: favour
ADJECTIVE
LIKING
[B2] showing that you like or approve of someone or something, or making you
support or approve of someone or something
Dictionary example:
She made a very favourable impression on us.
Learner example:
It is the first thing people see from our village and if their first impression is favourable, they will
feel like going further into the village.
827
favourite /ˈfeɪ.vrət/
Word family:
Verbs: favour
NOUN [C]
LIKED BEST
[B1] a thing that someone likes best or enjoys most
Dictionary example:
How clever of you to buy chocolate chip cookies - they're my favourites.
Learner example:
We are going to see a thriller film, they are my favourites.
fax /fæks/
VERB [T]
[B1] to send a document using a fax machine
Dictionary example:
Fax me your reply/Fax your reply to me.
Learner example:
I will ask one of my classmate[s] to fax me the work you [set], and I will try to do it.
fear /fɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: fear
Verbs: fear
Adjectives: fearful, fearless
NOUN [C or U]
BAD FEELING
[B1] a strong, unpleasant feeling that you get when you think that something bad,
dangerous, or frightening might happen
828
her fear of snakes
Shaking/Trembling with fear, she handed over the money to the gunman.
There are fears that the disease will spread to other countries.
Fears for her safety are growing.
The low profit figures simply confirmed my worst fears.
Learner example:
I was afraid to eat [it] but after the first bite, I lost my fear.
VERB [T]
BE WORRIED
[B2] to be worried or frightened that something bad might happen or might have
happened
Police fear (that) the couple may have drowned.
It is feared (that) as many as two hundred passengers may have died in the crash.
Learner example:
Lots of changes which may occur during these next fifty years [might] make us fear that our sons'
and grandsons' lives will not be as happy as ours.
BE FRIGHTENED OF
[B2] to be frightened of something or someone
Most older employees fear unemployment.
What do you fear most?
Learner example:
I've always feared the dark.
feasible /ˈfiː.zə.bl
̩/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] possible to do
a feasible plan
It may be feasible to clone human beings, but is it ethical?
Learner example:
In the context of Singapore, where land is scarce and [the] widening or building of more roads is
just not feasible, we have no choice but to choose what is best for everyone.
829
feast /fiːst/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a large meal, especially to celebrate something special
Dictionary example:
a wedding feast
Learner example:
Finally, they have a feast with a lot of food and wine.
feather /ˈfeð.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of the soft, light things that grow from and cover a bird's skin
Dictionary example:
I found a peacock's feather.
Learner example:
Birds were cleaning their feathers [and singing] morning songs, monkeys were jumping [at] the
top of an old tree in the corner of the mon[aste]ry yard.
feature /ˈfiː.tʃər/
NOUN [C]
PART
[B2] a typical quality, or an important part of something
The town's main features are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace.
Our latest model of phone has several new features.
Learner example:
He explained the features of the new product to the rest of his colleagues.
FACE
[B2] Someone's features are the parts of their face that you notice when you look at
them.
Dictionary example:
His eyes are his best feature.
Learner example:
They have similar figures, [and] the features of their faces are nearly the same.
830
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to include someone or something as an important part
The film features James Dean as a disaffected teenager.
This week's broadcast features a report on victims of domestic violence.
Learner example:
My favourite song is "Candy Shop", by 50 Cent, featuring Olivia.
fed up /ˌfedˈʌp/
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] INFORMAL
[B2] annoyed or bored by something that you have experienced for too long
I'm fed up with my job.
He got fed up with all the travelling he had to do.
Learner example:
I'm sure that the whole world is fed up with Mozart.
fee /fiː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an amount of money that you pay to do something, to use something, or to

get a service
university/college fees
an entrance/registration fee
Learner example:
Due to the fact that the centre is new and very big, the fee is quite high, about a hundred euros
for three months.
feed /fiːd/
VERB (fed, fed)
GIVE FOOD
[B1] [T] to give food to a person, group or animal
831
I usually feed the neighbour's cat while she's away.
Let's feed the kids first and have our dinner after.
If you feed your dog on cakes and biscuits, it's not surprising he's so fat.
Learner example:
You can also ride horses and feed animals like rabbits, birds and hamsters.
EAT FOOD
[C1] [I] If an animal or a baby feeds, it eats.
Dictionary example:
The caterpillars feed on cabbage leaves.
Learner example:
In the same way, animals killed plants and fed on them.
SUPPLY
[C1] [T] to supply something such as information to a person or a machine,

especially in a regular or continuous way
We fed them false information about our plans.
Nicola fed the pages into the photocopier.
Learner example:
For heaven's sake, the strike lasted for three weeks not three years. [...] They feed you with lies.
feedback /ˈfiːd.bæk/
NOUN [U]
[B2] information or opinions about something, such as a new product, that provide
an idea of whether it is successful or liked
Have you had any feedback from customers about the product?
positive/negative feedback
Learner example:
I am writing to you to give you feedback about [the] social programme.
feel /fiːl/
Word family:
Nouns: feeling
Verbs: feel
832
VERB (felt, felt)
feel like/as if
[B1] to have a feeling or idea about something that you have experienced even
though it is not true
I feel as if I've known you for ages.
It feels like I've been here forever and yet it's only been three months.
Learner example:
I feel like I've been here for ages.
feel like sth/doing sth

[B1] to have a wish for something, or to want to do something, at a particular
moment
I feel like going for a swim.
I feel like a nice cool glass of lemonade.
"Are you coming to aerobics?" "No, I don't feel like it today."
He was so rude I felt like hitting him.
Learner example:
The weather is warm and I feel like swimming.
feel like sb/sth

[B1] to seem to be similar to a type of person, thing, or situation
My feet feel like blocks of ice.
I felt like a fool when I saw what everyone else was wearing.
Learner example:
In front of these big towers, I feel like a tiny insect!
THINK/HAVE OPINION
[B1] [I or T] to think something or have an opinion
I feel (that) I should be doing more to help her.
Do you feel very strongly about this?
I feel certain I'm right.
Learner example:
The more he got close to this man, the more he felt sure it was Chris, who died in a car crash in
April 1972.
feel sorry for

[B1] to feel sympathy for someone because they are in a difficult situation
833
Dictionary example:
I feel so sorry for the children - it must be really hard for them.
Learner example:
Anyway, I feel sorry for her and I wonder: what would I do if I were her?
feel at home
[B1] to feel happy and confident in a place or situation
Dictionary example:
After a month she felt at home in her new job.
Learner example:
I explained: "I was in Manchester for just 10 month[s] and [during] that time the people from there
made me feel at home [so] I feel proud to have the accent."
TOUCH
[B2] [I or T] to touch something, especially with your hands, in order to examine it
I felt his head and it was hot.
Just feel how cold my hands are!
I was feeling around in my bag for the keys.
Learner example:
I tried to open the heavy door; I could feel the iron bar with my almost frozen fingers.
feel different/strange, etc.

[B2] If a place, situation, etc., feels different, strange, etc., that is how it seems to
you, or that describes your experience of it.
It felt strange to see him again after so long.
The house feels empty without the children.
Learner example:
It felt strange and yet so wonderful to ski in the summer!
BE AWARE
[B2] [T] to be aware of something
Dictionary example:
I could feel them watching me.
Learner example:
I could feel the silence.
feel compelled to do sth

[C1] to feel that you should do something
Dictionary example:
He felt compelled to resign from his job.
834
Learner example:
As a member of the International Student's Sports Club, I felt compelled to write this article in
answer to the previous article about how today's youth is putting sports and healthy activities
aside.
feeling /ˈfiː.lɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: feeling
Verbs: feel
NOUN
EMOTION
[B1] [C or U] emotion
a feeling of joy/sadness
The feeling of loneliness was suddenly too much for him.
Her performance seemed to me completely lacking in feeling.
Learner example:
When I'm walking alone I can think about all my feelings, combine them into one and the name of
this feeling is love.
feelings
[B1] Your feelings are your beliefs and emotions, especially those influenced by
other people.
You can't hide your feelings from me.
I didn't want to hurt his feelings, so I didn't tell him what she'd said about him.
Learner example:
I can't explain my feelings.
IDEA
[B1] [C] an idea that something is true or exists
I had the strange feeling that we had met before.
I got the feeling that she was unhappy with the arrangement.
Learner example:
When I saw the policeman['s] face I got a bad feeling about this man. He d[id]n't look like a cop
but he was [dressed] like one, so I decide[d] to stay away from this guy.
PHYSICAL SENSE
[B1] [C or U] when you feel something physical
835
I've got this odd feeling in my stomach.
My toes were so cold that I'd lost all feeling in them.
Learner example:
After one hour I was home and still had the feeling of warm rain touching my skin.
OPINION
[B2] [C] an opinion or belief
Dictionary example:
My feeling is that we had better act quickly or it will be too late.
Learner example:
My feeling is that we shou[l]d simply buy what we want to buy [and] not what we are prompted to
buy.
bad/ill feeling
[C1] when people are upset or angry with each other
Dictionary example:
I don't want to cause any bad feeling between us.
Learner example:
For those who can't afford to shop, this might cause them to envy and harbo[u]r ill feeling
[towards] those they can see are enjoying and splurging.
fellow /ˈfel.əʊ/
[B2] describes someone who has the same job or interests as you, or is in the same
situation as you
She introduced me to some of her fellow students.
Our fellow travellers were mostly Spanish-speaking tourists.
Learner example:
In conclusion, I have to declare that [I] myself and my fellow students will be available to help
[with] this short video.
female /ˈfiː.meɪl/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] belonging or relating to women, or to the sex that can produce eggs or have
babies
836
a female athlete/employee
female cats/elephants
She was voted the best female vocalist.
Learner example:
All my female friends at school say that he is [an] attractive young man.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a female animal or person
The kitten was actually a female, not a male.
Females represent 40% of the country's workforce.
Learner example:
We all know the problems that [are] cause[d] [by] having animals kept in a zoo: females refuse the
males, or they become mad [from] the lack of freedom.
feminine /ˈfem.ə.nɪn/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] showing qualities that people generally think are typical of women
a feminine voice
feminine beauty
Learner example:
When my grandmother was a young women, it was a must for her to wear a dress or at least a
skirt and a very feminine blouse.
fence /fents/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a wood, wire or metal structure which divides or goes around an area of land
Dictionary example:
a garden fence
Learner example:
I looked around to make sure that no-one saw me and jumped [over] the fence.
837
ferry /ˈfer.i/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a boat that regularly carries passengers and often vehicles across an area of
water
a car ferry
We're going across to France by/on the ferry.
We took the ferry to Calais.
Learner example:
We are planning to go to the "Red Island", which is just 15 minutes from Rovigno by ferry.
festival /ˈfes.tɪ.vəl/
NOUN [C]
PERFORMANCES
[B1] a series of special events, performances, etc. that often takes place over
several days
a folk/pop/rock festival
The Aldeburgh Festival is held every year in June.
the Cannes Film Festival
Learner example:
I d[e]cided to go to that city because of the film festival that was going to happen.
CELEBRATION
[B1] a special day or period when people celebrate something, especially a religious
event
Dictionary example:
the Jewish festival of Hanukkah
Learner example:
I like to dress up traditional[l]y during festivals.
fetch /fetʃ/
VERB [T]
[B1] to go to another place to get something or someone and bring them back
838
Could you fetch my glasses for me from the other room, please?
I have to fetch my mother from the station.
Learner example:
I'll come and fetch you at 7 o'clock.
fever /ˈfiː.vər/
NOUN
ILLNESS
[B1] [C or U] when someone's body temperature rises because they are ill
Dictionary example:
He's got a headache and a high/slight fever.
Learner example:
I understood that she was alone with her brother and he has [a] fever.
few /fjuː/
DETERMINER; ADJECTIVE; PRONOUN
NOT MANY
[B1] a small number, not many or not enough
He is among the few people I can trust.
Very few people can afford to pay those prices.
Few of the children can read or write yet.
We get few complaints.
According to the survey, as few as 10% of us are happy with our jobs.
Learner example:
Usually there are very few people, so it's a great place to escape from busy towns.
fibre /ˈfaɪ.bər/
NOUN
[C1] [U] the substance in plants which cannot be digested and helps food pass
through your body
839
Dictionary example:
Broccoli is a good source of fibre.
Learner example:
We try to eat less fat and more fibre, like oats, instead of sandwiches with butter and cheese.
fiction /ˈfɪk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: fiction
Adjectives: fictional
NOUN
STORIES
[B1] [U] literature and stories about imaginary characters and events
The book is a work of fiction and not intended as a historical account.
a writer of children's fiction
Learner example:
In his fiction, one can detect traces of different literary schools.
NOT TRUE
[C1] [U OR NO PLURAL] something that is not true or real
Nobody knows whether his statement is fact or fiction.
Everything she had said turned out to be a complete fiction.
Learner example:
With regret I have to admit that [the] lively social programme was a total fiction and the only thing
participants could do was to find and make friend[s] oneself, as I did.
field /fiːld/
NOUN
SPORTS GROUND
[B1] [C] an area of grass used for playing sport
the school playing/sports field
a football/hockey/rugby field
Learner example:
They filmed our sports fields and our classroom.
840
AREA OF STUDY
[B2] [C] an area of study or activity
Dictionary example:
He's an expert in the field of biochemistry.
Learner example:
This time [it] is the case of telecommunications, tomorrow it will be the time of advances in the
field of medicine.
fierce /fɪəs/
ADJECTIVE
VIOLENT
[B2] violent or angry
a fierce dog
a fierce attack/battle
Two men were shot during fierce fighting last weekend.
Learner example:
This may surprise some of you who have always thought of [the] tiger as a fierce and dangerous
beast.
STRONG
[B2] very strong or powerful
Fierce winds/storms battered the coast all weekend.
Fire fighters had to retreat from the fierce heat.
Learner example:
The need for darkness was justified by the fierce thunderstorm, which seemed likely to smash the
house into pieces.
FEELING
[B2] showing strong feeling or energetic activity
The expansion plans will face fierce opposition/resistance from environmentalists.
There is fierce competition to join the Special Branch.
Learner example:
Nowadays, family life importance is a matter that arouses fierce passions.
841
fifth /fɪfθ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] one of five equal parts of something
Dictionary example:
One fifth is the same as 20 percent.
fifty /ˈfɪf.ti/
NUMBER
(be) in your fifties

Dictionary example:
He retired when he was still in his fifties.
Learner example:
Despite being in my fifties I am healthy and in good shape.
the fifties
Dictionary example:
Many new towns were built in the fifties.
Learner example:
I love bands from the fifties, sixties, seventies... and most of the radio stations seem to forget that
the music has a history and it is always nice to remember past songs, because a good song will
always be a good song.
fight /faɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: fight, fighting
Verbs: fight
VERB (fought, fought)
USE FORCE
[B1] ! [I or T] to use physical force to try to defeat another person or group of people
Two men were fighting outside the park.
Sam's always fighting with his little brother.
842
Learner example:
She was very tired and afraid, so I decided to help her [by] going to the "Blue Forest", and I
remember I fought with the wizards.
JOIN WAR
[B2] ! [I or T] to take part in a war
Dictionary example:
Millions of young men fought in World War One.
Learner example:
He fought in the Spanish Civil war and in World War II.
ARGUE
[B2] ! [I] to argue
Dictionary example:
We've got to stop fighting in front of the children.
Learner example:
Then I became angry again because although I spent my day doing nothing, I didn't buy a present
for my sister, and when I went home we f[ou]ght.
TRY TO STOP
[B2] ! [I or T] to try hard to stop something bad happening
He fought against racism.
New measures have been introduced to fight crime.
Learner example:
The other great advantage is that it is a nice way of fighting against pol[l]ution.
TRY TO ACHIEVE
[B2] ! [I] to try hard to achieve something you want or think is right
They are fighting for their freedom.
He had to fight hard to keep his job.
Learner example:
All of them [were] fighting for their cause.
NOUN [C]
PHYSICAL FORCE
[B1] when people use physical force to hurt or attack others
Jeff's always getting into/starting fights.
The older boys broke up the fight.
He put up a fight when the police tried to arrest him.
843
Learner example:
My son got into a fight on his way from the school to the house and he had a black eye.
EFFORT
[B2] when you use a lot of effort to achieve or stop something
Join us in our fight for freedom!
We must continue the fight against homelessness.
He died last week after a long fight with cancer.
This year has brought some good news in the fight to save the whales.
Learner example:
I was sitting like every evening in my armchair, reading my favorite book "My fight for Irish
freedom" and suddenly the lights went out.
ARGUMENT
[B2] an argument
Dictionary example:
I don't want to have a fight over this.
Learner example:
I had a fight with my mother and she told me off in front of my friends.
fighting /ˈfaɪ.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: fight, fighting
Verbs: fight
NOUN [U]
[B2] when people fight, especially in a war
Dictionary example:
Fierce fighting has continued all day.
Learner example:
[Kung-fu] is not only a way of fighting, it is also a way of life.
figure /ˈfɪg.ər/
NOUN [C]
NUMBER
[B1] the symbol for a number or an amount expressed in numbers
844
Can you read this figure? Is it a three or an eight?
Write the amount in both words and figures.
I looked quickly down the column of figures.
He earns a six-figure salary.
Learner example:
More than 5,000 were present, so I don't understand why you mention the figure 2,000.
BODY SHAPE
[B1] the shape of someone's body, usually an attractive shape
Dictionary example:
She's got a good figure.
Learner example:
She has long blond hair and blue eyes. She has a good figure.
TYPE OF PERSON
[B2] a particular type of person, often someone important or famous
Dictionary example:
Lincoln was a major figure in American politics.
Learner example:
She is an important figure in Argentina.
PERSON
[B2] a person that you cannot see clearly
Dictionary example:
I could see two tall figures in the distance.
Learner example:
Suddenly a figure appeared in front of us.
AMOUNT
[C1] a number that expresses an amount, especially in official documents
Dictionary example:
Government figures show a rise in unemployment.
Learner example:
They do not have any avenues of change until they migrate to cities, which only 15% of villagers
do in Pakistan according to government figures.
PICTURE
[C1] (WRITTEN ABBREVIATION fig.) a picture or drawing in a book or document, usually with
a number
Dictionary example:
Look at the graph shown in Figure 2.
845
Learner example:
Figure 1 demonstrates the use of electricity in England in summer and winter.
VERB
figure out sth/sb or figure sth/sb out PHRASAL VERB INFORMAL
[B2] to finally understand something or someone
I can't figure out why he did it.
I find him really odd - I can't figure him out at all.
Learner example:
I couldn't figure out what had happened.
fill /fɪl/
VERB
TAKE SPACE
[B1] [T] If people or things fill a space, there are a lot of them in it.
Dark clouds filled the sky.
The streets were filled with tourists.
Learner example:
Suddenly clouds filled the sky with darkness.
BE NOTICEABLE
[B1] [T] If light, sound, or a smell fills a place, you can easily notice it.
Dictionary example:
The smell of smoke filled the room.
Learner example:
The class was filled with the sound of laughing.
fill sb with anger/joy/pride, etc.

[B2] to make someone feel very angry/happy/proud, etc.
Dictionary example:
The thought of losing him filled her with fear.
Learner example:
Nobody was talking and the 50 passengers were filled with terror.
JOB
[C1] [T] to give a job or position to someone
846
I'm sorry, the job/position/post/vacancy has already been filled.
We would prefer to fill the position with a recent graduate.
Learner example:
Suppose if ten people retire from an organization, the vacancies are filled by bringing up the
middle management and their previous positions will be filled be lower management.
film /fɪlm/
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to record moving pictures with a camera, usually to make a film
Most of the scenes were filmed in a studio.
They filmed for a week in Spain.
Learner example:
So he had put it into his cupboard which was [just] open and the burglar hadn't noticed the
camera which filmed all his actions.
film-maker (ALSO filmmaker) /ˈfɪlm.meɪ.kər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a film director, especially an independent one who has control over how the
film is made
Dictionary example:
one of the industry's top film-makers.
Learner example:
The plot [i]s about a film-maker and his difficulties [in] finish[ing] his last film.
filthy /ˈfɪl.θi/
ADJECTIVE
DIRTY
[C1] extremely dirty
Dictionary example:
Wash your hands, they're filthy!
847
Learner example:
Creaking, worn-out beds, dripping taps and filthy rugs have nothing in common with 'luxury'!
OFFENSIVE
[C1] rude or offensive
filthy language/jokes
Smoking is a filthy habit.
Learner example:
As far as books are concerned, pornography and filthy language is evident everywhere, to lure
people to buy these books.
final /ˈfaɪ.nəl/
Word family:
Nouns: final
Adjectives: final
Adverbs: finally
NOUN [C]
[B1] the last in a series of games, races or competitions, usually the one in which
the winner is chosen
They're in the final.
Last year we got through to the final.
The men's basketball final will be on Sunday.
Learner example:
We were in the final, but we lost.
finally /ˈfaɪ.nə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: final
Adjectives: final
Adverbs: finally
ADVERB
LAST POINT
[B1] used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or
idea
848
Dictionary example:
Finally, I'd like to thank everyone for coming this evening.
Learner example:
Finally, I want you to say hi [to] everybody and I am looking forward to see[ing] you.
finance /ˈfaɪ.nænts/
Word family:
Nouns: finance
Verbs: finance
Adjectives: financial
Adverbs: financially
NOUN
CONTROL OF MONEY
[B2] [U] the control of how large amounts of money should be spent
the finance minister
You need to speak to someone in the finance department.
The finance committee controls the school's budget.
Learner example:
Therefore we decided to invite a minist[er] of finance to explain it.
sb's finances
[B2] the money which a person, company or country has
We keep a tight control on the organization's finances.
She needs to sort out her finances.
Learner example:
First of all, we should budget our finances better.
VERB [T]
[B2] to provide the money needed for something to happen
Dictionary example:
The local authority has refused to finance the scheme.
Learner example:
I [am] apply[ing] for this job because I want to earn some money to finance my study.
849
financial /faɪˈnæn.tʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: finance
Verbs: finance
ADJECTIVE
[B1] relating to money or how money is managed
They're having a few financial difficulties at the moment.
a financial adviser
Learner example:
The person described himself as a financial officer of a South African government and needs a
contact person in Switzerland to transfer 200 m dollar[s].
financially /faɪˈnæn.tʃəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: finance
Verbs: finance
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that relates to money or how money is managed
Dictionary example:
He's still financially dependent on his parents.
Learner example:
They advise them or help them financially.
find /faɪnd/
VERB [T] (found, found)
BECOME AWARE
[B1] to become aware that something exists or has happened
We came home to find (that) the cat had had kittens.
I found (that) I could easily swim 1000 metres.
850
Learner example:
I found that the food inside there is very nice.
find sb/sth easy/boring/funny, etc.

[B1] to think or feel a particular way about someone or something
Do you find Clive difficult to talk to?
She doesn't find it easy to talk about her problems.
I find living in the city quite stressful.
I found her very helpful.
Learner example:
I found it very amusing.
find the money/time, etc.

[B1] to have or get enough money/time, etc. to do something
Dictionary example:
Where do you find the money to do all these things?
Learner example:
I hope you will keep fit and find the time to do everything.
find yourself somewhere/doing sth

[B2] to become aware that you have gone somewhere or done something without
intending to
Dictionary example:
I suddenly found myself making lunch.
Learner example:
The most embarassing moment of my life [was] when, during a school trip to Paris, a friend of
mine and I went to the wrong room and found ourselves in front of our teacher who, having had a
shower, was looking for his glasses.
be found
[B2] to exist or be present somewhere
Many plant and animal species are found only in the rainforests.
Vitamin C is found in citrus fruit.
Learner example:
An example might be the [k]oala bear, which could be found almost everywhere in Australia not
so long ago.
find sb guilty/not guilty

[B2] to judge that someone is guilty or not guilty in a law court
Dictionary example:
She was found guilty of murder.
851
Learner example:
To the surprise of everyone in the village, the judge found her guilty but didn't send her to jail
because he thought she should take care of Linda, who had no other relatives.
fine /faɪn/
Word family:
Adjectives: fine
Adverbs: finely
ADJECTIVE
SUNNY
[B1] sunny and not raining
Dictionary example:
If it's fine tomorrow, we could have a picnic.
Learner example:
Today the weather is fine and warm.
EXCELLENT
[B2] excellent or much better than average
fine wines
This building is the finest example of its type.
Learner example:
There [we] will be served a fine dinner.
NOUN [C]
[B1] an amount of money that you must pay for breaking a rule or law
She had to pay a fine.
a parking fine
The maximum penalty is a $1000 fine.
If found guilty, he faces a heavy fine.
Learner example:
She was made to pay a fine and she wasn't sent to prison.
VERB [T]
[B2] to charge someone an amount of money as a punishment for not obeying a

rule or law
Drivers who break the speed limit can expect to be fined heavily.
They fined him $100 for using threatening behaviour.
852
Learner example:
Besides, you can be fined by the police.
ADVERB
[B2] very well or without any problems
"How did your exam go?" "It went fine, I think."
The car was working fine yesterday.
Learner example:
The couple was great and everything went fine.
finely /ˈfaɪn.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: fine
Adverbs: finely
ADVERB
[B2] into small pieces
Dictionary example:
Finely chop the onion.
fingernail /ˈfɪŋ.gə.neɪl/ (ALSO nail)
NOUN [C]
[B2] the hard part that covers and protects the top of the end of your finger
dirty/long fingernails
She had bright red fingernails.
Learner example:
Half way through dinner we had discussed almost everything about him: his lips, fingernails, how
he would look in swimming pants, how he would dance etc.
finish /ˈfɪn.ɪʃ/
VERB
USE COMPLETELY
[B1] [T] to eat, drink or use something completely so that none remains
853
He finished his coffee and left.
We finished the pie last night.
Learner example:
After Maria finished her coffee, she got the man's phone and left the cafe.
finish first/second, etc.

[B1] to be in the first/second, etc. winning position at the end of a race or
competition
Dictionary example:
Her horse finished fourth.
Learner example:
I finished third; it is good even if we were only 7.
NOUN [C]
LAST PART
[B1] the end of a race, or the last part of something
a close finish
They replayed the finish in slow motion.
Learner example:
We [had] a race and I [came] second [at] the finish.
from start to finish

[C1] from the beginning of something to its end
Dictionary example:
I enjoyed the film from start to finish.
Learner example:
I found out that the service itself should last at least one and half hour[s] from start to finish.
fire /faɪər/
NOUN
catch fire
[B1] to start burning
Dictionary example:
The car crashed and caught fire.
Learner example:
One of the new machines that I had brought from Germany had caught fire.
854
on fire
[B1] If something is on fire, it is burning when it should not be.
Dictionary example:
If your home was on fire and you could save only one thing, what would it be?
Learner example:
A lot of bu[i]ldings were on fire.
NATURAL HEAT
[B1] [C] a small controlled fire that is used for heating or cooking
It's very cold in here - should I light a fire?
We built a fire on the beach.
We put up our tents and made a small fire.
Learner example:
In the evenings we sat down [o]n the grass round a fire and talked to each other.
VERB
SHOOT
[B2] [I or T] to cause a weapon to shoot bullets, arrows or missiles
He fired his gun into the air.
He fired three shots.
Someone started firing at us.
Without warning he started firing into the crowd.
Learner example:
Martins found Lime on an iron staircase and fired a last shot, killing Lime.
REMOVE FROM A JOB
[B2] [T OFTEN PASSIVE] INFORMAL to tell someone they must leave their job
She was fired after she was caught stealing from her employer.
He was fired from his last job for poor performance.
She has just been fired as editor of the newspaper.
Learner example:
Last month I was fired from my job in a bank.
fire brigade /ˈfaɪə.brɪˌgeɪd/
[B2] an organization that is in charge of preventing and stopping unwanted fires
855
Dictionary example:
Call the fire brigade.
Learner example:
By that time the fire brigade had arrived - luckily som[e] neighbour had phoned them.
firefighter /ˈfaɪəˌfaɪ.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person whose job is to stop fires from burning
Dictionary example:
His cousin works as a firefighter.
Learner example:
We could see firefighters and ambulances coming from all over the premises!
fire station /ˈfaɪəˌsteɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the building where fire engines are kept and firefighters wait for emergencies
Dictionary example:
We visited our local fire station.
Learner example:
I only saw M[r]. Bean from my class[room] window - they were filming him running to the fire
station.
firework /ˈfaɪə.wɜːk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small object that explodes to produce a loud noise and bright colours, often
used to celebrate special events
a firework display
When it gets dark we'll let off/set off the fireworks.
What time do the fireworks start?
Learner example:
We have spent three days [at] Disneyland, watching fireworks every night.
856
firm /fɜːm/
Word family:
Adjectives: firm
Adverbs: firmly
ADJECTIVE
NOT SOFT
[B2] not soft, but not completely hard
Dictionary example:
A firm bed is better for your back.
FIXED
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] certain or fixed and not likely to change
We don't have any firm plans for the weekend yet.
I'm a firm believer in equal rights.
Learner example:
It is my firm belief that I would use all the experience I have.
NOUN [C]
[B1] a company or business
He works for a law firm called Neil and Vigliano.
He's just started working for an accountancy firm/a firm of accountants in Bristol.
Learner example:
I have to improve my knowledge of English because I have the opportunity to work for an English
law firm.
firmly /ˈfɜːm.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: firm
Adverbs: firmly
ADVERB
CERTAINLY
[B2] in a way that is certain or fixed
Dictionary example:
I firmly believe that we must take action on this.
857
Learner example:
I firmly believe that some of the things you mentioned are wrong.
STRONGLY
[B2] strongly; in a way that will not become loose
Dictionary example:
Make sure the rope is firmly attached before attempting to climb down it.
Learner example:
Slowly but firmly I grab[b]ed the door handle, took another quick glance in the room, and turned
it.
first /fɜːst/
Word family:
Nouns: first
Adjectives: first
Adverbs: first, firstly
ADJECTIVE
at first sight
[B2] when you first see or hear about something or someone
It was love at first sight!
It may, at first sight, seem a surprising choice.
Learner example:
in the first place

Dictionary example:
Why did you invite her in the first place?
Learner example:
In the first place, you were unknown people for me, but now you are my special foreign friends.
ADVERB
FIRST TIME
[B1] for the first time
When did you first meet each other?
I first heard the song on the radio.
858
Learner example:
I first heard of it [o]n the radio and then I saw a leaflet about it.
at first
[B1] at the beginning of a situation or period of time
Dictionary example:
At first I thought she was unfriendly, but actually she's just shy.
Learner example:
At first, when I arrived I was very nervous because I didn't know anyone, but then a girl started
talking to me and I felt better.
first and foremost

[C1] more than anything else
Dictionary example:
In spite of being elected to office, she remains first and foremost a writer.
Learner example:
First and foremost it is my longing to help others with what they cannot do for themselves.
come first
[C1] to be the most important person or thing
Dictionary example:
Her career always comes first.
Learner example:
They do not take the time to sit down and enjoy being with their family. The work comes first, and
the family next.
NOUN
the first
[B1] the first person or thing to do or be something, or the first person or thing
mentioned
Tonight sees the first of three documentaries about cancer.
She was one of the first to arrive.
He is the first to admit that much of his success is due to his good looks.
Learner example:
I prefer the first because it's an exciting story of a cat that escapes from a dangerous house lived
[in] by an aggressive dog.
859
first-floor /ˈfɜːst.flɔː/
[B1] on the first floor
Dictionary example:
a first-floor flat/apartment/office
first language /ˌfɜːstˈlæŋ.gwɪdʒ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the language that someone learns to speak first
Dictionary example:
Madeleine's first language is French, but she also speaks German fluently.
Learner example:
Originally I come from Germany and therefore my first language is German.
firstly /ˈfɜːst.li/
Word family:
Nouns: first
Adjectives: first
Adverbs: first, firstly
ADVERB (ALSO first)

[B2] used to refer to the first thing in a list
Dictionary example:
There are two very good reasons why we can't do it. Firstly, we don't have enough money, and
secondly, we don't have enough time.
Learner example:
I think it [would] suit us, firstly because it is good work experience, [and] secondly [because] we
can get discounts on books and CDs.
fish /fɪʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: fish, fishing
Verbs: fish
860
VERB [I]
[B1] to try to catch fish
Dictionary example:
They're fishing for tuna.
Learner example:
In the countryside the air is pure and you can fish in lakes or walk in fields.
fisherman /ˈfɪʃ.ə.mən/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL fishermen)

[B2] someone who catches fish as a job or as a hobby
Dictionary example:
Local fishermen are finding it difficult to make a living.
Learner example:
His father was a fisherman and he died working just a few days before he was born, so the child
had never met him.
fit /fɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: fitness
Adjectives: fit
VERB (-tt-)
CORRECT SIZE
[B1] [I or T] to be the right size or shape for someone or something
That jacket fits you perfectly.
These jeans don't fit me any more.
I can't find a lid to fit this jar.
Learner example:
Sometimes I like the style and colour but when I wear them I see that they don't fit me.
fit (sth) in/into/through/under, etc.

[B1] If people or things fit somewhere, or if you can fit them somewhere, that place
is big enough for them.
How many people can you fit in your car?
This radio is small enough to fit into my pocket.
861
Learner example:
The desk has to be very small and has to fit into the corner, because there is not much space left
in my bedroom.
PUT IN POSITION
[B2] [T] to put or fix something somewhere
All the carpets we sell are fitted free.
You ought to fit a smoke alarm in the kitchen.
Learner example:
The air pollution could be reduced if car manufacturers and companies made [people] fit effective
filters on car exhausts and factory chimneys.
SAME
[C1] [I or T] to be the same as or like something
Dictionary example:
She seems to fit the police description.
Learner example:
The ac[c]ommodation I [had] during the trip didn't fit the description in the advertisement and
neither did the restaurants or the cultural activit[ie]s.
SUITABLE
[C1] [T] to be suitable for something
Dictionary example:
The punishment should fit the crime.
Learner example:
You ought to put on a formal dress or suit to fit the atmosphere.
ADJECTIVE (fitter, fittest)
SUITABLE
[C1] of a good enough quality or suitable type for a particular purpose
Is this water fit to drink?
She's not in a fit state to drive.
Learner example:
It has undergone restoration recently and is now fit to serve as a perfect example of [a] model and
modern British college library.
862
fitness /ˈfɪt.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: fitness
Adjectives: fit
NOUN [U]
[B1] the condition of being physically strong and healthy
Dictionary example:
I'm trying to improve my fitness by cycling to work.
Learner example:
I specially like fitness lessons.
fix /fɪks/
Word family:
Verbs: fix
Adjectives: fixed
VERB [T]
REPAIR
[B1] to repair something
Dictionary example:
They couldn't fix my old computer, so I bought a new one.
Learner example:
I had an accident [yesterday] and I need to fix my car.
DECIDE
[B2] to decide a certain and exact date, time, place, price, etc.
Shall we fix a time for our next meeting?
They haven't fixed a date for the wedding yet.
Learner example:
If you are busy at that time, you can call them to fix a new date.
fix sth onto/to/under, etc.

[B2] to fasten something in position so that it cannot move
Dictionary example:
We fixed the bookcase to the wall.
Learner example:
The seat was not fixed to the flo[o]r properly.
863
fixed /fɪkst/
Word family:
Verbs: fix
Adjectives: fixed
ADJECTIVE
ARRANGED
[B2] arranged or decided already and not able to be changed
a fixed price
fixed interest rates
Learner example:
Usually you have a fixed time to listen [to] live music, but what if you are not able to go to the
concert?
flag /flæg/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a piece of cloth with a special design and colours, that is the symbol of a
country or a group, or has a particular meaning
the French flag
Flags of all twenty-seven countries are flying outside the building.
The guard waved his flag and the train pulled away from the station.
Learner example:
And about my present from the USA: I really would like to have an authentic American flag, to
decorate my bedroom ceiling.
flair /fleər/
NOUN
ABILITY
[C1] [NO PLURAL] a natural ability to do something well
Dictionary example:
She has a flair for languages.
Learner example:
She's an artist with a flair for promotion.
864
flame /fleɪm/
NOUN [C]
[B2] hot, bright, burning gas produced by something on fire
The flames grew larger as the fire spread.
When the fire engine arrived the house was already in flames.
Learner example:
We were standing by the window and the flames were [getting] nearer and nearer.
flash /flæʃ/
VERB
SHINE
[B2] [I or T] to shine brightly and suddenly, or to make something shine in this way
Stop flashing that light in my eyes!
The lightning flashed and distant thunder rolled.
You'd better slow down, that car was flashing (its lights) at you.
Learner example:
As they were driving back, a light flashed, a crash sounded, then screams.
NOUN
BRIGHT LIGHT
[B2] [C] a sudden bright light
Dictionary example:
The bomb exploded in a flash of yellow light.
Learner example:
At the same moment, that piece of unknown stuff sent towards me a flash of very bright light!
CAMERA
[B2] [C or U] a piece of camera equipment that produces a bright light when you take
a photograph in a dark place
Dictionary example:
Flash photography is not permitted anywhere in the museum.
865
flat /flæt/
Word family:
Verbs: flatten
Adjectives: flat
Adverbs: flat
ADJECTIVE (flatter, flattest)
LEVEL
[B1] level and smooth, with no curved, high, or hollow parts
An ice rink needs to be completely flat.
Roll out the pastry on a flat surface.
Much of the countryside in East Anglia is very flat.
Learner example:
The countryside is very flat and for this kind of holiday it's really perfect!!
LOW
[B1] Flat shoes do not raise your feet far from the ground.
Dictionary example:
Wear flat shoes - you'll be on your feet all day.
Learner example:
In your last letter you wanted me to tell you about clothes. Well, as you know I'm tall so I always
wear flat shoes in light colours like white, light green and blue.
WITHOUT AIR
[B2] If a tyre, ball, etc. is flat, it does not contain enough air.
Dictionary example:
When I got to the car, I discovered I had a flat tyre.
Learner example:
I found my bicycle with a flat tyre and realised I would be late instead of early.
ADVERB (flatter, flattest)
LEVEL
[B2] in a level position, often against another surface
Dictionary example:
Lay the cloth flat across the table.
fall flat on your face

[B2] to fall over so that your face hits the ground, often in an embarrassing way
Dictionary example:
I stepped on the ice and fell flat on my face.
866
Learner example:
You can guess what happened next - I fell flat on my face right in the mud and I have never felt
more embarrassed in my life!
fall flat
[C1] If an event or joke falls flat, it fails to have the effect that you wanted, such as
making people laugh.
Dictionary example:
All the jokes in his speech fell flat.
Learner example:
The cultural visits fell flat [in comparison] to their expectations, although the sightseeing tour of
Willstown was, as the students said, "fascinating".
flavour /ˈfleɪ.vər/
NOUN
TASTE
[B1] [C or U] how food or drink tastes, or a particular taste itself
Add a little salt to bring out the flavour of the herbs.
My fish was delicious but Juan's beef had almost no flavour.
We sell 32 different flavours of ice cream.
Learner example:
The only downside of our grandparents' diet [wa]s a lack of choice: there w[as]n't all this variety
we have today, like "zillions" of flavours of ice-cream.
flaw /flɔː/
Word family:
Nouns: flaw
Adjectives: flawed, flawless
NOUN [C]
[C1] a mistake or bad characteristic that stops someone or something from being
perfect
Dictionary example:
There's a flaw in your reasoning.
Learner example:
However, there were some minor flaws which I would like to give my view on.
867
flee /fliː/
VERB [I or T] (fleeing, fled)

[C1] to leave a place quickly because you are in danger or are afraid
Dictionary example:
Police think the suspect has now fled the country.
Learner example:
Of course most people on those boats were fleeing their country for religious or political reasons
but I would have left Europe for the spirit of adventure.
fleet /fliːt/
NOUN [C]
SHIPS
[C1] a group of ships, or all of the ships in a country's navy
Dictionary example:
The entire naval fleet was used for the operation.
Learner example:
The Spartans order the people of Athens to destroy their city walls and most of their remaining
fleet.
VEHICLES
[C1] a group of vehicles that are owned and controlled by one person or
organization
Dictionary example:
a fleet of aircraft/cars
Learner example:
In a simplified scenario one can consider when one has a fleet of cars, some manual and other
automatic, and a pool of drivers who can only drive one type of car.
flexibility /ˌflek.sɪˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: flexibility
Adjectives: flexible
NOUN [U]
[B2] the ability to change or be changed easily according to the situation
868
Dictionary example:
The advantage of this system is its flexibility.
Learner example:
Further personal strengths are good communication skills, [being a] good team player and
flexibility.
flexible /ˈflek.sə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: flexibility
Adjectives: flexible
ADJECTIVE
ABLE TO CHANGE
[B2] able to change or be changed easily according to the situation
My schedule is quite flexible - I could arrange to meet with you any day next week.
I'd like a job with more flexible working hours.
Learner example:
In the advertis[e]ment it is said that you will have a lot of spare time but actually, you have flexible
working hours and you never know whether you will have free time.
float /fləʊt/
VERB
NOT SINK
[B1] [I or T] to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink, or to make something do
this
Leaves were floating on the surface.
We spent a lazy afternoon floating along/down the river.
He tossed the bottle into the waves and watched it float out to sea.
Learner example:
Finally we were floating on the sea, admiring the famous bay.
MOVE IN AIR
[B1] [I] to stay in the air, or move gently through the air
869
Fluffy white clouds were floating across the sky.
The sound of piano-playing floated out through the open window.
Learner example:
Suddenly, I saw a "thing" floating by the window, making noises and like nothing human.
flood /flʌd/
VERB [I or T]
COVER WITH WATER
[B1] If a place floods or is flooded, it becomes covered in water.
The town was flooded when the river burst its banks.
Our washing machine broke down yesterday and flooded the kitchen.
Learner example:
The city was flooded and too many people were dead.
ARRIVE OR FILL
[B2] to fill or enter a place in large numbers or amounts
She drew back the curtains and the sunlight came flooding in.
Shoppers flooded into the store on the first morning of the sale.
Learner example:
The Square is flooded with local merchants selling local food, folkloric clothing, and local wines.
NOUN [C]
WATER
[B1] a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry
Dictionary example:
After the flood it took weeks for the water level to go down.
Learner example:
It was windy and raining with lots of floods.
870
floor /flɔːr/
NOUN [C]
AREA
[B1] an area where a particular activity happens
Dictionary example:
a dance floor
Learner example:
It has got a very big dance floor with a skil[l]ful jazz band.
flour /flaʊər/
NOUN [U]
[B1] powder made from grain, especially wheat, used for making bread, cakes,
pasta, pastry, etc.
Dictionary example:
Add the flour to the eggs and milk.
Learner example:
He told the family that it was arseni[c] in the flour.
flow /fləʊ/
Word family:
Nouns: flow
Verbs: flow, overflow
VERB [I]
[B1] If something such as a liquid flows, it moves somewhere in a smooth,

continuous way.
The river flows from the Andes into the Pacific Ocean.
With fewer cars on the roads, traffic is flowing more smoothly than usual.
Learner example:
There are many lakes around there, all made by the melt[ed] ice that flows down the mountains.
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
MOVEMENT
[C1] when something flows in one direction
871
the flow of a river
the flow of traffic
Learner example:
So, a possible solution is to build more roads and optimally design the roads and their subways,
to make the flow of cars on [the] road quicker.
flu /fluː/
NOUN [U]
[B1] an infectious illness which is like a very bad cold, but which causes a fever
a flu virus
I had the flu last week.
Learner example:
I hope you're fine and you don't have the flu any more.
fluency /ˈfluː.ənt.si/
Word family:
Nouns: fluency
Adjectives: fluent
Adverbs: fluently
NOUN [U]
[B2] when someone is fluent in a language
Dictionary example:
One of the requirements of the job is fluency in two or more African languages.
Learner example:
So it is of the utmost importance for me to go to England in [the] very near future in order to
improve my fluency in English.
fluent /ˈfluː.ənt/
Word family:
Nouns: fluency
Adjectives: fluent
Adverbs: fluently
872
ADJECTIVE
ABILITY
[B2] able to use a language naturally without stopping or making mistakes
She's fluent in French.
He's a fluent Russian speaker.
Learner example:
I am fluent in French and English.
LANGUAGE
[B2] produced or done in a smooth, natural style
Dictionary example:
He speaks fluent Chinese.
Learner example:
I speak fluent English and German.
fluently /ˈfluː.ənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: fluency
Adjectives: fluent
Adverbs: fluently
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is fluent
Dictionary example:
I'd like to speak English fluently.
Learner example:
I can speak both English and Japanese fluently.
flute /fluːt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a musical instrument in the shape of a tube that is held out to the side and
played by blowing across a hole at one end
Dictionary example:
Ellen started learning the flute at the age of 12.
Learner example:
Now I know [the] history of [the] violin, flute, cello, viola, oboe, etc.
873
fly /flaɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: flight
Verbs: fly
VERB (flew, flown)
CONTROL AIRCRAFT
[B2] [I or T] to control an aircraft or other vehicle in air or space
Dictionary example:
She learned to fly at the age of 18.
Learner example:
Louise, you are the only one who can fly this spaceship now.
with flying colours

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small insect with two wings
Dictionary example:
There were a lot of flies around.
Learner example:
In the afternoon we were just lying like dead flies on our beds.
focus /ˈfəʊ.kəs/
NOUN
the focus of sth

[C1] the person or thing that is getting most attention in a situation or activity
He is the focus of a police investigation.
In any family, a baby tends to be the focus of attention.
874
Learner example:
The focus of the human being and society is changing, such that more resources are put into
building roads, controlling traffic and aiming at having the best transportation system as possible,
while giving less attention to the more important areas of a society's well-being such as health
and education.
VERB
focus (sth) on/upon sb/sth PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to give a lot of attention to one particular person, subject or thing
Tonight's programme focuses on the way that homelessness affects the young.
When the kitchen is finished I'm going to focus my attention on the garden and get that sorted
out.
Learner example:
As you have probably guessed already, we are mainly interested in action movies and movies that
focus on brutality and aggression.
fold /fəʊld/
Word family:
Nouns: folder
Verbs: fold
VERB [I or T]
[B1] If you fold paper, cloth, etc., you bend it so that one part of it lies flat on top
of another part.
I folded the letter in half and put it in an envelope.
Will you help me to fold up the sheets?
He had a neatly folded handkerchief in his jacket pocket.
Learner example:
And the next morning, I was here again to help them folding their stuff.
folder /ˈfəʊl.dər/
Word family:
Nouns: folder
Verbs: fold
875
NOUN [C]
ON COMPUTER
[B1] a place on a computer where particular files are kept
Dictionary example:
I made a new folder on the C drive.
Learner example:
Computers are very important because we work with them, [and] we keep our secret folders and
files in [them].
folk /fəʊk/
NOUN [U]
[B1] music written and played in a traditional style
Dictionary example:
There are several venues for folk and jazz in the city.
Learner example:
I can sing most kinds of songs, such as pop music, folk.
ADJECTIVE
folk art/dancing, etc.

[B1] the traditional style of art, dancing, etc. among a particular group of people
Dictionary example:
She's studied the folk art of the region.
Learner example:
There are a lot of folk stories in Lithuania, [and] I would like to tell you one of them.
follow /ˈfɒl.əʊ/
Word family:
Nouns: following, follower
Verbs: follow
Adjectives: following
VERB
HAPPEN AFTER
[B1] [I or T] to happen or come after something
876
There was a bang, followed by a cloud of smoke.
The meal consisted of smoked salmon, followed by Welsh lamb.
We were not prepared for the events that followed.
Learner example:
In the first lesson we started with some games, followed by work activities, like role plays and
presentations.
OBEY
[B1] [T] to do what someone or something says you should do
Follow the instructions on the back of the packet carefully.
I decided to follow her advice and go to bed early.
I was just following orders.
Learner example:
I think I should follow her advice, shouldn't I?
UNDERSTAND
[B1] [I or T] to understand something
Dictionary example:
Could you repeat that? I didn't quite follow what you said.
Learner example:
It is very hard to follow the lesson because I can'[t] concentrate on the vocabulary.
as follows
[B2] used to introduce a list or description
Dictionary example:
The main reasons are as follows.
Learner example:
The summary of relevant points and recommendations are as follows: 1. Both of them are located
in the centre of town.
BE INTERESTED
[C1] [T] to be interested in an event or activity and watch its progress
Dictionary example:
I followed the trial closely.
Learner example:
I was happy to know you follow our national news.
877
following /ˈfɒl.əʊ.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: following, follower
Verbs: follow
Adjectives: following
PREPOSITION
[B2] after or as a result of
Following the dinner, there will be a dance.
He died on October 23rd, following several years of illness.
Learner example:
Following the course in England, I worked in an office that sells computer programs and games as
a secretary to earn money and with the help of this job, I gained experience in office work.
ADJECTIVE
the following day/morning, etc.

[B1] the next day/morning, etc.
Dictionary example:
We met again the following afternoon.
Learner example:
I could give it back to you the following day.
NOUN
the following
[B2] what comes next, often used to introduce a list, report, etc.
Dictionary example:
The following is an extract from her diary.
Learner example:
Regarding your questions, the following are my answers.
fond /fɒnd/
ADJECTIVE
be fond of sb/sth
[B1] to like someone or something
878
She was very fond of horses.
I'm very fond of her.
My brother is fond of pointing out my mistakes.
Learner example:
My boyfriend is very fond of cycling.
HAPPY
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] expressing or causing happy feelings
Dictionary example:
Many of us have fond memories of our childhoods.
Learner example:
I will keep fond memories of the two nights I have spent with you.
fool /fuːl/
Word family:
Nouns: fool
Verbs: fool
Adjectives: foolish
Adverbs: foolishly
NOUN
PERSON
[B1] [C] a stupid person
I was a fool to trust him.
I felt a complete fool.
He's a fool if he thinks she's interested.
Learner example:
When I heard my favourite song, I jumped like a crazy fool and everybody looked at me.
make a fool (out) of sb

[B2] to make someone look stupid intentionally
Dictionary example:
She was always trying to make a fool out of me in front of my friends.
Learner example:
He thought I had tried to make a fool of him but no, I was really desperate to get him as my
boyfriend.
make a fool of yourself

[B2] to behave in a silly or embarrassing way
879
Dictionary example:
I got very excited and made a fool of myself.
Learner example:
I had to leave that shop in full embarrassment and I also made a fool of myself.
VERB [T]
[B2] to trick someone
Don't be fooled by his appearance.
She said she was doing it to help me but I wasn't fooled.
Tim was fooled into believing that he'd won a lot of money.
Learner example:
I don't like to be fooled.
foolish /ˈfuː.lɪʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: fool
Verbs: fool
Adjectives: foolish
Adverbs: foolishly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] stupid and not wise
It would be foolish to pay more.
I thought I might look foolish if I refused.
Learner example:
She looked foolish because of the mistakes she [had] made.
foolishly /ˈfuː.lɪʃ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: fool
Verbs: fool
Adjectives: foolish
Adverbs: foolishly
ADVERB
[B2] in a foolish way, or because of being foolish
Dictionary example:
Foolishly, I didn't write the phone number down.
880
Learner example:
I was fourteen and foolishly in love with a blonde girl [in] my class to whom I had only spoken
twice.
foot /fʊt/ (PLURAL feet)
NOUN [C]
MEASUREMENT
[B1] a unit of measurement, equal to twelve inches or 0.3048 metres
The man was standing only a few feet away.
She is five feet/foot three inches tall.
She is 5′ 3″ tall.
Learner example:
The room is about 150 square feet, rectangular in shape, with a window opposite the door and a
pair of sliding doors to the balcony at one end.
the foot of sth

[C1] the bottom of something such as stairs, a hill, a bed, or a page
Dictionary example:
Put the notes at the foot of the page.
Learner example:
Every year, expedition-groups from almost every country me[e]t at the foot of the highest
mountain in the world to conquer it.
set foot in/on sth

[C1] to go into a place or onto a piece of land
Dictionary example:
He told me never to set foot in his house again.
Learner example:
I dream of being the first one to set foot on a white sandy beach, to admire a new kind of
vegetation: cranberry bushes, sweet potatoes, wild turkeys, a different climate; how scary and
exciting at the same time!
footstep /ˈfʊt.step/
NOUN
[C1] [C] the sound of a foot hitting the ground when someone walks
881
Dictionary example:
I heard footsteps behind me and quickly turned round.
Learner example:
In Stockholm people [walk] - the streets are [thi]ck with people and you can even hear their
footsteps!
for /fɔːr/
PREPOSITION
HELP
[B1] in order to help someone
Dictionary example:
I'll carry those bags for you.
Learner example:
I'd like to do something helpful for them.
REPRESENTING
[B1] being employed by or representing a company, country, etc.
She works for a charity.
He plays football for Cambridge United.
He used to swim for his country when he was younger.
Learner example:
He works for a company in Mexico.
for ever
[B1] always in the future
Dictionary example:
I'm not going to live here for ever.
Learner example:
My friend was leaving the city for ever and [going] to a city in another country.
for fun or for the fun of it

[B1] for pleasure and not for any other reason
Dictionary example:
I ran but just for fun.
Learner example:
Fortunately I discovered that [the email] wasn't for me. I didn't appreciate that there were people
that were sending things like that just for fun.
882
for sure
[B1] without any doubts
I think he's Canadian but I don't know for sure.
One thing's for sure - once the baby's born, your lives will never be the same again.
Learner example:
For sure, you'll love Brazil.
for instance
[B1] for example
Dictionary example:
In the electronics industry, for instance, 5000 jobs are being lost.
Learner example:
For instance, you can do mountain walks.
SUPPORT
[B2] in support of or in agreement with
I voted for the Greens at the last election.
So let's hear some applause for these talented young performers.
Learner example:
There are a lot of votes for and against keeping animals in cages.
for the moment

[B2] If you do something for the moment, you are doing it now, but might do
something different in the future.
Dictionary example:
Let's carry on with what we agreed for the moment.
Learner example:
For the moment I am unemployed so I have plenty of time to give [you] a hand.
for once
[B2] used to mean that something is happening that does not usually happen
Dictionary example:
For once, the bus came on time.
Learner example:
We would take lots of pictures, and play our own instruments, and if we get lucky enough, we
would even touch the very stones and for once be embraced by magic itself.
for real
[B2] taken seriously, not pretended
883
Dictionary example:
I thought it was just a practice, but apparently it was for real.
Learner example:
You know I am a Casanova, but this time I know [it] is for real.
RESPONSIBILITY
[C1] used to say whose responsibility something is
Dictionary example:
I can't tell you whether you should go or not - that's for you to decide.
Learner example:
It is for you to decide whet[h]er my colleagues should take part in this kind of course or not, but
all in all I would like to recommend this course.
COMPARE
[C1] when compared to a particular fact
Dictionary example:
She's quite tall for her age.
Learner example:
She spends all day indoors "stuffing" her craving for knowledge with books quite hard for her age.
for good
[C1] forever
Dictionary example:
When he was 20, he left home for good.
Learner example:
He was renting this property previously, but he went back to Sri Lanka for good.
for life
[C1] for the whole of someone's life
Dictionary example:
I will have to take this medicine for life.
Learner example:
A wedding opens a new life when the two parties commit to each other for life.
for long
[C1] for a long time
Dictionary example:
Have you been waiting for long?
Learner example:
There're departures every half an hour to the city centre, so you won't have to wait for long.
884
for the most part
[C1] mostly or usually
Dictionary example:
I enjoyed it for the most part.
Learner example:
First of all, for the most part, people have to use computers in their jobs.
for the time being

[C1] for now but not permanently
I'm living with my parents for the time being.
Leave the ironing for the time being - I'll do it later.
Learner example:
I think that is all for the time being.
for a start
[C1] used when you are giving the first in a list of reasons or things
Dictionary example:
I won't be going - I've got too much homework for a start.
Learner example:
So this creates an awareness of the obligation to look after oneself for a start.
forbid /fəˈbɪd/ (forbidding, forbade, forbidden)
Word family:
Verbs: forbid
Adjectives: forbidden
VERB [T]
[B2] to order someone not to do something, or to say that something must not
happen
I forbid you to see that boy again!
The law forbids the sale of cigarettes to underage people.
He is forbidden from leaving the country.
Learner example:
But the worst effect is when someone is driving a car and [is at] the same time talking [on a]
mobile phone: today, there is a law which forbids it.
885
forbidden /fəˈbɪd.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: forbid
Adjectives: forbidden
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not allowed, especially by law
Dictionary example:
Smoking is forbidden in the cinema.
Learner example:
She explained to me how this school works, what is allowed and what is forbidden.
force /fɔːs/
Word family:
Nouns: force
Verbs: force
Adjectives: forceful
NOUN
POWER
[B2] [U] physical strength or power
The force of the wind had brought down a great many trees in the area.
The army seized power by force.
Teachers aren't allowed to use force in controlling their pupils.
Learner example:
I understood that someone had entered [my house] by force and had stolen my television.
GROUP
[B2] [C] a group of people organized to work together for a particular purpose, for
example in military service
the security forces
the work force
He joined the police force straight after school.
Learner example:
Donald Wood [was] risking his life and that of his family in the process of reporting the vile crimes
of the SA. police force.
886
VERB [T]
GIVE NO CHOICE
[B2] to make someone do something that they do not want to do
You can't force her to make a decision.
I had to force myself to finish the match.
I didn't actually want any more dessert, but Julia forced it on me.
Learner example:
By participating in such games you force yourself to do your best.
forecast /ˈfɔː.kɑːst/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a report saying what the weather is likely to be like
Dictionary example:
The weather forecast said it was going to rain later today.
Learner example:
The weather forecast is not so good for the next two days: rain and wind.
forehead /ˈfɔː.hed/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the flat part of the face, above the eyes and below the hair
Dictionary example:
She's got a high forehead.
Learner example:
Suddenly, the girl found herself in front of the man, holding a gun against her forehead.
foreign /ˈfɒr.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: foreigner
Adjectives: foreign
ADJECTIVE
OTHER COUNTRIES
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] relating to or dealing with countries that are not your own
887
foreign policy
the Foreign Minister
Learner example:
She is also extrao[r]dinary in that she graduated from Harvard University and Tokyo University and
used to work for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a senior civil servant.
foreigner /ˈfɒr.ə.nər/
Word family:
Nouns: foreigner
Adjectives: foreign
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person who comes from another country
Dictionary example:
I was so obviously a foreigner.
Learner example:
I started my new English class last week, because I really want to master English for my dream, to
teach Japanese for foreigners.
foremost /ˈfɔː.məʊst/
ADVERB
first and foremost

[C1] more than anything else
Dictionary example:
In spite of being elected to office, she remains first and foremost a writer.
Learner example:
First and foremost it is my longing to help others with what they cannot do for themselves.
foresee /fɔːˈsiː/
Word family:
Verbs: foresee
Adjectives: foreseeable, unforeseen
VERB [T] (foreseeing, foresaw, foreseen)

[C1] to expect a future situation or event
888
Dictionary example:
I don't foresee any problems in the future.
Learner example:
Our duty is to foresee any complication before it appears.
forever (ALSO for ever) /fəˈre.vər/
ADVERB
IN FUTURE
[B1] for all time in the future
Dictionary example:
I'll love you forever.
Learner example:
I'll keep it forever in my memory!
A LONG TIME
[B2] for an extremely long time or too much time
Dictionary example:
We'd better walk a bit quicker - it's going to take forever if we go this slowly.
Learner example:
It would take forever.
forget /fəˈget/ (forgetting, forgot, forgotten)
Word family:
Verbs: forget
Adjectives: unforgettable
VERB
NOT DO
[B1] [I or T] to not remember to do something
I've forgotten to phone Jan.
Dad's always forgetting to take his pills.
Learner example:
I nearly forgot to tell you that the film is going to be on TV on the 15th of August.
889
NOT REMEMBER
[B1] [I or T] to be unable to remember a fact, something that happened, or how to do

something
I'm sorry, I've forgotten your name.
I completely forgot about Gemma's party.
I've forgotten what you do next.
I've forgotten how to operate this thing.
She'd forgotten that Lucy was coming round.
Learner example:
Although I finished intermediate class last month, I really want to learn English and I wouldn't like
to forget what I have just learnt.
STOP THINKING
[B1] [T] to stop thinking about someone or something
Dictionary example:
I'll never forget him for as long as I live.
Learner example:
But there are two things that I'll never forget: the taste of ostrich meat and egg, and the dolphins
in the wonderful ocean.
forget it
[B2] used to tell someone not to worry about something as it is not important
Dictionary example:
"I'm sorry I missed your birthday." "Forget it, it doesn't matter."
Learner example:
The teacher finally told me: "Forget it, it doesn't matter", and I felt so stupid that I couldn't do
anything save going away.
forgive /fəˈgɪv/ (forgave, forgiven)
Word family:
Nouns: forgiveness
Verbs: forgive
VERB [I or T]
NOT BE ANGRY
[B1] to decide not to be angry with someone for something they have done, or not
to punish them for something they have done
890
She never forgave her mother for lying to her.
He had betrayed her and she never forgave him.
I'd never forgive myself if anything happened to the kids.
Learner example:
I will never forgive him.
forgive me FORMAL
[B2] used before you ask or say something that might seem rude
Dictionary example:
Forgive me for asking, but how much did you pay for your bag?
Learner example:
Forgive me if I have made it seem so funny, but I'm telling you you should have seen his face.
form /fɔːm/
Word family:
Nouns: form, formation, transformation
Verbs: form, transform
NOUN [C]
GRAMMAR
[B1] a way of writing or saying a word that shows if it is singular or plural, past or
present, etc.
The continuous form of 'stand' is 'standing'.
'Hers' is the possessive form of 'her'.
'Isn't' is the short form of 'is not'.
SCHOOL GROUP
[B1] a school class or group of classes for students of the same age or ability
Dictionary example:
He's in the third form.
Learner example:
I was about 11 years old and I was in the sixth and last form of elementary.
TYPE
[B2] a type of something
Swimming is the best form of exercise.
a rare form of cancer
891
Learner example:
Bicycle fans say that cycling is a very good form of exercise.
in the form of sth

[C1] the particular way in which something appears or exists
The novel is written in the form of a series of letters.
The medicine comes in the form of a liquid or pills.
Learner example:
For all this, I can only say that I want my money back immediately, or [some] compensation in the
form of a real trip to a real country.
VERB
COMBINE
[B1] [T] to make something by combining different parts
Dictionary example:
In English, you form the present participle by adding -ing to the verb.
BEGIN TO EXIST
[B2] [I T OFTEN PASSIVE] to begin to exist or to make something begin to exist
We are learning more about how stars are formed.
A solution began to form in her mind.
Learner example:
You [are] only [attached] to material values and your life-style is formed by earning money.
START
[B2] [T] to start an organization or business
Dictionary example:
She formed her own company eleven years ago.
Learner example:
Many organizations were formed to protect the now endangered species, and people began to ask
themselves: are zoos necessary?
formal /ˈfɔː.məl/
Word family:
Adjectives: formal, informal
Adverbs: formally, informally
892
ADJECTIVE
SERIOUS AND CORRECT
[B2] describes language, clothes and behaviour that are serious and correct
Dictionary example:
a formal dinner party
Learner example:
You don't need to wear formal clothes.
STUDY
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] Formal education, training, etc. happens through studying
rather than working in a job.
Dictionary example:
Tom had little formal schooling.
Learner example:
I never had any formal training in computers but I know how to operate the system, to make files
and to use [the] internet.
OFFICIAL
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] public or official
Dictionary example:
a formal announcement/apology
Learner example:
For that reason, I have to ask you for a formal apology in print, where you could give the correct
version of events and also change the bad image you gave to the readers of the people of my
organisation.
formally /ˈfɔː.məl.i/
Word family:
ADVERB
OFFICIALLY
[C1] officially
Dictionary example:
The deal will be formally announced on Tuesday.
893
Learner example:
First of all I'll tell you a little about the ceremony. It's usually held in a church, (in our case, a
Catholic one as we are Catholics); the priest reads some parts of the Bible to the bridegroom
(that's usually chosen before with the couple); then they exchange rings and they'll be formally
married.
POLITELY
[C1] in a polite way
Dictionary example:
They shook hands formally.
Learner example:
On New Year's Day all members in a family got together (members who lived separately came
home), greeted [each other] more formally than usual, and ate the special food.
format /ˈfɔː.mæt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the way something is designed, arranged, or produced
Dictionary example:
This year's event will have a new format.
Learner example:
There is one particular format which has been consistently on air almost without any adjustments:
the soap opera.
former /ˈfɔː.mər/
Word family:
Adjectives: former
Adverbs: formerly
[B1] happening, existing or true in the past but not now
his former wife
a former employer
the former president of the United States
Learner example:
And in my town [there] is also a new Italian restaurant. It's own[ed] by my mother's former
colleague.
894
PRONOUN
the former
[B2] the first of two people, things or groups previously mentioned
Dictionary example:
Of the two suggestions, I prefer the former.
Learner example:
The former is a Chinese restaurant and the latter an Indian.
formerly /ˈfɔː.mə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: former
Adverbs: formerly
ADVERB FORMAL
[B2] in the past
Dictionary example:
The European Union was formerly called the European Community.
Learner example:
He was a hero in Japan, formerly known as the ungifted pupil from Switzerland.
formula /ˈfɔː.mjə.lə/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL formulas, formulae)
METHOD
[C1] a plan or method that is used to achieve something
Dictionary example:
There's no magic formula for success.
Learner example:
Every member of his company works as a group, rather than an individual, which is the main
formula for his company's success.
RULE
[C1] a set of letters, numbers, or symbols that are used to express a mathematical
or scientific rule
Dictionary example:
a mathematical formula
895
Learner example:
[The] teacher will play a role [in] explain[ing] new terminology to the trainees and give a clue [as
to] how different scientific equations and formulae are being used.
forthcoming /ˈfɔːθˌkʌm.ɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
HAPPENING SOON
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] happening soon
Dictionary example:
We have just received the information about the forthcoming conference.
Learner example:
I am writing this letter so as to give you the information which will help you organize all the
necessary details of the forthcoming holiday.
OFFERED
[C1] [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] If money or help is forthcoming, it is offered or given.
Dictionary example:
He insisted that no more money would be forthcoming.
Learner example:
For all these reasons, I'm sure you realise that I deserve at the very minimum to be refunded all
the money I spent on the trip and unless this is forthcoming, I shall take the matter a step further.
fortnight /ˈfɔːt.naɪt/
[B1] a period of two weeks
a fortnight's holiday
once a fortnight
a fortnight ago
Learner example:
I need it only for [a] fortnight to visit my Grandfather. I'm going to return it on 23[rd] of
December.
896
fortunate /ˈfɔː.tʃən.ət/
Word family:
Nouns: fortune, misfortune
Adjectives: fortunate, unfortunate
Adverbs: fortunately, unfortunately
ADJECTIVE
[B2] lucky
You're very fortunate to have found such a lovely house.
It was fortunate that they had left in plenty of time.
He was fortunate in his choice of assistant.
Learner example:
I was fortunate in that I had the chance to be with children on a daily basis and learn to
communicate with them.
fortunately /ˈfɔː.tʃən.ət.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B1] happening because of good luck
Dictionary example:
Fortunately, we got home before it started to rain.
Learner example:
At the moment, fortunately, the weather is fine and sunny.
fortune /ˈfɔː.tʃuːn/
Word family:
NOUN
MONEY
[B2] [C] a lot of money
897
She made a fortune selling her story to the newspapers.
He lost a fortune gambling.
His clothes cost a fortune.
Learner example:
It really made it easier for me and it would have cost me a fortune to stay in a hotel.
LUCK
[B2] [C or U] the good or bad things that happen to you
The family's fortunes changed almost overnight.
I had the good fortune to meet her.
Learner example:
Everyone was rejoicing over her good fortune and she even thought that the gods up above were
happy for her.
forty /ˈfɔː.ti/
NUMBER
(be) in your forties

Dictionary example:
By the time I'm in my forties, I want to be running my own business.
Learner example:
The man was in his early forties and he looked to be a very important man.
the forties
Dictionary example:
Most of these people were born in the forties.
Learner example:
So, I would like you to consider buying some English comedies, like those Ealing Studios [made] in
the late forties and the fifties.
898
forward /ˈfɔː.wəd/
ADVERB (ALSO forwards)
DIRECTION
[B1] towards the direction that is in front of you
Dictionary example:
She leaned forward to whisper something in my ear.
Learner example:
I had to try once again to take a step forward, gently I took a step forward.
FUTURE
[B2] towards the future
Dictionary example:
I always look forward, not back.
Learner example:
I want [you to] look a bit forward, try to ima[gine] how you will feel in one or two year[s'] [time].
PROGRESS
[C1] used to say that something is making progress
Dictionary example:
This is a big step forward for democracy.
Learner example:
For us, this would be a big step forward and a perfect motivation for the accountants.
foul /faʊl/
ADJECTIVE
UNPLEASANT
[C1] very dirty, or with an unpleasant smell
Dictionary example:
the foul smell of rotting fish
Learner example:
Each day early in the morning, a group of twenty persons picked [up] the rubbish and when we
went out to go to work, the streets were as clean as [if] there was no strike. Anyway we had to do
that if we wanted to "survive" in this foul atmosphere.
foul language
[C1] very rude and offensive words
899
Dictionary example:
There was a lot of foul language in the movie.
Learner example:
It is the responsibility of the parents not to fight or use any foul language in front of the kids, as
they may learn and use it in front of others.
found /faʊnd/
Word family:
Nouns: foundation, founder
Verbs: found
VERB [T]
START
[B2] to bring something into existence
York was founded by the Romans in the year 71 AD.
The company was founded in 1861.
Learner example:
Red Stone was founded ten years ago.
foundation /faʊnˈdeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: foundation, founder
Verbs: found
NOUN
START
[C1] [U] when an organization, state, or country is established
Dictionary example:
the foundation of a new state
Learner example:
Moreover the foundation of schools and stadiums will benefit young people.
ORGANIZATION
[C1] [C] an organization that gives money for a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
the Mental Health Foundation
900
Learner example:
A memorable event I recently attended [was] the Barbie Ball which was held at the National History
Museum in London on 1st December, to benefit the Elton John Aids Foundation.
fountain /ˈfaʊn.tɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a structure that forces water up into the air as a decoration
Dictionary example:
There is a beautiful fountain in the middle of the square.
Learner example:
The place I enjoyed the most was the park, because it had a nice atmosphere with all those happy
kids, and the most terrific fountain I've ever seen.
fox /fɒks/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a wild animal like a dog with red-brown fur, a pointed nose, and a long, thick
tail
Dictionary example:
A fox came in the night and killed the chickens.
Learner example:
One day, the fox attacked his animals and he shouted as much as he could.
frame /freɪm/
NOUN [C]
BORDER
[B1] a border which surrounds and supports a picture, door or window
Dictionary example:
a picture/window frame
Learner example:
I'm going to buy picture frames to put the pictures in and I'll put them on the wall, around my
table.
901
STRUCTURE
[B2] the basic structure of a building, vehicle or piece of furniture that other parts
are added onto
Dictionary example:
a bicycle frame
Learner example:
In my bedroom is a big bed with a wood frame and a comfortabl[e] matt[ress].
frankly /ˈfræŋ.kli/
ADVERB
[B2] used when giving an honest and direct opinion, often one that might upset
someone
Dictionary example:
Quite frankly, I think this whole situation is ridiculous.
Learner example:
I'm asking this because quite frankly, it's the part of the festival that my friend and I enjoyed the
most.
free /friː/
Word family:
Nouns: freedom
Adjectives: free
Adverbs: freely
ADJECTIVE
NOT LIMITED
[B2] not limited or controlled
a free society
Am I free to leave now?
People should be free to say what they think.
The agreement gives companies free access to the markets of member countries.
Learner example:
The plan was this: they would call the police, which would trap the man so the child would be free
to return to his mother.
902
NOT A PRISONER
[B2] not in prison
Dictionary example:
He will soon be a free man again.
Learner example:
I will [regret it] for the rest of my life, because I wanted to be a free man...
set sb/sth free

[B2] to allow someone to leave prison or to allow a person or animal to escape
Dictionary example:
He opened the cage and set the birds free.
Learner example:
To sum up, animals should be set free and live as they should live in nature.
NOT USED
[B2] not being used by anyone
Dictionary example:
Is this seat free?
Learner example:
The hall was full of people and no seat was free.
free from/of sth

[C1] not containing or having anything harmful or unpleasant
Dictionary example:
a life free from pain
Learner example:
We can start to grow new plants so that our environment looks fresh and enchanting and free
from pesticides and sicknesses as well.
ADVERB
NO LIMIT/CONTROL
[B2] in a way that is not tied, limited, or controlled
Dictionary example:
The horse broke free and ran away.
Learner example:
If animals were born free, why [do] they have to live in a prison?
VERB [T]
[B2] to allow someone to leave a prison or place where they have been kept
Dictionary example:
After a ten-hour siege the gunman agreed to free the hostages.
903
Learner example:
We were taken hostage by a bank robber but the police came and freed us.
freedom /ˈfriː.dəm/
Word family:
Nouns: freedom
Adjectives: free
Adverbs: freely
NOUN [C or U]
BEING ALLOWED
[B2] the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever
you want to, without being controlled or limited
Children are allowed much more freedom these days.
I felt such a sense of freedom, up in the hills alone.
At university, you have the freedom to do what you want.
Everyone should be allowed freedom of choice.
Learner example:
[The car] gives some freedom of choice: I can move quick[ly] from one place to another, I don't
waste time on public transport and in winter [it] protects me from [the] cold and rain.
freely /ˈfriː.li/
Word family:
Nouns: freedom
Adjectives: free
Adverbs: freely
ADVERB
[B2] without being controlled or limited
For the first time in months she could move freely.
Exotic foods are freely available in supermarkets.
She freely admits that she was partly to blame.
We encourage the victims to talk freely about their experiences.
Learner example:
We have always been able to speak freely with each other and this letter is no exception.
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freeze /friːz/
Word family:
Nouns: freezer
Verbs: freeze
Adjectives: freezing, frozen
VERB (froze, frozen)
ICE
[B1] [I or T] If something freezes or is frozen, it becomes hard and solid because it is

very cold.
Water freezes at a temperature of 0°C.
The ground had frozen hard/solid.
When the lake freezes (over), we can go skating on it.
Learner example:
Sometimes the roads [ar]e frozen and the cars cannot pass.
FOOD
[B1] [I or T] to make food last a long time by making it very cold and hard
I'll freeze any food that's left over.
Most soups freeze well.
PERSON
[B2] [I] to feel very cold
Dictionary example:
Without a sleeping bag, you would freeze to death out there on the mountainside.
Learner example:
The weather is warm in the summer but when the winter comes... get ready to freeze!
NOT MOVE
[B2] [I] to suddenly stop moving, especially because you are frightened
Dictionary example:
She saw someone outside the window and froze.
Learner example:
I froze with terror.
905
freezer /ˈfriː.zər/
Word family:
Nouns: freezer
Verbs: freeze
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large container operated by electricity in which food can be frozen and
stored
Dictionary example:
There's some ice cream in the freezer.
Learner example:
It is about that beautiful vase you had on the freezer in the kitchen.
freezing /ˈfriː.zɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: freezer
Verbs: freeze
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely cold
It's absolutely freezing in here - can I close the window?
They survived for four hours in the freezing water.
After walking through the snow, my feet were freezing.
Learner example:
At the moment, I am here in England and it is absolutely freezing.
frequent /ˈfriː.kwənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: frequent
Adverbs: frequently
ADJECTIVE
[B1] happening often
a frequent visitor to the US
The most frequent cause of death is heart attack.
906
Learner example:
I am a frequent visitor to your cinema and I really like the films you show.
frequently /ˈfriː.kwənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: frequent
Adverbs: frequently
ADVERB
[B1] often
frequently asked questions
I see him quite frequently.
The buses run less/more frequently at certain times.
Learner example:
I met a beautiful girl and now we are seeing each other frequently, about twice a week.
fresh /freʃ/
ADJECTIVE
DIFFERENT
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] new or different from what was there before
We're looking for fresh ideas.
We need to take a fresh look at the problem.
They decided to move abroad and make a fresh start.
Learner example:
In fact, it was the chance of a new life, the opportunity to make a fresh start.
CLEAN/COOL
[B1] smelling clean or feeling pleasantly cool
Dictionary example:
a fresh smell/breeze
Learner example:
The water was wonderfully fresh.
fresh air
[B1] air outside buildings or away from the city that is clean and cool
907
Dictionary example:
Let's go outside and get some fresh air.
Learner example:
I think [it] would be better [to] go to the south east to the countryside and have a nice relaxing
time with lots of fresh air.
RECENT
[B2] recently made, done, arrived, etc., and especially not yet changed by time
There was a fresh fall of snow during the night.
Some people like the smell of fresh paint, but I don't.
The events of last year are still fresh in people's minds.
Learner example:
I don't know if it is the most embar[r]assing moment of my life, but it is still fresh in my memory
and I get embar[r]assed every time I think of it.
NOT TIRED
[C1] having a lot of energy and not feeling tired
Dictionary example:
We got up the next day feeling fresh and relaxed.
Learner example:
Before the test, you should have your breakfast with a cup of coffee to make yourself feel fresh.
friction /ˈfrɪk.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
[C1] disagreement or dislike caused by people having different opinions
Dictionary example:
There’s less friction in relationships when you use teamwork.
Learner example:
Money spen[t] on shopping can also be the cause of friction or arguments between husbands and
wives.
friend /frend/
Word family:
Nouns: friend, friendliness, friendship
Adjectives: friendly, unfriendly
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NOUN [C]
be friends (with sb)

[B1] to know and like someone
Dictionary example:
I've been friends with Jo for years.
Learner example:
He was really happy too, so we began to be friends.
make friends (with sb)

[B1] to begin to know and like someone
He finds it difficult to make friends.
He's made friends with a boy in his class called Alex.
Learner example:
Although I didn't know anyone in this club, I immediately made friends with Maria and Rosaria.
friendliness /ˈfrend.li.nəs/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B2] the quality of being friendly
Dictionary example:
It was the friendliness of the people that struck me.
Learner example:
Your description of the people, their everyday life, their characters and their friendliness reflects
that you really had an excellent time here.
friendly /ˈfrend.li/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
be friendly with sb
[B1] to know and like someone
909
Dictionary example:
Her brother is quite friendly with my brother.
Learner example:
The teacher is friendly with the students, but a bit [strict] at the same time.
friendship /ˈfrend.ʃɪp/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] when two people are friends
a close friendship
I value her friendship above anything else.
Learner example:
I hope our friendship will become stronger and maybe he should become my boyfriend!
fright /fraɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: fright
Verbs: frighten
Adjectives: frightened, frightening
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
[C1] a sudden feeling of shock and fear
That dog gave me a terrible fright.
She screamed in fright when she saw him.
Learner example:
She suddenly realised she was being followed, so, speechless with fright, began to stride along
back to her car.
frighten /ˈfraɪ.tən/
Word family:
Nouns: fright
Verbs: frighten
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VERB [T]
[B2] to make someone feel fear
He frightens me when he drives so fast.
The noise frightened me to death.
Learner example:
I have no interest in lizards. Whatever their characters are, their appearance always frightens me.
frightened /ˈfraɪ.tənd/
Word family:
Nouns: fright
Verbs: frighten
ADJECTIVE
[B1] feeling fear or worry
Are you frightened of spiders?
I was frightened (that) you would fall.
She gets frightened when he shouts at her.
The policewoman found a frightened child in the hut.
Learner example:
We were both frightened and didn't know what to do.
frightening /ˈfraɪ.tən.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: fright
Verbs: frighten
ADJECTIVE
[B1] making you feel fear
a frightening thought
a frightening film
Learner example:
I like frightening films, so I'm going to buy it.
911
frog /frɒg/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small, green animal with long back legs for jumping that lives in or near
water
Dictionary example:
The frogs down at the lake were making a lot of noise.
Learner example:
That was my favourite place, because there were ducks, some frogs, and many butterflies as well
as birds.
from /frɒm/
PREPOSITION
COMPARING
[B1] used when you are saying how similar or different two things, people or places
are
University is very different from school.
His opinion could hardly be more different from mine.
The two sisters are so similar that it's almost impossible to tell one from the other.
Learner example:
His clothes are very different from everyone else['s].
CAUSE
[B2] used to show the cause of something or the reason why something happens
He was rushed to hospital but died from his injuries.
You could tell she wasn't lying from the fear in her voice.
Learner example:
Many people have died from car accidents.
CHANGE
[B2] used to show a change in the state of someone or something
Things went from bad to worse.
She has been promoted from manager to director.
912
Learner example:
On the other hand the number of animals living in freedom, for example the number of tigers,
elephants and lions in Africa or Asia, is decreasing more and more, because their living conditions
have gone from bad to worse.
POSITION
[B2] used to show the position of something in comparison with other things, or
the point of view of someone when considering a matter or problem
From the restaurant there is a beautiful view of Siena.
She was talking from her own experience of the problem.
From our point of view, we do not see how these changes will benefit the company.
Learner example:
The job was hard, but from my point of view, it was worth [it].
PREVENTING
[B2] used to show what someone is not allowed to do or know, or what has been
stopped happening
He's been banned from driving for six months.
For many years, the truth was kept from the public.
Learner example:
Wouldn't it be better if cars were banned from the Central Business District in order to avoid traffic
jams and stress[?]
from side to side

[B2] If something moves from side to side, it moves from left to right and back
again repeatedly.
Dictionary example:
swinging from side to side
Learner example:
I began to understand it when I went [to] Kenya in 1986, because I had the wonderful chance to
look at the animals in their natural [surroundings], without being in a cage, walking nervously
from side to side.
from time to time

[B2] sometimes but not often
Dictionary example:
From time to time I still think of her.
Learner example:
I wash the dishes from time to time (I sometimes try to avoid this unpleasant duty) and clean our
house.
913
a week/six months/ten years, etc. from now
[B2] a week/six months/ten years, etc. after the time when you are speaking
Dictionary example:
Who knows what we'll all be doing five years from now?
Learner example:
Have you ever thought about what clothes will look like in 100 years from now?
from then/that day, etc. on

[C1] starting then, that day, etc. and continuing into the future
From then on, he began to keep all her letters and cards.
They were good friends from that day on.
Learner example:
It happened like a miracle, suddenly I could speak quite well and I had lots of friends and from
then on, I had a very nice time and I lived the best experience I've ever live[d] in my short life.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
from scratch
[C1] If you do something from scratch, you do it from the beginning.
Dictionary example:
We didn't have any furniture of our own so we had to start from scratch.
Learner example:
That means you don't have to start from scratch with your teacher.
front /frʌnt/
NOUN
in front
[B1] further forward than someone or something else
The car in front suddenly stopped and I went into the back of it.
She started talking to the man in front of her.
914
Learner example:
As the concert finished, I heard someone call my name. I beli[e]ved it was my imagination or
perhaps a dream because I couldn't see anyone in front, behind or opposite me.
[B1] in or at the front of something
the front door/garden
the front page of the newspaper
One of his front teeth is missing.
I'd like two seats in the front row.
Learner example:
So let's meet at the front gate, at 9:15 pm.
frost /frɒst/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a thin, white layer of ice that forms on surfaces at night when it is very cold, or
a time when the temperature is very cold and water freezes
When I woke up this morning the ground was covered with frost.
There was a frost last night.
There were a lot of hard frosts that winter.
Learner example:
Thirdly, you do not have to worry about rain, wind, frost or other bad weather conditions.
frozen /ˈfrəʊ.zən/
Word family:
Nouns: freezer
Verbs: freeze
ADJECTIVE
FOOD
[B1] Frozen food has been made so that it will last a long time by freezing.
Dictionary example:
We don't have any fresh vegetables, only frozen peas.
915
Learner example:
Nowadays, we do not need anymore to spend hours cooking, we just put some frozen food in the
microwave, and in a few minutes our meal is ready.
WATER
[B1] turned into ice
Dictionary example:
They skated over the frozen lake.
PERSON
[B1] INFORMAL If a person, or a part of their body is frozen, they are very cold.
Is there any heating in here? I'm frozen!
After walking through the snow, my feet were frozen stiff.
Learner example:
I was frozen, [but] after a second I had a big silly smile on my face.
fruitful /ˈfruːt.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: fruit
Adjectives: fruitful
ADJECTIVE
[C1] producing good or useful results
Dictionary example:
We had a very fruitful discussion.
Learner example:
We had a fruitful talk about his previous achievements in his first job, after which he found out
how creative he was.
frustrated /frʌsˈtreɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: frustration
Adjectives: frustrated, frustrating
ADJECTIVE
[C1] annoyed because things are not happening in the way that you want, or in the
way that they should
916
I'm very frustrated at/with my lack of progress.
Fans are frustrated by their lack of success this season.
Learner example:
What, however, made us very frustrated was that there was no opportunity for us to take an exam
at the end of this month.
frustrating /frʌsˈtreɪ.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: frustration
ADJECTIVE
[C1] making you feel frustrated
a frustrating situation
It's frustrating to see money going to waste like that.
Learner example:
When you are working and you are in a hurry to get to your work place on time, waiting for the
bus becomes quite annoying and frustrating.
frustration /frʌsˈtreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: frustration
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the feeling of being annoyed because things are not happening in the way that
you want, or in the way that they should
Dictionary example:
I could sense his frustration at not being able to help.
Learner example:
So we had to leave hungry and with a certain feeling of frustration and disappointment.
fry /fraɪ/
Word family:
Verbs: fry
Adjectives: fried
917
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to cook food in hot oil or fat, or to be cooked in hot oil or fat
Dictionary example:
Fry the mushrooms in a little butter.
Learner example:
I was frying some chicken as my wife was trying to listen to the radio news.
frying pan /ˈfraɪ.ɪŋˌpæn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a flat, metal pan with a long handle that is used for frying food
Dictionary example:
Chop the mushrooms and put them in the frying pan.
fuel /ˈfjuː.əl/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a substance that is burned to provide heat or power
Wood, coal, oil, petrol and gas are all different kinds of fuel.
unleaded fuel
Learner example:
And third, if a rising number of people use a bike instead of their car, traffic density will decrease
which is, again, good for [the] environment because there [will be] fewer traffic jams [and]
therefore less fuel consumption and less pollution.
fulfil /fʊlˈfɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: fulfilment
Verbs: fulfil
Adjectives: fulfilling
VERB (fulfilling, fulfilled)
fulfil a duty/promise/responsibility, etc.

[C1] to do something that you have promised to do or that you are expected to do
Dictionary example:
He has failed to fulfil his duties as a father.
918
Learner example:
Therefore, she fulfils her duties carefully and precisely.
fulfil an ambition/dream/goal, etc.

[C1] to do something that you really wanted to do
Dictionary example:
She has finally fulfilled her childhood ambition to swim with dolphins.
Learner example:
For numerous football fans who seek to fulfil their ambitions in the computer world I would
recommend The Cup of Life.
fulfil a function/need/role, etc.

[C1] to do something that is necessary or useful
Dictionary example:
You seem to fulfil a very useful role in the organization.
Learner example:
The reason is obviously not a lack of intelligence but mainly duties with educating children,
housework and fulfilling the conservative role of women.
fulfil criteria/requirements/qualifications, etc.

[C1] to have all the qualities that are wanted or needed for something
Dictionary example:
You have to fulfil certain requirements to qualify for the competition.
Learner example:
It fulfils all the criteria expressed above, and has a swimming pool too.
full /fʊl/
Word family:
Adjectives: full
Adverbs: fully
ADJECTIVE
GREATEST POSSIBLE
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] the greatest possible
James is very bright, but he doesn't make full use of his abilities.
Nobody got full marks in the spelling test.
We were driving at full speed all the way.
Learner example:
It was like paradise on earth, until an old man, armed with a shotgun, told us to leave! So we left
at full speed!!!
919
in full
[B1] completely and with nothing missing
Dictionary example:
The bill must be paid in full by the end of the month.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, I wasn't able to read the e-mail in full, but as I underst[oo]d, he wanted to
apologise [for] what had happened between us many years ago.
FOOD
[B2] (ALSO full up) INFORMAL having eaten enough food

Dictionary example:
No more cake for me, thanks, I'm full.
Learner example:
After having [a] big lunch, he was full up.
full stop /ˌfʊlˈstɒp/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a mark (.) that is put at the end of a sentence, or at the end of a word that has
been shortened
full-time /ˌfʊlˈtaɪm/
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
[B1] happening or working for the whole of the working week and not only part of
it
a full-time job
Most children in the UK remain in full-time education until they are at least 16 years old.
She went back to work full time when her youngest child went to school.
Learner example:
So I decided to take [a] full-time course.
fully /ˈfʊl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: full
Adverbs: fully
920
ADVERB
[B1] completely
The restaurant was fully booked.
Have you fully recovered from your illness?
a fully qualified teacher
fumes /fjuːmz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[C1] strong, unpleasant, and often dangerous gas or smoke
Dictionary example:
car exhaust fumes
Learner example:
Cars emit fumes that are very dangerous.
fun /fʌn/
NOUN [U]
for fun or for the fun of it

[B1] for pleasure and not for any other reason.
Dictionary example:
I ran but just for fun.
Learner example:
Fortunately I discovered that [the email] wasn't for me. I didn't appreciate that there were people
that were sending things like that just for fun.
make fun of sb/sth

[B2] to make a joke about someone or something in an unkind way
Dictionary example:
The other children at school used to make fun of his hair.
Learner example:
I didn't want to tell other people because I didn't want them to make fun of me.
921
function /ˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: function
Adjectives: functional
NOUN [C]
PURPOSE
[B2] the purpose of something or the particular responsibility of someone
Each button has a different function.
I'm not quite sure what my function is within the company.
Learner example:
Apart from that, zoos have got an educational function.
EVENT
[C1] a large, formal party or ceremony
Dictionary example:
a charity function
Learner example:
Almost 600 people gathered at my main wedding function.
functional /ˈfʌŋk.ʃən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: function
Adjectives: functional
ADJECTIVE
[B2] designed to be practical and useful
Dictionary example:
functional clothing
Learner example:
Like many other people, I used to see my camera as a very functional object without being really
fond of it.
fund /fʌnd/
Word family:
Nouns: fund, funding
Verbs: fund
922
NOUN
[C1] [C] an amount of money collected, saved, or provided for a purpose
Dictionary example:
a pension fund
Learner example:
A fund in her name has been made for handicapped children and the amount in this fund is
growing fast.
funds
[C1] [PLURAL] money needed or available to spend on something
Dictionary example:
The charity closed down due to lack of funds.
Learner example:
Due to the limited funds available to the commit[t]ee responsible for the festivities, the location
was not in accordance with the expectations.
VERB [T]
[C1] to provide the money to pay for an event, activity or organization
The company has agreed to fund my trip to Australia.
The new college is being privately funded.
Learner example:
We'd like to suggest, as an alternative, that by opening the Centre to [the] public when the Centre
is less crowded, you'll be able to fund the changes.
funding /ˈfʌnd.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: fund, funding
Verbs: fund
NOUN [U]
[C1] money given by a government or organization for an event or activity
Dictionary example:
The company received state funding for the project.
Learner example:
I must admit that this is an important community project that has long been neglected due to lack
of Council funding.
923
funeral /ˈfjuː.nər.əl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a ceremony for burying or burning the body of a dead person
The funeral will be held next Friday.
Over 300 people attended the funeral.
Learner example:
She was crying at his funeral.
funny /ˈfʌn.i/
ADJECTIVE
STRANGE
[B1] strange, surprising, unexpected or difficult to explain or understand
He's got some funny ideas about how to bring up children.
That's funny - I'm sure I left my keys here.
A funny thing happened to me on the way here.
Do you think this jacket looks a bit funny with these trousers?
Learner example:
We often see people talking about fitness and health, [but] the funny thing for me is that
everybody really looks worried about it although they don't do anything to make it better.
fur /fɜːr/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the thick hair that covers the bodies of some animals, like cats or rabbits
Dictionary example:
She stroked the rabbit's soft fur.
Learner example:
I find the killing of animals for fur an awful, disgusting thing.
924
furious /ˈfjʊə.ri.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: fury
Adjectives: furious
Adverbs: furiously
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extremely angry
I was late and he was furious with me.
He's furious about/at the way he's been treated.
Learner example:
He was absolutely furious, having learned about our engagement.
furiously /ˈfjʊə.ri.ə.sli/
Word family:
Nouns: fury
Adjectives: furious
Adverbs: furiously
ADVERB
[B2] in a very angry way
Dictionary example:
"Get out of here!" she shouted furiously.
Learner example:
"Put that light out", I shouted furiously after those sleepless nights.
furnished /ˈfɜː.nɪʃt/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If a room or building is furnished, there is furniture in it.
Dictionary example:
He's renting a fully furnished apartment by the river.
Learner example:
The so called Student Study Centre was quite noisy and poorly furnished.
925
further /ˈfɜː.ðər/
a further 10/100, etc.

[C1] additional
Dictionary example:
A further 20 stores will be opening in Europe next year.
Learner example:
As a matter of fact, only 5% of the total income was taken to pay for administration costs, and a
further 10% to pay for the cost of entertainment.
ADVERB
DISTANCE
[B1] (comparative of far) at or to a place or time that is a longer distance away
Dictionary example:
Let's walk a bit further down the road.
Learner example:
When we left your place we drove on the motorway to Trier and further on to Luxembourg.
MORE
[B2] more
He refused to discuss the matter further.
Did you get any further with your research?
Learner example:
I demand a full refund or I will be forced to take this mat[t]er further.
furthermore /ˌfɜː.ðəˈmɔːr/
ADVERB
[B2] in addition to what has just been said
Furthermore, we have a duty to defend our country.
Furthermore, we found that the results varied according to what time of day the sample was
taken.
Learner example:
I am 22 years of age and I have a degree in tourism. Furthermore, I have a working knowledge of
English, Spanish, Catalan and Italian.
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furthest /ˈfɜː.ðɪst/
ADVERB
[B1] most distant
Dictionary example:
That's the furthest I can see without glasses.
fuss /fʌs/
Word family:
Nouns: fuss
Adjectives: fussy
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
[C1] when people become excited, annoyed, or anxious about something,

especially something unimportant
What's all the fuss about?
She made such a fuss when Richard spilt a drop of coffee on her blouse!
It's all a fuss about nothing.
We tried to arrange a ceremony with as little fuss as possible.
Learner example:
The internet contains more information than any library, more easily access[i]ble and without the
fuss of library cards or the risk of losing books.
future /ˈfjuː.tʃər/
NOUN
the future
[B1] the time that is to come
Do you worry about the future?
We need to plan for the future.
I wonder what the future holds for you and me.
I'm sure at some point in the future I'll want to change jobs.
Learner example:
We talked about old times and about the future.
in future
[B1] beginning from now
927
Could you be more careful in future?
In future, I'm going to check every single piece of work that you do!
Learner example:
I hope it'll help me to understand many foreign people not only in my job, but everywhere I go in
future.
SUCCESS
[B1] [U NO PLURAL] the chance of continuing to exist or succeed
Dictionary example:
There's no future in this line of work.
Learner example:
After his father's death, he didn't want to study, so he left university, losing a good future.
in the near future

[B2] at a time that is not far away
Dictionary example:
Space travel may become very common in the near future.
Learner example:
I look forward to receiving your reply in the near future.
[B1] happening or existing in the time which is to come
future plans
in future years
What will we leave for future generations?
Learner example:
I think that it will be very important for my future career.
928
G
gadget /ˈgædʒ.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a small piece of equipment that does a particular job, especially a new type
Dictionary example:
a kitchen gadget
Learner example:
I believe that robots and hi-tech gadgets will definitely invade our private and profes[s]ional life.
gain /geɪn/
VERB
GET
[B1] [I or T] to get something useful or positive, especially over a period of time
After you've gained some experience teaching abroad you can come home and get a job.
What do you hope to gain from the course?
So who will gain from the venture?
Learner example:
You must explain to them that you need to gain some experience.
INCREASE
[B1] [T] to increase in something such as size, weight, or amount
He's gained a lot of weight in the last few months.
The car gained speed going down the hill.
Learner example:
I'm sure it is one of the best ways not to gain weight.
NOUN [C or U]
INCREASE
[C1] an increase in something such as size, weight, or amount
929
Dictionary example:
Side effects of the drugs may include tiredness, headaches or weight gain.
Learner example:
Consumption of pre-cooked meals, fast food, [and] canned food not only results in weight gain
but also cause[s] health problems.
gallery /ˈgæl.ər.i/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a room or building which is used for showing works of art
Dictionary example:
the National Portrait Gallery
Learner example:
You should go to the national gallery too.
gambling /ˈgæm.blɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: gambling, gamble
Verbs: gamble
NOUN [U]
[B2] ! the activity of betting money, for example in a game or on a horse race
Dictionary example:
Gambling can be addictive.
Learner example:
One night we went gambling in the hotel casino.
gang /gæŋ/
NOUN [C]
YOUNG PEOPLE
[B2] a group of young people who spend time together, usually fighting with other
groups and behaving badly
a gang member
He didn't want to join their gang.
930
Learner example:
It was two days ago. I wanted to [join] Joe's gang, but [first] I had to prove my courage.
CRIMINALS
[B2] a group of criminals who work together
Dictionary example:
a gang of armed robbers
Learner example:
The infamous gang had robbed twelve families of all their belongings.
gap /gæp/
NOUN [C]
SPACE
[B1] an empty space, hole or opening
She has a small gap between her front teeth.
The sun was shining through a gap in the curtains.
Learner example:
I had to deliver the test without f[il]ling the answers in the gaps.
DIFFERENCE
[B2] a difference between two things
an age gap
The gap between rich and poor is still increasing.
Learner example:
It is a general rule that there is a great gap between generations which leads to different ideas and
mentalities between children and parents.
ABSENT THING
[B2] something that is absent and stops something from being complete
Dictionary example:
There are still huge gaps in my knowledge.
Learner example:
Another huge gap [in] our town is the absence of [a] swimming pool.
TIME
[B2] a period of time spent doing something different
931
Dictionary example:
After a gap of five years, Jennifer decided to go back to work full-time.
Learner example:
Finally, on the last day, I suggest you could go [to] the market [in] town during the 3-hour gap.
garage /ˈgær.ɑːʒ/
NOUN [C]
BUSINESS
[B1] a business that repairs or sells cars, and sometimes also sells fuel
Dictionary example:
The car's still at the garage getting fixed.
Learner example:
I took it to the garage and they are fixing [it] now but it will take time to repair it.
garden /ˈgɑː.dən/
Word family:
Nouns: garden, gardener, gardening
NOUN [C]
gardens
[C1] a park or large public area where plants and flowers are grown
Dictionary example:
We visited the botanic gardens.
Learner example:
After that we are going to see the "Mary's gardens", where the photo session is going to take
place, and at 13.00 we will have lunch at the main restaurant.
gardener /ˈgɑː.dən.ər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who works in a garden, growing plants and making it look attractive
Dictionary example:
They employ two gardeners.
932
Learner example:
You can become a very good gardener and walk very long distances.
gardening /ˈgɑː.dən.ɪŋ/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B2] the job or activity of growing a garden and keeping it attractive
Dictionary example:
She enjoys gardening.
Learner example:
After four years [of] studying and doing the A level exam, I still don't have any qualification in
gardening, but I really like flowers and plants.
garment /ˈgɑː.mənt/
NOUN [C] FORMAL
[C1] a piece of clothing
Dictionary example:
They were luxurious garments, made of silk and velvet.
Learner example:
Their garments consisted of four layers of robes.
gas /gæs/
NOUN
SUBSTANCE
[B2] [C or U] a substance in a form like air that is neither solid nor liquid
Dictionary example:
Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen are all gases.
Learner example:
All people know that CO2 is a very dangerous gas for all kind[s] of animals.
933
gate /geɪt/
NOUN [C]
AIRPORT
[B1] a part of an airport where passengers get on or off an aircraft
Dictionary example:
The flight to Dublin is now boarding at gate 8.
Learner example:
I got [to] the airport and started looking for gate 23 and there he was, my friend that had c[o]me
back from London with a surprise for me.
gather /ˈgæð.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: gathering
Verbs: gather
VERB
COME TOGETHER
[B2] [I or T] to join other people somewhere to make a group, or to bring people

together into a group
A crowd had gathered to hear her speak.
Crowds of fans gathered at the stadium for the big match.
She gathered the children together and began to tell them a story.
Learner example:
People had gathered in front of a particular painting.
COLLECT
[B2] [T] to collect several things, often from different places or people
Dictionary example:
We gathered our things together and left quickly.
Learner example:
I have gathered over three hundred species: flowers, roots, leaves and other [thing]s.
THINK
[C1] [T] to think something is true because you have heard or seen information
about it
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From what I can gather, they haven't sold their house yet.
As far as I can gather, there will only be light refreshments available.
Learner example:
From a modest survey I have made among citizens of different age groups and occupations, I can
gather that both proposals have advantages and disadvantages.
gather speed/strength/support, etc.

[C1] to increase in speed/strength/support, etc.
Dictionary example:
Finally, the train began to gather speed, and we were on our way.
Learner example:
The use of railways was a bit fluctuating until around 1995, but gathered momentum after that.
gathering /ˈgæð.ə.rɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: gathering
Verbs: gather
NOUN [C]
[C1] a party or a meeting when many people get together as a group
Dictionary example:
a family gathering
Learner example:
Parks, for example, can't be used for [a] barbeque or family gathering in the winter time.
gay /geɪ/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] homosexual
gay rights
Have you told your parents you're gay yet?
Learner example:
If you are not a religious person, if you have got divorced and you want to get married again, or if
you are gay, you must get married [in a] civil [ceremony].
935
gaze /geɪz/
VERB
gaze at/into/out of, etc.

[B2] to look for a long time at something or someone or in a particular direction
He was gazing out of the window.
They gazed into each other's eyes.
Learner example:
He gazed at her and took her hand.
gear /gɪər/
NOUN
VEHICLE PART
[B2] [C USUALLY PLURAL] a set of parts in a motor vehicle or bicycle that control how fast
the wheels turn
Dictionary example:
a mountain bike with 21 gears
Learner example:
It has 24 active gears and multilink kevlor brakes.
first/second/third, etc. gear

[B2] a particular position of the gears in a motor vehicle or bicycle that controls
how fast the wheels turn
Dictionary example:
The lights turned green, but I couldn't get into first gear.
Learner example:
I wrenched the car into first gear and stormed off to the office.
EQUIPMENT
[B2] [U] the clothes and equipment used for a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
fishing/camping gear
Learner example:
I'll see you in a week and don't forget your cycling gear.
936
gender /ˈdʒen.dər/
NOUN [C or U]
SEX
[B2] FORMAL the state of being male or female

Dictionary example:
Does this test show the gender of the baby?
Learner example:
There were many speakers who talked about all sorts of subject[s] such as politics, religion,
gender identity, [and] art.
GRAMMAR
[B2] the division of nouns, pronouns and adjectives into masculine, feminine and
neuter types
Dictionary example:
In English, nouns don't have gender, but in French and Spanish, they do.
gene /dʒiːn/
Word family:
Nouns: genetics, gene
Adjectives: genetic
NOUN [C]
[C1] a part of a cell that is passed on from a parent to a child and that controls
particular characteristics
Dictionary example:
Scientists have discovered the gene responsible for causing this disease.
Learner example:
I think it would be reasonable to include capsules with human genes and the genetic material of
endangered species.
general /ˈdʒen.ər.əl/
Word family:
Adjectives: general
Adverbs: generally
937
ADJECTIVE
NOT DETAILED
[B1] not detailed, but including the most basic or necessary information
These leaflets contain some general information about the school.
It's a very general description.
I've got a general idea of how it works.
Learner example:
By seeing the film, we are able to understand the general idea of the story.
in general
[B1] usually, or in most situations
In general, men are taller than women.
In general, the weather here stays sunny.
Learner example:
In general, when anybody in my country [has a] wedding, the families invite all fri[e]nds and
n[eighbours] to the wedding.
MOST PEOPLE
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] involving or relating to most or all people, things or places
There is general concern about rising crime rates.
There seems to be general agreement on this matter.
Learner example:
The decision has already been made by general agreement.
NOT LIMITED
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] including a lot of things or subjects and not limited to only
one or a few
Dictionary example:
general knowledge
Learner example:
To improve the general knowledge of the students, it might be a good idea to offer more
newspapers than magazines.
in general
[B2] considering the whole of someone or something, and not just a particular part
of them
Dictionary example:
So, apart from the bad ankle, how are you in general?
938
Learner example:
I think that I, as well as people in general, would have been more depressed if we didn't have
light.
generalization /ˌdʒen.ər.əl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C or U] (ALSO UK generalisation)

[C1] when someone says something very basic that is often true but not always true
Dictionary example:
It's a sweeping generalization to say that girls read more than boys.
Learner example:
As the organizer of the International Student's Sports Club, I feel inclined to report from [my] own
experience that such a generalisation is not appropriate.
generalize /ˈdʒen.ər.əl.aɪz/
VERB [I] (ALSO UK generalise)

[C1] to say something very basic that is often true but not always true
Dictionary example:
You can't generalize about a continent as varied as Europe.
Learner example:
Anyway, even though it's hard to generalise, it seems clear that people don't want to work, and
want to enjoy themselves without working.
generally /ˈdʒen.ər.əl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: general
Adverbs: generally
ADVERB
USUALLY
Dictionary example:
I generally wake up early.
Learner example:
I generally prefer reading newspapers, but I don't dislike books.
939
AS A WHOLE
of them
Dictionary example:
My health is generally very good.
Learner example:
Generally, Athens has a lot of things to do.
BY MOST PEOPLE
[B2] by most people, or to most people
Dictionary example:
He is generally believed to be their best player.
Learner example:
It is generally acknowledged that it depends on the zoo because sometimes the animals are loved
and sometimes hated.
generate /ˈdʒen.ər.eɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: generation
Verbs: generate
VERB [T]
CREATE
[B2] to cause something to exist
The new development will generate 1500 new jobs.
This film has generated a lot of interest.
Learner example:
Football generates every kind of emotion: happiness, sadness, and above all passion.
MAKE ENERGY
[B2] to produce energy
Dictionary example:
The wind farm may be able to generate enough electricity for 2000 homes.
Learner example:
In France, for instance, more than three-quarters of [all] electricity is generated from nuclear
power.
940
generation /ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: generation
Verbs: generate
NOUN
PEOPLE
[B1] [C] all the people in a society or family who are approximately the same age
the older/younger generation
This is the story of three generations of women.
Learner example:
Some people say that cell phones are a bad influence on the younger generation.
TIME
[B2] [C] a period of about 25 to 30 years, the time it takes for children to become
adults and take the place of their parents in society
Our family has lived in this village for generations.
A generation ago, home computers were almost unknown.
Learner example:
Salzburg is a beautiful medieval town - it has got a wonderful cathedral, which was built by entire
generations of Italian artisans.
PRODUCT
[B2] [C] a product when it is at a particular stage of development
Dictionary example:
a new generation of computers
Learner example:
I can sum up the most important things that changed my li[f]e are the telephone, the computer,
the portable phone and of course [the] new generation of television.
ENERGY
[B2] [U] the production of energy in a particular form
Dictionary example:
electricity generation from wind and wave power
Learner example:
[T]he energy generation crisis Brazil is having to deal with [is well known].
941
generosity /ˌdʒen.əˈrɒs.ət.i/
Word family:
Nouns: generosity
Adjectives: generous
Adverbs: generously
NOUN [U]
[B2] the quality of being generous
Dictionary example:
Her friends take advantage of her generosity.
Learner example:
Anna, thank you again for your generosity.
generous /ˈdʒen.ər.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: generosity
Adverbs: generously
ADJECTIVE
WILLING TO GIVE
[B1] willing to give other people money, help, kindness, etc.
Dictionary example:
She's been very generous with her time.
Learner example:
I like her because she is a generous, kindly, interesting person.
LARGE
[C1] larger than usual or than expected
a generous discount for students
a generous portion
Learner example:
To sum up, I must correct the conclusion in your article, as the event did come up to the
organisers' expectations, [rais]ing a generous amount of money to donate to the hospital.
942
generously /ˈdʒen.ər.əs.li/
Word family:
Nouns: generosity
Adverbs: generously
ADVERB
[B2] in a generous way
Dictionary example:
Please give generously to Children in Need.
Learner example:
I can't think of any other person who opens her house so generously as you do!
genetic /dʒəˈnet.ɪk/
Word family:
Adjectives: genetic
ADJECTIVE
[C1] relating to genes
a rare genetic disorder
genetic research
Learner example:
Mendel thought that basically it is the genetic material which is responsible for the future
development of a child.
genetically modified /dʒəˌnet.ɪ.kliˈmɒd.ɪˌfaɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having had some of the genes changed by a scientific process
Dictionary example:
They are opposed to genetically modified food.
Learner example:
Despite the fact that the European Union prohibited genetically modified products in its countries,
we are still using pesticides, causing pollution and food poisoning.
943
genetics /dʒəˈnet.ɪks/
Word family:
Adjectives: genetic
NOUN [U]
[B2] the scientific study of the parts of cells which control particular characteristics
(genes)
Dictionary example:
Next year, I'll be studying genetics.
Learner example:
We use technology in order to save human live[s] and to explore strange new worlds, such as
genetics.
genius /ˈdʒiː.ni.əs/
NOUN
PERSON
[C1] [C] someone who is extremely intelligent or extremely good at doing

something
Dictionary example:
Einstein was a genius.
Learner example:
And what about Mozart - poor little genius!
gentle /ˈdʒen.tl
̩/
Word family:
Adjectives: gentle
Adverbs: gently
ADJECTIVE
KIND
[B1] kind, calm and careful not to upset or hurt anyone
Dictionary example:
My mother was such a gentle, loving person.
Learner example:
Mani is very kind and gentle.
944
NOT STRONG
[B1] not violent, severe or strong
gentle exercise
a gentle breeze
Learner example:
The weather is sunny, the gentle breeze is pure and fresh.
SLOPE
[C1] A gentle slope or climb is not steep.
Dictionary example:
It was a fairly gentle climb to the summit.
Learner example:
THE TOUR Trained guides lead people across gentle slopes towards thick woods displaying a wide
variety of birds and animal life.
gentleman /ˈdʒen.tl
̩.mən/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a polite word for 'man'
Dictionary example:
Ladies and gentlemen, the show is about to begin.
Learner example:
So she walked up on the stage and started speaking steadily into the microphone: "Ladies and
gentlemen...." This is how the story ended.
gently /ˈdʒent.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: gentle
Adverbs: gently
ADVERB
[B2] calmly, kindly or softly
Dictionary example:
He held the baby gently in his arms.
Learner example:
Now I am older and I speak to my mother very gently.
945
genuine /ˈdʒen.ju.ɪn/
Word family:
Adjectives: genuine
Adverbs: genuinely
ADJECTIVE
REAL
[B2] If something is genuine, it is really what it seems to be.
Dictionary example:
genuine leather
Learner example:
The bicycle is [a] genuine Shimano bicycle.
SINCERE
[C1] If a person or their feelings are genuine, they are sincere and honest.
Dictionary example:
They showed genuine sympathy for our situation.
Learner example:
On the other hand, it is well known in environmental management that strategies that work via
[the] people's purse are often the only way to motivate people who have little genuine interest in
environmental problems (or just too many other concerns).
genuinely /ˈdʒen.ju.ɪn.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: genuine
Adverbs: genuinely
ADVERB
[B2] in a genuine or sincere way
Dictionary example:
I'm genuinely sorry for the extra work this has caused.
Learner example:
We are all genuinely interested in English literature.
geology /dʒiˈɒl.ə.dʒi/
NOUN [U]
[C1] the study of rocks and soil and the physical structure of the Earth
946
Dictionary example:
a book about geology
Learner example:
I have graduated from school and I am now studying geology at the University of Greece.
germ /dʒɜːm/
NOUN
DISEASE
[C1] a very small living thing that causes disease
Dictionary example:
Wash your hands before cooking so that you don't spread germs.
Learner example:
I am more careful with cleaning up and taking care of my baby. It was amazing the way they spoke
about germs and dust.
gerund /ˈdʒer.ənd/
NOUN [C]
[C1] A gerund is a noun made from the form of a verb that ends with -ing, for
example 'fishing' in 'John loves fishing.'
Dictionary example:
We learned about gerunds today.
gesture /ˈdʒes.tʃər/
NOUN [C]
MOVEMENT
[C1] a movement you make with your hand, arm, or head to express what you are
thinking or feeling
Dictionary example:
He made a rude gesture at the crowd.
Learner example:
Review - The Body Speaks [...] In the second part, you are taught how to read the gestures, voice,
[and] hesitations, and analyse them.
947
ACTION
[C1] something you do to show people how you feel about a person or situation
Dictionary example:
It would be a nice gesture to invite her to dinner.
Learner example:
Dear Sir, I am the secretary of the Student Committee in Bringtown College and I am writing to
thank you for your kind gesture [in] inviting me to the opening of the new Arts Centre.
get /get/
VERB (getting, got, got)
get cancer/flu, etc.

[B1] to become ill or develop an illness
Dictionary example:
I'm getting another cold.
Learner example:
I was angry, and I got a cold!
get cold/ill/late, etc.

[B1] to start to be cold/ill/late, etc.
Your coffee's getting cold.
It's getting late.
Learner example:
It's getting late so I should finish now.
get worse
[B1] to become more ill, unpleasant, difficult, severe, etc. than before
My cold seems to be getting worse.
If the rain gets any worse, we'll have to stop walking.
Learner example:
I thought, it couldn't get worse.
get caught/killed/told off, etc.

[B1] to have something done to you. This is sometimes used instead of the usual
passive structure.
948
He got killed in the war.
She got told off in class for not paying attention.
I got bitten during the walk.
Learner example:
Two weeks ago many people at school got injured because of an explosion, so a TV company
came to film what the school is like now ...
get sth wrong

[B1] to produce an answer or result that is not correct, or to say or write something
that is not correct
I got most of the answers wrong.
The newspapers got the story completely wrong.
get sth painted/repaired, etc.

[B1] [T] to do a task, or to arrange for someone to do a task for you
Could you get the kids dressed?
I need to get my hair cut.
You must get that form sent off.
Learner example:
First I have to go to the doctor and then I have to get my teeth checked by the dentist.
get in touch
[B1] to contact someone
Dictionary example:
Please get in touch if you ever come back to Madrid.
Learner example:
Get in touch soon.
get down/into/off, etc.

[B1] to move to a different place or into a different position
Dictionary example:
I saw her getting into his car.
Learner example:
They [said] that I got into a car by myself (they thought that I had believed the story).
TELEPHONE/DOOR
[B1] [T] to deal with or answer a ringing telephone, a knock on the door, etc.
Could you get the phone, Al?
Someone's at the door - could you get it?
949
get to know sb/sth
[B1] to spend time with someone or something so that you gradually learn more
about them
The first couple of meetings are for the doctor and patient to get to know each other.
I'll need a few weeks to get to know the system.
Learner example:
I hope you can come here and get to know him.
get rid of sth

[B1] to throw something away or give something to someone because you no
longer want it
Dictionary example:
We must get rid of some of those old books.
Learner example:
Do you think I'd better get rid of the sofa and place the bookshelf [there]?
get rid of sth

[B2] to end something unpleasant
Dictionary example:
I can't seem to get rid of this headache.
Learner example:
[The] first step is to get rid of smoking.
get sb/sth to do sth

[B2] to make something happen, or make someone or something do something
I can't get my computer to work!
I'll get Ben to fix your bike.
Learner example:
We must get the councillors to change their minds.
get the feeling/idea/impression, etc.

[B2] to develop an opinion about a situation because of something that you notice
Dictionary example:
I got the feeling that she was quite angry about the situation.
Learner example:
I disagree with some points you mentioned and would like to share the impression I got from that
popular holiday report during my two-week trip.
get on sb's nerves

[B2] to annoy someone, especially by doing something again and again
950
Dictionary example:
If we spend too much time together, we end up getting on each other's nerves.
Learner example:
Sometimes, receiving a phone call can disturb very important events in [a person's] life, but [it]
also get[s] on people's nerves when you use it in a public place like a train...
get to do sth
[B2] to have the chance to do something
Dictionary example:
I never got to meet her.
Learner example:
I did get to meet a musician, a singer named Anouk.
UNDERSTAND/HEAR
[B2] [T] INFORMAL to understand or hear something
Dictionary example:
That joke that he told - did you get it?
get a grip (on yourself)

[C1] to make an effort to control your emotions and behave more calmly
Dictionary example:
Stop panicking and get a grip on yourself!
Learner example:
The best thing to do was to talk to people who were not doing the test rather than building up my
anxiety. However, I did not do this and it almost resulted in a disaster, but I got a grip on myself
and just barely passed.
get on sb's nerves

[C1] to annoy someone, especially by doing something again and again
Dictionary example:
Please stop making that noise! It really gets on my nerves.
Learner example:
My neighbour is always quarrel[l]ing with his wife. It['s] getting on my nerves!
get rid of sb
[C1] to make someone leave
Dictionary example:
She was useless at her job so we had to get rid of her.
Learner example:
Improving your English on your own (or a self-guide [on] how to get rid of your English teacher!)
get sth straight

[C1] to make sure that you completely understand a situation
951
Dictionary example:
Let me get this straight - am I paying for this?
Learner example:
Next time you should try to get your facts straight.
ghost /gəʊst/
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! the spirit of a dead person
Dictionary example:
Do you believe in ghosts?
Learner example:
We saw a horror film. It was about ghosts and vampires!
giant /ˈdʒaɪ.ənt/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] extremely large
Dictionary example:
a giant spider
Learner example:
Harry Potter fought with the giant snake and he won.
NOUN [C]
IMAGINARY MAN
[C1] an imaginary man who is much bigger and stronger than ordinary men
Dictionary example:
The story is about a friendly giant.
Learner example:
People have always seen him as a "big friendly giant", always ready to help those who are in need.
gift /gɪft/
NOUN [C]
ABILITY
[C1] a natural ability or skill
952
Dictionary example:
She has a gift for design.
Learner example:
He understands the thought processes of children quite well, and has a gift for making difficult
concepts understandable to youngsters, which obviously means he would be a very good
supervisor.
gifted /ˈgɪf.tɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] A gifted person has a natural ability or is extremely intelligent.
a gifted athlete
a school for gifted children
Learner example:
Roger Federer is a young and extremely gifted tennis player.
giraffe /dʒɪˈrɑːf/ (PLURAL giraffes)
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large African animal with a very long neck and long legs
Dictionary example:
Giraffes are the tallest land animals.
Learner example:
Animals like elephants, giraffes and exotic birds must be free. How would you feel living inside a
cage?
girl /gɜːl/
NOUN [C]
the girls
[B1] a group of female friends
Dictionary example:
I'm going out with the girls tonight.
Learner example:
We w[ere] dancing all night at the club [and] I really enjoyed my time with the girls.
953
girlfriend /ˈgɜːl.frend/
NOUN [C]
FRIEND
[B1] a female friend of a girl or woman
Dictionary example:
She's going out with her girlfriends tonight.
Learner example:
I buy clothes once a month, and I usually go shopping with my mother or my girlfriends.
give /gɪv/
VERB [T] (gave, given)
ALLOW
[B1] [+ TWO OBJECTS] to allow someone to have a right or an opportunity
Dictionary example:
We didn't really give him a chance to explain.
Learner example:
I'll see you at seven o'clock to give you the chance to explain.
CAUSE
[B1] [+ TWO OBJECTS] to produce or cause something
What you said has given me an idea.
The sudden noise gave me quite a shock.
This announcement will give hope to millions of sufferers.
Learner example:
I hope this [will] give you an idea of what I like.
ALLOW TIME
[B1] [+ TWO OBJECTS] to allow someone or something a particular amount of time
Dictionary example:
I'm nearly ready - just give me a few minutes.
Learner example:
Do you think you would be able to give me 2 hours more on Friday?
PAY MONEY
[B1] [+ TWO OBJECTS] to pay someone a particular amount of money for something
954
Dictionary example:
I gave him £20 for his old camera.
DO
[B1] to perform an action
She gave a cry.
He gave her a kiss on the cheek.
She gave me a big hug.
Learner example:
When he saw me, he gave me a big, warm hug and a sweet kiss.
give a performance/speech, etc.

[B2] to perform or speak in public
Dictionary example:
Tony gave a great speech to open the conference.
Learner example:
We would be very happy if you [could] come to our school and give a speech.
give birth
[B2] When a woman or an animal gives birth, she produces a baby from her body.
Dictionary example:
She gave birth to twins.
Learner example:
The most important person in my life is the person who gave birth to me, my mother.
give sth a miss

[C1] to not do an activity
Dictionary example:
I think I'll give aerobics a miss this evening.
Learner example:
For this reason, I don't encourage you to buy the Spanish version of these CDs. I think you should
give it a miss. Kind regards
give way
[C1] to stop in order to allow other vehicles to go past before you drive onto a
bigger road
Dictionary example:
You must give way at this junction.
Learner example:
Of course, you have to remember to give way to the pedestrians, to respect the signs and to push
on the brake when you see a red light.
955
give sb your word
[C1] to promise someone something
Dictionary example:
Paolo gave me his word that he wouldn't tell anyone.
Learner example:
I give you my word that it will never happen again.
glad /glæd/ (gladder, gladdest)
WILLING
[B2] very willing to do something
Dictionary example:
She's always glad to help.
Learner example:
I know him personally and I'm sure he'll be very glad to help you.
be glad of sth FORMAL
[C1] to be grateful for something
Dictionary example:
I was glad of a few days off before going back to work.
Learner example:
We are glad of the changes [at] the Sports Centre even if the changes do not solve all [the]
problems.
glamour /ˈglæm.ər/
NOUN [U]
[C1] the quality of being attractive, exciting and special
Dictionary example:
the glamour of Hollywood
Learner example:
The red carpet, the glamour, the glitter, the fame are things we all dream about at one point or
another [in] our lives.
956
glance /glɑːnts/
VERB
glance at/around/towards, etc.

[B1] to look somewhere for a short time
Dictionary example:
He glanced at his watch.
Learner example:
From my seat [at] the café table I was glancing at this man when suddenly two men in black
jackets, and wearing sunglasses ran and tackled the stranger, knocking him out.
glance at/over/through, etc.

[B2] to read something quickly
Dictionary example:
She glanced through the newspaper.
Learner example:
As you know, I always like glancing at some international newspapers.
NOUN [C]
QUICK LOOK
[B2] a quick look
Dictionary example:
She had a quick glance around the restaurant but couldn't see him.
Learner example:
Just have a glance at the enclosed menu.
at a glance
[C1] If you see something at a glance, you see it very quickly or immediately.
Dictionary example:
He could tell at a glance that something was wrong.
Learner example:
You could tell at a glance that Peter was a loner.
glimpse /glɪmps/
NOUN [C]
[C1] when you see something or someone for a very short time
957
Dictionary example:
He caught/got a glimpse of her as she got into the car.
Learner example:
If you go to Canada, like I did, you will enjoy great camping in the Rockies and might even catch a
glimpse of the famous bears.
global /ˈgləʊ.bəl/
Word family:
Nouns: globalization, globe
Adjectives: global
Adverbs: globally
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to the whole world
a global disaster
the global problem of nuclear waste
the global economy
Learner example:
The improvement of electronics and global communications has made it possible to keep [in]
close contact with friends all over the world.
globalization (ALSO UK globalisation) /ˌgləʊ.bəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Adjectives: global
Adverbs: globally
NOUN [U]
[C1] the process by which businesses operate in many different countries and the
culture of different countries becomes more similar
the globalization of big brands
the globalisation of fashion
Learner example:
Thanks to globalisation, fast food has arrived [in] Argentina, as almost everywhere in the world.
958
globally /ˈgləʊ.bəl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: global
Adverbs: globally
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that relates to the whole world
Dictionary example:
The company has to be able to compete globally.
Learner example:
Since I went to Canada, I realized we should think about environmental pollution globally.
global warming /ˌgləʊ.bəlˈwɔːr.mɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a gradual increase in world temperatures caused by polluting gases
Dictionary example:
Very few people now deny that global warming is caused by humankind.
Learner example:
Also, due to global warming, sea levels might rise and [the] risk of flooding will also rise.
glory /ˈglɔː.ri/
NOUN [U]
PRAISE
[C1] when people praise and respect you for achieving something important
Dictionary example:
It was my idea, but she got all the glory.
Learner example:
This point of view states that it is more fulfilling for a single person to achieve a goal on [their]
own, without having to share the glory with other people and that by doing it alone, one really
feels that [one] has achieved something.
QUALITY
[C1] the quality of being very impressive or beautiful
Dictionary example:
The castle has been restored to its former glory.
959
Learner example:
Two years ago, the state, helped by the community of the island, gave birth to an ambitious plan
to restore this beach to its former glory.
go /gəʊ/
VERB (going, went, gone)
go badly/well, etc.
[B1] to develop in a particular way
My exams went really well.
"How did your interview go?" - "Rather badly!"
Something's gone wrong with my computer.
Learner example:
I hope everything is going well.
go wrong
[B1] to develop problems
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Despite all that went wrong, there was something I really enjoyed. It was visiting the Diamond
Cave.
DISAPPEAR
[B1] [I] to disappear or no longer exist
The food had gone by the time we got to the party.
When I turned round, the man had gone.
Learner example:
When I came to take my suitcase, it had gone!
MATCH
[B1] [I] If two things go, they match each other.
That top doesn't go with these trousers.
This jacket and skirt don't go together do they?
go bald/blind/grey, etc.
[B1] to become bald/blind/grey, etc.
960
Dictionary example:
He went bald in his twenties.
LEAD
[B1] [I] If a road, path, etc. goes in a particular direction, it leads there.
Dictionary example:
This road goes to Birmingham.
SONG
[B2] [I or T] to have a particular tune or words
Dictionary example:
I can't remember how his latest song goes.
TIME
[B2] [I] If time goes, it passes.
Dictionary example:
The day went very quickly.
Learner example:
But the time went so quickly and now I am in my early sixties [with] a lot of spare time.
go into detail/s
[B2] to tell or include all the facts about something
Dictionary example:
I won't go into detail over the phone, but I've been having a few health problems recently.
Learner example:
In one of his books he really goes into detail [about] how children treat other children [who] have
difficulties with their "new" [language].
go red
[B2] If someone goes red, their face becomes red because they are embarrassed or
angry.
Dictionary example:
He kissed her on the cheek and she went bright red.
Learner example:
When Paul saw the girl who had got blond hair and bluish eyes, his face suddenly went red.
it goes without saying

[B2] If something goes without saying, it is obvious or generally accepted.
Dictionary example:
It goes without saying that smoking is harmful to your health.
Learner example:
It goes without saying that I will participate!
961
go hand in hand
[C1] If two things go hand in hand, they exist together and are connected with each
other.
Dictionary example:
Prosperity goes hand in hand with investment.
Learner example:
Traffic and pollution go hand in hand.
keep sb going
[C1] to provide what someone needs for a short period of time
Dictionary example:
Dinner is at eight, but I had an apple to keep me going.
Learner example:
Because of health concerns, advertisements lately show the people in Holland how important it is
to have a good breakfast and that it will keep you going the whole day.
go from strength to strength

[C1] to continue to become more successful
Dictionary example:
The business is going from strength to strength.
Learner example:
To sum up, I believe that if the suggestions outlined above are put into action our magazine will
go from strength to strength.
NOUN [C] (PLURAL goes)
OPPORTUNITY
[B1] an opportunity to play in a game, or to do or use something
It's your go, Michael.
Please can I have a go on your bike?
Learner example:
But if you are ready to get wild with your fr[ie]nds, I think you should have a go.
ATTEMPT
[B2] an attempt to do something
Dictionary example:
"This jar is impossible to open." "Here, let me have a go."
962
goal /gəʊl/
NOUN [C]
AIM
[B1] an aim or purpose
Do you think I'll be able to achieve my goal of losing 5 kilos?
Andy's goal is to run in the New York Marathon.
Always set yourself realistic goals.
Learner example:
My goal for the future is to be a sail boat captain and this trip would be a good opportunity to
practise my skills.
goalkeeper /ˈgəʊlˌkiː.pər/ (INFORMAL goalie)
NOUN [C]
[B1] the player who stands in the team's goal to try to stop the other team from
scoring
Dictionary example:
Their goalkeeper was sent off in the 80th minute.
Learner example:
He is a very good goalkeeper.
goat /gəʊt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an animal with horns which is kept to provide milk, meat, etc.
Dictionary example:
goat's milk/cheese
Learner example:
You can enjoy watching camels and goats passing once in the morning and [again] in the evening.
963
god /gɒd/
NOUN [C]
Oh my God! INFORMAL
[B1] ! used to emphasize how surprised, angry, shocked, etc. you are
Dictionary example:
Oh my God! The car's been stolen.
Learner example:
Oh my god, your sister is getting married!
thank God INFORMAL
[B1] ! something you say when you are happy because something bad did not
happen
Dictionary example:
Thank God nobody was hurt in the accident.
Learner example:
"Thank God my car is OK", [he] said.
SPIRIT
[B2] ! a spirit, especially a male one, that people pray to and who has control over
parts of the world or nature
Dictionary example:
the ancient Greek gods and goddesses
Learner example:
It was circled by a halo of light as if some gods had blessed it.
golden /ˈgəʊl.dən/
Word family:
Nouns: gold
Adjectives: golden
ADJECTIVE
SPECIAL
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] special, successful, or giving someone an advantage
Dictionary example:
He's got a place at university which gives him a golden opportunity to do research.
964
Learner example:
As you know, my uncle has some friends in the music world and it was a golden opportunity when
he asked me to [help] at the Tina Turner concert!
good /gʊd/
Word family:
Nouns: good, goodness
Adjectives: good
ADJECTIVE (better, best)
MORALLY RIGHT
[B1] morally right
He's a very good person.
Learner example:
Only in this way can [we] give a good example to the new generation.
it's a good thing

[B2] If it's a good thing that something happened, it is lucky or fortunate that it
happened.
Dictionary example:
It's a good thing (that) we booked our tickets early.
Learner example:
I think it's a good thing that your parents [are going to] come, because [...] maybe it would make it
easier for you to convince them to let you spend a week here during Xmas.
Good for you!

[B2] used to show approval for someone's success or good luck
Dictionary example:
You passed your exam - good for you!
Learner example:
That's great news! Good for you!
LARGE
[C1] used to emphasize the number, amount, quality, etc. of something
Dictionary example:
There's a good chance he'll pass the exam.
Learner example:
Your children have a good chance of getting a better education.
965
be good company
[C1] to be a pleasant or interesting person to spend time with
Dictionary example:
Ann and Charles are always good company.
Learner example:
He is a bit narrow-minded and at first he'll drive you crazy, but once you get to know him he'll be
good company.
a good deal
[C1] an agreement, arrangement, or situation that benefits you
Dictionary example:
I think we got a really good deal on our new car.
Learner example:
The possibility [of] get[ting] the needed staff from our own departments is absolutely a good deal
for the company.
NOUN [U]
HELP
[B2] something that is an advantage or help to a person or situation
Even a small donation can do a lot of good.
It's hard work, but it's for your own good.
Learner example:
Please think about this, [it] is for your own good.
be no good or be not any/much good

[B2] to not be useful, helpful or valuable
Shoes are no good if they let in water.
Food aid isn't much good until the fighting stops.
Learner example:
When [it] is raining, you get wet and that's no good to anyone.
do sb good
[B2] to be useful or helpful to someone
Dictionary example:
A holiday in the sun will do you good.
Learner example:
I think that living and studying in another country will do you good.
for good
[C1] forever
966
Dictionary example:
When he was 20, he left home for good.
Learner example:
He was renting this property previously, but he went back to Sri Lanka for good.
goods /gʊdz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B1] items which are made to be sold
Dictionary example:
There is a 25% discount on all electrical goods until the end of the week.
Learner example:
You can buy all goods [there] without tax.
Google /ˈguː.gl
̩/
VERB [T]
[B2] to search for something on the Internet using the Google search engine
Dictionary example:
We Googled his name and found over 2000 sites.
gorgeous /ˈgɔː.dʒəs/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] very beautiful or pleasant
I met this gorgeous guy at Erik's party.
There's a gorgeous view from the top of the hill.
Learner example:
I met this gorgeous guy Neto, [and] we are dating.
gossip /ˈgɒs.ɪp/
NOUN
[B2] [U] conversation or reports about other people's private lives that might or
might not be true
967
an interesting piece of gossip
Have you heard the latest gossip?
Learner example:
Among them are the increasingly popular reality shows and all the daily news about gossip and
scandal.
VERB [I]
[B2] to talk about other people's private lives
Stop gossiping and get on with some work!
People have started to gossip about us.
Learner example:
First of all, I think they should accept the fact that they are well-known and they should be
observed all the time, as we are curious to know what they do and we love to gossip about others.
govern /ˈgʌv.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: government
Verbs: govern
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to control and direct the public business of a country, city, group of people,
etc.
Dictionary example:
The country is now being governed by the Labour Party.
Learner example:
He governed this area in medi[e]val times.
government /ˈgʌv.ən.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: government
Verbs: govern
NOUN
GROUP
[B1] [C + SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] the group of people who officially control a country
968
The government has/have recently cut taxes.
senior government officials
Learner example:
It [talk]ed about the anti-violen[ce] programm[e]s funded by the government.
PROCESS
[B2] [U] the method or process of governing a country
Dictionary example:
a new style of government
grab /græb/
VERB (-bb-)
TAKE WITH HAND
[B1] [I or T] to take hold of something or someone suddenly
Dictionary example:
A mugger grabbed her handbag as she was walking across the park.
Learner example:
I quickly hung up and grabbed clothes and my cell phone.
TAKE QUICKLY
[B2] [T] to get something quickly
Dictionary example:
Can everyone grab a handout, please?
Learner example:
We grab a burger on our way to work and a milkshake on our way back home.
grab the opportunity/chance

[C1] to take an opportunity quickly and with enthusiasm
I'd grab the opportunity to travel.
If you get the chance to meet her, you should grab it.
Learner example:
I do admit that I could be more sociable and could grab the opportunity and meet many of my
neighbours.
grab sb's attention INFORMAL
[C1] to attract someone's attention
969
Dictionary example:
The advertisement is designed to grab people's attention.
Learner example:
We have to find the books that best grab the reader's attention.
grace /greɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: grace
Verbs: grace
Adjectives: graceful
NOUN [U]
MOVEMENT
[C1] the quality of moving in a smooth, relaxed, and attractive way
Dictionary example:
She moved with grace and elegance.
Learner example:
As with the sport I mentioned before, it also has the grace and elegance of a dancer and the
technique, of course, of a skater.
graceful /ˈgreɪs.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: grace
Verbs: grace
Adjectives: graceful
ADJECTIVE
MOVEMENT/SHAPE
[C1] moving in a smooth, relaxed, and attractive way, or having a smooth,

attractive shape
graceful movements
a graceful neck
Learner example:
One of the reasons for its popularity is that Hebe was a famous singer years ago, so her fans are
the audience of her show. She is graceful, talented, impartial and spontaneous.
970
grade /greɪd/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a number or letter that shows how good someone's work or performance is
Steve never studies, but he always gets good grades.
Carla got a grade A in German.
Learner example:
I was really surprised when I read this mail. I passed with very good grades.
VERB
LEVEL
[C1] to separate people or things into different levels of quality, size, importance,
etc.
Dictionary example:
The fruit is washed and then graded by size.
Learner example:
Our members graded everything on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being very poor, and 5 being
excellent.
gradual /ˈgræd.jʊ.əl/
Word family:
Adjectives: gradual
Adverbs: gradually
ADJECTIVE
[B2] happening slowly over a period of time
Dictionary example:
a gradual change/improvement
Learner example:
There was a gradual rise in 1992.
gradually /ˈgræd.jə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: gradual
Adverbs: gradually
971
ADVERB
[B2] slowly over a period of time or a distance
Dictionary example:
Gradually, she realized that he wasn't telling her the truth.
Learner example:
Books will gradually disappear, and instead we will read all the things we want [o]n our computer.
graduate
NOUN [C] /ˈgrædʒ.u.ət/

[B2] a person who has a first degree from a university or college
Dictionary example:
a science graduate
Learner example:
He is a graduate in Ancient History and he has done post-graduate studies in Archaeology.
VERB /ˈgrædʒ.u.eɪt/
[B2] [I] to complete a first university degree successfully
Tom has just graduated with first-class honours in psychology.
He graduated from Oxford University last year.
Learner example:
I graduated from university last year, and I am studying English now.
grand /grænd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] very large and special
a grand hotel
the Grand Canal
Learner example:
Do you want to live in a grand mansion, an expensive flat or even a castle?
972
grant /grɑːnt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an amount of money provided by a government or organization for a special

purpose
Dictionary example:
a student/research grant
Learner example:
I'd like to know if I have to pay [for] my ticket (Valencia-Kent) or if [there]'s some kind of grant
that I could apply for.
VERB
GIVE
[B2] [T] FORMAL to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way
Dictionary example:
He was granted asylum.
Learner example:
He came to the USA in 1990 and was granted a permanent resident status.
take sb/sth for granted

[B2] to not show that you are grateful for someone or something, and forget that
you are lucky to have them
Dictionary example:
Most of us take our freedom for granted.
Learner example:
So don't take the telephone for granted, but keep in mind that our modern way of life is mainly
due to its invention.
take it for granted

[B2] to believe that something is true without checking or thinking about it
Dictionary example:
I took it for granted that we'd be invited to the wedding.
Learner example:
I have taken it for granted that you will arrive for dinner.
graph /grɑːf/
Word family:
Nouns: graph, graphics
973
NOUN [C]
[B2] a picture with measurements marked on it as lines or curves, used to compare

different things or show the development of something
Dictionary example:
This graph shows how crime has varied in relationship to unemployment over the last 20 years.
Learner example:
The graph shows the amount of carbon dioxide produced from a range of sources in the UK from
1980 to 2000.
graphics /ˈgræf.ɪks/
Word family:
Nouns: graph, graphics
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B1] images shown on a computer screen
Dictionary example:
computer graphics
Learner example:
The film was full of special effects created with the help of computer graphics.
grasp /grɑːsp/
VERB [T]
HOLD
[C1] to take hold of something or someone firmly
Dictionary example:
He grasped my hand enthusiastically.
Learner example:
It would take my heart away to be able to grasp his wrinkled hand and give him a kiss on the
cheek of his crimson face, as I would always do when visiting him.
UNDERSTAND
[C1] to understand something
Dictionary example:
I find these mathematical problems difficult to grasp.
974
Learner example:
Children born into wealth cannot grasp the importance of money, and when they finally leave the
shelter of their parents' home, they are completely unable to restrict their spending and save
money.
grateful /ˈgreɪt.fəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] feeling or showing thanks
I'm really grateful to you for all your help.
I would be most grateful if you would send me the book immediately.
Learner example:
My grandmum cooked dinner and we were very grateful for it.
grave /greɪv/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a place in the ground where a dead person is buried
Dictionary example:
an unmarked grave
Learner example:
After a couple of hours they brought her from the hospital and the next day they buried her near
her mother's grave.
great /greɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: greatness
Adjectives: great
Adverbs: greatly
ADJECTIVE
EXTREME
[B1] extreme
Dictionary example:
He has great difficulty walking.
975
Learner example:
[In] my first lesson we talked together about our past experiences and our greatest difficulty [in
studying] English and we learnt some phrasal verbs too (which we really hate)!
IMPORTANT
[B2] important or famous
This is one of Rembrandt's greatest paintings.
He's probably the greatest actor alive today.
Learner example:
Ginny was a keen collector of rare paintings [by] great artists.
great big/long, etc. INFORMAL
[B2] very big/ long, etc.
Dictionary example:
I gave her a great big hug.
Learner example:
I will never forget when I was walking on the beach and all of a sudden this great big dog appears
from nowhere running after me.
a great deal
[B2] a lot
She spends a great deal of her time in Glasgow.
A great deal of effort has gone into making the software reliable.
They still need a great deal more money to finish the project.
Learner example:
There will be lots of events which you could see and take a great deal of pictures [of].
greatly /ˈgreɪt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: greatness
Adjectives: great
Adverbs: greatly
ADVERB
[B2] very much
The higher profits were the result of greatly reduced costs.
The number of birds on the island has greatly increased in recent years.
Her piano playing has greatly improved/has improved greatly.
976
Learner example:
I recently went to the music festival and I greatly enjoyed it.
greatness /ˈgreɪt.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: greatness
Adjectives: great
Adverbs: greatly
NOUN [U]
[B2] skill and importance
Dictionary example:
Her greatness as a writer is unquestioned.
Learner example:
So, getting to be r[i]ch and famous is more related to achieving greatness in your own field and
not necessar[il]y gaining money and becoming the richest person in the world.
greed /griːd/
Word family:
Nouns: greed
Adjectives: greedy
NOUN [U]
[C1] when you want a lot more food, money, etc., than you need
Dictionary example:
We were shocked by their greed.
Learner example:
I hate to accept that greed and ambition are the trademarks of our society, but it seems clear to
me now.
greedy /ˈgriː.di/
Word family:
Nouns: greed
Adjectives: greedy
ADJECTIVE
[B2] wanting a lot more food, money, etc. than you need
977
Dictionary example:
greedy, selfish people
Learner example:
He was a greedy and cruel man.
green /griːn/
ADJECTIVE
GRASS
[B1] covered with grass or other plants
Dictionary example:
green spaces
Learner example:
If you wanted to do some outdoor activities, we could go fishing or even [go] walking through the
green fields.
ENVIRONMENT
[B2] relating to nature and protecting the environment
green issues
the Green Party
Learner example:
There is the gover[n]ment party, "Green party", especially [in] German[y].
greet /griːt/
Word family:
Nouns: greeting
Verbs: greet
VERB [T]
WELCOME
[B1] to welcome someone
Dictionary example:
He greeted me at the door.
Learner example:
We sat down and the teacher arrived. She greeted us and she [told] us her name.
978
greeting /ˈgriː.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: greeting
Verbs: greet
NOUN [C]
[B1] something friendly or polite that you say or do when you meet or welcome
someone
Dictionary example:
They exchanged greetings before starting the session.
Learner example:
Lucy asked me to pass on greetings to you.
grey /greɪ/
ADJECTIVE
WEATHER
[B2] cloudy and not bright
Dictionary example:
a cold, grey morning
Learner example:
Although we are in spring, yesterday was a grey day with clouds and rain.
BORING
[C1] not interesting or attractive
Dictionary example:
Life was grey and tedious.
Learner example:
If you join one of [the] Excel Academy language courses it will not be for the food- it was very
grey and dull.
grief /griːf/
NOUN [U]
SADNESS
[B2] great sadness, especially caused by someone's death
979
Dictionary example:
Newspapers should not intrude on people's private grief.
Learner example:
However, my grief was still fresh and raw then.
grill /grɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: grill
Adjectives: grilled
NOUN [C]
IN KITCHEN
[B1] a piece of equipment which cooks food using direct heat
Dictionary example:
Put the sausages on/under the grill.
Learner example:
I recom[m]end meat on the grill [- it is] delicious.
OVER FIRE
[C1] a flat, metal structure used to cook food over a fire
Dictionary example:
He placed a grill over the coals.
Learner example:
First you have to light the fire, then you have to put a grill above it and finally you put the meat on
the grill, but it is not so easy as it looks, because you have to know when the meat is done and
you have to choose the right meat.
VERB [T]
[B1] to cook food using direct heat
Dictionary example:
Grill the fish for two to three minutes on each side.
Learner example:
We were [in] the garden and [we] grilled meat.
grip /grɪp/
Word family:
Nouns: grip
Verbs: grip
Adjectives: gripping
980
VERB [T] (-pp-)
HOLD
[B2] to hold something very tightly
Dictionary example:
The baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand.
Learner example:
I gripped the steering wheel, fixed my eyes firmly on the road, and bravely drove up to Scotland.
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
HOLD
[B2] when you hold something tightly
Dictionary example:
She tightened her grip on my arm.
Learner example:
Then suddenly I lost [my] grip o[n] the papers and they all dropped to the floor and landed in a
great heap.
get a grip (on yourself)

[C1] to make an effort to control your emotions and behave more calmly
Dictionary example:
Stop panicking and get a grip on yourself!
Learner example:
The best thing to do was to talk to people who were not doing the test rather than building up my
anxiety. However, I did not do this and it almost resulted in a disaster, but I got a grip on myself
and just barely passed.
gripping /ˈgrɪp.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: grip
Verbs: grip
Adjectives: gripping
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If something is gripping, it is so interesting that it holds your attention

completely.
Dictionary example:
a gripping story
Learner example:
'I know why the caged bird sings' is the most gripping read I have ever read.
981
groom /gruːm/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a man who is getting married
Dictionary example:
The bride and groom were posing for pictures.
Learner example:
[In] my village, the bridge and the groom stay [on] their first night at the groom's parents' house.
gross /grəʊs/
ADJECTIVE
TOTAL
[C1] A gross amount of money has not had taxes or other costs taken from it.
Dictionary example:
gross earnings/profit
Learner example:
Considering that our business is booming, we suggest invest[ing] a certain amount of money in
the above-mentioned technical devices in order to achieve the financial target, which is to
increase our gross profit by 10%.
SERIOUS
[C1] very serious or unacceptable
Dictionary example:
gross misconduct
Learner example:
Secondly, in the second paragraph, two gross mistakes were made.
ground /graʊnd/
NOUN
the ground
[B1] the surface of the Earth
Dictionary example:
I sat down on the ground.
982
Learner example:
The weather was really nice and the ground wasn't wet so we could run with no problem.
AREA OF LAND
[B1] [C] an area of land used for a particular purpose or activity
Dictionary example:
a football ground
Learner example:
Could we use the football ground?
SOIL
[B2] [U] the soil in an area
soft/stony ground
The ground was frozen hard and was impossible to dig.
Learner example:
Winds sweep the grey granite coast line letting survive [a] few rare species of plants which are
adapted to the dry and salty ground.
gain/lose ground
[C1] to become more/less popular and accepted
Dictionary example:
The idea is gradually gaining ground.
Learner example:
Lately, Italian food is gaining ground in Slovenia.
grounds /graʊndz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
on the grounds of/that

[C1] because of a particular reason
You cannot discriminate on the grounds of religion.
I refused on the grounds that it was too risky.
Learner example:
I am convinced that it is better than Southside College on the grounds that a great mass of
students are satisfied.
983
group /gruːp/
VERB [T]
[C1] to form a group or put people or things into a group or groups
Dictionary example:
The children are grouped according to their ability.
Learner example:
I would like to suggest that we should be grouped according to the level of our English
proficienc[y] on the first day of the semester.
grow /grəʊ/
Word family:
Nouns: growth
Verbs: grow
Adjectives: growing
VERB (grew, grown)
INCREASE
[B1] [I] to increase
Dictionary example:
The number of people living alone grows each year.
Learner example:
In Rio, violence is growing very fast, so if we're planning to spend the holiday [i]n the city we'll
have to take care.
HAIR
[B1] [I or T] If your hair or nails grow, or if you grow them, they get longer.
Dictionary example:
Are you growing a beard?
Learner example:
I've lost some weight and I've grown a beard.
grow tired/old/calm, etc.

[B2] to gradually become tired/old/calm, etc.
Our bodies change as we grow older.
The music was growing louder and louder.
984
Learner example:
They went to the field and, relaxing on [the] grass, spoke about their life without each other. Soft
blue evening came and it was growing dark.
growing /ˈgrəʊ.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: growth
Verbs: grow
Adjectives: growing
ADJECTIVE
[B2] increasing in size or quantity
Dictionary example:
There is a growing awareness of the seriousness of this disease.
Learner example:
All my family, friends, [and] neighbours [were] first full of pride and expectations, then with slowly
growing disbelief and disappointment.
grown-up
NOUN [C] /ˈgrəʊn.ʌp/

[B2] an adult, used especially when talking to children
Dictionary example:
Ask a grown-up to cut the shape out for you.
Learner example:
If I were a grown-up I would like to have a big dog.
ADJECTIVE /ˌgrəʊnˈʌp/
[B2] If you say that someone is grown-up, you mean that they are an adult or that
they behave in a responsible way.
Dictionary example:
She has two grown-up children who work in the family business.
Learner example:
Now, as a grown-up person, I am trying to evaluate such [an] upbringing objectively.
985
growth /grəʊθ/
Word family:
Nouns: growth
Verbs: grow
Adjectives: growing
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
[B2] when something grows, increases or develops
A balanced diet is essential for healthy growth.
population growth
Learner example:
The huge growth of technology has brought lots of good aspects to my life, like the facility to be
informed about everything that is happening around the world.
grumpy /ˈgrʌm.pi/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] easily annoyed and often complaining
Dictionary example:
a grumpy old man
Learner example:
Secondly, our coach driver was a grumpy, unpleasant man who was not even polite enough to
answer our questions.
guarantee /ˌgær.ənˈtiː/
VERB [T]
[B2] to promise or make sure that something is true or will happen
Every child is guaranteed a place at a local school.
They guarantee that it will arrive on time.
Learner example:
I can guarantee you won't be disappointed if you let me do the job.
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a written promise made by a company to repair one of its products or give you
a new one if it has a fault
986
a money-back guarantee
I'm afraid this camera is no longer under guarantee.
Learner example:
And you couldn't [take] it back because it is not under guarantee.
guard /gɑːd/
NOUN
PERSON WHO PROTECTS
[B1] [C] someone whose job is to protect a person, place or thing from danger or
attack, or to prevent a person such as a criminal from escaping
a security guard
prison guards
The frontier is patrolled by border guards.
Learner example:
I saw two security guards, who opened the door for me and welcomed me inside.
VERB [T]
PROTECT
[B2] to protect someone or something from being attacked or stolen
Dictionary example:
Soldiers guard the main doors of the embassy.
Learner example:
I guess it was that thrill that actually made me anxious to know what really was going on inside
the dodgy-looking old house guarded by a man with an unfriendly hound.
WATCH
[B2] to watch someone and make certain they do not escape from a place
Dictionary example:
Five prison officers guarded the prisoners.
Learner example:
No one was g[u]arding him.
987
guess /ges/
VERB [I or T]
I guess
[B1] used when you think something is probably true or likely
Dictionary example:
I've known her for about 12 years, I guess.
Learner example:
I guess that I love her although we do not know [each other] very well.
I guess so/not
[B2] used when you agree/disagree but are not completely certain about something
Dictionary example:
"So they're still living in the same house?" "I guess so."
NOUN [C]
[B1] an attempt to give the right answer when you are not certain if you are correct
How old do you think John is? Go on, have a guess.
Both teams made some wild guesses, none of which were right.
Learner example:
I am sure you will know her from TV - now have a guess who she might be.
guest /gest/
NOUN [C]
TV
[B2] a person, such as an entertainer, who has been invited to appear on a

television or radio programme or in a performance
Dictionary example:
Our special guest on the programme tonight is Robert de Niro.
Learner example:
Of course a bear shouldn't be a guest [o]n a TV show, it's not in his nature.
988
guidance /ˈgaɪ.dənts/
Word family:
Nouns: guidance, guide
Verbs: guide
NOUN [U]
[B2] help or advice
Dictionary example:
careers guidance
Learner example:
I dream of being Lord Krishna's devotee but I need professional guidance.
guide /gaɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: guidance, guide
Verbs: guide
NOUN [C]
BOOK
[B1] a book that gives information about something or tells you how to do
something
a hotel/restaurant guide
a user's guide
Learner example:
I found that some of the current information in the guide [is] a little bit old.
VERB [T]
[B1] to help someone visit a place or go somewhere
Someone offered to guide us through the jungle.
He gently guided her back to her seat.
Learner example:
I had to look after the members of the public and [I] guided them to their s[ea]ts.
989
guideline /ˈgaɪd.laɪn/
[C1] advice about how to do something
government guidelines
The EU has issued guidelines on appropriate levels of pay.
Learner example:
To avoid being injured, you must follow all the guidelines provided by your employer.
guilt /gɪlt/
Word family:
Nouns: guilt
Adjectives: guilty
NOUN [U]
FEELING
[B2] a feeling of shame or unhappiness when you have done something wrong
Dictionary example:
He suffered such feelings of guilt over leaving his children.
Learner example:
Her brother had hesitated before telling her the truth, but he proved that he really trusted his
sister by confessing his guilt to her.
ILLEGAL
[B2] the fact of having committed a crime
Dictionary example:
Both suspects admitted their guilt to the police.
guilty /ˈgɪl.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: guilt
Adjectives: guilty
ADJECTIVE
FEELING
[B1] feeling guilt
990
She was so upset about what I'd said and I felt so guilty.
I felt guilty about leaving her there on her own.
I've got a guilty conscience.
Learner example:
I've got a guilty conscience because I forg[o]t to say goodbye.
RESPONSIBLE
[B2] responsible for breaking a law
The jury found her guilty.
The jury has to decide whether a person is guilty or innocent of a crime.
Learner example:
After the trial, where the jury found him guilty, he was sent to prison for a long time.
guitarist /gɪˈtɑːr.ɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: guitar, guitarist
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who plays the guitar, especially as their job
Dictionary example:
The lead guitarist in the band was excellent.
Learner example:
Not only did he want to be a doctor, but he was also a great guitarist.
gum /gʌm/
NOUN
MOUTH
[B2] [C] the hard, pink part inside your mouth that your teeth grow out of
Dictionary example:
Protect your teeth and gums by visiting your dentist regularly.
991
gun /gʌn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a weapon that you fire bullets out of
Dictionary example:
You could hear the noise of guns firing in the distance.
Learner example:
He went downstairs and picked up his father's gun.
guts /gʌts/
NOUN [PLURAL] INFORMAL
BRAVERY
[B2] the bravery and determination that is needed to do something difficult or

unpleasant
It took guts to stand up and tell the boss how she felt.
I didn't think he would have the guts to quite that awful job.
Learner example:
They did not expect that the people [in] this vicinity would actually have the guts to retaliate!
guy /gaɪ/
NOUN [C]
guys
[B1] used when you are talking to or about two or more people
Dictionary example:
Come on, you guys, let's go home.
Learner example:
Hey guys! I'm just writing to thank you [for] the great times we had last weekend and to say you're
aw[e]some.
992
gym /dʒɪm/
Word family:
Nouns: gym, gymnastics
Adjectives: gymnastic
NOUN
BUILDING
[B1] [C] a building or room with equipment for doing exercises
Dictionary example:
Nick goes to the gym three times a week.
Learner example:
We went to a gym near my house.
EXERCISES
[B1] [U] exercises done inside, especially as a school subject
Dictionary example:
We have gym on Friday afternoons.
Learner example:
You can do gym, aqua, dance, boxing, squash, [and] tennis.
gymnastic /dʒɪmˈnæs.tɪk/
Word family:
[B2] involving gymnastics
Dictionary example:
a gymnastic display
Learner example:
My friend like[s] to go swimming every morning. I prefer to [do] gymnastic exercises in a separate
room every day.
gymnastics /dʒɪmˈnæs.tɪks/
Word family:
993
NOUN [U]
[B1] a sport in which you do physical exercises on the floor and on different pieces
of equipment, often in competitions
Dictionary example:
Let's watch the gymnastics on TV.
Learner example:
Every Tuesday and Thursday you can [do] sports like basketball, football or also gymnastics.
994
H
habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/
NOUN [C or U]
REGULAR ACTIVITY
[B1] something that you do often and regularly, almost without knowing that you
are doing it
healthy eating habits
I always buy the same toothpaste out of habit.
I'm trying not to get into the habit of having biscuits with my coffee.
He can't break the habit of switching on the TV when he comes home at night.
I'm not really in the habit of looking at other people's clothes, but even I noticed that awful yellow
suit!
Learner example:
In your last letter you ask[ed] me about my shopping habits and my clothes.
BAD ACTIVITY
[B2] something that you often do that is bad for you or is annoying
He has some really annoying/nasty habits.
I was taught to drive by my boyfriend and I'm afraid I've picked up some of his bad habits.
Learner example:
With more free time and more money to spend than ever, shopping is a great activity, but when
this creates bad habits [such] as overspending, [it] could lead to serious problems.
habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the natural environment of an animal or plant
Dictionary example:
We want to see lions in their natural habitat.
995
Learner example:
These snakes and wild cats are able to live in the wild, as the forests in Denmark are like their
natural habitat.
hair /heər/
NOUN
SINGLE PIECE
[B2] [C] one of the thin thread-like parts that grow on a person's or animal's skin
He's starting to get a few grey hairs now.
My black skirt was covered in cat hairs.
Learner example:
Then he appeared: a [fat], middle-aged man with only a few hairs on his head.
haircut /ˈheə.kʌt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] when someone cuts your hair, or the style in which it has been cut
to get/have a haircut
I really need a haircut.
He had a smart new haircut.
Learner example:
You two have the same haircut, the same complexion but not the same attitude, which is good.
hairdresser /ˈheəˌdres.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person who cuts people's hair and puts it into a style. The place where this is
done is called a hairdresser's.
I'm going to change my hairdresser.
I've got a four o'clock appointment at the hairdresser's.
Learner example:
I decided to go to the hairdresser's to have my hair cut because the next day I had to go to the
party.
996
hairdryer /ˈheəˌdraɪ.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a piece of electrical equipment for drying your hair with hot air
Dictionary example:
Did you pack a hairdryer?
Learner example:
We have microwaves that help us to [prepare] our meal quickly, we have hairdryers to dry our hair
in 15 minutes, we have different things that [have] made our life easier.
half /hɑːf/
NOUN; PRONOUN; DETERMINER (PLURAL halves)
break/cut, etc. sth in half

[B1] to divide something into two equal parts
Divide the dough in half and roll it out into two circles.
Fold the piece of paper in half.
Learner example:
They were very surprised when they found out [that] the gold was cut in half.
A LOT
[B2] INFORMAL a lot

She invited a lot of people to the party but half of them didn't turn up.
I don't even know where she is half (of) the time.
Learner example:
First of all, if [the] computer hadn't been invented, I wouldn't spend half of the day in front of it!
not half as good/bad/exciting, etc.

[B2] INFORMAL to be much less good/bad/exciting, etc. than something else
Dictionary example:
Her new book's not half as good as the last one.
Learner example:
Probably they wouldn't be half as famous as they are without press photographers, journalist[s],
etc.
ADVERB
[B1] partly, but not completely
997
half empty/full
Sophia is half Greek and half Spanish.
Learner example:
After our kiss, my face was painted half white, half black as well.
hammer /ˈhæm.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a tool with a heavy, metal part at the top that you use to hit nails into
something
Dictionary example:
You will need a hammer and some nails.
Learner example:
I had got a hammer to break the window.
hand /hænd/
Word family:
Nouns: hand, handful
NOUN [C]
a hand
[B1] some help, especially to do something practical
Could you give me a hand with these suitcases?
I think Matthew might need a hand with his homework.
Learner example:
I'll give you a hand to organize your holiday!
by hand
[B1] done or made by a person instead of a machine
Dictionary example:
This sweater has to be washed by hand.
Learner example:
I used to remember my mother washing our clothes by hand, but for me it is just a matter of
throwing the clothes into the washing machine and pressing a few buttons.
on the one hand ... on the other hand

[B2] used when you are comparing two different ideas or opinions
998
Dictionary example:
On the one hand, computer games develop many skills, but on the other, they mean kids don't
get enough exercise.
Learner example:
On the one hand, I know from my experience that it's much easier in life if you know more about
everything, but on the other hand, I'd say that if someone [had given] me a chance (when I was
kid) to study what I enjoy[ed], probably I'd have more possibility to develop my skills.
hand in hand
[B2] holding each other's hand
Dictionary example:
The young couple walked hand in hand by the lake.
Learner example:
Hand in hand they got off the train and she felt that her decision to leave was the best decision
she had ever [made] in her life.
go hand in hand
[C1] If two things go hand in hand, they exist together and are connected with each
other.
Dictionary example:
Prosperity goes hand in hand with investment.
Learner example:
Traffic and pollution go hand in hand.
at hand
[C1] near in time or space
Dictionary example:
Teachers are always close at hand to give help to any child who needs it.
Learner example:
I haven't had any lectures in English, but now and then there are lectures in English at the
University so you need to understand the spoken language with no dictionary at hand.
be in sb's hands
[C1] to be in someone's control or care
Dictionary example:
The matter is now in the hands of my solicitor.
Learner example:
If we [do] not hear from you within 10 days we shall be obliged to put the matter in the hands of
our solicitors which is not what we desire.
999
VERB [T]
GIVE
[B1] to give someone something
She handed me the letter.
The waiter smiled politely as he handed my bill to me.
Could you hand me that book, please?
Learner example:
Maybe you could hand me a paper with several questions I can answer, thus I [would] cover the
work I miss.
handball /ˈhænd.bɔːl/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a game in which players hit a small hard rubber ball against a wall with their
hands
Dictionary example:
We played handball yesterday.
handful /ˈhænd.fʊl/
Word family:
Nouns: hand, handful
NOUN
a handful of
[B2] a small number of people or things
Dictionary example:
Only a handful of people came to the meeting.
Learner example:
First of all, thank you for having invited me to this meeting on a matter which many people
pretend to be expert [at] but [which], in fact, is deeply known by [only] a handful of scholars.
1000
hand-held /ˈhænd.held/
ADJECTIVE (ALSO handheld)

[B1] describes something that is designed to be held and used easily with one or
two hands
Dictionary example:
a hand-held camera/computer/device
Learner example:
Computer technology has been improving, from [the] first machines, which were so big that they
had to be placed in special buildings, to hand-held devices in only 50 years.
handkerchief /ˈhæŋ.kə.tʃiːf/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small piece of cloth or soft paper that you use to dry your eyes or nose
Dictionary example:
She dabbed her eyes with a handkerchief.
Learner example:
We are going to see a dramatic film, Era mio padre, so don't forget your handkerchief.
handle /ˈhæn.dl
̩/
VERB [T]
DEAL WITH
[B1] to deal with something
I thought he handled the problem/situation very well.
If you can't handle the job I'll get someone else to do it.
Who handles the marketing in your company?
Learner example:
He couldn't handle it and started to run in the rain, crying, thinking.
NOUN [C]
[B2] the part of something that you use to hold it or open it
1001
a door handle
I can't pick the kettle up - the handle's too hot.
She turned the handle and slowly opened the door.
Learner example:
I saw my chair, my carpet... and my door handle!...
handout /ˈhænd.aʊt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a copy of a document that is given to all the people in a class or meeting
Dictionary example:
On page two of your handout you will find a list of the books that I have referred to during the
lecture.
Learner example:
During our course, I made [an] effort to follow the lectures, [and,] for instance, to check the
unknown vocab[ul]ar[y] which appeared in handouts.
handsome /ˈhæn.səm/
ADJECTIVE
ATTRACTIVE
[B1] A handsome man is attractive.
Dictionary example:
She's hoping that she'll meet a tall, dark, handsome stranger.
Learner example:
The main actor is very handsome too.
handwriting /ˈhændˌraɪ.tɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the way that someone forms the letters when they write with a pen or pencil
We need to ensure that handwriting is properly taught in our primary schools.
His handwriting is impossible to read.
1002
Learner example:
I have pretty bad handwriting as you know from my letters, and with a computer and a printer I
can avoid others who read my letters [from being] put off by my handwriting.
hang /hæŋ/
VERB
FASTEN
[B1] [I or T] (hung, hung) to fasten or support something at the top leaving the other
parts free to move, or to be held in this way
A heavy gold necklace hung around her neck.
The curtains hung in thick folds.
Hang your coat and hat on the rack over there.
Learner example:
She kept it in a tiny red bag which hung around her neck like a neckl[ace].
KILL
[B2] ! [T] (hanged or hung, hanged or hung) to kill someone by dropping them with a
rope tied around their neck, or to die in this way
He was found guilty and hanged later that year.
The woman tried to hang herself with a sheet.
Learner example:
Their childhood was rather unhappy because their father was convicted [of] murder and hanged.
happen /ˈhæp.ən/
VERB [I]
happen to do sth
[C1] to do something by chance
If you happen to see Peter, say "hi" for me.
You don't happen to know her phone number, do you?
Learner example:
I am certainly more confident and can understand whatever I happen to read in English, which is
of course of the utmost importance for my work in this company.
1003
as it happens
[C1] something that you say in order to introduce a surprising fact
Dictionary example:
As it happens, her birthday is the day after mine.
Learner example:
As it happens, I am currently looking for a computer course for myself and I would like to join one
of your courses.
happily /ˈhæp.ə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: happiness, unhappiness
Adjectives: happy, unhappy
Adverbs: happily
ADVERB
HAPPY
[B1] in a happy way
He was happily married with two young children.
The baby sucked happily on a corner of her blanket.
Learner example:
Now we are happily married and I cannot stop thinking what would have happened if I had thrown
away the e-mail...?
WILLING
[B2] in a way that is very willing
Dictionary example:
I'd happily offer to help him if I thought it would make any difference.
Learner example:
I think young people would happily accept it.
LUCKY
[C1] having a good or lucky result
Dictionary example:
Happily, the operation was a complete success.
Learner example:
Happily, I had met a friend who could take me to school!
1004
happiness /ˈhæp.ɪ.nəs/
Word family:
Adverbs: happily
NOUN [U]
[B1] the feeling of being happy
It was only later in life that she found happiness and peace of mind.
Will you join me in wishing the bride and groom every happiness?
Learner example:
I wish you happiness, you deserve it.
harassment /ˈhær.əs.mənt/
NOUN [U]
[C1] behaviour that annoys or upsets someone
Dictionary example:
sexual harassment
Learner example:
However, they may be underpaid in comparison to men carrying out the same tasks, are seldom
promoted - although they may be better qualified - and sometimes have to endure sexual
harassment by their bosses.
harbour /ˈhɑː.bər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an area of water next to the coast, often protected from the sea by a thick wall,
where ships and boats can shelter
Dictionary example:
Our hotel room overlooked a pretty little fishing harbour.
Learner example:
The weather was fine so we went on a sight-seeing tour around the harbour.
1005
hard /hɑːd/
ADJECTIVE
USING EFFORT
[B1] needing or using a lot of physical or mental effort
Go on - give it a good hard push!
It was hard work on the farm but satisfying.
Learner example:
It's the perfect place to stay and relax after a week of hard work.
be hard on sb
[B2] to criticize someone too much, or to treat them unfairly
Dictionary example:
Don't be too hard on him - he's new to the job.
Learner example:
That's why I was a little hard on you at first.
NOT KIND
[B2] not gentle or kind
Dictionary example:
She had a cold, hard look in her eyes.
Learner example:
To conclude, I'd like to apologise for being maybe a "bit too nasty" to you, but these "hard words",
were due only to my hurt feelings!
UNPLEASANT
[C1] full of problems and difficult to deal with
My grandparents had a very hard life.
The past few months must've been really hard for you.
Learner example:
It was a really hard time for all of us, but it passed and, I hope, will never come again.
ADVERB
WITH FORCE
[B1] with a lot of force
It's been raining hard all day.
She kicked the ball as hard as she could.
1006
Learner example:
It was a clo[u]dy day, the wind [was] blow[ing] hard, and the city was quiet.
hard drive /ˈhɑːdˌdraɪv/ (ALSO hard disk)
NOUN [C]
[B2] the part inside a computer that is not removed and that stores very large
amounts of information
Dictionary example:
A virus damaged my hard drive.
Learner example:
As you know, computer prices are getting lower every day and technology is growing so fast so I
thought that if I waited more and began saving money, I could buy a new computer with new stuff
(better chip, hard drive etc.) in six months time.
hardly /ˈhɑːd.li/
ADVERB
ALMOST NOT
[B1] almost not, or only a very small amount
We hardly ever go to concerts.
I could hardly hear her at the back.
The party had hardly started when she left.
He ate hardly anything.
Learner example:
Well, my bedroom hardly ever looks tidy.
CERTAINLY NOT
[B2] certainly not
You can hardly expect a pay rise when you've only been working for the company for two weeks!
Well don't be angry with me - it's hardly my fault that it's raining!
Learner example:
And then, although you [have] allowed me to use all your stuff, I hardly think I can touch your
computer and the CD player.
1007
hardship /ˈhɑːd.ʃɪp/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a problem or situation that makes you suffer a lot, especially because you are
very poor
Dictionary example:
They have suffered years of financial hardship.
Learner example:
However, I have to say that this plan would cause much inconvenience and hardship for our local
residents.
hardware /ˈhɑːd.weər/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the physical and electronic parts of a computer, rather than the programs
Dictionary example:
We need to include new hardware in our budget.
Learner example:
Computer technology keeps improving all the time and consume[r]s like me and you definitely
have to pay our money to keep our personal computer up to date and able to work with new
computer software that require[s] [better and better] performance of computer hardware.
hard-working /ˌhɑːdˈwɜː.kɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] doing a job seriously and with a lot of effort
Dictionary example:
She's a very hard-working student.
Learner example:
I think I am suitable for the job because, apart from all [the] above, I am hard-working, well-
educated and imaginative.
1008
harm /hɑːm/
Word family:
Nouns: harm
Verbs: harm
Adjectives: harmful, harmless
NOUN [U]
HURT
[B2] hurt or damage
Smoking can cause serious harm to the lungs.
Alan would never do anyone any harm.
Missing a meal once in a while never did anyone any harm.
She was frightened by the experience but she came to no harm.
Learner example:
It is true that the car does us harm.
there's no harm in doing sth

[C1] used to say that something is not a bad thing to do and could possibly have a
good effect
Dictionary example:
I suppose there's no harm in trying.
Learner example:
There is no lack of go[o]d language schools and there is no harm in trying another one the next
time.
[B2] to hurt someone or damage something
Thankfully no one was harmed in the accident.
The government's reputation has already been harmed by a series of scandals.
Learner example:
But in those places animals were harmed and died easily.
harmful /ˈhɑːm.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: harm
Verbs: harm
1009
ADJECTIVE
[B2] causing harm
Dictionary example:
This group of chemicals is known to be harmful to people with asthma.
Learner example:
In addition, books are not harmful to our health as computers sometimes are.
harmless /ˈhɑːm.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: harm
Verbs: harm
ADJECTIVE
NO HARM
[B2] not able or not likely to cause harm
Dictionary example:
Taken in small doses, this drug is completely/totally harmless.
Learner example:
In conclusion, cars are not as harmless as they look so we must stop using them so much.
harmony /ˈhɑː.mə.ni/
NOUN
PEACE
[B2] [U] when people are peaceful and agree with each other, or when different
things seem right or suitable together
Dictionary example:
living together in peace and harmony
Learner example:
I would like to think my children are going to live in a lovely world where the human being [will]
be able to live in peace and harmony with the environment.
1010
harsh /hɑːʃ/
Word family:
Adjectives: harsh
Adverbs: harshly
ADJECTIVE
UNPLEASANT
[C1] very cold, dangerous, or unpleasant and difficult to live in
Dictionary example:
harsh conditions
Learner example:
Furthermore, I have been trained for a year in living in harsh conditions.
CRUEL
[C1] cruel, unkind, or unpleasant in a way that seems unfair
harsh criticism/punishment
Taking him out of the game was a bit harsh.
Learner example:
Sorry if I sounded so harsh in the letter but I felt it was important to make these points.
TOO STRONG
[C1] too strong, bright, loud, etc.
Dictionary example:
harsh chemicals/lighting
Learner example:
It only contains herbs and plant extracts so it would not be too harsh a product for the skin and
will not destroy the skin's natural defences.
harvest /ˈhɑː.vɪst/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when crops are cut and collected from fields
the grain/potato/grape harvest
We had a good/bad/poor harvest this year.
Learner example:
Well I can tell you about our annual harvest festival.
1011
hate /heɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: hate, hatred
Verbs: hate
NOUN [U]
[C1] a strong dislike for someone or something
Dictionary example:
Hate and bigotry can only make our lives more difficult.
Learner example:
Feelings of hate and disgust may fill us, but we may love somebody. Many people say that love
and hate go together.
hatred /ˈheɪ.trɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: hate, hatred
Verbs: hate
NOUN [U]
[C1] an extremely strong feeling of dislike
What is very clear in these letters is Clark's passionate hatred of his father.
The motive for this shocking attack seems to be racial hatred.
Learner example:
The producers create situations involving different feeling[s] [such] as love, hatred, anger, fear,...
haunt /hɔːnt/
VERB [T]
GHOST
[B2] ! If a ghost haunts a place, it appears there often.
Dictionary example:
They say that the house is haunted by the soldier's ghost.
Learner example:
[The castle] is 500 years old, and it is said to be haunted by a lady ghost.
1012
MEMORY/FEELING
[B2] ! If an unpleasant memory or feeling haunts you, you think about or feel it
often.
Fighting in Vietnam was an experience that would haunt him for the rest of his life.
Thirty years after the fire he is still haunted by images of death and destruction.
Learner example:
And so John remained alone, haunted by the terrible loss.
have /hæv/ (had, had)
VERB [T]
have sth cleaned/cut/repaired, etc.

[B1] to pay someone to do something for you
I'm having my hair cut this afternoon.
I've had my watch mended.
We're having the house painted next month.
Learner example:
My mother is having her car repaired.
have sth stolen/taken, etc.

[B1] If you have something stolen/taken, etc. someone takes something that
belongs to you.
She had her car stolen last week.
I had my bag taken.
Learner example:
He told me over the phone that he had arrived in London with his wife, but shortly after the
arrival, he had ha[d] his wallet stolen in the underground station.
CAUSE
[B1] to cause something to be in a particular state
He had dinner ready by the time we got home.
We had the tent up within ten minutes.
Learner example:
We had everything ready in case of an emergency or a chaos situation.
1013
HOLD
[B1] used to say that someone is holding something, or that someone or something
is with them
He had a pen in his hand.
She had a little boy with her.
Learner example:
Maria had the phone in her hand.
have no idea
[B1] to not know
Dictionary example:
"Where's Serge?" "I've no idea."
Learner example:
I have no idea about how his children are.
have sb over/round/to stay, etc.

[B2] If you have someone over/round, etc. you arrange for someone to visit you in
your home.
Dictionary example:
We had Justyna and Al round for dinner last week.
Learner example:
I'd like to thank you once more for having me round [to] your house.
not have a clue

[B2] INFORMAL to be completely unable to guess, understand, or deal with something
Dictionary example:
I haven't a clue what you're talking about.
Learner example:
I haven't a clue about it.
have a word with sb

[B2] to talk to someone for a short time
Could I have a word (with you) about the sales figures?
Perhaps you would a quiet word with Simon about the problem.
Learner example:
The nurse sitting beside me said to me, 'Your mother would like to have a word with you,' then
she went out.
have nothing to do with sb/sth

[B2] to have no connection or influence with someone or something
1014
Dictionary example:
He made his own decision - I had nothing to do with it.
Learner example:
Of course, I tried to explain [to] him that I had nothing to do with the vanishing of the cake but he
didn't trust me.
have nothing to do with sb

[B2] If something is or has nothing to do with you, you have no good reason to
know about it or be involved with it.
Dictionary example:
I wish he wouldn't offer advice on my marriage - it's nothing to do with him.
Learner example:
The party was horrible: the guests were all talking about things that had nothing to do with me.
have sth against sb/sth

[C1] to have a reason not to like someone or something
Dictionary example:
I've got nothing against him personally, I just don't think he's the right man for the job.
Learner example:
If you have nothing against taking public transport, I suggest taking a bus.
hazard /ˈhæz.əd/
Word family:
Nouns: hazard
Adjectives: hazardous
NOUN
[C1] [C] something that is dangerous
a fire hazard
a health hazard
Learner example:
Like all things, mobile phones have advantages and disadvantages. [...] It is said that they produce
cancer and that they are a health hazard.
head /hed/
Word family:
Nouns: head, heading
Verbs: head
1015
NOUN [C]
ORGANIZATION/DEPARTMENT
[B1] the person who is in charge of an organization or a part of an organization
the head of an oil company
Our head of department is leaving on Friday.
He is head chef at a large restaurant.
Learner example:
Joshua was the head of security of the international airport of New York.
MIND
[B1] the mind and mental abilities
All these thoughts were going round in my head.
What put that into your head?
Learner example:
Then suddenly the idea came in[to] my head and I told her: 'Why don't you mo[ve] in[to] my flat?'
lose your head

[C1] to stop being calm in a difficult situation
Dictionary example:
I saw the fire and I lost my head.
Learner example:
She has never lost her head in dangerous s[i]tuations and she always knows what to do.
VERB
head back/down/towards, etc.

[B2] to move in a particular direction
I was heading out of the room when she called me back.
We were heading towards Kumasi when our truck broke down.
He headed straight for the fridge.
I think we ought to head back/home now, before it gets too dark.
Learner example:
Then I headed for the dining room.
LEADER
[B2] [T] to be in charge of a group, organization, etc.
She heads one of Britain's leading travel firms.
Judge Hawthorne was chosen to head the inquiry.
1016
Learner example:
When Carlos headed the government, the country [saw] important changes, such as Free Trade
among Canada, USA and Mexico; the selling of the banks; "democratic" elections.
FRONT/TOP
[C1] [T] to be at the front or top of something
Dictionary example:
Jo headed a very short list of candidates.
Learner example:
When it comes to money paid to the families, Germany headed the list with 2%, follow[ed] by Spain
with 0.25% and the USA with 0.2%.
heading /ˈhed.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: head, heading
Verbs: head
NOUN [C]
[C1] words at the top of a piece of writing that tell you what it is about
Dictionary example:
You'll find it under the heading 'Information for new students'.
Learner example:
As the advertis[e]ment included the heading "Come and discover the career of your dreams!", my
attention was drawn to it.
headline /ˈhed.laɪn/
NOUN [C]
IN NEWSPAPER
[B1] the title of a newspaper story that is printed in large letters above it
Dictionary example:
a front-page headline
Learner example:
The headline was "FAILURE OF FESTIVAL".
the headlines
[B2] the main stories in newspapers, on television, etc.
Dictionary example:
That story made headlines all over the world.
1017
headquarters /ˌhedˈkwɔː.təz/
NOUN [C + SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] (PLURAL headquarters)

[B2] the place from where an organization is controlled
Dictionary example:
The company's headquarters is/are in Amsterdam.
Learner example:
I took my car and drove to the Police headquarters.
heal /hiːl/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] If a wound or broken bone heals, it becomes healthy again, and if something
heals it, it makes it healthy again.
Dictionary example:
The wound on his head had begun to heal (up).
Learner example:
Biotechnology is providing us with the latest discoveries to heal or improve the human body.
health care /ˈhelθˌkeər/
NOUN [U] (healthcare)

[C1] the set of services provided by a country or an organization for treating people
who are ill
A large proportion of these taxes go towards providing health care.
Healthcare workers are some of the lowest paid people in the country.
Learner example:
In Britain, the NHS provides free health care for every citizen.
hear /hɪər/ (heard, heard)
VERB
BE TOLD
[B1] [I or T] to be told some information
1018
Have you heard the news?
If you haven't heard by Friday, assume I'm not coming.
Have you heard what's happened?
I hear (that) you're leaving.
Learner example:
After, she told me that my mother-in-law [had] arrived [in] the city and, obviously, when I heard
that, I started to cry.
heart /hɑːt/
NOUN
EMOTIONS
[B1] [C or U] someone's deepest feelings and true character
a broken heart
She has a big/good heart.
In his heart, he knew she was right.
Learner example:
She's very nice, a person with a good heart.
the heart of sth

[B1] the centre of something or the most important part of something
The demonstrators will march through the heart of the capital.
A disagreement about boundaries is at the heart of the dispute.
Learner example:
This restaurant is in the heart of Tepec, and it is open from 10.00am to 6.00pm except on Friday.
SHAPE
[B2] [C] a shape that is used to mean love
Dictionary example:
The card had a big heart on the front.
Learner example:
It had a red rose in its hand and a t-shirt with a big red heart saying "I love you". That was it!
with all your heart

[B2] used to say that you feel something very strongly
Dictionary example:
I thank you with all my heart.
1019
Learner example:
With this letter, I want to thank you with all my heart for your hospitality during my visit to you.
by heart
[B2] so that you can remember all of something
Dictionary example:
We had to learn the whole poem off by heart.
Learner example:
I know all his songs by heart and I was singing all the time.
break sb's heart

[B2] to make someone feel extremely sad
She really broke his heart when she left.
It breaks my heart when I hear the terrible things that have been said about him.
Learner example:
I saw them kissing each other. That was it - when I saw that scene, it broke my heart.
in your heart
[C1] used to say what you really think
Dictionary example:
In his heart he felt they were wrong.
Learner example:
It is all because it was followed by a big mistake, when I focussed on [the] German language and
thought is was my dream. I have to admit that it was only a [sensi]ble decision, because deep in
my heart I knew I want[ed] to learn English.
heart attack /ˈhɑːt.əˌtæk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a serious medical condition in which the heart does not get enough blood,
causing great pain and often leading to death
Dictionary example:
John had a heart attack three years ago.
Learner example:
I was really surprised when I read the e-mail, and discovered that our father had had a heart
attack.
1020
heat /hiːt/
Word family:
Nouns: heat, heater, heating
Verbs: heat
NOUN [U]
[B1] the quality of being hot or warm, or the temperature of something
the heat of the sun/fire
How do you manage to work in this heat without air conditioning?
She always wore a coat, even in the heat of summer.
Cook the meat on a high/low heat.
Learner example:
The weather is magnificent, it's very hot but you can't feel the heat because if you go swimming it
passes.
VERB
heat up sth or heat sth up PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to make food hot so that it can be eaten
Dictionary example:
I'll just heat up the soup.
Learner example:
Do not spend your money on fast-food restaurants, and do not buy meals to heat up in your
microwave.
heater /ˈhiː.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: heat, heater, heating
Verbs: heat
NOUN [C]
[B1] a machine that heats air or water
Dictionary example:
a gas/electric heater
Learner example:
I have decided to buy a new carpet and a little heater.
1021
heaven /ˈhev.ən/
NOUN [U]
AFTER LIFE
[B2] ! according to some religions, the place where good people go when they die
Dictionary example:
They told us that she had gone to heaven.
Learner example:
"Now she is in heaven - don't worry she will be okay." I started crying.
SOMETHING NICE
[B2] INFORMAL something very nice that gives you great pleasure
I just lay in the sun for a week and did nothing - it was heaven.
This cake is absolute heaven.
Learner example:
These little islands are just heaven.
heavenly /ˈhev.ən.li/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] INFORMAL very nice

Dictionary example:
a heavenly day
Learner example:
The Art Gallery was well presented and the exhibits were heavenly.
heavily /ˈhev.ə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: heavy
Adverbs: heavily
ADVERB
[B1] a lot or to a great degree
1022
It was raining heavily.
drink/smoke heavily
The terrorists are heavily armed.
She's heavily involved in the project.
Learner example:
One day, when I was walking out in the park with my friend, it started raining heavily.
heavy /ˈhev.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: heavy
Adverbs: heavily
ADJECTIVE
A LOT
[B1] large in amount or degree
heavy traffic
heavy rain/snow
a heavy smoker/drinker
Learner example:
There is fresh air, no heavy traffic and, more important for me, [it] is [a] quiet and calm place.
hectic /ˈhek.tɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] extremely busy and full of activity
Dictionary example:
a hectic day/week
Learner example:
Alongside today's hectic life we need to adapt fashion to our lives and interests.
hedge /hedʒ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a row of bushes growing close together, often used to divide land into
separate areas
1023
Dictionary example:
She planted a hedge along the back of the garden.
Learner example:
Besides, people should be allowed to sit under the trees. At present, [the] lawn, bushes and
hedges aren't open to people.
heel /hiːl/
NOUN [C]
SHOE PART
[B1] the part of a shoe that is under your heel
Dictionary example:
The boots had a very high heel.
Learner example:
I hate wearing tight clothes, or shoes with high heels.
BODY PART
[B2] the back part of your foot
Dictionary example:
The sharp stone dug into my heel.
height /haɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: height
Adjectives: high
Adverbs: highly
NOUN [C or U]
HOW TALL
[B1] how tall or high something or someone is
She's about my height.
The sheer height of New York's skyscrapers is so impressive.
The tower measures 27.28 metres in height.
Learner example:
I would prefer not to stay in a tent because of my height, I am so tall that I could never stand up.
HOW FAR UP
[B1] how far above the ground something is
1024
Dictionary example:
The aircraft was flying at a height of about 6000 metres.
Learner example:
All [the] pictures we took were nice, but the most beautiful one was the picture [of] Patricia and I
at the top of the mountain "Kala Pattar", which is situated at a height of 5,600 metres!
hell /hel/
NOUN [U]
RELIGION
[B2] ! according to some religions, the place where bad people go when they die
Dictionary example:
I'll go to hell for this.
Learner example:
We decided to enter the a[t]tic and then, [as if] coming from hell, a big, dirty, old cat ran away
[through] our legs.
BAD EXPERIENCE
[B2] ! an experience that is very unpleasant
It's been hell working with him.
Work is sheer hell at the moment.
The last few months have been absolute hell.
Learner example:
However, this apparently relaxed activit[y] can sometimes turn into a living hell; you may only be
able to go shopping at the weekend and then, if you do go, you will find yourself in the middle of
a huge crowd of people, unable to get to any product or even shop and feeling dizzy by the
mixture of smells that come from the people.
the hell
[B2] ! INFORMAL used to emphasize something in a rude or angry way
Dictionary example:
What the hell are you doing here?
Learner example:
He was yelling again: "What the hell is going on?"
1025
helmet /ˈhel.mɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a hard hat that protects your head
a crash helmet
a cycling helmet
Learner example:
Some good advice is: first of all get yourself a good bicycle, a helmet and some protecti[ve]
clothes, in case the w[ea]ther change[s].
help /help/
Word family:
Nouns: helper
Verbs: help
Adjectives: helpful, unhelpful, helpless
VERB [I or T]
can't/couldn't help doing sth

[B1] to be unable to stop yourself doing something or to stop something
happening
I can't help laughing when I think about what happened to you both!
I couldn't help thinking about what had happened.
He couldn't help it, he slipped.
Learner example:
I got so sad that I couldn't help crying.
help yourself (to sth)

[B1] to take something, especially food or drink, without asking
Dictionary example:
Please help yourself to some coffee.
Learner example:
Some tables with sandwiches, salads and drinks are going to be available [for you] to help
yourselves.
MAKE BETTER
[B2] to make something better
1026
When you're nervous or frightened, it helps to breathe slowly and deeply.
The medicine didn't seem to help (the pain).
Learner example:
Everybody agree[s] with the importance [of] do[ing] exercise regular[l]y, it helps to take out the
toxins from the body.
NOUN
with the help of sth

[B1] using something
Dictionary example:
We managed to assemble the table with the help of the instructions.
Learner example:
The film was full of special effects created with the help of computer graphics, [and] it was very
good.
THING THAT HELPS
[B2] [NO PLURAL] something or someone that helps
Having a new computer would be a help.
He was a great help (to me) while my husband was away.
Learner example:
Two weeks ago I made a trip to Britain, and 'The Student Tourist Guidebook' was a great help
when I visited Lampton.
helper /ˈhel.pər/
Word family:
Nouns: helper
Verbs: help
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who helps another person to do something
Dictionary example:
The teachers make great use of volunteer helpers.
Learner example:
I'll be more than happy to work as a helper.
1027
helpful /ˈhelp.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: helper
Verbs: help
ADJECTIVE
[B1] willing to help, or useful
She's such a pleasant, helpful child!
I'm sorry, I was only trying to be helpful.
He made several helpful suggestions.
Learner example:
The teacher is wonderful, she is so kind and helpful to everyone.
helpless /ˈhelp.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: helper
Verbs: help
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not able to defend yourself or do things without help
Dictionary example:
a helpless animal/child
Learner example:
I remember one day in school how helpless I felt because I had forgotten my glasses at home.
hence /hens/
ADVERB
[C1] for this reason
He's got an interview today, hence the suit.
Drivers have been shown to adapt their behaviour according to perceived risk. Hence, if they are
wearing seat belts, they tend to take more risks with their driving.
Learner example:
Hence, the more competition there is, the more benefits are given to both people and society.
1028
herb /hɜːb/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a plant that is used in cooking to add flavour to food or is used in medicines
dried/fresh herbs
Basil, oregano, thyme and rosemary are all herbs.
A large range of herbs and spices are used in South Asian cookery.
Learner example:
He was chattering with [his] parents and drinking warm milk with [the] smell of fresh herbs and
flowers.
here /hɪər/
ADVERB
AT THIS POINT
[B2] at this point in a discussion or piece of writing
Dictionary example:
I don't have time here to go into all the arguments.
Learner example:
My idea here is to highlight the fact that computers are going to control our lives.
here and there

[B2] in several different places or directions but without any pattern
Dictionary example:
Tall trees were growing here and there.
Learner example:
In the cinemas there were a few broken seats here and there.
hero /ˈhɪə.rəʊ/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL heroes)
BRAVE PERSON
[B1] someone who does something brave or good, which people respect or admire
them for
1029
a war hero
He became a national hero for his part in the revolution.
They consider her a hero.
Graham says he'll take my parents to the airport at four o'clock in the morning - what a hero!
Learner example:
I couldn't believe it and while I was wondering if this was a dream, Mike Skinner, my hero,
appeared and instantly started chatting with me as if we had been friends for years.
BOOK/FILM
[B1] the main male character in a book or film, who is usually good
Dictionary example:
the hero of her latest novel
Learner example:
The film was very exciting because it was an action film and the hero was strong.
heroic /hɪˈrəʊ.ɪk/
ADJECTIVE
BRAVE
[C1] very brave
a heroic figure
a heroic act/deed
Learner example:
I would be thrilled if I could lead thousands of warriors into heroic battles to con[qu]er the world.
TRYING HARD
[C1] If someone makes a heroic effort to do something, they work very hard to try
to do it.
Dictionary example:
In spite of England's heroic efforts, they lost the match.
Learner example:
Individually or in organised groups, those who worry about the subject are making a heroic
attempt to convince others of the importance of recycling, caring about the wildlife and sparing
the woods from fire or massive exploitation.
1030
herself /hɜːˈself/
PRONOUN
EMPHASIS
[B2] used to emphasize the pronoun 'she' or the particular female person you are
referring to
Dictionary example:
She herself admitted that it was wrong.
Learner example:
She herself, through her books, transfers to mature and [elderly] people too.
hesitate /ˈhez.ɪ.teɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: hesitation
Verbs: hesitate
VERB [I]
PAUSE
[B2] to pause before doing something, especially because you are nervous or not
certain
Richard hesitated before answering.
"Do you love me?" she asked. He hesitated and then said, "I'm not sure."
Learner example:
So, don't hesitate to buy that CD, it's a masterpiece and undoubte[d]ly you'll love it.
don't hesitate to do sth

[B2] used to encourage someone to do something
Dictionary example:
Please don't hesitate to get in touch if you need any more advice.
Learner example:
If you have mo[re] questions, do not hesitate to contact me.
hesitation /ˌhez.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: hesitation
Verbs: hesitate
1031
NOUN
have no hesitation in doing sth

[C1] when you are very willing to do something because you know it is the right
thing to do
Dictionary example:
He had no hesitation in signing for the team.
Learner example:
I think that Juan Pablo is a very well qualified applicant for this job, and I have no hesitation in
supporting him wholeheartedly.
hidden /ˈhɪd.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: hide
Adjectives: hidden
ADJECTIVE
NOT EASY TO FIND
[B1] A hidden thing or place is not easy to find.
a hidden valley
There were hidden microphones in the room to record their conversation.
Learner example:
But to her surprise the policeman laughed and said, "You are the winner of our hidden camera
cont[e]st".
NOT KNOW ABOUT
[B2] If something is hidden, most people do not know about it.
hidden costs/taxes
Harry had a hidden agenda at the meeting and was determined to get his way.
Learner example:
I think this is a hidden danger of having a mobile phone and therefore the disadvantages are not
as obvious as the advantage.
hide /haɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: hide
Adjectives: hidden
1032
VERB (hid, hidden)
THING
[B1] [T] to put something in a place where it cannot be seen or found
She used to hide her diary under her pillow.
The papers were hidden under the floorboards.
Learner example:
Lord Alloway hid the suitcase [to] protect it.
PERSON
[B1] [I] (ALSO hide yourself) to go to a place where you cannot be seen or found
She ran off and hid behind a tree.
They hid themselves in the wardrobe.
Learner example:
The plan is to bring him to my house, [and] everybody [will] hide in the living room. [W]hen he
enter[s] the room, we [will] shout 'Surprise'.
FEELING/INFORMATION
[B1] [T] to keep a feeling or information secret
He couldn't hide his embarrassment.
There's something about her past that she's trying to hide from me.
Learner example:
I knew that you loved each other more than anything in this world, but I couldn't hide my surprise
when you told me that you're getting married.
high /haɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: height
Adjectives: high
Adverbs: highly
ADJECTIVE
ABOVE GROUND
[B1] a large distance above the ground or the level of the sea
a high window
The village was high up in the mountains.
1033
Learner example:
Look[ing] out [of] the window, I can see the birds high up on the trees.
AMOUNT/LEVEL
[B1] great in amount, size or level
a high temperature
high prices/costs
The car sped away at high speed.
Learner example:
Be careful while you are in Brazil because sometimes people charge really high prices for
everything just because you are a tourist.
VERY GOOD
[B1] very good
high standards/quality
She got high marks in her last exam.
Learner example:
There were lots of CD players and [everything] was high quality.
IMPORTANT
[B2] important, powerful, or at the top level of something
a high rank
Safety is our highest priority.
Learner example:
Living is definitely the highest priority [all] over the world.
high in sth
[C1] If a food is high in something, it contains a lot of it.
Dictionary example:
Avoid foods that are high in salt.
Learner example:
Since there is no time even for cooking a healthy meal, they get used to ready meals that are high
in fat and salt.
ADVERB
DISTANCE
[B1] at or to a large distance above the ground
1034
We flew high above the city.
He threw the ball high into the air.
Learner example:
Being in the cabin high above Vienna both of them th[ought] about killing the other.
AMOUNT/LEVEL
[C1] at or to a large amount or level
Dictionary example:
Temperatures rose as high as 40 degrees.
Learner example:
Can we expect to see the world unemployment rate reach as high as fifty percent?
highlight /ˈhaɪ.laɪt/
VERB [T]
[B2] to emphasize something or make people notice something
to highlight a problem/danger
The report highlights the need for stricter regulations.
Learner example:
Electricity in general has been absor[b]ed into our [daily] activities in such an intense way that we
tend to take it for granted [a]nd it is exactly when it is not available that our dependency [o]n it is
highlighted.
NOTICE
[B2] to make something a different colour so that is is more easily noticed,

especially written words
Dictionary example:
The spelling mistakes in the text had been highlighted in yellow.
NOUN [C]
[B2] the best or most important part of something
Dictionary example:
The boat trip was one of the highlights of the holiday.
Learner example:
The Festival is one of the highlights of the year for me and many others.
1035
highly /ˈhaɪ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: height
Adjectives: high
Adverbs: highly
ADVERB
HIGH LEVEL
[B2] at a high level
a highly paid job
a highly educated workforce
Learner example:
I am [a] 24-year-old highly educated Turkish boy.
VERY
[C1] very or to a large degree
a highly effective treatment
We are highly unlikely to meet anyone here.
Learner example:
Now it features a highly effective searching system.
high-tech /ˌhaɪˈtek/
ADJECTIVE (ALSO hi-tech)

[B2] using or involved with the most recent and advanced electronic machines,
computers, etc.
Dictionary example:
His new car has a high-tech sound system.
Learner example:
We can build up a high-tech computer lab, and last but not least, we can provide some talented
students with scholarship[s].
hilarious /hɪˈleə.ri.əs/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] extremely funny
1036
Dictionary example:
They all thought the film was hilarious.
Learner example:
In addition to this, the hosts and actors of the show have very few boundaries and are not afraid
to make fools out of themselves, which means that they can do things that most people find very
embar[ra]ssing, and this is something that contributes to making the show hilarious.
himself /hɪmˈself/
PRONOUN
EMPHASIS
[B2] used to emphasize the pronoun 'he' or the particular male person you are
referring to
Dictionary example:
Did you want to talk to the chairman himself, or could his personal assistant help you?
Learner example:
But no one would like to be behind bars himself.
hint /hɪnt/
NOUN [C]
SUGGESTION
[B2] when you say something that suggests what you think or want, but not in a
direct way
He's dropped several hints to the boss that he'll quit if he doesn't get a promotion.
Did she give you any hints about where she was going?
You can't take a hint, can you? Just go away and leave me alone!
Learner example:
He didn't take a hint. When that day had come, I timidly approached him and [gave] him my [final]
words [of] warning.
ADVICE
[B2] a small piece of advice
Dictionary example:
The magazine gives lots of useful hints on how to save money.
1037
Learner example:
I would like to make use of this offer, therefore I am writing down [some] helpful hints about
Lampton.
hip /hɪp/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of the two parts of your body above your leg and below your waist
She stood waiting with her hands on her hips.
This exercise is designed to trim your hips and stomach.
Learner example:
She had a fractured ankle, a dis[locat]ed collar-bone and something was also wrong with her hips.
hire /haɪər/
VERB [T]
RENT
[B1] to pay to use something for a short time
How much would it cost to hire a car for a fortnight?
You could always hire a dress for the ball if you can't afford to buy one.
Learner example:
We hired two bicycles in Bocastle village.
EMPLOY
[B2] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to begin to to employ someone
I was hired by the first company I applied to.
We ought to hire a public relations consultant to help improve our image.
Learner example:
The interview was OK and my friend and I w[ere] hired!
1038
historian /hɪˈstɔː.ri.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: history, historian
Adjectives: historic, historical
Adverbs: historically
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who writes about or studies history
Dictionary example:
His father was a famous historian.
Learner example:
I would be very willing to help historians solve the enigma about the origin of Thailand.
historic /hɪˈstɒr.ɪk/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B1] important or likely to be important in history
historic buildings
a historic day/moment
Learner example:
I know you and I understand that you [are coming to] my country to visit ancient castle[s] and
historic buildings, so I recommend [you] to visit Rome: a fantastic city!
historical /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B1] relating to events or people in the past, or to the study of history
Many important historical documents were destroyed when the library was bombed.
She specializes in historical novels set in eighteenth-century England.
1039
Learner example:
Budapest is very beautiful with a [lot] of historical buildings and churches.
historically /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is connected to history
The film makes no attempt to be historically accurate.
Historically, there have always been close links between France and Scotland.
Learner example:
Well, maybe this brief description of my travel in time is not historically accurate; nevertheless I
hope that you have enjoyed yourself reading it as much as I did writing it, and I hope you will
consider it worth[y] of publication in your magazine.
history /ˈhɪs.tər.i/
Word family:
NOUN
a history of sth
[C1] If you have a history of a particular problem or illness, you have already
suffered from it.
Dictionary example:
a man with a history of drug addiction
Learner example:
The characteristic we are born with is to a certain level affected by genetic factor[s] e.g. if a
mother has a history of depression her daughter or son will also have higher chance [of] get[ting]
depression.
1040
hit /hɪt/
VERB [T] (hitting, hit, hit)
TOUCH
[B1] to touch someone or something quickly and with force, usually causing injury
or damage
The car went out of control and hit a wall.
She hit her head on the pavement when she fell.
Learner example:
He hit a boy on the main road [but] fortun[ate]ly the boy was ok[a]y.
AFFECT
[B2] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to affect something badly
Dictionary example:
The economy has been hit by high unemployment.
Learner example:
Penalties for parking in [the] wrong place can really hit you in [the] po[c]ket.
REACH
[C1] to reach a place, position, or state
Dictionary example:
Our profits have already hit $1 million.
Learner example:
Having already hit the 50% boundary in 1991, we still see that the teachers' salaries experienced a
significant rise.
NOUN [C]
SUCCESS
[B1] a thing or person that is very popular or successful
The Beatles had a string of number-one hits in the 1960s.
Your cake was a real hit at the party - everyone loved it.
They've just released a CD of their greatest hits.
Learner example:
The group RADIANT played their big hits [from the] 1980s for an hour.
INTERNET
[B2] a request to see a document on the Internet that is then counted to calculate
the number of people looking at the page
1041
Dictionary example:
There have been over 10,000 hits on the site since Wednesday.
hitchhike /ˈhɪtʃ.haɪk/
VERB [I]
[B1] to get free rides in someone's vehicle, by standing next to the road and
waiting for someone to pick you up
Dictionary example:
We hitchhiked from Paris to Milan.
Learner example:
We hitchhike[d] to the nearest city.
hi-tech /ˌhaɪˈtek/
ADJECTIVE (ALSO high-tech)

[B2] using or involved with the most recent and advanced electronic machines,
computers, etc.
Dictionary example:
This database system is an affordable, hi-tech solution.
Learner example:
With the development of science and technology, many new inve[ntions] have entered our life,
especially some hi-tech products.
hold /həʊld/
VERB [T] (held, held)
KEEP IN POSITION
[B1] to keep something in a particular position
Can you hold the door open, please?
Hold your hand up if you know the answer.
They held a gun to his head.
Learner example:
Suddenly, the girl found herself in front of the man, [who was] holding a gun against her
forehead.
1042
ORGANIZE
[B1] to organize an event
to hold talks/an election
A music festival is held there in July.
Learner example:
Every evening the concerts are held in the open air, so you can have lots of fun.
CONTAIN
[B1] to contain or be able to contain something
This jug holds exactly one pint.
One bag won't hold all of the shopping - we'd better take two.
Modern computers can hold huge amounts of information.
Learner example:
Big companies which hold a huge amount of information would not be able to work without a
computer.
PRISONER
[B2] to keep someone in a place so that they cannot leave
The terrorists held him hostage for 18 months.
I was held prisoner in a tiny attic room.
Learner example:
All around the world animals are held as prisoners in zoos.
hold your breath

[B2] to keep air in your lungs and not let it out
Dictionary example:
How long can you hold your breath under water?
Learner example:
My heart was beating fast. I was holding my breath.
COMPETITION
[B2] to have a particular position in a competition
to hold the world record
The team held the lead until the 89th minute.
Learner example:
Nowadays she is an excellent sportswoman, she holds the world record.
1043
JOB OR QUALIFICATION
[C1] to have a particular job, position, or qualification
Dictionary example:
She held the post of treasurer.
Learner example:
In fact 90% males hold the skilled vocational diploma where[as] only 10% females hold the same
degree.
hold an opinion/belief/view
[C1] to believe something
Dictionary example:
They held the view that physical punishment was good for children.
Learner example:
Nowadays, some people hold the opinion that children who do not have good living conditions are
better prepared to deal with the problems which they will encounter later on.
hold a conversation
[C1] to have a conversation
Dictionary example:
I can just about hold a conversation in Italian.
Learner example:
I know the grammar and many different expressions, and I can hold a conversation with other
people.
hold sb's attention/interest

[C1] to keep someone interested in something
Dictionary example:
The film held my attention from beginning to end.
Learner example:
The recent protest about our canteen held my attention.
NOUN
SUPPORT
[B2] [NO PLURAL] when you hold something or someone, or the way you do this
Dictionary example:
Keep a tight hold on your tickets.
Learner example:
When I got up on my feet again, I reached out my arm to get a hold on something, but there
w[as]n't anything to hold on to.
catch/get/grab/take hold of sth/sb

[B2] to start holding something or someone
1044
He took hold of one end of the carpet and tugged.
I just managed to grab hold of Lucy before she fell in the pool.
Learner example:
I'm scared!" said Nora trembling, as she took hold of my arm.
get hold of sth/sb

[B2] to obtain something, or to manage to speak to someone
I got hold of a copy at the local library.
I rang three times, but couldn't get hold of her.
Learner example:
I had also forgotten to remind my friends and teachers to bring their own knife and fork to our
lunch, but fortunately one of my friends managed to get hold of some spare knives and forks.
on hold
[C1] If a plan or activity is on hold, it will not be done until a later time.
Dictionary example:
The project is on hold until we get more money.
Learner example:
What's more, it might, intentional[l]y or not, raise awareness on issues that might have been put
on hold by authorities, such as the legalization of soft drugs.
on hold
[C1] waiting to speak to someone on the telephone
Dictionary example:
His secretary put me on hold.
Learner example:
The day after, I called your office and after being put on hold, the person answering the phone
was unwilling to come up with a proper reply.
hole /həʊl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a hollow space in something, or an opening in a surface
a bullet hole
There's a hole in the roof.
We dug a hole to plant the tree.
Learner example:
I like wearing jeans with holes in them, they look cool.
1045
holy /ˈhəʊ.li/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] relating to a religion or a god
Dictionary example:
the holy city of Jerusalem
Learner example:
I'd like to go inside and see for myself but only the holy priests are allowed to be in there and only
[on] special occasions.
home /həʊm/
Word family:
Nouns: home, homeless, homelessness
Adjectives: homeless
Adverbs: home
NOUN
feel at home
[B1] to feel happy and confident in a place or situation
Dictionary example:
After a month she felt at home in her new job.
Learner example:
I explained: "I was in Manchester for just 10 month[s] and [during] that time the people from there
made me feel at home [so] I feel proud to have the accent."
the home of sth/sb

[C1] the place where you usually find something or someone, or where they come
from
Dictionary example:
France, the home of good food
Learner example:
Every golfer - and those watching golf - know, that the home of golf is St. Andrews in Scotland.
make yourself at home

[C1] to behave in a relaxed way in a place, as if it was your own home
Dictionary example:
Take off your coat and make yourself at home.
Learner example:
Please relax and make yourself at home and help yourself.
1046
CARE
[C1] [C] a place where people who need special care live
a children's home
My grandmother lives in a home now.
Learner example:
However, I am also experienced with elderly people because I worked in an old people's home for
about 3 months in the summer 1997.
ADVERB
AT/IN PLACE
[B1] at or in the place someone lives
Dictionary example:
Will you be home tomorrow evening?
Learner example:
I'll not be home this afternoon.
homeless /ˈhəʊm.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: home, homeless, homelessness
Adjectives: homeless
Adverbs: home
ADJECTIVE
[C1] without a place to live
Dictionary example:
10,000 people were made homeless by the floods.
Learner example:
As a result, there are a lot of homeless people in our local community.
NOUN
the homeless
[C1] people who are homeless
Dictionary example:
They're opening a new shelter for the homeless.
Learner example:
The money spen[t] on the royal family could be used for something else like building houses for
the homeless.
1047
honest /ˈɒn.ɪst/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
TRUTH
[B1] sincere and telling the truth
Dictionary example:
If you want my honest answer/opinion, I think your hair looks awful.
Learner example:
I tell everything to my mother in order to be honest.
NOT CHEAT
[B1] not likely to lie, cheat, or steal
an honest man
She had an honest face.
Learner example:
I know it is an illusion, but I want to think that in the world there are some honest people.
to be honest
[B1] used to express your real opinion
To be honest, I didn't really enjoy the party.
To be honest with you, I don't think it will be possible.
Learner example:
To be honest, I do hate shopping for clothes.
honestly /ˈɒn.ɪst.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
EMPHASIZE
[B1] used to emphasize that you are telling the truth
1048
Dictionary example:
Thanks, but I honestly couldn't eat another piece of cake.
Learner example:
Honestly, I did not know what to do, I wanted to cry.
HONEST
[B2] in an honest way
Dictionary example:
They have always dealt honestly and fairly with their customers.
Learner example:
If we want to answer [this question] honestly and sincerely, we should think about [the]
advantages and disadvantages that keeping animals in zoos results [in].
honesty /ˈɒn.ə.sti/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
QUALITY
[B2] the quality of being honest
Dictionary example:
I appreciate your honesty.
Learner example:
He's an extraordinary person and the TV viewers will love him because of his good sense of
humo[u]r and his honesty.
honeymoon /ˈhʌn.i.muːn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a holiday taken by two people who have just got married
Dictionary example:
We went to Paris on our honeymoon.
Learner example:
Where did you spend your honeymoon?
1049
honour /ˈɒn.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: honour
Adjectives: honoured
NOUN
RESPECT
[B2] [U] when people respect you because you have done what you believe is honest
and right, or the quality of doing this
a man of honour
We fought for the honour of our country.
Learner example:
Your health is worth much more than your honour.
in honour of sb/sth
[B2] in order to celebrate or show great respect for someone or something
Dictionary example:
a banquet in honour of the president
Learner example:
Finally we went to Corinth, where there are a lot of ancient sanctuaries which were built in honour
of their gods.
PRIDE
[B2] [NO PLURAL] something which makes you feel proud and pleased
It's an honour to be team captain.
I had the great honour of meeting the King.
Learner example:
It would be a pleasure and an honour for me.
honoured /ˈɒn.əd/
Word family:
Nouns: honour
Adjectives: honoured
ADJECTIVE
[C1] proud and pleased because you have been given respect or asked to do
something special
1050
I am honoured to accept your invitation.
We would be honoured if you would join us for the day.
Learner example:
We would be honoured if you could present the prizes at this event.
hood /hʊd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] part of a piece of clothing which can be pulled up to cover the top and back of
the head
Dictionary example:
The coat has a hood.
Learner example:
He was wearing a black hood.
hook /hʊk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a curved piece of metal or plastic used for hanging something on, or a similar
object used for catching fish
a coat/picture hook
a boat hook
a fish hook
Learner example:
A few moments later she took out a rope, which had a hook on one end.
VERB [T]
be/get hooked on sth

[B2] to like or start to like doing something very much and want to do it all the time
Dictionary example:
He's completely hooked on computer games.
Learner example:
It is such a great change to listen to well-known singers for those who are hooked on rock music.
1051
hop /hɒp/
VERB [I] (hopping, hopped)
MOVE QUICKLY
[C1] to go somewhere quickly or get into or out of a vehicle quickly
Dictionary example:
to hop on a plane/train
Learner example:
The next thing that happen[s] is that everyone hops in their cars and drives to the restaurant
where they have dinner.
hope /həʊp/
Word family:
Nouns: hope
Verbs: hope
Adjectives: hopeful, hopeless
Adverbs: hopefully, hopelessly
VERB [I or T]
hope to do sth
[B1] to intend to do something
Dictionary example:
Dad hopes to retire next year.
Learner example:
With this new class I hope to make progress.
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a positive feeling about the future, or something that you want to happen or
be true
a message full of hope
What are your hopes for the future?
Don't give up hope - I'm sure he'll be fine.
Young people are growing up in our cities without any hope of getting a job.
Learner example:
Ten minutes later I started to tell [them] how brave [they were] and how we fought when there was
no hope.
1052
in the hope of/that
[C1] because you want something good to happen
She went to Paris in the hope of improving her French.
They wrote to the Prime Minister in the hope that he would help.
Learner example:
Not only would I want to travel back to understand Hitler's incredible success, but also in the hope
of thwarting his plans.
hopeful /ˈhəʊp.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: hope
Verbs: hope
ADJECTIVE
FEELING POSITIVE
[B1] feeling positive about a future event or situation
He was hopeful about the outcome of the meeting.
They were hopeful of a successful agreement.
I'm hopeful (that) we can reach a compromise.
Learner example:
I know that it is quite impossible to find it [i]n a big town like mine, but I am [still] hopeful.
hopefully /ˈhəʊp.fəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: hope
Verbs: hope
ADVERB
WHAT YOU WANT
[B1] used, often at the start of a sentence, to express what you would like to
happen
1053
Hopefully it won't rain.
Hopefully we'll be in Norwich by early evening.
Learner example:
Hopefully he likes me, too.
HOPEFUL WAY
[B2] in a hopeful way
Dictionary example:
"Are there any tickets left?" she asked hopefully.
Learner example:
I'll be waiting hopefully for your letter.
hopeless /ˈhəʊ.pləs/
Word family:
Nouns: hope
Verbs: hope
ADJECTIVE
NO HOPE
[B1] without hope
a hopeless situation
They searched for survivors but it was hopeless.
She was depressed and felt totally hopeless about the future.
Learner example:
When my uncle heard about my new hobby, he bought me a chess-computer to train for my first
real match. At the moment I'm trying to win against it but I think it is hopeless.
BAD AT SOMETHING
[B2] very bad at a particular activity
I'm hopeless at sports.
He's a hopeless cook.
1054
horizon /həˈraɪ.zən/
Word family:
Nouns: horizon
Adjectives: horizontal
NOUN
broaden/expand/widen your horizons

[C1] to increase the number of things that you know about, have experienced, or
can do
Dictionary example:
Travelling certainly broadens your horizons.
Learner example:
Overall, I can say the conference was a success and definitely broadened my horizons.
on the horizon
[C1] likely to happen soon
Dictionary example:
Economic recovery is on the horizon.
Learner example:
Often this is justified as [a] result of society being collective[ly] afraid that a shortage of fuel is on
the horizon.
horizontal /ˌhɒr.ɪˈzɒn.təl/
Word family:
Nouns: horizon
Adjectives: horizontal
ADJECTIVE
[C1] level and flat, or parallel to the ground or to the bottom of a page
Dictionary example:
a horizontal line/stripe
Learner example:
Years are projected along the horizontal axis.
1055
horn /hɔːn/
NOUN [C]
SOUND
[B2] a piece of equipment used to make a loud sound as a warning or signal
a car/fog horn
The taxi driver sounded/beeped his horn.
Learner example:
How happy I was, hearing the sound of a car horn.
ANIMAL
[C1] one of the two hard, pointed growths on the heads of cows, goats, and some
other animals
Dictionary example:
These cows have curved horns.
Learner example:
Far in the south of Chile, you will find the smallest deer of the world called "Pudù". It is only 25
cm. tall, doesn't have big horns and eats fruit.
horror /ˈhɒr.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: horror
Adjectives: horrified, horrifying
NOUN [U]
a horror film/movie/story
[B1] a film or story that entertains people by shocking or frightening them
Dictionary example:
I love reading horror stories.
Learner example:
I'll buy a DVD called "Scream", it's a horror movie - you know I love scary movies.
FEELING
[B2] a strong feeling of shock or fear
She watched in horror as the car skidded across the road.
The thought of speaking in front of so many people fills me with horror.
I then realized to my absolute horror, that I had forgotten the present.
1056
Learner example:
I approached the door but to my horror, it was locked.
hospitable /hɒsˈpɪt.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: hospitality
Adjectives: hospitable
ADJECTIVE
[C1] A hospitable person or place is friendly, pleasant, and welcomes visitors.
Dictionary example:
We always find them very hospitable.
Learner example:
First of all, the families you will be staying with are exceptionally hospitable, always willing to
show you round in the local area.
hospitality /ˌhɒs.pɪˈtæl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: hospitality
Adjectives: hospitable
NOUN [U]
[C1] when people are friendly and welcoming to guests and visitors
Dictionary example:
The local people showed me great hospitality.
Learner example:
Our members were ever so pleased with the families and your kind hospitality.
host /həʊst/
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[B2] someone who invites people to a meal or a party, or to stay in their home
We thanked our hosts for the lovely evening.
My host family looked after me very well during my month in London.
1057
Learner example:
My experience [of] liv[ing] with a host family was very good, so I suggest we should look for a nice
place for both of us.
a host of sth
[C1] a large number of people or things
Dictionary example:
I've got a whole host of questions to ask you.
Learner example:
In this day and age, we can buy Nike clothes, H[ead & Shoulders] shampoos and a host of other
products in the UK as well as other places in the world.
VERB [T]
[C1] If a place hosts an event, people there arrange it and it happens there.
Dictionary example:
The town hosts an annual jazz festival.
Learner example:
Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing on behalf of my town which has been short-listed to host an
international conference next year.
hostel /ˈhɒs.təl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a place like a cheap hotel, where you can live when you are away from home or
have no home
a youth hostel
a hostel for the homeless
Learner example:
We'll stay in a hostel [be]cause it's cheap and we'll use public transport.
hostile /ˈhɒs.taɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: hostility
Adjectives: hostile
ADJECTIVE
UNFRIENDLY
[C1] unfriendly and not liking or agreeing with something
1058
Dictionary example:
Some politicians were very hostile to the idea.
Learner example:
She is not hostile or aggressive.
DIFFICULT
[C1] unpleasant or not suitable for living or growing
a hostile climate
They live and work in very hostile conditions.
Learner example:
However, they do not realize that they have to survive in a hostile environment, living in unsafe
and unhealthy slums.
hot /hɒt/
ADJECTIVE (hotter, hottest)
SPICY
[B1] Hot food contains strong spices which cause a burning feeling in your mouth.
a hot curry
hot and spicy food
Learner example:
Here we have many restaurants to go [to], so it's hard to have a favourite, but we sometimes go to
[the] Delhi restaurant, which serve[s] Indian food, because we like meals [that are] hot [with]
various spices.
a hot issue/topic
[C1] a subject which people discuss and have strong feelings about
Dictionary example:
The legalization of drugs is a hot topic.
Learner example:
Whether to compete or to cooperate has become a hot issue in today's society, both in public and
private.
EXCITING
[C1] INFORMAL exciting or interesting

Dictionary example:
Hollywood's hottest new actress
1059
Learner example:
That would mean that Bill Gates is the hottest celebrity on earth, but he is not.
hour /aʊər/
Word family:
Nouns: hour
Adjectives: hourly
Adverbs: hourly
NOUN [C]
hours
[B1] INFORMAL a long time
I spent hours doing my homework.
They kept us waiting for hours and hours.
Learner example:
We spent hours talking, but at ten o'clock he [took] me home.
all hours
[C1] very late at night, until early morning, or almost all the time
Dictionary example:
Our neighbours are up till all hours every night, playing loud music.
Learner example:
This causes traffic jams at all hours of the day.
hourly /ˈaʊə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: hour
Adjectives: hourly
Adverbs: hourly
ADJECTIVE
EVERY HOUR
[B2] done or happening every hour
There's an hourly bus service into town.
A nurse checked him at hourly intervals.
1060
PER HOUR
[B2] for each hour
Dictionary example:
an hourly rate/wage
Learner example:
I'll also call the shop and ask [about] the hourly rate and the working hours.
ADVERB
[C1] once every hour
Dictionary example:
Trains stop here hourly.
Learner example:
This train runs hourly and takes about 90 minutes to Kassel which is the second stop.
household /ˈhaʊs.həʊld/

[B2] a family or group of people who live together in a house
By the 1960s, most households had a TV.
household chores
household expenses
Learner example:
In Japan, for example, the vast majority of households have at least one car nowadays.
housework /ˈhaʊs.wɜːk/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the work of keeping a house clean and tidy
Dictionary example:
I hate doing housework.
Learner example:
I ran out of vegetables and cans, [and] as I was not at home the housework wasn't done, and the
children almost destroy[ed] my furniture.
1061
housing /ˈhaʊ.zɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: house, housing
Verbs: house
NOUN [U]
[C1] buildings for people to live in
Dictionary example:
a shortage of local housing
Learner example:
The problems with housing can be improved by building more council houses, which can be
bought at lower prices, or giving subsidies to first [time] buyers.
how /haʊ/
ADVERB
EXPERIENCE
[B1] used to ask or talk about what an experience or event was like
How was your flight?
How did you find the lecture?
How did you like the concert?
Learner example:
How was your birthday?
EMPHASIZE
[B1] used for emphasis
I can't tell you how pleased I am that you came.
How nice to see you!
I was amazed at how quickly she finished.
Learner example:
It's quite amazing how quickly she could change my reason to learn English.
How about ...?

Dictionary example:
So the town was nice - how about the food?
1062
Learner example:
I don't like shopping with my mum because she wants me to wear weird clothes. How about you?
how come INFORMAL
[C1] used to ask why or how something has happened
Dictionary example:
How come you didn't go to the party?
Learner example:
Off the record: How come that your reporter can print such lies when knowing they are perhaps
How dare she/you, etc.

[C1] used to express anger about something someone has done
Dictionary example:
How dare you talk to me like that!
Learner example:
How dare you call that high standards?!
how far
[C1] used to talk about how true something is
Dictionary example:
How far do politicians represent the views of ordinary people?
Learner example:
How far and to what extent would the characteristics we are born with influence our future
development in life?
however /ˌhaʊˈev.ər/
ADVERB
however cold/difficult/slowly, etc.

[B2] used to say that it does not make any difference how cold/difficult/slowly, etc.
We're not going to get there in time, however fast we drive.
However hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off a whole pizza.
If Emma likes something she'll buy it however much it costs.
I'll see you after the show and give you £20 for the tickets, or however much they cost.
Learner example:
We think that we are careful and that we can avoid traffic accidents, but however careful we may
be, some other people might be careless and hit us.
1063
hug /hʌg/
VERB [T] (-gg-)

[B1] to put your arms around someone and hold them tightly, usually because you
love or like them
They hugged each other when they met at the station.
Emily hugged her teddy bear tightly to her chest.
She sat on the floor hugging her knees.
Learner example:
We walked in the street together and spoke [to] each other [for] more than for four hours and at
the end we hugged and kissed.
NOUN [C]
[B1] when you put your arms around someone and hold them tightly
Come here and give me a big hug.
We always exchange hugs and kisses when we meet.
Learner example:
The singer of the band ,"Green Day" was coming to[wards] me. [He] took my hand and then gave
me a hug.
huge /hjuːdʒ/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely large
They live in a huge house.
The costs involved in building a spacecraft are huge.
A huge number of people attended.
Learner example:
I live in a huge old house in the suburbs with my family.
human /ˈhjuː.mən/
Word family:
Adjectives: human, inhuman
1064
ADJECTIVE
PEOPLE
[B1] relating to people or their characteristics
the human body
human behaviour
The fault was due to human error.
Learner example:
As for me, the last good programme I saw was [a] scientific episode about [the] abilities of the
human brain.
NOUN [C] (ALSO human being)

[B1] a man, woman or child
Dictionary example:
The greatest damage being done to our planet today is that being done by humans.
Learner example:
The programm[e]s I have enjoyed recently were about w[h]ales, sharks and humans.
humanity /hjuːˈmæn.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: humanity
Adjectives: humanitarian
NOUN [U]
ALL PEOPLE
[C1] all people
Dictionary example:
The massacre was a crime against humanity.
Learner example:
All humanity enjoys the numerous advances in modern technology and [in] our day, life [has
become] more interesting and eas[ier].
human rights /ˌhjuː.mənˈraɪts/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] the basic rights that every person should have, such as justice and freedom to
say what you think
1065
Dictionary example:
international laws protecting human rights
Learner example:
My main interest is the way of li[f]e during the so-called French Period; that period is very
important for the foundation of human rights and the way parl[ia]ment ought to work.
humid /ˈhjuː.mɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] Humid air or weather is hot and slightly wet.
Dictionary example:
It's very humid today.
Learner example:
[The] north of Iran is wet but [the] south of Iran is humid and hot.
humorous /ˈhjuː.mər.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: humour
Adjectives: humorous
ADJECTIVE
[C1] funny, or making you laugh
Dictionary example:
a humorous book
Learner example:
To be more specific, the articles will include events taken from our college life, written in a
humorous, chatty way.
humour /ˈhjuː.mər/
Word family:
Nouns: humour
Adjectives: humorous
NOUN
a sense of humour
[B1] the ability to understand funny things and to be funny yourself
1066
Dictionary example:
Carol has a wicked sense of humour.
Learner example:
Most of them have an incredible sense of humour so we laugh a lot when we go there.
[B2] [U] the quality of being funny
Dictionary example:
There's a lot of humour in her work.
Learner example:
The film is really exciting with a bit of humour.
hundred /ˈhʌn.drəd/
hundreds INFORMAL
[B2] a lot
Dictionary example:
Hundreds of people wrote in to complain.
Learner example:
When she came back to reality she could see hundreds of people applauding..
hunger /ˈhʌŋ.gər/
Word family:
Nouns: hunger
Adjectives: hungry
NOUN
NEED FOR FOOD
[B1] [U] the feeling you have when you need to eat
I can't believe that that enormous meal wasn't enough to satisfy your hunger.
By about 9 o'clock she started to feel faint from/with hunger.
Learner example:
It [wa]s [what] I expected, a baby crying f[rom] hunger.
NOT ENOUGH FOOD
[B2] [U] when you do not have enough food
Dictionary example:
All over the world, people die of hunger every day.
1067
Learner example:
Many changes are coming and many problems are coming too, because overpopulation,
contamination, pollution, hunger, [and] poverty besides come with this technological revolution
and that is something that the human being will have to solve soon.
WISH
[C1] [NO PLURAL] a strong wish for something
Dictionary example:
a hunger for success/knowledge
Learner example:
The most important factor when learning English is the hunger for knowledge, the hunger for the
unknown.
hunt /hʌnt/
Word family:
Nouns: hunting, hunt
Verbs: hunt
VERB [I or T]
CHASE
[B1] ! to chase and kill wild animals
Some animals hunt at night.
Cats like to hunt mice and birds.
Learner example:
As I was saying, you can also go to jungle hotels - comfortable hotels in the middle of the forest,
just crossing the Amazon River, where you can keep in touch with nature, feed monkeys and even
"hunt" alligators (all sizes, believe me!).
SEARCH
[B2] to search for something or someone
I've hunted all over the place, but I can't find that book.
They are still hunting for the missing child.
I've hunted for my gloves.
Police are hunting the terrorists who planted the bomb.
Learner example:
You don't have to hunt for a place to park your car and to worry what will happen when you're out
of gas.
1068
NOUN
[C1] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] a search for something or someone
After a long hunt we finally found a house we liked.
The hunt for the injured climber continued throughout the night.
Learner example:
What is more, it helps to face problems which could occur during the hunt for a "lifetime" job.
hunting /ˈhʌn.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: hunting, hunt
Verbs: hunt
NOUN [U]
[B2] the sport of chasing and killing animals
deer hunting
She's very much against hunting of any sort.
Learner example:
And of course hunting won't be allowed.
hurry /ˈhʌr.i/
VERB [I or T]
hurry up PHRASAL VERB
[B1] to do something more quickly
Dictionary example:
Hurry up or we'll miss the train.
Learner example:
When I arrived, the other [basketball] club members [were] already dressed, so I had to hurry up.
hurry up sb/sth or hurry sb/sth up PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to make someone do something more quickly, or to make something happen

sooner
Dictionary example:
Could you hurry the children up, or their dinner will get cold?
1069
NOUN [C NO PLURAL]
[B1] the need to move or do things more quickly than normal
We left in such a hurry that we forgot our tickets.
"Can you wait a few minutes?" "Yes, I'm not in any hurry/I'm in no hurry."
Are you in a hurry to leave?
What's (all) the hurry (for)/Why (all) the hurry - we've got plenty of time.
"I'll let you have this back next week." "That's all right, there's no (great) hurry/there isn't any
(great) hurry ."
Learner example:
I was in a hurry to get [to] class so I wore diffe[re]nt colour[ed] socks.
hurt /hɜːt/
VERB (hurt, hurt)
EMOTION
[B1] [I or T] to cause emotional pain to someone
She criticized my writing quite severely and that hurt.
He was badly hurt by the end of his marriage.
I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.
Learner example:
My heart was hurt and nobody will [be able to] repair the damage.
ADJECTIVE
IN PAIN
[B1] [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] injured or in pain
Let me help you up. Are you hurt?
Put that knife away before someone gets hurt.
Several people were seriously/badly hurt in the explosion.
Learner example:
There was an accident on the motorway but fortunately nobody was seriously hurt.
UNHAPPY
[B1] upset or unhappy
I feel very hurt by what you said.
"That was very unkind," he said in a hurt voice.
1070
Learner example:
I know you got very hurt when [you and] Brian broke up.
hut /hʌt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small, simple building, often made of wood
a mountain hut
a row of beach huts
Learner example:
Finally, we reached a hut near a river, where we stayed until the following day, when we returned
home by bus.
hygiene /ˈhaɪ.dʒiːn/
Word family:
Nouns: hygiene
Adjectives: hygienic
NOUN [U]
[C1] the process of keeping things clean, especially to prevent disease
health and hygiene regulations
dental/personal hygiene
Learner example:
The ones that need medical services at home have hardly [got] anyone, and no one has helped
them with personal hygiene.
hyphen /ˈhaɪ.fən/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a mark (-) used to join two words together, or to show that a word has been
divided and continues on the next line
Dictionary example:
There should be a hyphen in 'short-sighted'.
1071
hysterical /hɪˈster.ɪ.kəl/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If someone is hysterical, they cannot control their feelings or behaviour

because they are extremely frightened, angry, excited, etc.
Calm down, you're becoming/getting hysterical.
The police were accused of hysterical over-reaction.
hysterical laughter
Learner example:
The actor playing the part of Amadeus is Tom Hulce, whose hysterical laughter always seems to
put him in embar[r]assing situations.
1072
I
ice /aɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: ice
Adjectives: icy
Adverbs: icily
NOUN [U]
break the ice

[B2] to make people feel more relaxed in a social situation
Dictionary example:
I told everyone a joke, which helped to break the ice.
Learner example:
And, of course, don't forget that a warm smile is one of the best ways to break the ice.
iceberg /ˈaɪs.bɜːɡ/
NOUN [C]
ICE
[C1] a very large piece of ice that floats in the sea
Dictionary example:
The ship hit an iceberg.
Learner example:
Another animal you cannot miss is the Humboldt p[e]nguin - you can see thousands of them over
an iceberg.
ice hockey /ˈaɪsˌhɒ.ki/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a game played on ice in which two teams try to hit a small hard object into a
goal using long curved sticks
1073
Dictionary example:
He loves ice hockey.
Learner example:
I visited Kassel with some friends, to watch an ice hockey game.
ice skating /ˈaɪs.skeɪt.ɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the activity or sport of moving across ice using ice skates
Dictionary example:
We're going ice skating.
Learner example:
Last year, I went ice-skating with some friends and it was not as easy as I thought it would be, but
I liked it anyway.
icon /ˈaɪ.kɒn/
NOUN [C]
COMPUTER
[B2] a small picture on a computer screen that you choose in order to make the
computer do something
Dictionary example:
Click on the print icon.
Learner example:
He clicked on the icon on the screen which started the operation.
FAMOUS PERSON/THING
[B2] a person or thing that is famous because it represents a particular idea or way
of life
Dictionary example:
a fashion icon
Learner example:
I think he is still very famous because he is an icon and kickboxing is still very popular because of
him.
1074
icy /ˈaɪ.si/
Word family:
Nouns: ice
Adjectives: icy
Adverbs: icily
ADJECTIVE
WITH ICE
[B1] covered in ice
Dictionary example:
icy roads
Learner example:
She had fallen off it on an icy street and had got injured.
COLD
[B1] extremely cold
Dictionary example:
an icy wind
Learner example:
Fast as [the] wind, she was falling down and down, until her long thin finger touched the icy cold
water.
WITHOUT FEELING
[B2] without showing any emotion
Dictionary example:
an icy stare
Learner example:
FOGG is the typical rich English man: cold with a[n] icy heart, uncommunicative.
idea /aɪˈdɪə/
NOUN
have no idea
[B1] to not know
Dictionary example:
"Where's Serge?" "I've no idea."
Learner example:
I have no idea about how his children are.
1075
OPINION
[B1] [C] an opinion or belief
We have very different ideas about the environment.
Leach puts forward the idea that it is impossible to spoil a child.
I'm not married - where did you get that idea?
Learner example:
You can talk beside the fireplace, or have a beer with your friends and share your ideas about
Tolkien's works.
THOUGHT
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] an understanding, thought or picture in your mind
Do you have any idea of what he looks like?
Can you give me an idea of the cost?
I don't like the idea of living so far away from my family.
I've got a pretty good idea why they left early.
Learner example:
For children it's great to get an idea of how these "big" animals eat, drink and live.
AIM
[C1] [NO PLURAL] the aim or purpose of something
Dictionary example:
The idea is to give local people a chance to voice their opinions.
Learner example:
This was the idea behind this new product: although made in New Zealand, the new product
would have its name, packag[ing], marketing and advertising support in keeping with the Russian
traditions.
ideal /aɪˈdɪəl/
Word family:
Adjectives: ideal, idealistic
Adverbs: ideally
ADJECTIVE
[B2] perfect, or the best possible
1076
the ideal employer
She's the ideal person for the job.
The television also comes in a compact 36 cm screen size, ideal for bedroom or kitchen use.
It's the ideal opportunity to meet people.
In an ideal world no one would go hungry.
Learner example:
In fact [I] didn't want to ask my parents for money, and going on holiday with you would be an
ideal solution.
idealistic /aɪˌdɪəˈlɪs.tɪk/
Word family:
Adverbs: ideally
ADJECTIVE
[C1] believing that it is possible to achieve very good things, even when others do
not think this is likely
Dictionary example:
When I was young and idealistic, I believed it was possible to change the world.
Learner example:
Carolina has conquered the world, not only through her impressive results but through her
appearance in front of the cameras, her idealistic ideas and her constantly happy mood.
ideally /aɪˈdɪəl.i/
Word family:
Adverbs: ideally
ADVERB
PERFECTLY
[B2] in a perfect way
Dictionary example:
She seemed ideally suited for the job.
Learner example:
I believe I am ideally suited for this job.
PERFECT SITUATION
[B2] used to talk about how something would be in a perfect situation
1077
Dictionary example:
Ideally, I'd like to work at home.
Learner example:
Ideally, through this camp, I would like to teach Japanese songs and dance to them and I would
also like to learn about their culture.
identical /aɪˈden.tɪ.kəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] exactly the same
I've got three identical blue suits.
The two rooms were virtually identical.
The tests are identical to those carried out last year.
Learner example:
And suddenly you notice the identical but cheaper one in the next shop.
identification /aɪˌden.tɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: identification, identity
Verbs: identify
NOUN [U]
RECOGNIZING
[B2] when you recognize and can name someone or something
Dictionary example:
Identification of the victims of the plane crash still is not complete.
Learner example:
[In the home of the future,] we might even be using voice identification and fingerprints instead of
keys.
identify /aɪˈden.tɪ.faɪ/
Word family:
Verbs: identify
1078
VERB [T]
RECOGNIZE
[B2] to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what they are
Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.
The gunman in Wednesday's attack has been identified as Lee Giggs, an unemployed truck driver.
Learner example:
After [a few] minutes I heard [a] noise which I couldn't identify.
DISCOVER
[B2] to find a particular thing or all the things of a particular group
You need to identify your priorities.
The research will be used to identify training needs.
Learner example:
The purpose of this report is to identify which lessons or other activities should be filmed.
identity /aɪˈden.tə.ti/
Word family:
Verbs: identify
NOUN [C or U]
WHO SOMEONE IS
[B2] who someone is
to hide/protect your identity
to prove/reveal your identity
The witness was given a new identity for her protection.
The newspaper photo apparently showed him in Rome but it was a case of mistaken identity.
Learner example:
But this idea fell through when the real Martine revealed her identity.
CHARACTERISTICS
[B2] the things that make one person or group of people different from others
cultural/national identity
I think my job gives me a sense of identity.
1079
Learner example:
There were many people and many speakers who talked about all sorts of subject[s] such as
politics, religion, gender identity, [and] art.
identity card /aɪˈden.tɪ.tiˌkɑːd/
NOUN [C] (ALSO ID card)

[B1] a card that shows your name, photograph and information to prove who you
are
Dictionary example:
His identity card was stolen.
Learner example:
I lost my identity card, credit card and passport and I couldn't go to Rome.
idiom /ˈɪd.i.əm/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a group of words used together with a meaning that you cannot guess from
the meanings of the separate words
Dictionary example:
To "have bitten off more than you can chew" is an idiom that means you have tried to do
something which is too difficult for you.
Learner example:
[Greek] has many verbs, adjectives and idioms and the grammar can be very complicated.
idiot /ˈɪd.i.ət/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a stupid person or someone who is behaving in a stupid way
Some idiot left the tap running in the bathroom and there's water everywhere.
You stupid idiot - that's a month's work you've lost!
Learner example:
Everybody was treating me like a big idiot.
1080
idol /ˈaɪ.dəl/
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[C1] someone that you admire and respect very much
Dictionary example:
apop/sporting idol
Learner example:
As they are children's heroes, we can be pretty sure children will be demanding the same things
their idols wear.
if /ɪf/
CONJUNCTION
ALWAYS
[B1] used to mean always or every time
If water is heated to 100°C it turns to steam.
If I don't get enough sleep I get a headache.
Learner example:
If there is a world cup - e.g. football - then I spend more time watching television.
MIGHT
[B1] used to talk about something that might happen
If I won the lottery, I'd buy a boat.
What would you do if he moved away?
Learner example:
It would be great if you came to the city.
WHETHER
[B1] whether
I wonder if he'll get the job?
Mrs Kramer rang half an hour ago to ask if her cake was ready.
I don't care if he likes it or not - I'm coming!
Learner example:
But let's see if a friend can lend me his notebook, [as] that way I will c[atch] up easily.
1081
if I were you
[B1] used when you give someone advice
If I were you, I'd probably go.
I think I'd take the money if I were you.
Learner example:
But you enjoy clubbing and discos, so, if I were you, I would [choose the] city.
if only
[B1] used when you want to say how doing something simple would make it
possible to avoid something unpleasant
Dictionary example:
If only she'd listen to what he's saying, I'm sure they could work it out.
Learner example:
If only I had been more careful.
WOULD/MIGHT/COULD HAVE
[B2] used to talk about what would/might/could, etc. have happened
If we'd had the money, we'd have bought a new car.
If you'd mentioned this earlier, it might not have been necessary to call the doctor.
if so
[B2] if this is the case
Dictionary example:
It might rain this afternoon. If so, we'll have to have the party indoors.
Learner example:
Let me know if you [can] come, and if so, [whether] you prefer the 15th or 22nd of February.
as if
It looks as if it might rain.
It was as if we had been friends for years.
Learner example:
The sun was up in the sky, there were no clouds and it looked as if it was going to be a wonderful
day.
1082
ignore /ɪgˈnɔːr/
Word family:
Nouns: ignorance
Verbs: ignore
Adjectives: ignorant
VERB [T]
[B2] to pay no attention to something or someone
I smiled at her but she just ignored me.
She can be really irritating but I try to ignore her.
How can the government ignore the wishes of the majority?
Learner example:
Paul ignored it at first and continued his shopping but the dog kept following him.
ill /ɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: illness
Adjectives: ill
ADJECTIVE
BAD
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] FORMAL bad
It was an ill-tempered exchange.
He suffered no ill effects from his fall.
Learner example:
Working long hours can have ill effects on the health.
illegal /ɪˈliː.gəl/
Word family:
Adjectives: illegal, legal
Adverbs: illegally, legally
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not allowed by law
1083
Prostitution is illegal in some countries.
It is illegal to drive a car that is not taxed and insured.
Cocaine, LSD and heroin are all illegal drugs/substances.
Learner example:
Although he has a very charming personality, he uses it to take part in illegal activities and he has
been in trouble with the law several times.
illegally /ɪˈliː.gəl.i/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is not allowed by law
They entered the country illegally.
an illegally parked car
Learner example:
He was afraid and bought a gun illegally.
illness /ˈɪl.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: illness
Adjectives: ill
NOUN
DISEASE
[B1] [C] a disease of the body or mind
Dictionary example:
He died at home after a long illness.
Learner example:
It's because my aunt has a terrible illness and I have to go and see her.
BEING ILL
[B2] [U] when you are ill
Dictionary example:
She had five days off work due to illness.
1084
Learner example:
There was a little paper on the door which informed us that the restaurant was closed due to
illness.
illustrate /ˈɪl.ə.streɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: illustration
Verbs: illustrate
VERB [T]
PICTURE
[B2] to draw pictures for a book, magazine, etc. or to put pictures, photographs,
etc. in a book, magazine, etc.
Dictionary example:
The book is beautifully illustrated by the author.
Learner example:
Last year I illustrated two children's books by H.J. Simons.
DIAGRAM
[C1] to give information through diagrams, lists of numbers, etc.
Dictionary example:
This process is illustrated in the diagram below.
Learner example:
The table illustrates the employment status of graduates from [UK] universities in 2001.
EXPLAIN
[C1] to give more information or examples to explain or prove something
The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard.
This latest conflict further illustrates the weakness of the UN.
The exhibition will illustrate how life evolved from water.
Learner example:
Some topics that illustrate cultural ways of thinking and that have been explored by this
programme are abortion (it is illegal in Brazil), colour prejudice, sexual harassment,
homosexuali[ty].
1085
illustration /ˌɪl.əˈstreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: illustration
Verbs: illustrate
NOUN [C or U]
PICTURE
[C1] a picture in a book, magazine, etc. or the process of illustrating something
a full-page illustration
colour/black and white illustrations
Learner example:
When you read about that period of time in history books and see pictures and illustrations, you
can almost "feel" the atmosphere and sense the power the Monarc[h]y po[ssess]ed at the time.
image /ˈɪm.ɪdʒ/
NOUN
PUBLIC
[B2] [C or U] the way that other people think someone or something is
The aim is to improve the public image of the police.
They are trying to promote a more positive image of the whole industry.
The company has made serious attempts to improve its image in recent years.
He's terribly image-conscious.
Learner example:
In conclusion, I do not think that there are many things to do for Turin, but what I said before
could really improve the image of our wonderful town.
PICTURE
[B2] [C] a picture, especially on film or television or in a mirror
television images of starving children
This is the image you see in the mirror.
Learner example:
[Films] also provide a clear idea of how people's lives were in a particular period by showing us
the visual images of that time.
1086
imaginary /ɪˈmædʒ.ɪn.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: imagination
Verbs: imagine
Adjectives: imaginary, imaginative
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not real but imagined in your mind
Dictionary example:
The story takes place in an imaginary world.
Learner example:
Mickey Mouse [...] describes stories that can happen to humans whereas Spong[e] Bob lives in an
imaginary world underwater.
imagination /ɪˌmædʒ.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: imagination
Verbs: imagine
NOUN
PART OF MIND
[B1] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] the part of your mind that creates ideas or pictures of things
that are not real or that you have not seen
There's nothing out here - it's just your imagination.
For some reason the story captured/caught the imagination of the public.
There's a sex scene in the film which apparently leaves nothing to the imagination.
Learner example:
I thought it was my imagination, because it was very late and the concert had been so long.
ABILITY
[B1] [U] the ability to create ideas or pictures in your mind
Dictionary example:
The job needs someone with creativity and imagination.
Learner example:
Endless imagination and [the] development of technology will lead us to future fashion.
1087
imaginative /ɪˈmædʒ.ɪn.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: imagination
Verbs: imagine
ADJECTIVE
THING
[C1] Something which is imaginative is new or clever and often unusual.
Dictionary example:
an imaginative use of colour
Learner example:
Her imaginative stories are very popular with children of all ages.
PERSON
[C1] Someone who is imaginative is able to create new and interesting ideas or
things.
Dictionary example:
a highly imaginative poet
Learner example:
She is a very imaginative girl and she always invents new games for our children, so that they have
never felt bored in her presence.
imagine /ɪˈmædʒ.ɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: imagination
Verbs: imagine
VERB [T]
FORM PICTURE
[B1] to form an idea or picture of something in your mind
Imagine Robert Redford when he was young - that's what John looks like.
Imagine (that) you're eating an ice cream - try to feel how cold it is.
She imagined herself sitting in her favourite armchair back home.
Learner example:
Just imagine the sun, the sea and all that fun on the beach.
1088
UNDERSTAND
[B1] to have an idea of what something is like or might be like
Can you imagine how it feels to be blind?
I can't imagine wanting to go out if I don't really know anyone.
Learner example:
You can't imagine how tired I am.
NOT REAL
[B1] to think that you hear or see something which does not really exist
"Did you hear a noise?" "No, you're imagining things."
I can't hear anything - you must be imagining it.
Learner example:
I turn[ed] back but I didn't [see] anyone, so I thought that I had imagined it.
SUPPOSE
[B2] to believe that something is probably the case
I imagine (that) he's under a lot of pressure at the moment.
I don't imagine (that) they have much money.
"Will they change it?" "I imagine so."
Learner example:
I imagine that it's a lot of money so my first suggestion would be to spend only part of [it] on a
motorbike.
imitate /ˈɪm.ɪ.teɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: imitation
Verbs: imitate
VERB [T]
[C1] to copy the way someone or something looks, sounds, or behaves
Dictionary example:
She tried to imitate the way the models walked.
Learner example:
We try to imitate the British way of preparing or organising championships and races, and that's
the reason [for] the British influence in Spanish motorsports.
1089
immediate /ɪˈmiː.di.ət/
Word family:
Adjectives: immediate
Adverbs: immediately
ADJECTIVE
WITHOUT WAITING
[B2] happening or done without delay or very soon after something else
We must make an immediate response.
The directors have demanded his immediate resignation.
Dioxin is a poison that takes immediate effect.
Learner example:
I hope you will give this matter your immediate attention.
IMPORTANT NOW
[B2] important now and needing attention
We have no immediate plans.
Our immediate concern is getting food and water to the refugees.
Learner example:
It can't be an immediate objective, of course, but we mustn't give up.
CLOSEST
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] closest to something or someone
There are few facilities in the immediate area.
His immediate family have been informed.
Learner example:
In the first place, there are beautiful landscapes in the immediate vicinity of both hotels.
immediately /ɪˈmiː.di.ət.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: immediate
Adverbs: immediately
ADVERB
NEXT TO
[C1] next to something, or close to something in time
1090
Milton Street is on the left, immediately after the bank.
They moved in immediately before Christmas.
We heard a loud crash from the room immediately above us.
Learner example:
You should go on up to the end of the street, as my flat is the last on the right[-hand] side,
immediately before the crossroads.
immense /ɪˈmens/
Word family:
Adjectives: immense
Adverbs: immensely
ADJECTIVE
[C1] extremely big
immense pressure/value
Health care costs the country an immense amount of money.
Learner example:
Jobs in the computer and telecommunications industry have gained immense respect in the past
ten years.
immensely /ɪˈmens.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: immense
Adverbs: immensely
ADVERB
[C1] extremely
Dictionary example:
immensely powerful/popular
Learner example:
People who were previously nothing more than peasants grew immensely rich, while the former
aristocracy of land owners lost its dominat[ing] position.
immigrant /ˈɪm.ɪ.grənt/
Word family:
Nouns: immigrant, immigration
1091
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who comes to live in a different country
a large immigrant population
Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught.
Learner example:
Leonardo is an Italian immigrant who has a restaurant near the primary school.
immigration /ˌɪm.ɪˈgreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: immigrant, immigration
NOUN [U]
PLACE
[B1] the place where people's official documents are checked when they enter a
country at an airport, port, border, etc.
After you've been through immigration (control), you can go and get your luggage.
immigration officers
Learner example:
The immigration officers looked at her as if she was [suspected of] doing something wrong.
COMING INTO A COUNTRY
[B2] when someone comes to live in a different country
immigration policy
There are strict limits on immigration (into the country).
Learner example:
[T]he purpose of [the] party is to give [a] treat to my family members, as my immigration [into]
New Zealand is approved.
immoral /ɪˈmɒr.əl/
Word family:
Adjectives: immoral, moral
Adverbs: morally
ADJECTIVE
[B2] morally wrong
1092
Dictionary example:
immoral behaviour
Learner example:
At this time - [the] early 20's -, tango was considered an immoral type of music; but Carlos Gardel
changed this belief.
impact /ˈɪm.pækt/
NOUN [C USUALLY NO PLURAL OR U]
EFFECT
[B2] the effect that a person, event or situation has on someone or something
The anti-smoking campaign had/made quite an impact on young people.
The new proposals were intended to soften the impact of the reformed tax system.
Learner example:
I could live without watching TV, but it would make a serious impact on my life.
VERB
[C1] to affect something or someone
Dictionary example:
Rising interest rates are sure to impact on the housing market.
Learner example:
Those extra calories, the fat and salt in our food and the decrease in vitamin rich food impacts on
our health.
impatient /ɪmˈpeɪ.ʃənt/
Word family:
Nouns: patience, impatience
Adjectives: impatient, patient
Adverbs: impatiently, patiently
ADJECTIVE
EASILY ANNOYED
[B2] easily annoyed by someone's mistakes or because you have to wait
He's a good teacher, but inclined to be a bit impatient with slow learners.
You'd be hopeless looking after children - you're far too impatient!
1093
Learner example:
Hours passed and she became impatient and thought he had forgotten about their date.
WANTING SOMETHING TO HAPPEN
[B2] [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] wanting something to happen as soon as possible
He's got a lot of exciting ideas and he's impatient to get started.
People are increasingly impatient for change in this country.
Learner example:
I'm impatient to discover this country.
impatiently /ɪmˈpeɪ.ʃənt.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B2] in an impatient way
"Yes, you said that before," she said, impatiently.
We were waiting impatiently for the show to begin.
Learner example:
I hope you will come soon because we are all impatiently waiting for your talk.
imperative /ɪmˈper.ə.tɪv/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B2] the form of a verb which is usually used for giving orders
Dictionary example:
In the phrase 'Leave him alone!', the verb 'leave' is an imperative/is in the imperative.
imperfect /ɪmˈpɜː.fɪkt/
Word family:
Adjectives: perfect, imperfect
Adverbs: perfectly
1094
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not perfect and with some mistakes
Dictionary example:
an imperfect solution
Learner example:
It goes without saying that native speakers are the best to talk to when learning the language (of
course, if they don't mind your practising your imperfect English on them.)
impersonal /ɪmˈpɜː.sən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: person, personality
Adjectives: personal, impersonal
Adverbs: personally
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not being friendly towards people or showing any interest in them
Dictionary example:
a cold and impersonal letter
Learner example:
To sum up, the only thing we can do is to find out a way to survive in such an impersonal working
environment and create a more friendly and intimate atmosphere as before.
implement /ˈɪm.plɪ.ment/
Word family:
Nouns: implementation
Verbs: implement
VERB [T]
[B2] to make a law, system, plan, etc. start to happen or operate
Dictionary example:
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.
Learner example:
Rare species protection, on the other hand, can be implemented, e.g. by means of wildlife
reserves and national parks.
1095
implication /ˌɪm.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: implication
Verbs: imply
Adjectives: implicit
NOUN
EFFECT
[C1] [C] a result or effect that seems likely in the future
financial/health implications
This scheme has serious implications for the local economy.
Learner example:
Any government must be fully aware of [the] wider implications [for the] economy and [the]
wellbeing of its citizens.
impolite /ˌɪm.pəˈlaɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: politeness
Adjectives: impolite, polite
Adverbs: politely
ADJECTIVE
[B2] FORMAL not polite

Dictionary example:
It is impolite to point at people.
Learner example:
Besides, [the] serving speed was too slow and some waiters were even impolite to customers.
import
VERB [T] /ɪmˈpɔːt/

[B2] to buy or bring in products from another country
Dictionary example:
We import a large number of cars from Japan.
Learner example:
Moreover they say we must be independent of the Near East countries from whom we import oil.
1096
NOUN /ˈɪm.pɔːt/
PRODUCT
[C1] [C] a product which is imported from another country
Japanese/American imports
cheap imports from Asia
Learner example:
Furthermore, cheap imports from the newly industrialised countries ha[ve] also contributed to the
increase in car ownership.
importance /ɪmˈpɔː.tənts/
Word family:
Nouns: importance
Adjectives: important, unimportant
Adverbs: importantly
NOUN [U]
[B1] how important someone or something is
Your views are of great importance to us.
The report stresses the importance of fresh food in a diet.
He emphasized the importance of following safety procedures.
The company recognizes the importance of regular staff training.
Learner example:
Now I know the importance of electricity.
important /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: importance
ADJECTIVE
POWERFUL
[B1] having a lot of power, influence or effect
He was one of the most important writers of that period.
an important person/decision
1097
Learner example:
Recently I've read [two] good books, "La Coscienza di Zeno" and "Uno, Nessuno e Centomila", that
are written by Svevo and Pirandello, two of the most important writers of the XX century in Italy.
importantly /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: importance
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is important
Dictionary example:
If we served more soft drinks, there would be fewer hangovers and, more importantly, fewer
drink-driving incidents.
Learner example:
Lastly, and most importantly, what is the cost?
impose /ɪmˈpəʊz/
VERB [T]
RULE/TAX, ETC.
[C1] to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.
The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.
Learner example:
[An]other advantage is that local governments could receive more money as they impose a fine or
ask for a congestion charge.
BELIEF
[C1] to force someone to accept something, especially a belief or way of living
I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children.
We must impose some kind of order on the way this office is run.
Learner example:
Above all, never allow others to impose their ideas on you.
1098
impossible /ɪmˈpɒs.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: possibility, impossibility
Adjectives: impossible, possible
Adverbs: possibly
ADJECTIVE
CANNOT HAPPEN
[B1] If an action or event is impossible, it cannot happen or be done.
It was impossible to sleep because of the noise.
It seems impossible that I could have walked by without noticing her.
He made it impossible for me to say no.
Learner example:
I tried to find it but it was impossible!
impress /ɪmˈpres/
Word family:
Nouns: impression
Verbs: impress
Adjectives: impressed, impressive
VERB [T]
[B2] to cause someone to admire or respect you
Dictionary example:
He tried to impress me with his extensive knowledge of wine.
Learner example:
All groups did their best to impress the public and every group played professionally.
impressed /ɪmˈprest/
Word family:
Nouns: impression
Verbs: impress
ADJECTIVE
[B2] feeling admiration or respect for someone or something
1099
I was impressed by her professionalism.
He seemed suitably impressed by our efforts.
Learner example:
I am really impressed by your offer to paint me.
impression /ɪmˈpreʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: impression
Verbs: impress
NOUN
OPINION
[B2] [C] an idea, feeling or opinion about something or someone
I didn't get much of an impression of the place because it was dark when we drove through it.
What was your impression of Charlotte's husband?
I don't tend to trust first impressions.
When I first met him I got/had the impression that he was a shy sort of a guy.
Learner example:
You can look back fifty years to get an impression of what changes have happened.
EFFECT
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the way that something seems, looks or feels to a particular person
It makes/gives/creates a very bad impression if you're late for an interview.
He likes to give the impression (that) he's terribly popular and has loads of friends.
Learner example:
I was afraid of being late or saying something wrong because I really wanted to make a good
impression on this man.
be under the impression

[B2] to think or understand a particular stated thing
I was under the impression (that) you didn't get on too well.
He was under the mistaken impression (that) you were married.
Learner example:
I am under the impression that people generally exercise a little, but if they eat the wrong food
every day, it won't help.
1100
impressive /ɪmˈpres.ɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: impression
Verbs: impress
ADJECTIVE
[B2] Someone or something that is impressive makes you admire and respect them.
She's a very impressive public speaker.
That was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player.
an impressive collection of modern paintings
There are some very impressive buildings in the town.
Learner example:
I thi[n]k that the Westfield Music Festival was really impressive.
imprison /ɪmˈprɪz.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: prison, prisoner, imprisonment
Verbs: imprison
VERB [T]
[C1] to put someone in prison or keep them as a prisoner
Dictionary example:
Taylor was imprisoned in 2005 for burglary.
Learner example:
DMX was a criminal and was imprisoned.
improved /ɪmˈpruːvd/
Word family:
Nouns: improvement
Verbs: improve
Adjectives: improved
ADJECTIVE
[B2] better than before
improved performance/results
a new and improved recipe
1101
Learner example:
Emergency centres like hospitals [and] clinics must have the most improved medical devices to
[provide] excellent [care] for the citizens.
improvement /ɪmˈpruːv.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: improvement
Verbs: improve
Adjectives: improved
NOUN
BETTER
[B1] [C or U] when something gets better or when you make it better
There's been a big/great/huge/major/noticeable improvement in her work this term.
Sadly, Olivia's health has shown no improvement.
Learner example:
Just twenty to thirty minutes riding every day gives you a considerable improvement in your
general state of health.
CHANGE
[B1] [C] a change to something that makes it better
Dictionary example:
home improvements
Learner example:
It would be a pleasure for me to give you some tips on improvements to the cinema.
room for improvement

[C1] If there is room for improvement, something can be made better.
Dictionary example:
His work isn't bad but there's still some room for improvement.
Learner example:
She is Polish, aged 29 and can speak English pretty well, but there is still room for improvement,
that's why she wants to spend a year in England, looking after children in an English-speaking
family.
1102
in /ɪn/
PREPOSITION
WEARING
[B1] wearing
Do you recognize that man in the grey suit?
She's always dressed in red.
Learner example:
[T]he man has to be dressed in black.
in time
[B1] early or at the right time
Dictionary example:
We arrived in time to catch the train.
Learner example:
If I [don']t come back in time you can put [a] note on my desk.
in advance
[B1] before a particular time, or before doing a particular thing
Dictionary example:
If you're going to come, please let me know in advance.
Learner example:
I can help you if you want to book your room in advance.
in fact
We met Rebecca for lunch. In fact, we spent the whole afternoon with her.
I was told there were some tickets left but in fact they were sold out.
Learner example:
The club has its own small clubhouse, with many things in it. For example, there was a big
pinball-game and some computers. In fact it was the best clubhouse I've ever seen.
in front
[B1] further forward than someone or something else
The car in front suddenly stopped and I went into the back of it.
She started talking to the man in front of her.
1103
Learner example:
As the concert finished, I heard someone call my name. I beli[e]ved it was my imagination or
perhaps a dream because I couldn't see anyone in front, behind or opposite me.
in love
[B1] liking someone very much and having romantic or sexual feelings for them
Dictionary example:
Have you ever been in love?
Learner example:
I think I am in love with him.
EXPERIENCE
[B1] experiencing an emotion or condition
She's in a bad/good mood this morning.
You're in great danger.
He's living in luxury in the south of France.
Learner example:
I hope you are in a good mood today, because we are planning to go to Cinepolis.
ARRANGEMENT
[B1] arranged or divided in a particular way
We all sat down in a circle.
The desks were arranged in rows of ten.
Discounts are available to people travelling in large groups.
The books on these shelves are arranged in alphabetical order.
Learner example:
We often work in groups where we can talk in English.
in addition (to)
[B1] as well (as)
Dictionary example:
In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.
Learner example:
In addition, I saw a wonderful programme about Aborigines.
in the end
[B1] finally, after something has been thought about or discussed a lot
Dictionary example:
We were thinking about going to Switzerland, but in the end we went to Austria.
Learner example:
And in the end he invited me to visit him at his house in Miami!
1104
in detail
[B1] including or considering all the information about something or every part of
something
We haven't discussed the matter in detail yet.
The book described her sufferings in great detail.
Learner example:
I'm really sorry that I didn't write back earlier, but to make up for this I will answer your questions
in detail!
in full
[B1] completely and with nothing missing
Dictionary example:
The bill must be paid in full by the end of the month.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, I wasn't able to read the e-mail in full, but as I underst[oo]d, he wanted to
apologise [for] what had happened between us many years ago.
in future
[B1] beginning from now
Could you be more careful in future?
In future, I'm going to check every single piece of work that you do!
Learner example:
I hope it'll help me to understand many foreign people not only in my job, but everywhere I go in
future.
in general
In general, men are taller than women.
In general, the weather here stays sunny.
Learner example:
In general, I like wearing informal clothes, like blue jeans and T-shirts, but sometimes I like
wearing formal clothes too.
in tears
[B1] crying
Dictionary example:
I found him in tears in his bedroom.
Learner example:
By the end of it, Mary Anne was nearly in tears.
1105
in order (for sb/sth) to do sth
[B1] with the purpose of achieving something
He came home early in order to see the children before they went to bed.
She worked all summer in order to save enough money.
Learner example:
As you certainly remember, last year I spent three month[s] in England in order to improve my
English.
EXPRESSED
[B1] expressed or written in a particular way
They spoke in Russian the whole time.
Why not do a rough answer in pencil first?
Complete the form in (black) ink.
Learner example:
I also speak in English during the break.
in particular
[B1] especially
Dictionary example:
Are you looking for anything in particular?
Learner example:
I've read a lot of books recently, and in particular I liked: "Eleven minutes" and "Veronica decides
to die", written by Paulo Coelho.
INVOLVED
[B1] involved or connected with a particular subject or activity
a degree in philosophy
advances in medical science
I never knew you worked in publishing.
Learner example:
He is my age and we have the same tastes in music and art.
(just) in case
[B1] because of a possibility of something happening, being needed, etc.
I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some just in case.
Bring a map in case you get lost.
Learner example:
I have my mobile with me just in case.
1106
in case of sth
[B1] when something happens, or in preparation for when something happens
Dictionary example:
We keep a bucket of water backstage, in case of fire.
Learner example:
It is about how to rescue people in case of an accident or a natural disaster.
in general
of them
Dictionary example:
So, apart from the bad ankle, how are you in general?
Learner example:
I think that I, as well as people in general, would have been more depressed if we didn't have
light.
be in favour of sth
[B2] to agree with or approve of a plan or idea
Dictionary example:
Most people are in favour of reducing traffic in cities.
Learner example:
I am certainly in favour of h[o]lding the music festival next year.
in two/half
[B2] divided into two equal parts
Cut the potatoes in two.
Divide the dough in half and roll it out into two circles.
Learner example:
They were very surprised when they found the gold was cut in half.
in actual fact
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
in any case
[B2] used to give another reason for something you are saying, or that you have
done
1107
Dictionary example:
I don't want to go and in any case, I haven't been invited.
Learner example:
I suggest that you should in any case leave your car at home and take buses or other public
means of transport.
in that case
[B2] because of the mentioned situation
Dictionary example:
There's no coffee left? In that case I'll have tea.
Learner example:
You could try [k]ayaking. In that case, of course, you need to pay for the equipment.
in all
[B2] used to show the total amount of something
Dictionary example:
Some of the children came, so there were 15 of us in all.
Learner example:
Secondly, even though most people like[d] [the] group RADIANT, they [only] played for 35 minutes
in all.
RESULT
[B2] used when referring to something that is done as a result of something else
I'd like to do something for you in return/exchange for everything you've done for me.
The changes are in response to demand from our customers.
He refused to say anything in reply to the journalists' questions.
Learner example:
I am writing to you in response to your advertisement of 1st December in the Times.
in brief
[B2] using only a few words
Dictionary example:
world news in brief
Learner example:
In brief, I have had a marvellous week.
in sb's eyes
[B2] in someone's opinion
Dictionary example:
In my parents' eyes, I'll always be a child.
1108
Learner example:
To answer your question right away, the boat trip is highly recommendable in my eyes!
In conclusion
[B2] used to introduce the last part of a speech or a piece of writing
In conclusion, I would like to thank our guest speaker for her fascinating talk.
In conclusion, swimming is an enjoyable form of exercise and an excellent way to keep fit.
Learner example:
In conclusion, music, TV and clothes are very important in a young person's life and can reflect
each person's character.
in connection with sth

[B2] used to say what something is about
I am writing in connection with the above job advertised in The Daily Press on Monday 12th
February.
A man has been arrested in connection with last month's murder.
Learner example:
Dear Mrs Brown, I am writing in connection with a surprise birthday party for your husband, Mr
Brown.
in due course
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
in sb's direction
[B2] towards someone
Dictionary example:
She keeps looking in my direction.
Learner example:
A player kicked the ball in my direction and I started to think about what I was going to do to
catch that ball.
in other words
[B2] used to explain what something means in a different way
Dictionary example:
He said he's too busy - in other words he isn't interested.
1109
Learner example:
They had had a great time before and had drunk too much alcohol. In other words, they were
totally drunk.
in writing
[B2] An agreement that is in writing is official and is proof of that agreement.
Dictionary example:
Please confirm your reservation in writing.
Learner example:
I [am] tell[ing] you in writing that I would like to help you.
in season
[B2] if vegetables or fruit are in season, they are available and ready to eat.
Dictionary example:
Asparagus is in season at the moment.
Learner example:
They celebrate Halloween in October when pumpkins are in season, that's why in the decorations
they include them very often; most of the people carve the pumpkins and put some lights inside.
in secret
[B2] without telling other people
Dictionary example:
For years they met in secret.
Learner example:
We met in secret when Mary was busy.
in good/high/low, etc. spirits

[B2] feeling good/excited/unhappy, etc.
Dictionary example:
The whole class was in good spirits that day.
Learner example:
I was in high spirits until I got my paper back.
in view of sth
[B2] FORMAL because of
Dictionary example:
In view of recent events, we have decided to cancel the meeting.
Learner example:
In view of what happened, I would advise you not to try to mislead people like this [again].
in honour of sb/sth
[B2] in order to celebrate or show great respect for someone or something
1110
Dictionary example:
a banquet in honour of the president
Learner example:
Finally we went to Corinth, where there are a lot of ancient sanctuaries which were built in honour
of their gods.
in person
[B2] If you do something in person, you go somewhere to do it yourself.
Dictionary example:
You have to collect the document in person.
Learner example:
I am looking forward [to] meeting you in person.
in place of sth
[B2] instead of something
Dictionary example:
Try adding fruit to your cereal in place of sugar.
Learner example:
In the advertisement, it [said] that Danny Brook was starring, but in place of him there was a
different actor and he was really disap[p]ointing.
in the first place

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
in practice
[B2] If something is true in practice, this is the real situation.
Dictionary example:
In practice, the new laws have had little effect.
Learner example:
When you leave school, you have knowledge but you do not know how to use it in practice.
in private
[B2] in a place where nobody else can hear you or see what you are doing
Dictionary example:
The meeting was held in private.
Learner example:
I agree that th[is] should be in private.
1111
in progress
[B2] happening or being done now
Dictionary example:
Repair work is in progress on the south-bound lane of the motorway and will continue until June.
Learner example:
[In] the lower part of your advertisement, it also said there was a theatre restaurant, [but] in fact,
it was closed because internal decoration was in progress.
in relation to sth
[B2] when compared with something
Dictionary example:
Salaries are low in relation to the cost of living.
Learner example:
I think television has several advantages but also disadvantages in relation to books.
in relation to sth
[B2] about or relating to something
Dictionary example:
I'd like to ask you something in relation to what you said earlier.
Learner example:
In relation to last month's social program, the sightseeing tour of London was d[i]vine, although
we didn't get to see the entire city.
in this respect/in many respects

[B2] in a particular way, or in many ways
Dictionary example:
The school has changed in many respects.
Learner example:
How's your friend Mike? He is in many respects better than [a] computer, isn't he? (Teasing you
again, sorry).
in response to
[B2] as an answer to
Dictionary example:
I'm writing in response to your letter of 14 February.
Learner example:
I am writing in response to your advertisement, which appeared in the newspaper on November
the 23rd, looking for a person to work at weekends in your cafe.
in a row
[B2] one after another without a break
1112
Dictionary example:
He's just won the tournament for the fifth year in a row.
Learner example:
Maradona was the captain of the team, and since he arrived, the team won three championships in
a row.
in stock
[B2] available in a shop
Dictionary example:
Do you have the book in stock at the moment?
Learner example:
I would like to tell you that I am quite satisfied with the cinema and its customer service, but there
is of course some [room] for improvement - for example referring to the cafe, which on the one
hand has in stock a huge variety of groceries, but [which] on the other hand [is very] dark.
in those days
[B2] used to talk about a period in the past
Dictionary example:
In those days, boys used to wear short trousers.
Learner example:
In those days, life was much harder than now.
in turn
[B2] one after another
Dictionary example:
He spoke to the three boys in turn.
in turn
[C1] as a result of something that is part of a series of events
Dictionary example:
This could result in the loss of certain species of fish and this in turn poses a serious threat to the
fishing communities along the river banks.
Learner example:
This, in turn, enabled them to find jobs and become financially independent from their husbands.
in accordance with sth

[C1] in the way described by a rule, law, or wish
Dictionary example:
Both companies have insisted that they were acting in accordance with the law.
Learner example:
Although they do not earn much money in this profession, they try to do their best and judge in
accordance with the law which they also have to interpret.
1113
in aid of sb/sth
[C1] in order to collect money for a group of people who need it
Dictionary example:
a concert in aid of famine relief
Learner example:
It w[ould] be an honour for us students at the centre if you could attend our sport[s] function in
aid of stress[ed] out kids and present the pri[z]es.
in association with
[C1] working together with
Dictionary example:
The event was organized in association with the Sports Council.
Learner example:
This service, which will be [provided] in association with Foster Loft, will be available at the end of
2005.
in bulk
[C1] in large amounts
Dictionary example:
to buy in bulk
Learner example:
I suggest that you buy food in bulk so that you not only save money but also save time.
in common with sb/sth

[C1] in the same way as someone or something
Dictionary example:
In common with many working mothers, she feels guilty about leaving her children.
Learner example:
In common with many city d[we]llers, I do not think this is a wise decision and it could have
negative effects on the city re[s]idents' daily lives.
in demand
[C1] wanted or needed in large numbers
Dictionary example:
Good teachers are always in demand.
Learner example:
Nevertheless, people will always use cars and vehicles, so petrol will always be in demand.
in the event of sth FORMAL
[C1] if something happens
Dictionary example:
An airbag could save your life in the event of an accident.
1114
Learner example:
In the event of bad weather, it would be wise to plan an alternative to the boat trip, for example a
visit of Buckingham Palace or the Houses of Parliament.
in any event
[C1] whatever happens
Dictionary example:
I'm not sure if I'm coming on Friday, but in any event, I'll see you next week.
Learner example:
In any event, it is incumbent upon all of us to carefully plan our travel matters, so as to take
advantage of their several benefits.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
in sb's favour
[C1] If something is in your favour, it helps you to win or succeed.
Dictionary example:
Both sides have strong arguments in their favour.
Learner example:
Unfortunately the weather conditions were not in our favour, but the rain only lasted a few
minutes and did not look at all like a downpour.
in the form of sth

[C1] the particular way in which something appears or exists
The novel is written in the form of a series of letters.
The medicine comes in the form of a liquid or pills.
Learner example:
For all this, I can only say that I want my money back immediately, or [some] compensation in the
form of a real trip to a real country.
in your heart
[C1] used to say what you really think
Dictionary example:
In his heart he felt they were wrong.
1115
Learner example:
It is all because it was followed by a big mistake, when I focussed on [the] German language and
thought is was my dream. I have to admit that it was only a [sensi]ble decision, because deep in
my heart I knew I want[ed] to learn English.
in the hope of/that

[C1] because you want something good to happen
She went to Paris in the hope of improving her French.
They wrote to the Prime Minister in the hope that he would help.
Learner example:
Not only would I want to travel back to understand Hitler's incredible success, but also in the hope
of thwarting his plans.
be in sb's interest(s)
[C1] to help someone and give them an advantage
Dictionary example:
It may not be in your interests to change jobs so soon.
Learner example:
It is in my interests to meet new people and I find it easy to go and talk to people I do not know.
in the light of sth

[C1] If something is done or happens in the light of facts, it is done or happens
because of those facts.
Dictionary example:
The drug has been withdrawn in the light of new research.
Learner example:
In the light of this news, we took this issue as a class project and investigated it by interviewing
residents.
in moderation
[C1] If you do something in moderation, you do not do it too much.
Dictionary example:
I only drink alcohol in moderation now.
Learner example:
While shopping can make one feel good and even has its positive impact on the retail economy, I
think it should be done in moderation.
be in two minds
[C1] to have difficulty making a decision
Dictionary example:
I'm in two minds about accepting his offer.
1116
Learner example:
If you are in two minds about having to share your room with someone else, there you can easily
rent a studio apartment close to the college, which is situated in the centre of the city.
in a nutshell
[C1] something that you say when you are describing something using as few
words as possible
Dictionary example:
The answer, in a nutshell, is yes.
Learner example:
To put it in a nutshell, they all provide good food at reasonable prices.
be in position
[C1] If someone or something is in position, they are in the place that they should
be in.
Dictionary example:
The police were all in position.
Learner example:
Remember to stay calm when you are in the car with the instructor, wear your seatbelt and check
that all your mir[r]ors are in position.
in the region of sth

[C1] approximately
Dictionary example:
It probably cost somewhere in the region of £900.
Learner example:
I am willing [to] pay rent in the region of £1000 to £1200 monthly.
in respect of sth FORMAL
[C1] relating to a particular thing
Dictionary example:
I include payment in respect of your invoice of May 13th.
Learner example:
Instead of that, we should have more English grammar lessons - some of our English students are
very interested in them, especially in respect of their exam this year.
in reverse
[C1] in the opposite order or way
Dictionary example:
Do the same steps but this time in reverse.
1117
Learner example:
They want to see what they are not like, how they would not react and this, in reverse, helps them
[to] find themselves.
in no time
[C1] very soon
Dictionary example:
We'll be home in no time.
Learner example:
Team work is very important for us and you will make many friends in no time.
in tune
[C1] singing or playing the right notes
Dictionary example:
Try to stay in tune.
Learner example:
The public was singing in tune with Jag, hands were raised and bodies were slowly [sway]ing.
in turn
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
in vain
[C1] without any success
Dictionary example:
I tried in vain to start a conversation.
Learner example:
We looked in vain for the guide through three London parks.
in no way/not in any way

[C1] not at all
Dictionary example:
This is in no way your fault.
Learner example:
This magazine will be loved by students as it will help them learn English in the best way and in
no way will students find it boring.
in a sense
[C1] thinking about something in a particular way
1118
Dictionary example:
In a sense, he's right.
Learner example:
In a sense this is correct, since you have to leave your natural environment to visit a place where
no human being is meant to survive.
in short
[C1] in a few words
Dictionary example:
In short, we need more staff.
Learner example:
In short, ancient Chinese poems, mainly [from the] Jang D[yna]sty, constitute [the] background for
Chinese culture and set a touchstone for judgement in our life.
in store
[C1] going to happen soon
You never know what's in store for you.
There's a bit of a shock in store for him when he gets home tonight!
Learner example:
Nobody knows what the future will have in store!
ADVERB
AT A PLACE
[B1] at the place where a person usually lives or works
Mr Ellis isn't in this week.
Could you ask him to ring me when he gets in?
Learner example:
My neighbour wasn't in.
TRANSPORT
[B2] having arrived at the place where people can get on or off
Dictionary example:
What time is Roz's flight due in?
SENT
[B2] given or sent to someone official in order to be read
When does your essay have to be in?
Remember to get your application in by the end of the week.
1119
inability /ˌɪnəˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Verbs: enable
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[C1] when you are unable to do something
Dictionary example:
I'm depressed by the police's inability to reduce street crime.
Learner example:
They were sick and tired of the government's inability to break the vicious circle of the crisis.
inaccuracy /ɪnˈæk.jə.rə.si/
Word family:
Adverbs: accurately
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] something such as a statement or number that is not correct
Dictionary example:
The report contained many inaccuracies.
Learner example:
Apart from these inaccuracies, the group members have a lot of complaints.
inaccurate /ɪnˈæk.jʊ.rət/
Word family:
Adverbs: accurately
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not correct or exact
Dictionary example:
inaccurate information/figures
Learner example:
Due to your inaccurate information, I was late and missed part of the show.
1120
inadequate /ɪnˈæd.ɪ.kwət/
Word family:
Adverbs: adequately
ADJECTIVE
NOT GOOD
[C1] not good enough or too low in quality
Dictionary example:
Our equipment is totally inadequate for a job like this.
Learner example:
First of all, I found the seats inadequate and my seat belt was broken.
NOT ENOUGH
[C1] not enough
Dictionary example:
inadequate funds
Learner example:
So, the inadequate number of computers could not cover students' needs.
inappropriate /ˌɪn.əˈprəʊ.pri.ət/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not suitable
inappropriate behaviour
It would be inappropriate for me to comment, without knowing the facts.
Learner example:
Secondly, [the] music was completely inappropriate to young people, because the band was
chosen by the previous principal of our college.
inappropriately /ˌɪn.əˈprəʊ.pri.ət.li/
Word family:
1121
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is not suitable
Dictionary example:
The meeting was inappropriately handled and an argument broke out.
Learner example:
For instance, the refreshment tent was inappropriately located, making it difficult for the
participants to reach it.
incapable /ɪnˈkeɪ.pə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: capability
ADJECTIVE
incapable of sth/doing sth

[C1] not able to do something or to feel a particular emotion
I think she's incapable of love.
He's incapable of controlling his temper.
Learner example:
Earl has lost most of his eyesi[ght] and he is incapable of assembling the planes without my help.
inch /ɪntʃ/
NOUN [C]
MEASUREMENT
[B1] a unit used for measuring length, which is approximately equal to 2.54
centimetres, sometimes shown by the symbol ″
Twelve inches are equal to one foot.
He had a cut an inch long above his left eye.
The snow was six inches deep in some places.
a piece of wood 2″ by 2″
Learner example:
He was one inch tall with strange clothes.
1122
incident /ˈɪnt.sɪ.dənt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an event which is either unpleasant or unusual
an unfortunate incident
A youth was seriously injured in a shooting incident on Saturday night.
Learner example:
After that incident I never cheated again and I never talked to that teacher again.
incidentally /ɪn.sɪˈden.təl.i/
ADVERB
[C1] used when you add related but less important information to what has just
been said or when you suddenly introduce a new subject
Dictionary example:
Incidentally, talking of Stephen, have you met Stephen's girlfriend?
Learner example:
Incidentally, there is another big Turkish Bath in Ginarah.
inclined /ɪnˈklaɪnd/
Word family:
Nouns: inclination
Adjectives: inclined
be inclined to think/believe/agree, etc.

[C1] to have an opinion, but not a strong opinion
Dictionary example:
I'm inclined to agree with you.
Learner example:
I am inclined to believe that the Open Day will reassure all the local residents that our college is
one of major importance and our students creative and intelligent people.
1123
inclusion /ɪnˈkluː.ʒən/
Word family:
Nouns: inclusion
Verbs: include
Adjectives: inclusive
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when you include someone or something, especially in a group, amount, or

event
Dictionary example:
Her self-portrait was chosen for inclusion in the exhibition.
Learner example:
In basketball, for instance, changes in the most important competitions, such as the inclusion of
foreign players, have given players the opportunity to be succes[s]ful not only in their country but
also worldwide.
inclusive /ɪnˈkluː.sɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: inclusion
Verbs: include
Adjectives: inclusive
ADJECTIVE
[C1] An inclusive price or amount includes everything.
Dictionary example:
Prices are inclusive of flights and accommodation.
Learner example:
When considering the rent, inclusive or exclusive [of] bill[s] will make a big difference.
income /ˈɪn.kʌm/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] money that you earn by working, investing or producing goods
Average incomes have risen by 4.5% over the past year.
More help is needed for people on low incomes.
I haven't had much income from my stocks and shares this year.
Learner example:
When you are a student, you don't have [any] income.
1124
inconvenience /ˌɪn.kənˈviː.ni.ənts/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when something is inconvenient, or something that is inconvenient
The Director apologized for any inconvenience caused.
Having to wait for ten minutes was a minor inconvenience.
Learner example:
I am sorry for any inconvenience these requirements may cause to you.
inconvenient /ɪn.kənˈviː.ni.ənt/
Word family:
Nouns: convenience
ADJECTIVE
[B2] involving or causing difficulty, such as unexpected changes or effort
Dictionary example:
I'm sorry, I seem to have called at an inconvenient time.
Learner example:
Please call him and make an alternative [arrangement] if it is inconvenient for you.
incorrect /ˌɪn.kəˈrekt/
Word family:
Nouns: correction
Adverbs: correctly
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not correct
an incorrect answer
Your figures are incorrect.
Learner example:
Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to you concerning some incorrect information about Lampton that
I have found in the Student Tourist Guidebook.
1125
increase
Word family:
Nouns: increase
Verbs: increase
Adverbs: increasingly
VERB [I or T] /ɪnˈkriːs/
[B1] to get bigger or to make something bigger in amount or size
Sales of laptops have increased over the last few years.
The cost of the project has increased dramatically/significantly since it began.
Gradually increase the temperature to boiling point.
Learner example:
It is amazing how the violence in Rio increased in these last few years.
NOUN [C or U] /ˈɪn.kriːs/
RISE
[B2] a rise in the amount or size of something
price/tax increases
There were 39, 000 new cases last year - an increase of 7 per cent.
Any increase in production would be helpful.
Learner example:
Since bicycles became so popular, there has been an increase in the number of accidents.
on the increase
[C1] If something is on the increase, it is happening more often.
Dictionary example:
Violent crime is on the increase.
Learner example:
[The] number of motorists is on the increase everywhere in the world.
increasingly /ɪnˈkriː.sɪŋ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: increase
Verbs: increase
Adverbs: increasingly
ADVERB
[B2] more and more
1126
to be increasingly important/common
Increasingly, there is pressure on the council to reverse its decision.
Learner example:
scandal.
incredible /ɪnˈkred.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: credibility
Adjectives: incredible
Adverbs: incredibly
ADJECTIVE
VERY GOOD
[B1] INFORMAL very good, exciting or large

We had an incredible time that summer.
They gave us an incredible amount of food.
Learner example:
The weather here is incredible and we have the most beautiful beaches in the world, in my
opinion.
NOT BELIEVE
[B2] impossible, or very difficult, to believe
Dictionary example:
It seems incredible that no one complained.
Learner example:
It was incredible but it was true.
incredibly /ɪnˈkred.ə.bli/
Word family:
Nouns: credibility
Adjectives: incredible
Adverbs: incredibly
ADVERB
EXTREMELY
[B2] extremely
1127
Dictionary example:
I think the team played incredibly well.
Learner example:
It was incredibly crowded.
DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE
[C1] in a way that is difficult to believe
Dictionary example:
Incredibly, no one was hurt.
Learner example:
Incredibly, and against all my expectations, everything started going wrong from the very
begin[n]ing.
indeed /ɪnˈdiːd/
ADVERB
REALLY
[B1] really or certainly, often used to emphasize something
Indeed, it could be the worst environmental disaster in Western Europe this century.
Evidence suggests that errors may indeed be occurring.
We live in strange times indeed.
Many people are very poor indeed.
Learner example:
Thank you very much indeed.
indefinite article /ɪnˌdef.ɪ.nətˈɑː.tɪ.kl

̩/
[B1] the grammatical name for the words "a" and "an" in English or words in other
languages which have a similar use
1128
independence /ˌɪn.dɪˈpen.dənts/
Word family:
Verbs: depend
NOUN [U]
WITHOUT HELP
[B2] when someone looks after themselves and does not need money, help or
permission from other people
Dictionary example:
It's important that parents should allow their children some independence.
Learner example:
If you follow my instructions, you'll achieve financial independence sooner than you [would] have
thought.
FREE STATE
[B2] when a country has its own government and is not ruled by another country
Dictionary example:
Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821.
Learner example:
Another film, Brave Heart, is about independence.
independent /ˌɪn.dɪˈpen.dənt/
Word family:
Verbs: depend
ADJECTIVE
NOT HELPED
[B1] not taking help or money from other people
Grandma's very independent and does all her own shopping and cooking.
I've always been financially independent.
Learner example:
I'm an independent person, and I like to be.
1129
NOT INFLUENCED
[B2] not influenced or controlled in any way by other people, events or things
an independent enquiry/organization
The group is independent of any political party.
Learner example:
The film programme is excellent, as you show a large variety of independent films that are not the
usual mainstream films and block busters.
NOT RULED
[B2] An independent country is not governed or ruled by another country.
Belize became fully independent from Britain in 1981.
Tibet, once an independent country, is now part of China.
Learner example:
After 1918, our city again became [the] capital of [an] independent state.
independently /ˌɪn.dɪˈpen.dənt.li/
Word family:
Verbs: depend
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is independent
The two scientists both made the same discovery independently, at roughly the same time.
Each part of the organization operates independently of the others.
Learner example:
What students should understand is the existence of links among apparently different subjects
and the impossibility of studying them independently or, [worse], studying one and neglecting the
others.
index /ˈɪn.deks/
NOUN [C]
[C1] an alphabetical list, such as one printed at the back of a book showing which
page a subject, name, etc. is found on
1130
Dictionary example:
Try looking up 'heart disease' in the index.
Learner example:
The negative point of the book was its lack of an index.
indicate /ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: indication, indicator
Verbs: indicate
VERB [T]
SAY
[B2] to say something or give a signal to show what you mean or what you intend
to do
Please indicate which free gift you would like to receive.
She indicated to me (that) she didn't want me to say anything.
Learner example:
I have just received your letter informing me that I won a two week holiday at Camp California, so
I am writing to you to indicate my preferences [regarding] travel and accommodation.
SHOW
[C1] to show that something exists or is likely to be true
Recent evidence indicates that the skeleton is about 3 million years old.
Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed.
Learner example:
In fact, the study also indicates that time spent on watching TV has surged, especially during the
last decade.
indication /ˌɪn.dɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: indication, indicator
Verbs: indicate
NOUN [C or U]
EXIST
[C1] a sign showing that something exists or is likely to be true
1131
Dictionary example:
There are strong indications that the case will be referred to the Court of Appeal.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, after the equipment was installed and plug[g]ed into [the] mains, black smoke
came out of the back, which in my opinion is an indication of a failure of some sort.
indirect /ˌɪn.daɪˈrekt/
Word family:
Verbs: direct
ADJECTIVE
NOT CONNECTED
[C1] not directly caused by or connected with something
Dictionary example:
Indirect effects of the fighting include disease and food shortages.
Learner example:
At school, children should follow many rules. For example, they should finish their homework
[and] respect other students' opinion[s]. From these experience[s], children can experience social
life in indirect ways, and can learn how to be good members of society.
indirectly /ˌɪn.daɪˈrekt.li/
Word family:
Verbs: direct
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is not direct
Dictionary example:
She still controls the company indirectly, through her son.
Learner example:
This indirectly improves the quality of life and people will feel re-energised.
1132
individual /ˌɪn.dəˈvɪd.ju.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: individual, individuality
Adjectives: individual
Adverbs: individually
SINGLE
[B1] considered separately from the other things in a group
Dictionary example:
Read out the individual letters of each word.
Learner example:
Well, this place is [a group of] small individual islands and there are[n't] many things that you can
do [in] the capital city as it's so small and crowded.
RELATING TO ONE
[B1] given to or relating to one particular person or thing
We deal with each case on an individual basis.
We all have an individual password.
Learner example:
The first lesson started with an individual presentation.
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[B2] a person, especially when considered separately and not as part of a group
We try to treat our students as individuals.
Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.
Learner example:
I can work as part of a team but also as an individual.
individually /ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪd.ju.ə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: individual, individuality
Adjectives: individual
Adverbs: individually
ADVERB
[C1] separately rather than with others
1133
I spoke to them all individually.
The sweets are individually wrapped.
Learner example:
This has the additional advantage that students can work individually on what seems to be most
necessary for them.
indoors /ˌɪnˈdɔːz/
Word family:
Adjectives: indoor
Adverbs: indoors
ADVERB
[B1] into or inside a building
Come indoors, it's cold outside.
Spring bulbs can be grown indoors.
Learner example:
I love being indoors, eating or watching TV.
industrial /ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: industry, industrialization
Adjectives: industrial, industrialized, industrious
ADJECTIVE
[B2] connected with industry, or having a lot of industry and factories, etc.
industrial expansion
an industrial landscape
He has an industrial background.
Learner example:
I am sure that both ideas will improve the look of our industrial town.
industrialization /ɪnˌdʌs.tri.ə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
1134
NOUN [U] (ALSO UK industrialisation)
[C1] the process of developing industries in a country
Dictionary example:
Japan's rapid industrialization
Learner example:
With industrialization and economic development, Hong Kong people's standards of living have
also improve[d] dramatically.
industrialized /ɪnˈdʌs.tri.ə.laɪzd/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE (ALSO UK industrialised)

[C1] Industrialized countries have a lot of industry.
Dictionary example:
the industrialized nations
Learner example:
The role of women has changed during the past 100 years but there are still a lot of changes
needed not only in developing countries but also in industrialized countries like Germany.
industry /ˈɪn.də.stri/
Word family:
NOUN
TYPE OF BUSINESS
[B1] [C] the people and activities involved in one type of business
the gas/electricity industry
the tourist industry
manufacturing industries
The computer industry has been booming.
Learner example:
As you know, I would like to work in [the] tourism industry, so I thought this course could be good
to improve my English.
1135
PRODUCTION
[B2] [U] the production of goods in factories
trade and industry
industry and commerce
The city needs to attract more industry.
Learner example:
If you are interested in local industry, there is the Prefectural Local Industry museum.
inedible /ɪˈned.ə.bl
̩ ̩
/
Word family:
Adjectives: edible, inedible
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not suitable for eating
Dictionary example:
The meat was inedible.
Learner example:
The fruit was rotten, the sandwich inedible.
inefficient /ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/
Word family:
Nouns: efficiency
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Inefficient people or things waste time, money or effort, and do not achieve as
much as they should.
Dictionary example:
an inefficient heating system
Learner example:
The conditions in the coaches are poor with the leg room only for small children, the safety belts
broken, and an inefficient air-conditioner.
1136
inevitable /ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Adjectives: inevitable
Adverbs: inevitably
ADJECTIVE
[C1] certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented
Dictionary example:
The accident was the inevitable consequence/result/outcome of carelessness.
Learner example:
Strikes always cause some problems but sometimes they are inevitable.
inevitably /ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bli/
Word family:
Adjectives: inevitable
Adverbs: inevitably
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that cannot be avoided
Dictionary example:
Their arguments inevitably end in tears.
Learner example:
Should you, my humble reader, happen to reach fame and fortune, try never to forget that
appearing always as an ordinary human being would inevitably grant you more empathy from the
people surro[u]nding you.
inexpensive /ˌɪn.ɪkˈspent.sɪv/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B1] cheap but of good quality
Dictionary example:
inexpensive children's clothes
Learner example:
It has far more advantages than the countryside, starting with the excellent accommodation,
which is inexpensive and easy to find.
1137
inexperienced /ˌɪn.ɪkˈspɪə.riː.əntst/
Word family:
Nouns: experience
Verbs: experience
ADJECTIVE
[B2] without much experience or knowledge of something
Dictionary example:
Abigail Kennedy was young and inexperienced.
Learner example:
The advertisement said that Danny Brook was one of the starring actors but he was replaced by
another extremely disappointing and inexperienced actor.
infect /ɪnˈfekt/
Word family:
Nouns: infection
Verbs: infect
Adjectives: infectious
VERB [T]
DISEASE
[C1] to give someone a disease
Dictionary example:
Thousands of people were infected with the virus.
Learner example:
It was only a small clinic, that refused to give attention to a group of young people all infected
with AIDS.
COMPUTER
[C1] If a computer virus infects a computer, it harms it
Dictionary example:
My computer was infected by a virus.
Learner example:
With CLEAN-MAIL, you can protect your computers from getting infected with viruses effectively:
virus-mails are deleted before they even arrive at your mailbox.
1138
infection /ɪnˈfek.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: infection
Verbs: infect
Adjectives: infectious
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus
a serious infection
a throat infection
Bandage the wound to reduce the risk of infection.
Learner example:
He told me that she was suffer[ing] from [a] kidney infection.
inferior /ɪnˈfɪə.ri.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: inferior, inferiority
Adjectives: inferior
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not good, or not so good as someone or something else
I've never felt inferior to anyone.
They're selling inferior products at inflated prices.
Learner example:
Young girls often feel inferior to boys in the same class.
infinitive /ɪnˈfɪn.ɪ.tɪv/
[B1] the basic form of a verb that usually follows 'to'
In the sentences 'I had to go' and 'I must go', 'go' is an infinitive.
'Go' is the infinitive form.
1139
inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the rate at which prices increase, or a continuing increase in prices
high/low inflation
the rate of inflation
3% inflation
Learner example:
In this country of high inflation we could save some money.
influence /ˈɪn.flu.ənts/
Word family:
Nouns: influence
Verbs: influence
Adjectives: influential
NOUN [C or U]
POWER
[B2] the power to affect how someone thinks or behaves, or how something
develops
The drug companies can have a lot of influence on doctors.
At the time she was under the influence of her father.
Picasso had a big influence on art in the twentieth century.
Learner example:
Today's computers have a massive influence on the whole [of] society.
be a bad/good influence (on sb)

[B2] If someone or something is a bad/good influence on someone, they have a
bad/good effect on them.
Dictionary example:
Television can be a bad influence on children.
Learner example:
Some people say that cell phones are a bad influence on the younger generation.
[B2] to affect or change how someone or something develops, behaves or thinks
1140
Were you influenced by anybody at the beginning of your career?
What influenced you to choose a career in nursing?
Learner example:
Our life has been influenced by modern technology.
influential /ˌɪn.fluˈen.ʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: influence
Verbs: influence
Adjectives: influential
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having a lot of influence
Dictionary example:
an influential figure in modern jazz
Learner example:
Although not being directly involved in global politics anymore, he is still a very powerful and
influential person.
inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/
Word family:
Nouns: information
Verbs: inform, misinform
Adjectives: informative
VERB [T]
TELL
[B1] to tell someone about something
If he calls me again, I shall inform the police.
I informed my boss that I was going to be away next week.
Learner example:
This letter is to inform you that I will not be able to attend tomorrow's class due to medical issues.
GIVE INFORMATION
[B1] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to give someone information about something
Dictionary example:
Patients should be informed about the risks.
1141
Learner example:
Anyway, once a month I read gossip magazines and every day I read newspapers to be informed.
informal /ɪnˈfɔː.məl/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not formal or official
The two groups agreed to hold an informal meeting.
He's the ideal sort of teacher - direct, friendly and informal.
'Hi' is an informal way of greeting people.
Learner example:
The dress-code is informal but neat and there'll be plenty of drinks and snacks.
informally /ɪnˈfɔː.məl.i/
Word family:
ADVERB
[C1] in an informal way
Dictionary example:
It's an outdoor party, so dress informally.
Learner example:
We dress casually and very informally and you often see body piercings and tat[t]oos being
displayed around the place.
informative /ɪnˈfɔː.mə.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: information
ADJECTIVE
[C1] containing a lot of useful facts
1142
Dictionary example:
a very informative lecture
Learner example:
There were presentations from many different industries, some of them very informative and
entertaining.
infrastructure /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/
[C1] the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a
country or organization uses in order to work effectively
Dictionary example:
The war has badly damaged the country's infrastructure.
Learner example:
It is very easy to build homes but at the same time forgetting to upgrade the infrastructure and
facilities.
ingredient /ɪnˈgriː.di.ənt/
NOUN [C OFTEN PLURAL]
FOOD
[B1] a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish
Dictionary example:
The list of ingredients included 250g of almonds.
Learner example:
The chef had used good, fresh ingredients.
SUCCESS
[B2] one of the parts of something successful
Dictionary example:
Trust is an essential ingredient in a successful marriage.
Learner example:
In my opinion it is clear that with these "ingredients" you can make an interesting video about
[daily] life at our school.
1143
inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: inhabitant
Verbs: inhabit
Adjectives: uninhabited
NOUN [C OFTEN PLURAL]
[B2] a person or animal that lives in a particular place
Dictionary example:
a city of 5 million inhabitants
Learner example:
I think that the town has about 2000 inhabitants in winter.
initial /ɪˈnɪʃ.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: initial, initiative
Verbs: initiate
Adjectives: initial
Adverbs: initially
[B1] the first letter of a name, especially when used to represent a name
He wrote his initials, P.M.R., at the bottom of the page.
Paul M. Reynolds refused to say what the initial "M" stood for.
They carved their initials into a tree.
Learner example:
It was black and my initials [were] inside it.
[B2] first, or happening at the beginning
My initial reaction was one of anger.
Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has not yet been confirmed.
Learner example:
All this may seem trivial [and] unimportant to an ordinary man addicted to his TV-set, forgetting
the initial impulse that made him cho[o]se this way [of life].
1144
initially /ɪˈnɪʃ.əl.i/
Word family:
Verbs: initiate
Adjectives: initial
Adverbs: initially
ADVERB
[B2] at the beginning
Initially, most people approved of the new scheme.
The damage was far more serious than initially believed.
Learner example:
He initially disagreed with his wife but after much persuasion, he finally gave in.
initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: initiate
Adjectives: initial
Adverbs: initially
NOUN
NEW ACTION
[C1] [C] a plan or activity that is done to solve a problem or improve a situation
a new government initiative to reduce crime
The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides.
Learner example:
Any government as well as grass root initiative will have an effect on pollution problems, but
firstly, we need to change our society's overall mentality.
ABILITY
[C1] [U] the ability to make decisions and do things without needing to be told what
to do
We need someone who can work on their own initiative.
I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do - use your initiative.
She showed a lot of initiative.
1145
Learner example:
It is difficult to judge whether you [show] more initiative than the others or not.
take the initiative

[C1] to be the first person to do something that solves a problem or improves a
situation
Dictionary example:
Jackson had taken the initiative and prepared a report.
Learner example:
I took the initiative to contact Sue Wilton, who is the manager of the restaurant "El Plato".
injure /ˈɪn.dʒər/
Word family:
Nouns: injury
Verbs: injure
Adjectives: injured
VERB [T]
[B1] to hurt a person, animal or part of your body
A bomb exploded at the embassy, injuring several people.
She fell and injured her shoulder.
He was badly/seriously injured in the crash.
Learner example:
Nobody from my family was injured, so that was one good [piece] of news.
injured /ˈɪn.dʒəd/
Word family:
Nouns: injury
Verbs: injure
Adjectives: injured
ADJECTIVE
[B2] hurt or physically harmed
Dictionary example:
She was told to stay in bed to rest her injured back.
Learner example:
Zoos can take care of injured animals and help them.
1146
injury /ˈɪn.dʒər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: injury
Verbs: injure
Adjectives: injured
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] damage to someone's body in an accident or an attack
a head/back/knee injury
a serious/slight injury
Injuries to the spine are common amongst these workers.
They were lucky to escape (without) injury.
Learner example:
Professional footballers can also have serious injuries during their life as [a] footballer.
injustice /ɪnˈdʒʌs.tɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: justice, injustice
Adjectives: just
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a situation or action in which people are treated unfairly
the fight against racial injustice
the injustices of the legal system
Learner example:
Adults enjoy the stories too, because it somehow reflects the society that we live in, and how
justice is always [on] the stronger side than injustice.
ink /ɪŋk/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a coloured liquid that you use for writing, printing, or drawing
a bottle of ink
blue/black/red ink
Please write in ink, not in pencil.
The book is printed in three different coloured inks.
1147
Learner example:
Her father had shown her once how to write with an invisible ink.
inner /ˈɪn.ər/
LOCATION
[B2] on the inside or near the middle of something
Dictionary example:
Leading off the main hall is a series of small inner rooms.
Learner example:
Even in the inner city, streets are dark and don't give the feeling of safety after sunset.
FEELINGS
[B2] Inner feelings or thoughts are ones that you do not show or tell other people.
Dictionary example:
Sarah always seemed to have a deep sense of inner peace.
Learner example:
Every now and then everybody feels an inner call for changes, and one of [those] changes might
be a journey somewhere in the world.
innocence /ˈɪn.ə.sənts/
Word family:
Nouns: innocence
Adjectives: innocent
Adverbs: innocently
NOUN [U]
NOT GUILTY
[C1] when someone is not guilty of a crime
She pleaded her innocence, but no one believed her.
She fought to prove her son's innocence.
Learner example:
They were released after seven years in jail and were determined to prove their innocence and find
the real murderer.
1148
innocent /ˈɪn.ə.sənt/
Word family:
Nouns: innocence
Adverbs: innocently
ADJECTIVE
NOT GUILTY
[B2] not guilty of committing a crime
Dictionary example:
He firmly believes that she is innocent of the crime.
Learner example:
The plan works: the jury thinks that the wife is a notorious liar and her husband is found innocent.
NO EXPERIENCE
[B2] not having much experience of life and not knowing about the bad things that
can happen
Dictionary example:
an innocent young woman
Learner example:
She is so innocent and doesn't understand anything which is happening around [her].
NOT DESERVED
[B2] used to emphasize that someone who was hurt had done nothing wrong
Dictionary example:
Several innocent civilians were killed in the bombing.
Learner example:
While Jem was ste[a]ling horses, his brother was a murderer of innocent people.
innocently /ˈɪn.ə.sənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: innocence
Adverbs: innocently
ADVERB
[B2] in an innocent way
"Have I done something wrong?" she asked innocently.
He said he had obtained the television innocently, not knowing it had been stolen.
1149
Learner example:
Denny had innocently [turned on] the light to see if there was anything of interest in the other
room.
innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: innovation
Adjectives: innovative
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a new idea or method that is being tried for the first time, or the use of such
ideas or methods
Dictionary example:
the latest innovations in education
Learner example:
There was a barrage of creativity and innovation rarely seen in human history.
innovative /ˈɪn.ə.və.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: innovation
Adjectives: innovative
ADJECTIVE
[C1] using new methods or ideas
Dictionary example:
an innovative approach to programme making
Learner example:
Problems like this will probably app[ea]r again and again but we have to beli[e]ve that they can be
solved in an innovative way.
input /ˈɪn.pʊt/
NOUN
IDEAS
[B2] [C or U] ideas, money, effort, etc. that you put into a process or acitivity in order
to help it succeed
1150
Dictionary example:
Input from students is used to develop new and exciting courses.
Learner example:
I could go on but my intention was to give you some input to stimulate your brain!
COMPUTER
[B2] [U] information that is put into a computer or the act of putting information
into a computer
Dictionary example:
Data input is carried out by a team based overseas.
inquire (UK ALSO enquire) /ɪnˈkwaɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: inquiry
Verbs: inquire
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to ask for information
Shall I inquire about the price of tickets?
She rang up to inquire when her car would be ready.
"Where are we going?" he inquired politely.
Learner example:
"Say Mary, when did the war beg[i]n?", inquired the old lady.
inquiry (UK ALSO enquiry) /ɪnˈkwaɪə.ri/
Word family:
Nouns: inquiry
Verbs: inquire
NOUN
QUESTION
[B1] [C] a question that you ask when you want more information
Dictionary example:
I've been making inquiries about/into the cost of a round-the-world ticket.
Learner example:
Dear Sue, I apologize for not responding to your letter for so long, but I didn't forget to make
some inquiries relating to the job in the Water Sports Centre.
1151
insane /ɪnˈseɪn/
Word family:
Adjectives: insane, sane
ADJECTIVE
STUPID
[C1] INFORMAL very silly or stupid

Dictionary example:
an insane decision
Learner example:
It was an insane idea to accom[m]odate me so far away from the school (approximately four
miles).
insecure /ˌɪn.sɪˈkjʊər/
Word family:
Nouns: security, insecurity
Adjectives: secure, insecure
ADJECTIVE
WORRIED
[C1] having no confidence in yourself and what you can do
Dictionary example:
a shy, insecure teenager
Learner example:
People felt insecure and nervous, their morale went down.
insensitive /ɪnˈsen.sə.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: sensitivity
Adjectives: sensitive, insensitive
ADJECTIVE
PEOPLE
[C1] not noticing or not caring about other people's feelings
an insensitive remark
He was completely insensitive to Maria's feelings.
1152
Learner example:
This way of thinking is very important because a person who spends a lot of time alone can
become self-centred and insensitive to others.
insert /ɪnˈsɜːt/
VERB [T] FORMAL
PUT INTO
[C1] to put something into something else
Dictionary example:
Insert the coin in the slot.
Learner example:
You just insert the CD-ROM; [the] rest will [happen] automatically.
ADD TO WRITING
[C1] to add something to the middle of a document or piece of writing
Dictionary example:
He inserted a new paragraph.
Learner example:
In the future it will be possible to buy paintings via the internet. The prices will be inserted under
each painting.
inside
ADVERB /ɪnˈsaɪd/
FEELING
[B2] If you have a feeling inside, you have a feeling although you might not show it
to other people.
Dictionary example:
She couldn't cope with the grief she felt inside.
Learner example:
They had to go to the vet more often but it wasn't hard for them because of the love that they felt
inside.
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] /ˈɪn.saɪd/
UNDER SURFACE
[B2] in or on the part of something under its surface
1153
Dictionary example:
He put the documents carefully in his inside pocket.
Learner example:
At first Chris didn't seem to recognize him, but as soon as he did, his hand reached [into] his
inside pocket.
NOUN [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] /ˈɪn.saɪd/
INNER PART
[B2] the inner part, space or side of something
Did you clean the inside of the car?
The hotel looked shabby from the street, but it was fine on the inside.
Learner example:
Anyway, after the show I felt hungry so I went to the restaurant but it was closed because they
were having the inside altered.
inside out
[B2] If a piece of clothing is inside out, the part that is usually outside is on the
inside.
Dictionary example:
She had her jumper on inside out.
know sth inside out

[C1] to know everything about something
Dictionary example:
He knows the system inside out.
Learner example:
The participants got to know Britain inside out and they are happy with the knowledge they
gained.
insight /ˈɪn.saɪt/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] the ability to understand what something is really like, or an example of this
The book gives a fascinating insight into the world of art.
This new research provides many insights into customer behaviour.
Children sometimes show remarkable insight when it comes to adult problems.
1154
Learner example:
Special courses were offered, which provided deep insights in[to] fascinating topics - they were
great fun.
insignificant /ˌɪn.sɪgˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/
Word family:
Nouns: significance
Adjectives: significant, insignificant
Adverbs: significantly
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not important or large enough to consider or worry about
Dictionary example:
insignificant differences
Learner example:
Second, the "sudden downpour of rain" you reported and which "ruined" the show was actually a
short and insignificant one that only lasted a few minutes.
insist /ɪnˈsɪst/
VERB [I]
DEMAND
[B1] to demand that something must be done or that you must have a particular
thing
The school insists on good behaviour from its students.
She insisted on seeing her lawyer.
Please go first - I insist!
Learner example:
But if they insist, you should listen to them because our parents love us and they want the best for
us.
SAY FIRMLY
[B2] to say firmly that something is true
Dictionary example:
Greg still insists (that) he did nothing wrong.
Learner example:
Mrs McGillicuddy saw a woman being strangled [o]n a train and, in spite of everybody seem[ing]
not to believe her, she insisted that she was right and, with her friend's help, proved it.
1155
inspect /ɪnˈspekt/
Word family:
Nouns: inspector, inspection
Verbs: inspect
VERB [T]
[C1] to look at something or someone carefully in order to discover information,

especially about their quality or condition
After the crash, both drivers got out and inspected their cars for damage.
She held the bank note up to the light and inspected it carefully.
Learner example:
I invite you to inspect our facilities [so] that you can persuade yourself about the lack of
equipment.
inspection /ɪnˈspek.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: inspect
NOUN [C or U]
OFFICIAL
[C1] an official visit to a building or organization to check that everything is correct

and legal
Dictionary example:
Fire officers carried out an inspection of the building.
Learner example:
The location was just fine but I suggest that you make an inspection. You would then see what I
mean... The rooms were very dirty, there was no lift in the hotel and service was poor.
inspector /ɪnˈspek.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: inspect
NOUN [C]
PERSON WHO INSPECTS
[B2] someone whose job is to check that things are being done correctly
1156
a tax inspector
a school inspector/an inspector of schools
Learner example:
In the middle of the exam the inspector came in and asked me some questions for fun.
POLICE
[B2] a police officer of middle rank
Learner example:
As you know I am a police inspector.
inspiration /ˌɪn.spɪˈreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: inspiration
Verbs: inspire
NOUN
IDEAS
[B2] [C or U] someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something
The golden autumn light provided the inspiration for the painting.
He went to church, perhaps seeking divine inspiration.
Learner example:
Working with children makes me happy and gives me inspiration.
inspire /ɪnˈspaɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: inspiration
Verbs: inspire
VERB [T]
ENCOURAGE
[B2] to make someone feel that they want to do something and can do it
Dictionary example:
A drama teacher at school had inspired Sam to become an actor.
Learner example:
This has inspired me to finally write to you and ask if there is a possibility for me to join the
painting course this spring.
1157
FEELING
[B2] to make someone have a particular feeling or reaction
Dictionary example:
He inspires great loyalty in his staff.
Learner example:
In today's world where everybody is selfish, it is hard to find a person to admire, a [role] model to
be inspired by.
PROVIDE IDEA
[B2] to give someone an idea for a book, play, painting, etc.
Dictionary example:
This television drama was inspired by a true story.
Learner example:
Most of her books are inspired by her life in Bulgaria and the adventures she [had] herself.
install (UK ALSO instal) /ɪnˈstɔːl/
Word family:
Nouns: installation
Verbs: install
VERB [T]
COMPUTER
[B1] to put a computer program onto a computer so that the computer can use it
Dictionary example:
Andrew, can you help me install this software?
Learner example:
We have learned how to install components like a Soundboard or a CD-Rom drive.
EQUIPMENT
[B1] to put a piece of equipment somewhere and make it ready for use
Dictionary example:
The plumber is coming tomorrow to install the new washing machine.
Learner example:
On my third day I helped them to install the sound system.
1158
installation /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: installation
Verbs: install
NOUN
EQUIPMENT
[C1] [U] the process of putting new equipment into position
Dictionary example:
Do you have to pay extra for installation?
Learner example:
Last but not least, students asked for the installation of a beverage machine - that would be really
convenient for them.
SOFTWARE
[C1] [U] the process of putting a computer program onto a computer
Dictionary example:
the installation of new software
Learner example:
Personally, I beli[e]ve that the installation of the Japanese Word version could considerably
improve the efficiency of my work.
instance /ˈɪnt.stənts/
NOUN
for instance
[B1] for example
Dictionary example:
In the electronics industry, for instance, 5000 jobs are being lost.
Learner example:
For instance, you can do mountain walks.
EXAMPLE
[C1] [C] an example of a particular type of event, situation, or behaviour
Dictionary example:
There have been several instances of violence in the school.
1159
Learner example:
There may be instances when the situation is exactly [the] opposite, but in this case, it was the
way that my friend's sister was brought up that triumphed.
instant /ˈɪnt.stənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: instant
Adverbs: instantly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] happening immediately, without any delay
This type of account offers you instant access to your money.
Contrary to expectations, the film was an instant success.
Learner example:
Therefore, the reception should be functional for students, that is, the students should get [an]
instant answer when they have a question.
instantly /ˈɪnt.stənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: instant
Adverbs: instantly
ADVERB
[B2] immediately
Dictionary example:
Both drivers were killed instantly.
Learner example:
To talk to a friend from another city or country instantly online is really nice and exciting.
instead of
PREPOSITION
[B1] in place of
You can go instead of me, if you want.
We should book the flights now instead of waiting until next week.
1160
Learner example:
I had to admit that I would prefer to go with my friends and I decided to go with them instead of
being with my parents.
institute /ˈɪnt.stɪ.tjuːt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an organization where people do a particular kind of scientific, educational or

social work, or the buildings which it uses
Dictionary example:
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Learner example:
With this jump she would raise money for a cancer institute in London.
institution /ˌɪnt.stɪˈtjuː.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
ORGANIZATION
[B2] a large and important organization, such as a university or bank
a medical/educational/financial institution
Oxford and Cambridge universities are internationally respected institutions.
Learner example:
Firstly, it's important to gain information about the institution where we want to work.
PLACE
[B2] a building where people are sent so they can be looked after, for example a
prison or a hospital
Dictionary example:
a young offenders' institution
Learner example:
I was working for a social institution that looks after poor children.
instruct /ɪnˈstrʌkt/
Word family:
Nouns: instruction, instructor
Verbs: instruct
1161
VERB [T]
ORDER
[C1] to officially tell someone to do something
Dictionary example:
Staff are instructed not to use the telephones for personal calls.
Learner example:
When workers began to threaten [to] strike, about twenty days ago, people were instructed on
how to tackle such an occurrence - you know, we are well organised and like to have emergency
plans for any danger.
instructor /ɪnˈstrʌk.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: instruction, instructor
Verbs: instruct
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who teaches a particular sport or activity
Dictionary example:
a driving instructor
Learner example:
There are professional instructors work[ing] in this club.
instrument /ˈɪnt.strə.mənt/
NOUN [C]
TOOL
[C1] a tool that is used for doing something
Dictionary example:
scientific instruments
Learner example:
You can also see Roman medical instruments and tools, for example a pioneer axe and different
knives.
1162
insufficient /ˌɪn.səˈfɪʃ.ənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: sufficient, insufficient, self-sufficient
Adverbs: sufficiently
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not enough
insufficient information
Her income is insufficient to support a family.
Learner example:
In contrast to your brochure, we did not have any special [entertainment] at the hotel and the
dinner was insufficient in terms of not only its quality but also the quantity.
insult
NOUN [C] /ˈɪn.sʌlt/
RUDE REMARK
[B2] a rude and offensive remark or action
Dictionary example:
They were shouting insults at each other.
Learner example:
Joko's mother would hurl insults at the poor old man, calling him sick and [hoping] that he'd die
soon.
VERB [T] /ɪnˈsʌlt/

[B2] to say or do something to someone that is rude and offensive
Dictionary example:
How dare you insult me in front of my friends!
Learner example:
After all, [in] insulting the performers you insult their fans...
insurance /ɪnˈʃɔː.rənts/
NOUN [U]
[B2] an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay your costs if
you have an accident, injury, etc.
1163
life/health/car/travel insurance
I'll need to take out extra car insurance for another driver.
The insurance doesn't cover you for household items.
Learner example:
Lastly, could you please tell me what kind of clothes I should prepare and [whether] I have to buy
insurance myself?
integral /ˈɪn.tɪ.grəl/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] necessary and important as part of something
Dictionary example:
The Internet has become an integral part of modern life.
Learner example:
Over the last few years, computers have become an integral part of our lives.
integrate /ˈɪn.tɪ.greɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: integration
Verbs: integrate
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to become part of a group or society, or to help someone do this
Dictionary example:
After a few weeks of training he was fully integrated into the team.
Learner example:
I am [a] determined, spont[ane]ous person and I have the ability to integrate well.
integration /ˌɪn.tɪˈgreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: integration
Verbs: integrate
NOUN [U]
[C1] when things or people are mixed, joined or combined
Dictionary example:
cultural integration
1164
Learner example:
This may be explained by the increasing number of exchanges in the European Union, and the
stronger economic integration of European Countries.
intellectual /ˌɪn.təlˈek.tju.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: intellect, intellectual
Adjectives: intellectual
Adverbs: intellectually
ADJECTIVE
THOUGHT
[B2] relating to your ability to think and to understand things, especially

complicated ideas
intellectual and physical development
I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
Learner example:
First of all, I don't think your programme needs any improvement: in my opinion, your selection of
films is already very satisfying because it includes both spectacular Hollywood movies and
intellectual films.
intelligence /ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒənts/
Word family:
Nouns: intelligence
Adjectives: intelligent
NOUN [U]
[B2] the ability to learn, understand and think about things
an intelligence test
a child of high/average/low intelligence
It's the intelligence of her writing that impresses me.
Learner example:
The dominant [species] among animals are pigs with their superior intelligence.
1165
intelligent /ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒənt/
Word family:
Nouns: intelligence
Adjectives: intelligent
ADJECTIVE
[B1] showing intelligence, or able to learn and understand things easily
a highly intelligent young man
an intelligent remark
Helen had a few intelligent things to say on the subject.
Learner example:
I've met my English teacher - she's very friendly and, I think, very intelligent.
intend /ɪnˈtend/
Word family:
Nouns: intention, intent
Verbs: intend
Adjectives: intent
VERB [T]
HAVE PLAN
[B1] to have as a plan or purpose
We intend to go to Australia next year.
Somehow I offended him, which wasn't what I'd intended.
I don't think she intended me to hear the remark.
It was intended as a compliment, honestly!
Learner example:
I intend to invite many friends who were in [the] same university, but nobody knows this news, so
I want to surprise them.
be intended for
[C1] to be made, designed, or provided for a particular person or purpose
The book is intended for anyone who wants to learn more about the Internet.
The course is intended for intermediate-level students.
Learner example:
The course is intended for business people who don't have English as their mother toungue.
1166
intense /ɪnˈtens/
Word family:
Nouns: intensity
Verbs: intensify
Adjectives: intense
Adverbs: intensely
ADJECTIVE
EXTREME
[C1] extreme or very strong
Dictionary example:
intense heat/pain
Learner example:
Most of the rooms we stayed in did not have air-condition[ing], which caused many sleepless
nights [for] the majority of us due to the intense heat.
intensive /ɪnˈtent.sɪv/
Word family:
Adjectives: intensive
Adverbs: intensively
ADJECTIVE
[B2] involving a lot of effort or activity in a short period of time
two weeks of intensive training
an intensive course in English
Intensive bombing had reduced the city to rubble.
Learner example:
I am 23 years old and speak English fluently due to my intensive study of the language.
intensively /ɪnˈten.sɪv.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: intensive
Adverbs: intensively
ADVERB
[C1] in way that involves a lot of work in a short period of time
Dictionary example:
I spent three weeks working intensively on my thesis.
1167
Learner example:
The canteen gets very busy and noisy at lunchtimes, but we all enjoy chatting to our friend after
intensively studying in the classes.
intention /ɪnˈten.tʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: intention, intent
Verbs: intend
Adjectives: intent
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] something that you want and plan to do
It wasn't my intention to exclude her from the list - I just forgot her.
I've no intention of changing my plans just to fit in with his.
He's full of good intentions, but he never does anything about them!
Learner example:
I was very pleased [to] hear from your club, because it was always my intention to join such a
group and make music with other people.
interact /ˌɪnt.əˈrækt/
Word family:
Nouns: interaction
Verbs: interact
Adjectives: interactive
VERB [I]
[B2] to talk and do things with other people
Dictionary example:
At school, teachers said he interacted well with other students.
Learner example:
People say that when you use a computer you get addicted and don't interact with people.
interaction /ˌɪnt.əˈræk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: interaction
Verbs: interact
1168
NOUN [C]
[C1] the activity of talking and doing things with other people, or the way you do
this
Dictionary example:
Our work involves a lot of interaction with the customers.
Learner example:
The interaction between the different groups in the Big Brother house is also very entertaining.
interactive /ˌɪn.təˈræk.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: interaction
Verbs: interact
ADJECTIVE
COMPUTER GAMES
[B2] Interactive computer games, programs, etc. involve the user by reacting to the
way they use them.
an interactive game
This is an interactive museum where children can actively manipulate the exhibits.
Learner example:
In addition, you can play with several interactive game[s] and learn about the rules of the Olympic
Games.
COMMUNICATION
[C1] involving communication between people
Dictionary example:
interactive teaching methods
Learner example:
Our special special temporary membership offer is just right for people who want to enjoy their
holidays in a more social and interactive way.
interest /ˈɪn.trəst/
Word family:
Nouns: interest
Adjectives: interested, interesting, uninterested, uninteresting
Adverbs: interestingly
1169
NOUN
FEELING
[B1] [U NO PLURAL] the feeling of wanting to give your attention to something or of

wanting to discover more about it
I've always had an interest in astronomy.
He never seems to show any interest in his children.
Unfortunately, I lost interest half way through the film.
She takes more of an interest in politics these days.
Just out of interest, how old is your wife?
Learner example:
Well, really I don't have much interest in clothes.
ACTIVITY/SUBJECT
[B1] [C OFTEN PLURAL] something that you enjoy doing, studying or experiencing
Dictionary example:
On his form he lists his interests as cycling, the cinema and cooking.
Learner example:
In your next letter tell me about your hobbies and interests.
QUALITY
[B1] [U] the quality that makes you think that something is interesting
Dictionary example:
Would this book be of any interest to you?
Learner example:
We visited the Eiffel Tower and lots of other places of interest.
MONEY CHARGED
[C1] [U] money which is charged by a bank or other financial organization for
borrowing money
Dictionary example:
Interest charges on an overdraft are usually quite high.
Learner example:
Extremely high interest rates and high unemployment were a fatal combination for many families.
MONEY EARNED
[C1] [U] money that you earn from keeping your money in an account in a bank or
other financial organization
Dictionary example:
You should put the money in a savings account where it will earn interest.
1170
be in sb's interest(s)
[C1] to help someone and give them an advantage
Dictionary example:
It may not be in your interests to change jobs so soon.
Learner example:
It is in my interests to meet new people and I find it easy to go and talk to people I do not know.
VERB [T]
[B1] If someone or something interests you, you want to give them your attention
and discover more about them.
Dictionary example:
Sport has never really interested me.
Learner example:
Fortunately I saw an advertisement for a job [i]n the local newspaper that might interest you.
interestingly /ˈɪn.trə.stɪŋ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: interest
ADVERB
[C1] used to introduce information that you think is surprising and interesting
Dictionary example:
Interestingly, he never actually said that he was innocent.
Learner example:
Russians today prefer fast food due to a rapid lifestyle. Interestingly, this refers only to lunch
time; about 80% of Russians will prefer eating [a] traditional Russian meal for dinner.
interfere /ˌɪnt.əˈfɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: interference
Verbs: interfere
VERB [I]
TRY TO CONTROL
[B2] to try to control or become involved in a situation, in a way that is annoying
1171
I know he's worried about us, but I wish he wouldn't interfere.
You shouldn't interfere in other people's business.
Learner example:
I would like to stress that very often famous people become reserved, bad-tempered and angry
with the world for interfering in their lives.
CAUSE PROBLEMS
[C1] to prevent something from working effectively or from developing successfully
Dictionary example:
I try not to let my dancing classes interfere with my schoolwork.
Learner example:
We realise this activity would interfere with our visit to the Science Museum, but we, in exchange,
would gladly give [up] our free time [o]n Wednesday to perform the programme completely.
interference /ˌɪn.təˈfɪə.rənts/
Word family:
Nouns: interference
Verbs: interfere
NOUN [U]
SITUATION
[C1] when someone tries to interfere in a situation
Dictionary example:
There have been claims of too much political interference in education.
Learner example:
The famous have all their gestures watched and judged. How can anyone live with so much
interference?
interior /ɪnˈtɪə.ri.ər/
NOUN
[B2] [C] the inside part of something
The estate agent had pictures of the house from the outside but none of its interior.
The car's interior is very impressive - wonderful leather seats and a wooden dashboard.
Learner example:
The interior is quite modern and clean.
1172
intermediate /ˌɪn.təˈmiː.di.ət/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] between the highest and lowest levels of knowledge or skill
There are three levels of difficulty in this game: low, intermediate and high.
This novel is too difficult for intermediate students of English.
Learner example:
My level is intermediate.
internal /ɪnˈtɜː.nəl/
Word family:
Adjectives: internal
Adverbs: internally
ADJECTIVE
[B2] existing or happening inside a person, object, organization, place or country
He sustained injuries to his arms, legs and several internal organs.
The bank conducted its own internal investigation into the robbery.
The government warned its neighbours not to interfere in its internal affairs.
Learner example:
The letter box for internal post should be hung on the wall, so that pupils could make any
suggestions about [the] school, or even complaints, directly to reception.
internally /ɪnˈtɜː.nəl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: internal
Adverbs: internally
ADVERB
[C1] inside a person, object, organization, place or country
Dictionary example:
This medicine is for external use only and should not be taken internally.
Learner example:
I am actually very interested in taking the course, because recently I have change[d] my job and
one of my functions is to create a page on the intranet to share information about the company
internally.
1173
internationally /ˌɪn.təˈnæʃ.ən.əl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: international
Adverbs: internationally
ADVERB
[B1] in many countries
Dictionary example:
Her internationally acclaimed novel has won several literary prizes.
Learner example:
This film was directed by Yasujino-Ozo, who is internationally famous, although his film is very
Japanese.
interpret /ɪnˈtɜː.prət/
Word family:
Nouns: interpretation, misinterpretation
Verbs: interpret, misinterpret
VERB
LANGUAGE
[B2] [I or T] to change what someone has said into a different language
Dictionary example:
We had to ask the guide to interpret for us.
Learner example:
My boss decided it [wa]s high time I tried to interpret for him outside our office.
DECIDE MEANING
[C1] [T] to decide what the intended meaning of something is
It's difficult to interpret these statistics without knowing how they were obtained.
A jury should not interpret the silence of a defendant as a sign of guilt.
Learner example:
Musicians try to interpret it, but admittedly they will never find the whole meaning of it.
interrupt /ˌɪn.təˈrʌpt/
Word family:
Nouns: interruption
Verbs: interrupt
1174
VERB
STOP SPEAKING
[B1] [I or T] to stop someone while they are talking or doing something, by saying or
doing something yourself
She tried to explain what had happened but he kept interrupting her.
I wish you'd stop interrupting.
Learner example:
Her thoughts were interrupted by Ben, who asked if she wanted to go for a walk with him.
STOP HAPPENING
[B2] [T] to stop something from happening for a short period
Dictionary example:
We had to interrupt our trip when we heard John's mother was ill.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, I am studying at university and I can't afford to interrupt my studies.
interruption /ˌɪnt.əˈrʌp.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: interruption
Verbs: interrupt
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when an action or activity is interrupted, or something that interrupts someone

or something
Dictionary example:
There were so many interruptions, I couldn't get on with my work.
Learner example:
I stayed two or three minutes in the darkness thinking that it was only a [brief] interruption, but it
was not the case.
interval /ˈɪnt.ə.vəl/
NOUN [C]
THEATRE
[B1] a short period of time between the parts of a play, performance, etc.
1175
Dictionary example:
The show "Zorro" had only one interval of 20 minutes.
Learner example:
During the interval I [wanted to] drink coffee in [the] theatre restaurant, [but] it was closed.
interview /ˈɪn.tə.vjuː/
NOUN [C]
FOR JOB
[B1] a meeting in which someone asks you questions to see if you are suitable for a
job or course
a job interview
I had an interview for a job with a publishing firm.
Learner example:
I have to go [to] a job interview which I'm looking forward [to].
FOR ARTICLE/TV, ETC.
[B1] a meeting in which someone is asked questions about themselves for a

newspaper article, television show, etc
an exclusive interview with Paul Simon
In a television interview last night she denied she had any intention of resigning.
Learner example:
I especially enjoyed [the] Roberto Carlos interview, did you know he use[d] to be a striker?
VERB [T]
[B1] to ask someone questions in an interview
We've had 200 applicants for the job, but we only plan to interview about 20 of them.
Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV?
Learner example:
We had to interview our partner and to present him to the class.
1176
into /ˈɪn.tuː/
PREPOSITION
HIT
[B1] moving towards something or someone and hitting them
Dictionary example:
He's always walking into things when he hasn't got his glasses on.
Learner example:
Then I bumped into a man... What a surprise! [It] was Thom Yorke.
TOWARDS
[B1] in the direction of something or someone
Dictionary example:
She was looking straight into his eyes.
Learner example:
I turned around and looked into the eyes of my favourite football player Timo Hildebrand.
be into sth
[B1] INFORMAL to be very interested in something
Dictionary example:
Will's really into jazz.
Learner example:
I think I'm going to buy the 'Grind' movie because it's about skateboarding and you know I'm
really into skateboarding.
intransitive /ɪnˈtræn.zə.tɪv/ SPECIALIZED
ADJECTIVE
[B2] An intransitive verb does not have an object.
In the sentence 'I tried to persuade him, but he wouldn't come', 'come' is an intransitive verb.
In the Wordlist, verbs which are intransitive are marked [I].
introduce /ˌɪn.trəˈdjuːs/
Word family:
Nouns: introduction
Verbs: introduce
1177
VERB [T]
MEETING PEOPLE
[B1] to tell someone another person's name the first time that they meet
I'd like to introduce my younger son, Mark.
Have you two been introduced (to each other)?
Learner example:
We were introduced to each other and we talked about our home countries.
SOMETHING NEW
[B2] to make something exist, happen or be used for the first time
The smaller 10 pence coin was introduced in 1992.
We have introduced a new training schedule for employees.
Learner example:
Mr. Dixon, you and your staff have already introduced a number of alterations that have improved
the interior of the building.
introduction /ˌɪn.trəˈdʌk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: introduction
Verbs: introduce
NOUN
FIRST MEETING
[B2] [C or U] the action of telling someone another person's name the first time that
they meet
Dictionary example:
You'll have to do/make the introductions - I don't know everyone's name.
Learner example:
As we didn't know each other, the meeting started with the introduction of everybody.
TEXT
[B2] [C] the opening text of a book, speech, article, etc.
Read the introduction to the article and decide what it will be about.
The book has an introduction by Antonia Byatt.
1178
Learner example:
Report introduction: The purpose to this report is to give suggestion[s] [of] how to make the
reception [area] more welcoming for everyone.
SOMETHING NEW
[B2] [U] when you make something exist, happen or be used for the first time
The introduction of new working practices has dramatically improved productivity.
Within a few years of their introduction, CDs were outselling vinyl records.
Learner example:
With the introduction of the computer, we can [now] access [the] Internet to communicate with our
relatives and friends living abroad.
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
[B2] [C] a book or course which provides basic knowledge about a subject
Dictionary example:
an introduction to psychology
Learner example:
Please send me some information about your club and tell me about courses like "[an]
introduction to flying".
FIRST EXPERIENCE
[C1] [NO PLURAL] the first time someone experiences something
Dictionary example:
It was our first introduction to great poetry.
Learner example:
In 1998 it was the first introduction to home internet access and as we can see from the chart,
less than 10% of people had one at home.
invade /ɪnˈveɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: invasion
Verbs: invade
VERB
WAR
[B2] ! [I or T] to enter a country by force in order to take control of it
Dictionary example:
Concentrations of troops near the border look set to invade within the next few days.
1179
Learner example:
Hitler invaded France.
PLACE
[C1] [T] to enter a place in large numbers
Dictionary example:
Every summer the town is invaded by tourists.
Learner example:
As tourists invade us in large hoards, the menace of destroying the green values of our land
appears.
invaluable /ɪnˈvæl.ju.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: value
Verbs: value
Adjectives: valuable, invaluable
ADJECTIVE
[C1] extremely useful
Dictionary example:
Her contacts in government proved invaluable to the company.
Learner example:
16 June, 2004 Dear Mr. Alcott, I would like to thank you for [the] organisation of the event which
allowed me to obtain invaluable information on up-to-date labour market trends and career
opportunities.
invasion /ɪnˈveɪ.ʒən/
Word family:
Nouns: invasion
Verbs: invade
NOUN [C or U]
WAR
[B2] ! when an army enters a country by force in order to take control of it
Dictionary example:
They were planning to mount an invasion of the north of the country.
Learner example:
Then, we went to the North of D[e]nmark to see what remains of [the] Viking invasions.
1180
invent /ɪnˈvent/
Word family:
Nouns: invention, inventor
Verbs: invent
VERB [T]
NEW DESIGN
[B1] to design or create something which has never existed before
Dictionary example:
The first safety razor was invented by company founder King C. Gillette in 1903.
Learner example:
Lots of different and important things were invented during the 20th century, [but] I believe that
the most important one is the computer.
NOT TRUE
[B2] to think of a story or explanation in order to deceive someone
Dictionary example:
But I didn't invent the story - everything I told you is true.
Learner example:
We knew that our parents wouldn't let us travel alone so we had to invent a story to avoid [them
realizing] what happened.
invention /ɪnˈvent.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: invent
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] something which has been designed or created for the first time, or the act of
creating or designing something
The world changed rapidly after the invention of the telephone.
a most amazing invention
Learner example:
I think that the television is one of the most amazing inventions ever.
1181
inventor /ɪnˈvent.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: invent
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who designs and makes new things
Dictionary example:
He was the inventor of the vacuum cleaner.
Learner example:
[The] mobile phone is also very important these days, thanks to Lars Magnus Ericsson, who was
the inventor of mobile phones.
inverted commas /ɪnˌvɜː.tɪdˈkɒm.əz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] the " " punctuation marks that are put around a word or phrase to show that
someone else has written or said it
Dictionary example:
Direct speech should be shown in inverted commas.
invest /ɪnˈvest/
Word family:
Nouns: investment, investor
Verbs: invest
VERB [I or T]
MONEY
[B2] to give money to a bank, business, etc., or buy something, because you hope
to get a profit
The institute will invest 5 million in the project.
He's not certain whether to invest in the real estate market.
Learner example:
However, you could invest the extra money in the infrastructure.
TIME/ENERGY, ETC.
[B2] to use a lot of time, effort, or emotions because you want to succeed
1182
Dictionary example:
You have all invested significant amounts of time and energy in making this project the success
that it is.
Learner example:
So, investing a bit of time and care on you[rself] might be the reason for your 90th birthday party!
investigate /ɪnˈves.tɪ.geɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: investigation, investigator
Verbs: investigate
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to try to discover all the facts about something, especially a crime or accident
Police are investigating allegations of corruption involving senior executives.
We are of course investigating how an error like this could have occurred.
Learner example:
John, who was the husband of Julia, went to his office and started investigating the kidnapping.
investigation /ɪnˌves.tɪˈgeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: investigate
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when officials try to discover all the facts about something, especially a crime
or an accident
to carry out/hold an investigation
An investigation has been under way for several days into the disappearance of a thirteen-year-
old boy.
a full/thorough investigation of the incident
Currently, the individuals who might have caused the accident are subject to/under investigation.
Learner example:
After a month[-long] investigation of the environment, I found we still don't do enough to protect
the environment.
1183
investigator /ɪnˈves.tɪˌgeɪ.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: investigate
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person whose job is to examine a crime, accident, etc. in order to discover
the truth
Investigators have studied the possible effects of contamination.
a private investigator
Learner example:
My name is Jacques Martinov, and I am a private investigator.
investment /ɪnˈvest.mənt/
Word family:
Verbs: invest
NOUN
MONEY
[B2] [C or U] the money that you put in a bank, business, etc. in order to make a
profit, or the act of doing this
Stocks are regarded as good long-term investments.
The account requires a minimum investment of $1000.
Learner example:
I would like to join one of your team[s] to learn much more about my hobby: investments [i]n
shares.
TIME/EFFORT, ETC.
[B2] [C] something that you do or have, in order to have more in the future
Going to college is an investment in the future.
There's been a significant investment of time and energy in order to make the project a success.
Learner example:
Of course I was able to purchase a second-hand one but I thought that it was a good investment
to have a new computer provided with up-to-date software.
1184
investor /ɪnˈves.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: invest
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who puts money into a bank, business, etc. in order to make a profit
A New York investor offered to acquire the company's shares for $13 each.
Small investors are hoping that the markets will improve.
Learner example:
This should be done by lowering taxes and preparing other incentives for potential investors.
invisible /ɪnˈvɪz.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: vision
Adjectives: invisible, visible, visual
Adverbs: visibly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] impossible to see
The aircraft is designed to be invisible to radar.
The house was invisible from the road.
Learner example:
[At] that moment I really wished I could disap[p]ear or become invisible!
invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: invitation
Verbs: invite
VERB [T]
ASK OFFICIALLY
[C1] to formally ask someone to do something
Dictionary example:
I was invited to appear on television.
1185
Learner example:
We invite your newspaper to reconsider its position, hoping that the council will think about our
proposals.
involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/
Word family:
Nouns: involvement
Verbs: involve
Adjectives: involved
VERB [T]
NECESSARY PART
[B1] If a situation or activity involves something, that thing is a necessary part of it.
The trips often involve a lot of walking.
The course involves a huge amount of reading.
There are a lot of risks involved.
Learner example:
It is a competition for school[s] and it involves many kinds of sport.
AFFECT/INCLUDE
[B1] to affect or include someone or something in an activity
The second accident involved two cars and a lorry.
It would be difficult not to involve the child's father in the arrangements.
Learner example:
She had writ[t]en me to tell me that our friends Todd and Alice had died in an strange accident
that involved a vacu[u]m cleaner.
TAKE PART
[B2] to make someone be part of an activity or process
Dictionary example:
I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning.
Learner example:
Trying to involve children and young people in general, interactive activities could be really
successful.
1186
involved /ɪnˈvɒlvd/
Word family:
Nouns: involvement
Verbs: involve
ADJECTIVE
be/get involved (in/with sth)

[B2] to do things and be part of an activity or event
How did you get involved in acting?
She's been involved with animal rights for many years.
Learner example:
According to your letter, you want to encourage more people to get involved in the swimming
club and the chess club.
involvement /ɪnˈvɒlv.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: involvement
Verbs: involve
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when someone or something is involved in an activity or event
The team's continued involvement in the competition is uncertain.
He denies any involvement in the attack.
Learner example:
By reading we get a sort of personal involvement with the characters, it's [as] if it was our own
story.
iron /aɪən/
Word family:
Nouns: iron, ironing
Verbs: iron
1187
NOUN
METAL
[B1] [U] a dark grey metal used to make steel and found in very small amounts in
blood and food
an iron bar
Iron rusts easily.
Liver is a particularly rich source of iron.
Learner example:
It wasn't very expensive because it was made of iron without any decoration, but it was important
because she gave it to me before she died.
FOR CLOTHES
[B1] [C] a piece of electrical equipment that you use for making clothes flat and
smooth
a steam iron
a travel iron
Learner example:
For example, are there any people who want to buy an iron at midnight?
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to make clothes flat and smooth using an iron
Dictionary example:
I need to iron a shirt to wear tomorrow.
Learner example:
I like wearing jeans because the[y] are very co[m]fortable, and are also easy to wash and to iron.
ironing /ˈaɪə.nɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: iron, ironing
Verbs: iron
NOUN [U]
[B1] the activity of making clothes flat and smooth, using an iron
Dictionary example:
I must do some ironing tonight.
1188
Learner example:
In the [near] future, everything will be done by computers and machines (washing-up, ho[o]vering,
ironing, gardening, cooking, etc.)
irregular /ɪˈreg.jə.lər/
Word family:
Adjectives: irregular, regular
Adverbs: regularly
ADJECTIVE
GRAMMAR
[B1] FORMAL In grammar, an irregular verb, noun, adjective, etc. does not obey the
usual rules for words in the language.
Dictionary example:
a table of irregular verbs
TIME
[B2] Irregular actions or events happen with a different amount of time between
each one.
Dictionary example:
They met at irregular intervals.
Learner example:
To make matters worse, the meal times are irregular, so as a result I am skinny.
SHAPE
[B2] not smooth or straight, or having parts that are different sizes
Dictionary example:
an irregular coastline
Learner example:
In my hurry, I never saw the irregular floor and I fell [over]!
irresponsible /ˌɪr.ɪˈspɒnt.sə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: responsibility
Adjectives: irresponsible, responsible
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not thinking about the possible bad results of what you are doing
1189
an irresponsible attitude
irresponsible behaviour
Learner example:
Of course cinemas and schools do not allow people [to] use mobile phones inside the buildings,
but the existence of irresponsible people who do not respect the prohibitions [make]s everything
worse.
irritate /ˈɪr.ɪ.teɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: irritation
Verbs: irritate
Adjectives: irritated, irritating, irritable
VERB [T]
[C1] to annoy someone
Dictionary example:
His comments really irritated me.
Learner example:
Children get h[y]peractive and irritate other passengers.
irritated /ˈɪr.ɪˌteɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: irritation
Verbs: irritate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] annoyed
Dictionary example:
Ben began to get increasingly irritated by/with her questions.
Learner example:
Tom noticed that she was irritated about something.
1190
irritating /ˈɪr.ɪˌteɪ.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: irritation
Verbs: irritate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] making you feel annoyed
Dictionary example:
an irritating habit
Learner example:
John was absolutely fed up with Bill's irritating behaviour.
isolated /ˈaɪs.ə.leɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: isolation
Adjectives: isolated
ADJECTIVE
FAR AWAY
[C1] a long way from other places
Dictionary example:
an isolated village in the mountains
Learner example:
You might get lost in an isolated region without anyone to help you.
ALONE
[C1] alone and not having help or support from other people
Dictionary example:
Kazuo felt very isolated at his new school.
Learner example:
Before you even know it, you'll feel isolated and alone because other people will have forgotten
about you.
isolation /ˌaɪ.səlˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: isolation
Adjectives: isolated
1191
NOUN
SEPARATE
[C1] [U] the state of being separate from other people, places, or things
Dictionary example:
the country's economic isolation from the rest of the world
Learner example:
Due to the isolation, the country had to feed itself with everything which was needed.
issue /ˈɪʃ.uː/
NOUN [C]
SUBJECT
[B1] a subject or problem which people are thinking and talking about
environmental/moral/personal issues
As employers we need to be seen to be addressing these issues sympathetically.
Learner example:
You're a student so this should be a very important issue for you.
MAGAZINE
[B2] the newspaper, magazine, etc. that is produced on a particular

day/week/month
Dictionary example:
Have you seen the latest issue of Computer World?
Learner example:
Having seen your advertisement in the 4th issue of Asahi News, I hasten to write this letter.
take issue (with sb/sth)

[C1] to disagree with what someone says or writes
Dictionary example:
I would take issue with you on that.
Learner example:
On behalf of the staff who worked for this event, I would like to take issue with the report's
inaccuracies and unfair remarks.
1192
it /ɪt/
PRONOUN
SEEM
[B2] used as the subject of verbs such as 'seem', 'appear' and 'look'
Dictionary example:
It seemed unfair to leave her at home.
Learner example:
It seemed fantastic but we knew our parents would never agree.
it's sb/sth
[B2] used to say the name of a person or thing when the person you are speaking
to does not know
Dictionary example:
It's your Dad on the phone.
itch /ɪtʃ/
VERB
SKIN
[B2] If a part of your body itches, it feels uncomfortable and you want to rub it with
your nails.
Dictionary example:
Woollen sweaters make my arms itch.
Learner example:
On the other hand I loathe jumpers since they make me itch, so I buy them once in a blue moon!
item /ˈaɪ.təm/
NOUN [C]
PART OF SET
[B1] a single thing in a set or on a list
the last item on the list
The restaurant has a long menu of about 50 items.
Several items of clothing lay on the floor.
1193
Learner example:
I have tasted all the items in that restaurant.
NEWS
[B2] a piece of news on television or radio, or in a newspaper
Dictionary example:
a small item on the back page of the local newspaper
Learner example:
Last week, in the "East London Journal", I read an item about your opening an Investor Club.
itinerary /aɪˈtɪn.ər.ər.i/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a list of places that you plan to visit on a journey
Dictionary example:
The President's itinerary includes visits to Boston and New York.
Learner example:
Finally, although the itinerary involved a visit to St. Andrews, for some unknown reasons we never
went there and I was really disappointed.
itself /ɪtˈself/
PRONOUN
(by) itself
[B1] alone or without help
The dog was in the house by itself for several days.
The dog managed to drag the box into the room by itself.
I didn't take any medicine for the cough - it just got better itself.
Learner example:
If an animal is kept by itself, with no-one to keep it company, it [gets] lonely and very sad.
EMPHASIS
[B1] used to put emphasis on a word
Dictionary example:
The shop itself started 15 years ago but the mail order side of the business is new.
Learner example:
There are lots of trees and bushes, but the city itself is quite ugly.
1194
in itself
[B2] used emphasize that something is true of one particular thing but that other
things may have to be considered
Dictionary example:
The plan wasn't illegal in itself but it would lead to some doubtful practices.
Learner example:
To begin with, a car, in my opinion, can't be harmful in itself.
1195
J
jail /dʒeɪl/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a place where criminals are kept as a punishment
the country's overcrowded jails
a 13-year jail sentence/term
He was sent to jail for five years.
The financier was released from jail last week.
They spent ten years in jail for fraud.
Learner example:
Otherwise, they will throw him in jail for his bad past.
jam /dʒæm/
NOUN
TRAFFIC
[B2] [C] (ALSO traffic jam) a line of cars, trucks, etc. that are moving slowly or not
moving
Dictionary example:
We were stuck in a jam for hours.
Learner example:
On a bike, you don't have to wait if there is a jam or something like that.
BLOCK
[C1] [C] something that is stuck in a machine or that prevents the parts of a
machine from moving
Dictionary example:
The photocopier has a paper jam.
VERB
STUCK
[C1] [I or T] to get stuck or make something get stuck
1196
The machine keeps jamming.
Dirt has jammed the engine.
Learner example:
I understand the request for a new printer could be considered expensive, but it would benefit the
office in the long run by diminishing the waste of paper and toner due to the paper jamming the
printer.
jar /dʒɑːr/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a glass container used for storing food
a jar of coffee/honey
a jam jar
Learner example:
I've already bought them a jar of "Dulce de leche", that I'm sure they will love.
jargon /ˈdʒɑː.gən/
NOUN [U]
[C1] words and phrases used by particular groups of people that are difficult for
other people to understand
Dictionary example:
legal jargon
Learner example:
Although you communicate with your colleagues in the afternoon, if you only get 'jargon' there
and see your friends from your own country every day without speaking in English, it certainly
doesn't help you improve your ability.
jaw /dʒɔː/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the lower part of your face which moves when you open your mouth
a broken jaw
He has a strong/square jaw.
1197
Learner example:
Some of Jem's features such as his curved nose, his cruel jaw or even his hands, made Mary think
[of] Joss Merlyn.
jealous /ˈdʒel.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: jealousy
Adjectives: jealous
Adverbs: jealously
ADJECTIVE
UNHAPPY IN LOVE
[B1] upset and angry because someone you love seems interested in another
person
a jealous husband/wife
Anna says she feels jealous every time another woman looks at her boyfriend.
Learner example:
The problem is that, a few months ago, when he had broken up with me, I wanted him to feel
jealous, so I started meeting Fredo, a friend.
WANTING SOMETHING
[B2] unhappy and angry because you want something that someone else has
Dictionary example:
He had always been very jealous of his brother's good looks.
Learner example:
Why had this man in his nightmare told him that one could be jealous of his success?
jealously /ˈdʒel.əs.li/
Word family:
Nouns: jealousy
Adjectives: jealous
Adverbs: jealously
ADVERB
[B2] in a jealous way
Dictionary example:
She eyed Gwen's engagement ring jealously.
1198
jealousy /ˈdʒel.ə.si/
Word family:
Nouns: jealousy
Adjectives: jealous
Adverbs: jealously
NOUN [U]
[C1] a feeling of unhappiness or anger because you want what someone else has or
fear that someone will take what you have
He broke his brother's new bike in a fit of jealousy.
Jealousy can ruin relationships.
Learner example:
What is more, the most successful colleagues generated some jealousy and incomprehension [in]
the others.
jet /dʒet/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an aircraft with a jet engine, which is able to fly very fast
a jet plane
a private jet
We flew to New York by jet.
Learner example:
After we went [in] his private jet to his mansion.
jewel /ˈdʒuː.əl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a valuable stone that is used to make jewellery or to decorate objects
Dictionary example:
She was wearing a large gold necklace set with jewels.
Learner example:
We opened it and we were left speechless as in the chest there were the most shiny jewels and
coins we had ever seen.
1199
job /dʒɒb/
NOUN
RESPONSIBILITY
[B2] [NO PLURAL] something that is your responsibility
She believed her job as a politician was to represent the views of her party and the people who
voted for her.
I know it's not my job to tell you how to run your life, but I do think you've made a mistake.
Learner example:
One day, my boss said to me: "Serve tea every morning". I'm a computer operat[o]r. I'm not his
wife. It is not my job.
do a good/excellent, etc. job

[B2] to do something well/very well, etc.
Dictionary example:
She did a great job of organizing the event.
Learner example:
Dear Bill, I think you did a very good job writing this chapter.
jog /dʒɒg/
Word family:
Nouns: jogging
Verbs: jog
VERB [I]
[B1] to run slowly for exercise
Dictionary example:
I jog through the park every morning.
Learner example:
When you jog, you can feel your [whole] body moving.
jogging /ˈdʒɒg.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: jogging
Verbs: jog
1200
NOUN [U]
[B1] when you jog
Dictionary example:
Let's go jogging.
Learner example:
You can stay in a hotel in Copacabana [and] go jogging in the morning.
join /dʒɔɪn/
Word family:
Verbs: join
Adjectives: joint
Adverbs: jointly
VERB
CONNECT
[B1] [T] to fasten or connect things together
A bridge joins the two islands.
Join the two pieces together using strong glue.
The island is joined to the mainland by a road bridge.
MEET
[B1] [I or T] If roads or rivers join, they meet at a particular point.
The A11 joins the M11 south of Cambridge.
The River Murray and the River Darling join east of Adelaide.
joint /dʒɔɪnt/
Word family:
Verbs: join
Adjectives: joint
Adverbs: jointly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] belonging to or shared between two or more people
1201
a joint bank account
The project was a joint effort between the two schools.
The two Russian ice-skaters came joint second in the world championship.
Adrian has a joint honours degree in English and philosophy.
NOUN [C]
PLACE
[C1] INFORMAL a place where something is sold, especially a restaurant or bar

Dictionary example:
a pizza joint
Learner example:
The following day a visit was scheduled to "a typical English restaurant" which turned out to be a
hamburger joint.
jointly /ˈdʒɔɪnt.li/
Word family:
Verbs: join
Adjectives: joint
Adverbs: jointly
ADVERB
[C1] in a shared way
Dictionary example:
The Channel Tunnel was jointly funded by the French and British.
Learner example:
Avesta is now jointly owned by Swedes and Englishmen after merging with British Steel.
joke /dʒəʊk/
NOUN [C]
FUNNY
[B1] something which someone says to make people laugh, usually a short story
with a funny ending
Did I tell you the joke about the chicken crossing the road?
I hope Rob doesn't tell any of his dirty jokes when my mother's here.
Don't you get the joke?
1202
Learner example:
In the first lesson, the teacher came in and told us a joke, and the most important thing [was]...
the joke was funny!
be a joke INFORMAL
[C1] to not be serious or not deserve respect
Dictionary example:
The investigation was a joke.
Learner example:
Talking about restaurants, your "typical English restaurant" was a joke.
crack a joke
[C1] to tell a joke
Dictionary example:
He seemed very relaxed, laughing and cracking jokes.
Learner example:
Many members will get the chance to show their talent and we will get to crack some jokes too!
VERB [I]
NOT SERIOUS
[B1] to say funny things, or not be serious
They joked and laughed as they looked at the photos.
It's more serious than you think, so please don't joke about it.
Learner example:
I thought he was joking!
You must be joking!/ You're joking!

[B1] INFORMAL something you say to show that you are surprised by what someone
has said, or do not believe it is true
Dictionary example:
"He spoke to me in French." "You're joking! Really?"
Learner example:
One television set in my house? You must be joking! We need four televisions!
journal /ˈdʒɜː.nəl/
NOUN [C]
MAGAZINE
[C1] a magazine containing articles about a particular subject
1203
Dictionary example:
a medical journal
Learner example:
What I miss, however, in our library are the books and journals devoted to science.
journalism /ˈdʒɜː.nə.lɪ.zəm/
Word family:
Nouns: journalism, journalist
NOUN [U]
[B2] the work of collecting, writing and publishing news stories and articles in
newspapers and magazines or broadcasting them on the radio and television
Dictionary example:
I did a postgraduate degree in journalism.
Learner example:
She told the leader of the band that she was studying journalism and that her dream was to write
for Rolling Stone Magazine.
journalist /ˈdʒɜː.nə.lɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: journalism, journalist
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or
broadcasts them on radio or television
Dictionary example:
a freelance political journalist
Learner example:
She is a journalist [on] the local newspaper and we get along very well.
joy /dʒɔɪ/
NOUN
HAPPINESS
[B2] [U] great happiness
1204
They were filled with joy when their first child was born.
She wept for joy when she was told that her husband was still alive.
Learner example:
Well, you should be bouncing up and down with joy (just kidding)!
CAUSE OF HAPPINESS
[B2] [C] something or someone that makes you feel very happy
Listening to music is one of his greatest joys.
the joys of parenthood
She's a joy to work with.
Learner example:
Take the train and experience the joy of travelling.
judge /dʒʌdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: judge, judgment
Verbs: judge
NOUN [C]
COMPETITION
[B1] someone who decides which person or thing wins a competition
Dictionary example:
the Olympic judges
Learner example:
However, the Astro singing competition is different. The winner will be [decided] according [to]
the marks given by the judge.
COURT
[B2] someone who controls a trial in court, decides how criminals should be
punished, and makes decisions about legal matters
Dictionary example:
The judge ruled that they had acted correctly.
Learner example:
To the surprise of everyone in the village, the judge found her guilty but didn't send her to jail
because he thought she should take care of Linda, who had no other relatives.
1205
VERB
DEVELOP OPINION
[B1] [I or T] to have or develop an opinion about something or someone, especially

after thinking carefully
So far, he seems to be handling the job well, but it's really too soon to judge.
It's difficult to judge whether the new system really is an improvement.
The meeting was judged to have been a success.
I'm hopeless at judging distance(s).
Learner example:
It's very difficult to judge, because so many young people leave Poland and go to [an]other
country.
judging by/from (ALSO to judge by/from)

[B2] used to express the reasons why you have a particular opinion
Dictionary example:
Judging by what he said, I think it's very unlikely that he'll be able to support your application.
Learner example:
I didn't like San Diego so much - just judging by my first impression.
COMPETITION
[C1] [I or T] to officially decide who will be the winner of a competition
Dictionary example:
I've been asked to judge the art competition.
Learner example:
If you don't object, we would like to see you judging the competition and giving pr[ize]s to the
winners.
judgment (ALSO judgement) /ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: judge, judgment
Verbs: judge
NOUN
OPINION
[B2] [C] an opinion about someone or something that you decide on after thinking
carefully
Dictionary example:
It proved difficult to come to/form/make a judgment about how well the school was performing.
1206
Learner example:
Your judgment about the other performers is completely unfair: they were also very good.
jug /dʒʌg/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a container with a handle used for pouring out liquids
a glass/plastic jug
a milk/water jug
juicy /ˈdʒuː.si/
Word family:
Nouns: juice
Adjectives: juicy
ADJECTIVE
WITH JUICE
[B1] full of juice
Dictionary example:
juicy mangoes
Learner example:
You must taste [the] oranges because they are so juicy, so sweet.
jump /dʒʌmp/
VERB
jump in/into/up, etc.

[B1] to move or act suddenly or quickly
She jumped in/into a taxi and rushed to the station.
He suddenly jumped to his feet/jumped up and left.
Learner example:
So I jumped into my car and when I got to the stadium I started to run.
FEAR
[B2] [I] to make a sudden movement because you are frightened or surprised
1207
Dictionary example:
Her scream made me jump.
Learner example:
The noise of a doorbell made me jump.
NOUN [C]
[B1] a sudden movement off the ground or off a high place
He won with a jump of 8.5 metres.
a bungee/parachute jump
Learner example:
She could not believe that she, the shy and unimportant Laura Wilcox, was standing on the top of
a bridge ready for her bungee jump.
jungle /ˈdʒʌŋ.gl
̩/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a tropical forest in which trees and plants grow very closely together
The Yanomami people live in the South American jungle.
Either side of the river is dense, impenetrable jungle.
Learner example:
It is a little bit far and out of the city, near the jungle and [the] mountains.
junior /ˈdʒuː.ni.ər/
ADJECTIVE
LOW RANK
[B2] low or lower in rank or position
a junior minister
junior office staff
Learner example:
There were six junior clerks and a teacher from the bank in a teaching room when suddenly the
chairman of the bank came in.
YOUNG PEOPLE
[B2] for or relating to young people
1208
Dictionary example:
a junior tennis tournament
Learner example:
I am used to work[ing] with children, as an instructor for a junior football team in my city.
junk /dʒʌŋk/
NOUN [U] INFORMAL
[C1] old things which have little value
Dictionary example:
His car is just a heap of junk.
Learner example:
I would also like to get rid of the junk in the other bedroom.
junk food /ˈdʒʌŋkˌfuːd/
NOUN [U]
[B2] food which is unhealthy but which is quick and easy to eat
Dictionary example:
He eats far too much junk food.
Learner example:
Nowadays young people often have junk food such as chips, beef burgers and so on.
junk mail /ˈdʒʌŋkˌmeɪl/
NOUN [U]
[C1] letters or emails sent by companies to advertise their goods and services
Dictionary example:
Most of these letters are junk mail.
Learner example:
I collect the post which is usually junk mail.
1209
jury /ˈdʒʊə.ri/
COURT
[B2] a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a
law court and to decide whether a person is guilty or not guilty, or whether a claim
has been proved
members of the jury
The jury was/were unable to agree.
Police officers aren't usually allowed to be/sit/serve on a jury.
Learner example:
The accused is defended by a famous lawyer who tells his wife that a loving wife's confirmation of
her husband's alibi will not convince the jury.
COMPETITION
[C1] a group of people who decide the winner of a competition
Dictionary example:
The jury must now decide.
Learner example:
People who think they are talented enough to sing and appear on TV apply for the show and go to
auditions to sing their heart out in front of a jury.
just /dʒʌst/
Word family:
Adjectives: just
ADVERB
ONLY
[B1] only; simply
"Would you like another drink?" "OK, just one more."
It was just a joke.
The film is not just about love.
Just because you're older than me doesn't mean you can tell me what to do.
Learner example:
It was just a dream...
1210
ALMOST NOT
[B1] almost not
This dress only just fits!
We arrived at the airport just in time to catch the plane.
Learner example:
The airplane will arrive at midday, just in time for lunch.
EXACTLY
[B1] exactly or equally
This carpet would be just right for the dining room.
The twins look just like each other.
Things turned out just as I expected.
You've got just as many toys as your brother.
I can't help you just now.
Just then, the lights went out.
Learner example:
After the play, which turned out to be just as bad as I thought, I wanted to relax in the Theatre
Restaurant, but it was closed, and for no reason!
EMPHASIS
[B1] used to emphasize something you say
It's just dreadful what happened to her.
I just can't bear it!
Learner example:
That is my best place - it is just wonderful.
just about
[B1] more or less; almost
"Can you see the stage?" "Yes, just about."
I've just about finished painting the living room.
Learner example:
I was just about 2 months [older].
be just about to do sth

Dictionary example:
I was just about to phone you.
1211
Learner example:
I was so amazed that I didn't realize I was just about to fall into the lake.
just as bad/good/tall/clever, etc. (as sb/sth)

[B1] equally bad/good/tall/clever, etc.
Dictionary example:
He's just as talented as his brother.
Learner example:
Everywhere he went was just as good as he expected.
just before/over/under, etc.

[B1] a little before/over/under, etc. something else
She left just before Michael.
It costs just under £10.
Learner example:
Last autumn I bought a new flat in Siedke which I moved into just before New Year's Eve.
just as
[B2] at the same time as
Dictionary example:
She woke up just as we got there.
Learner example:
Just as I was turning on the radio somebody knocked at the door.
it's just as well

[C1] used to say that it is lucky that something happened
Dictionary example:
It's just as well we brought an umbrella.
Learner example:
It is just as well that my friends had cars to give me a lift to the school.
I/you/we, etc. will just have to do sth

[C1] used to say that there is nothing else someone can do
Dictionary example:
You'll just have to wait.
Learner example:
We will just have to wait and see.....
ADJECTIVE
[C1] fair or morally right
1212
Dictionary example:
a just society
Learner example:
He is really involved in what he is doing and does not fear [facing] the difficulties if it is to defend
a just cause.
justice /ˈdʒʌs.tɪs/
Word family:
Adjectives: just
NOUN [U]
FAIRNESS
[B2] behaviour or treatment that is fair and morally correct
There's no justice in the world when people can be made to suffer like that.
The winner has been disqualified for cheating, so justice has been done.
Learner example:
Both of them symbolize courage, [a] love of justice, [and a] fight for freedom, which makes them
look like heroes.
LAW
[B2] the system of laws which judges and punishes people
The justice system in this country consists of a series of law courts at different levels.
The police are doing all they can to bring those responsible for the bombing to justice.
They are victims of a miscarriage of justice.
Learner example:
I hope by the time I [am] out of prison, [the] justice [system] will have changed.
justified /ˈdʒʌs.tɪ.faɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: justification
Verbs: justify
Adjectives: justifiable, justified, unjustified
ADJECTIVE
[C1] fair or having a good reason
1213
justified criticism
He's perfectly justified in asking for a salary increase.
Learner example:
Finally, I would strongly recommend that steps are taken to remedy matters and feel we are
justified in requesting partial compensation.
justify /ˈdʒʌs.tɪ.faɪ/
Word family:
Verbs: justify
VERB [T]
GIVE/BE REASON
[B2] to give or to be a good reason for
I can't really justify taking another day off work.
Are you sure that these measures are justified?
Learner example:
The fact that you want to be the best in your job does not justify your attitude.
justify yourself
[B2] If you justify yourself, you give a good reason for what you have done.
Dictionary example:
It was the only thing that I could do - I don't have to justify myself to anyone.
Learner example:
How we can justify ourselves, when we are completely against captivity?
juvenile /ˈdʒuː.vən.aɪl/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] by, for, or relating to young people
Dictionary example:
juvenile crime
Learner example:
Among many aspects of crime, researchers have been keenly studying juvenile crime.
1214
K
kangaroo /ˌkæŋɡəˈruː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large Australian animal that moves by jumping on its back legs
Dictionary example:
Kangaroos are a danger on the roads.
Learner example:
Furthermore it has been my dream since I was five years old to see a kangaroo and play with it.
keen /kiːn/
ADJECTIVE
INTERESTED
[B1] very interested or enthusiastic
She's a keen tennis player.
She's keen on (playing) tennis.
Learner example:
We are both quite keen on sailing and skiing.
WANTING TO DO
[B1] wanting to do something very much
Dictionary example:
The shop is keen to attract new customers.
Learner example:
He is very keen to write [a] report about crime.
VERY GOOD
[C1] very good or well developed
Dictionary example:
a keen sense of smell
1215
Learner example:
Furthermore, she has a keen sense of humour and does not mind a practical joke, which is an
advantage with children.
keep /kiːp/
Word family:
Nouns: keeper
Verbs: keep
VERB (kept, kept)
keep doing sth

[B1] to continue doing something without stopping, or to do it repeatedly
He keeps trying to distract me.
I kept hoping that he'd phone me.
Learner example:
I don't know why I wanted to meet her so much but my heart just kept telling me to go after her.
keep in touch
[B1] to communicate or continue to communicate with someone, for example by
email or telephone
Dictionary example:
We've kept in touch by email for the last five years.
Learner example:
Please keep in touch with me.
DELAY
[B1] [T] to delay someone or prevent them from doing something
He's very late, what's keeping him?
She kept me talking on the phone for half an hour.
Don't let me keep you from your work.
keep a/sth secret

[B1] to not tell anyone a secret/ about something secret
Dictionary example:
Mr Brown apparently delayed the announcement, and managed to keep it secret from the entire
cabinet.
Learner example:
I [had] loved Sean since sixth grade but I was keeping it a secret.
1216
keep sb waiting
[B2] to be late so that someone has to wait for you
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
The dentist kept me waiting for ages.
Learner example:
A week later, when we were going to have our second lesson, she kept us waiting for almost an
hour.
keep a/your promise

[B2] to do what you have promised to do
Dictionary example:
James kept his promise and repaid all of the money he had borrowed.
Learner example:
She didn't keep her promise and she ruined my life.
keep notes/records, etc.

[B2] to write something down in order to remember it
Dictionary example:
Remember to keep a record of how much you spend.
Learner example:
Furthermore, a computer helps us to keep records by saving file[s].
keep your/an eye on sb/sth

[B2] to watch or look after someone or something
Dictionary example:
Could you keep an eye on this pan of soup for a moment?
Learner example:
You have to supply [e]verything they need and keep an eye on them all the time.
FOOD
[B2] [I] If food or drink keeps, it remains fresh.
Dictionary example:
Once opened, this product will keep for three days if refrigerated.
ANIMALS
[B2] [T] to have and look after animals
Dictionary example:
Our neighbours keep chickens.
Learner example:
It is cruel to keep dogs, cats, [and] birds in flats.
1217
keep sb company
[B2] to stay with someone so that they are not alone
Dictionary example:
Come and keep me company, Isabel.
Learner example:
I wish you came and kept me company.
keep sb/sth in mind

future
Dictionary example:
I'll keep you in mind if another job comes up.
Learner example:
But we should keep in mind that books improve our vocabulary and, what's more, our
imagination.
keep track
[C1] to continue to know about someone or something
He changes jobs so often I can’t keep track any more.
Be sure to keep track of the time so you won't be late.
Learner example:
Trying to keep track of these changes by translating them would be an inappropriate task.
keep your word

[C1] to do what you said you would do
Dictionary example:
He agreed to come and I'm sure he'll keep his word.
Learner example:
It turned out that the company that had been hired to organize it did not keep their word.
keep sb going
[C1] to provide what someone needs for a short period of time
Dictionary example:
Dinner is at eight, but I had an apple to keep me going.
Learner example:
Because of health concerns, advertisements lately show the people in Holland how important it is
to have a good breakfast and that it will keep you going the whole day.
PROVIDE MONEY
[C1] [T] to provide enough money for someone to live
1218
Dictionary example:
I can't keep a family on that salary.
Learner example:
The economy ha[d] been developed and people could earn money in order to keep the family.
keep your cool

[C1] to remain calm
Dictionary example:
You did well to keep your cool in all that panic.
Learner example:
Whatever the problem is, keep your cool, don't panic.
keep an eye out for sb/sth

[C1] to watch carefully for someone or something to appear
Dictionary example:
Keep an eye out for the delivery van.
Learner example:
Although individually we try to deliver the best care possible for our individual patients, we do
keep an ear or an eye out for the other members of the team that day.
keep pace with sb/sth

[C1] to move or develop at the same speed as someone or something else
Dictionary example:
We have to keep pace with the changing times.
Learner example:
It was first published a century ago and what amazes people most is that [it] keeps pace with the
development of the country without leaving out references to our history and tradition.
keep sb posted
[C1] to make certain that someone always knows what is happening
Dictionary example:
Keep me posted on anything that happens while I'm away.
Learner example:
We will keep our members posted on the best eating places in town.
keep a low profile

[C1] to try not to be noticed
Dictionary example:
She has kept a low profile since the divorce.
Learner example:
Finally, I believe that the best way to handle these issues is to try to keep a low profile at all times
and to remain indifferent to gossip.
1219
keeper /ˈkiː.pər/
Word family:
Nouns: keeper
Verbs: keep
NOUN [C]
LOOKING AFTER
[B1] a person who takes care of animals or is in charge of valuable objects, a

building, etc.
a zoo keeper
a lighthouse-keeper
Learner example:
Tina was confused because she wasn't a dragon keeper, so normal[l]y dragons didn't speak with
her.
FOOTBALL
[B1] short for goalkeeper
Dictionary example:
The keeper intends to stay with the club until the end of next season.
Learner example:
He is a very good keeper - before he play[ed] football, he was in a karate club.
kettle /ˈket.l
̩/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a covered metal or plastic container with a handle and a shaped opening for
pouring, used for boiling water
Learner example:
If I have an electric kettle in my bedroom, I won't need to go to the kitchen.
key /kiː/
NOUN [C]
METHOD
[B1] a way of explaining or achieving something
1220
Dictionary example:
Hard work is the key to success.
Learner example:
To those who say that money can't buy happiness I answer that money is a key to happiness.
KEYBOARD
[B2] one of the parts that you press with your fingers on a computer or musical
instrument to produce letters, numbers, symbols or musical notes
Press the shift key to write in capital letters.
piano keys
Learner example:
What is more, you can get the information you need in just one second by pressing the "enter" key
[o]n a computer.
ADJECTIVE
IMPORTANT
[B2] very important in influencing or achieving something
She was a key figure in the international art world.
a key factor in tackling the problem
Learner example:
Unfortunately one day I decided that it was time to become more independent and I didn't ask a
key question.
be key to sth
[C1] to be very important in influencing or achieving something
Dictionary example:
Early diagnosis is key to your chances of surviving.
Learner example:
Distribution is key to achiev[ing] economic growth and the positioning of domestic and imported
goods.
VERB
key in sth or key sth in PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to put information into a computer using a keyboard
Dictionary example:
I've got all the data now but it still needs to be keyed in.
Learner example:
Just key in the appropriate information and in a few seconds you will receive prices and
conditions.
1221
kick /kɪk/
VERB [I or T]
kick in PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to start to be effective or to happen
Dictionary example:
The new tax rate kicks in next month.
Learner example:
It is at this time that the hormones start to kick in resulting in most of them having to suffer the
side effects.
kick off PHRASAL VERB
[C1] When a football match or other event kicks off, it starts.
Dictionary example:
What time does the match kick off?
kick sb out PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to force someone to leave a place or organization
Dictionary example:
His wife kicked him out.
Learner example:
He will kick you out of his house without thanking you.
kill /kɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: killer, killing
Verbs: kill
VERB [T]
kill time
[B2] to do something while you are waiting for something else to happen or have
nothing else to do
Dictionary example:
We killed time playing video games.
Learner example:
When you are at home alone and have nothing to do, you can kill time watching television.
CAUSE PAIN
[C1] INFORMAL to cause you a lot of pain or effort
1222
My feet are killing me.
It wouldn't kill you to tidy up occasionally.
Learner example:
I didn't have enough room to move and the seat belt was broken so when we finally arrived [in]
Edinburgh my back was killing me.
killer /ˈkɪl.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: kill
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! someone who kills another person
Dictionary example:
Police are still hoping to find the dead woman's killer.
Learner example:
I opened the window to take a breath of fresh air and I saw the man again, the killer, smoking a
cigarette and looking at me.
killing /ˈkɪl.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: kill
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! when a person is murdered
Dictionary example:
a series of brutal killings
Learner example:
During the film there were a lot of explosions, killings and action scenes.
kind /kaɪnd/
Word family:
Nouns: kindness
Adjectives: kind, unkind
Adverbs: kindly
1223
NOUN [C]
that kind of thing

[B1] used to show that what you have just said is only an example from a larger
group of things
Dictionary example:
I like pasta, pizza - that kind of thing.
Learner example:
I enjoy that kind of thing, going to buy presents.
some kind of
[B1] used to talk about something when you are not sure of its exact type
Dictionary example:
She has some kind of disability.
Learner example:
You should try joining some kind of club.
kind of INFORMAL
[B2] used to describe something approximately
It's a kind of shed.
He was kind of half laughing and half crying.
Learner example:
I know that the Frene Hotel is kind of expensive, but it's just for one night so I think we can make
it.
kindly /ˈkaɪnd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: kindness
Adverbs: kindly
ADVERB
[B1] in a kind way
Dictionary example:
Stella has very kindly offered to help out with the food for the party.
Learner example:
He answers my simple questions kindly.
1224
kindness /ˈkaɪnd.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: kindness
Adverbs: kindly
NOUN [U]
[B2] the quality of being kind
Dictionary example:
love and kindness
Learner example:
Thank you again for your kindness and hospitality.
king /kɪŋ/
NOUN [C]
BEST PERSON
[C1] the best or most important person in a particular activity
Dictionary example:
He's the new king of pop music.
Learner example:
He is the king of football, which is not at all an exag[g]eration, even though he is retired now.
kingdom /ˈkɪŋ.dəm/
NOUN [C]
COUNTRY
[B2] a country ruled by a king or queen
Dictionary example:
the kingdom of Sweden
Learner example:
The kingdom Chosun lasted until the beginning of [the] 20th century.
1225
kit /kɪt/
NOUN
COLLECTION
[B1] [C] a collection of things kept in a container for a particular use
Dictionary example:
a first-aid/tool kit
Learner example:
I would rather buy a big travel kit, including a first-aid kit.
kitten /ˈkɪt.ən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a young cat
Dictionary example:
Our cat's had two kittens.
knee /niː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the middle part of your leg where it bends
a knee injury
The baby was crawling around on its hands and knees.
He got/went down on his knees in front of the altar.
Learner example:
He entered the living room drunk and with blood over his knee.
kneel /niːl/
VERB [I] (knelt or kneeled, knelt or kneeled)

[B2] to go down into, or stay in, a position where one or both knees are on the
ground
She knelt (down) beside the child.
He knelt in front of the altar and prayed.
1226
Learner example:
Robert knelt down by her, prono[u]ncing the simple words "Will you marry me?"
knickers /ˈnɪk.əz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B1] women's underwear that covers the bottom
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
There was one time when Pat and I had a fight. It all started when I accident[al]ly took the wrong
bag back to my house, and there w[ere] lad[ies'] knickers inside.
knit /nɪt/
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to make clothes, etc. by using two long needles to connect wool or another
type of thread into joined rows
She's forever knitting.
She's busy knitting baby clothes.
My granny knitted me some gloves/knitted some gloves for me.
Learner example:
I would really like to learn how to knit sweaters and hats.
knob /nɒb/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a round handle, or a round button on a machine
a door knob
Turn the black knob to switch on the radio.
Learner example:
It's so obvious that when we turn a knob on or when we switch on something [and] there is no
electricity, we are at a loss!
1227
knock /nɒk/
VERB
MAKE NOISE
[B1] [I] to repeatedly hit something, making a noise
She knocked on the window to attract his attention.
There's someone knocking on/at the door.
Please knock before entering.
Learner example:
On Monday, a person knocked on my door.
HIT
[B1] [T] to hit, especially forcefully, and cause to move or fall
He accidentally knocked the vase off the table.
She knocked her head against the wall as she fell.
She took a hammer and knocked a hole in the wall.
Learner example:
Falling down, I knocked my head on the pa[v]ement.
know /nəʊ/
Word family:
Nouns: knowledge, unknown
Verbs: know
Adjectives: known, unknown, knowledgeable
Adverbs: knowingly
VERB (knew, known)
you know
[B1] used to emphasize what you are saying, or used before you start to talk about
someone or something, or used as something to say while you are thinking what
to say next
I'm not stupid, you know!
You know the bookshop next to the bank? Well, it's closing down.
It's, you know, supposed to be a surprise on her birthday.
BE FAMILIAR WITH
[B1] [T] to be familiar with or have experience and understanding of
1228
I've known Daniel since we were at school together.
She grew up in Paris so she knows it well.
I've seen the film 'Casablanca' so many times that I know a lot of it by heart.
Knowing Sarah, she'll have done a good job.
Learner example:
I knew him in London, and when I knew him I was very happy.
UNDERSTAND A SUBJECT
[B1] [I or T] (ALSO know about) If you know a subject, you are familiar with it and
understand it.
Dictionary example:
Do you know about computers?
Learner example:
If you want to know more about Peruvian history, I recommend you [visit] the city because you can
see the old houses and museum[s].
get to know sb/sth

[B1] to spend time with someone or something so that you gradually learn more
about them
The first couple of meetings are for the doctor and patient to get to know each other.
I'll need a few weeks to get to know the system.
Learner example:
I hope you can come here and get to know him.
I know
[B1] used when you have an idea
Dictionary example:
I know - let's go to Helen's house.
as you know
[B1] used when you are saying something that someone already knows
Dictionary example:
As you know, we have been trying to contact him.
Learner example:
As you know, I am in New York.
as far as I know
Dictionary example:
1229
Learner example:
know better (than to do sth)

[B2] to have the intelligence or judgment not to do something
Dictionary example:
She should have known better than to eat so much. No wonder she feels sick now.
Learner example:
I should have known better but I had to tell it to someone.
I know
[B2] used when you agree with something someone has just said
Dictionary example:
"It's a lovely day, isn't it?" "I know - let's hope it lasts."
you never know

[B2] used to say that something could be possible although it does not seem likely
Dictionary example:
You never know - you might win the lottery.
Learner example:
You never know, maybe I'll find something interesting and I'll change my point of view.
before you know it

[C1] very soon
Dictionary example:
We'll be there before you know it.
Learner example:
It is a bit dark inside and especially in winter, it is dark before you know it.
know sth inside out

[C1] to know everything about something
Dictionary example:
He knows the system inside out.
Learner example:
The participants got to know Britain inside out and they are happy with the knowledge they
gained.
know what you are talking about

[C1] to understand a subject because of your experience
Dictionary example:
He doesn't know what he's talking about - he's never even been to Africa.
1230
Learner example:
I beli[e]ve that you don't really know what you're talking about.
knowledge /ˈnɒl.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
Verbs: know
Adverbs: knowingly
NOUN
UNDERSTANDING
[B1] [U NO PLURAL] information and understanding that you have in your mind
Her knowledge of English grammar is very extensive.
He has a limited knowledge of French.
The details of the scandal are now common knowledge.
Learner example:
Actually, I wanted to improve my English knowledge, because I need a good job.
to (the best of) my knowledge

[B2] used to say that you think that something is true, but cannot be sure
Dictionary example:
To the best of my knowledge, she's never worked abroad.
Learner example:
Besides, to the best of my knowledge, nowhere in the city can [you] try such lovely mushrooms.
common knowledge
[B2] something that a lot of people know
Dictionary example:
It's common knowledge that he spent time in jail.
Learner example:
It is common knowledge that such attention [in the mass-media] inevitably tells on relationships
in the family.
a working knowledge of sth

[B2] knowledge about something which is good enough to be useful
Dictionary example:
She has a working knowledge of German and Russian.
Learner example:
Furthermore, I have a working knowledge of English, Spanish, Catalan and Italian.
1231
knowledgeable /ˈnɒl.ɪdʒ.ə.bl/
Word family:
Verbs: know
Adverbs: knowingly
ADJECTIVE
[C1] knowing a lot
Dictionary example:
He's very knowledgeable about art.
Learner example:
The teaching staff are largely responsible for the quality of the classes, as they're very
knowledgeable and patient; being able to find them after classes, though, was impossible.
known /nəʊn/
Word family:
Verbs: know
Adverbs: knowingly
ADJECTIVE
be known as sth
[B1] to be called
Dictionary example:
California is also known as the Sunshine State.
Learner example:
He studied in Central College, which is now known as Queen's College.
FAMILIAR
[B2] recognised or known about by most people
These people are known criminals.
He is known to the police because of his previous criminal record.
be known to do sth
[C1] if something or someone is known to do something, people know that it is
true or happens
1232
He is known to dislike opera.
Her car was known to break down frequently.
Learner example:
Firstly, the development of technology is known to cause ob[e]sity.
1233
L
lab /læb/
NOUN [C] INFORMAL
[B1] a laboratory
a science/computer lab
a lab technician
Learner example:
There are computer labs too.
label /ˈleɪ.bəl/
NOUN [C]
INFORMATION
[B1] a small piece of paper or other material which gives information about the
thing it is fixed to
Remember to put some address labels on the suitcases.
Washing instructions should be on the label.
Learner example:
It was the price label hanging from the skirt belt.
COMPANY
[B1] a company which produces goods for sale, the goods themselves, or the
company's name or symbol
Her favourite designer label is Armani.
Their own-label vegetarian products have been a huge success.
The group have just signed with a new record label.
Learner example:
Another style which I like is the clothes from big labels like Armani, Dolce and Gabanna and Hugo
Boss, but they are very expensive.
1234
VERB [T] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
INFORMATION
[C1] to fix a small piece of paper or other material to something which gives
information about it
All food has to be labelled with 'best before' or 'use by' dates.
The parcel was clearly labelled 'Fragile'.
Learner example:
Moreover, the book shelves are clearly labelled and the books are in alphabetical order.
laboratory /ləˈbɒr.ə.tri/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a room used for scientific work
research laboratories
a computer laboratory
Laboratory tests suggest that the new drug may be used to treat cancer.
Learner example:
I was in my school, in a laboratory, when I lost it.
labour /ˈleɪ.bər/
NOUN
WORK
[C1] [U] work, especially the type of work that needs a lot of physical effort
The car parts themselves are not expensive, it's the labour that costs the money.
manual labour
Learner example:
My contribution towards this project is that I will provide two of my trucks and labour for the
transportation of garbage within the community to the dumping sites.
WORKERS
[C1] [U] workers, especially people who do practical work with their hands
1235
skilled/unskilled labour
casual labour
Learner example:
This is seen in some AIDS programme[s] by developed countries to developing countries where
many poor people including women and children benefit from skilled labour from abroad.
the labour market

[C1] the number of people who are available and willing to work
Dictionary example:
More women have entered the labour market in recent years.
Learner example:
WELCOME TO THE JUNGLE best suits [the] situation of a young Pole entering the labour market.
lack /læk/
NOUN
lack of sth
[B1] not having something, or not having enough of something
Her only problem is lack of confidence.
Lack of sleep had made him irritable.
If he fails it won't be for/through lack of effort.
We won't be going on holiday this year - lack of money, I'm afraid.
Learner example:
If you like nature, wish to see tropical birds, which are rare in your country, or just wish to have a
pleasant time, the countryside is the best option, [despite] the lack of nightlife.
VERB [T]
NOT HAVE
[B2] to not have or not have enough of something that is needed or wanted
He just lacks a little confidence.
What we lack in this house is space to store things.
We are lacking three members of staff due to illness.
Learner example:
He lacks confidence due to such a terrible appearance.
be lacking in sth
[C1] to not have a quality
1236
Dictionary example:
He's totally lacking in charm of any sort.
Learner example:
On the other hand, Japanese children are lacking in creativity and originality.
ladder /ˈlæd.ər/
NOUN [C]
EQUIPMENT
[B1] a piece of equipment which is used to reach high places, consisting of short
steps fixed between two long sides
Dictionary example:
She was up a ladder, cleaning the window.
Learner example:
My grandfather fell down from the ladder yesterday while he [was] fixing the broken light bulbs.
STAGES
[C1] a series of increasingly important jobs or stages in a particular type of work or

process
a first step on the employment ladder
He moved rapidly up the corporate ladder.
Learner example:
Far too often it is not "the key" but "the missing link", preventing us from taking the next step on
the career ladder.
lady /ˈleɪ.di/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a polite or old fashioned way of referring to or talking to a woman
There's a young lady here to see you.
Say "thank you" to the lady, children.
Learner example:
A very nice lady offer[ed] me a ride home but I refuse[d].
1237
lamb /læm/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a young sheep, or the flesh of a young sheep eaten as meat
We were staying on a farm where there were newborn lambs.
roast lamb
Learner example:
I special[l]y like the eggs and rice, and the spicy lamb that they are quite good at.
land /lænd/
Word family:
Nouns: land, landing
Verbs: land
NOUN
AREA OF GROUND
[B1] [U] an area of ground, especially when used for a particular purpose such as
farming or building
This sort of land is no good for growing potatoes.
We want to buy a plot of land to build a house.
Learner example:
One man talked about how people can use their land properly, how they [should] take care of their
poultry farm or dairy farm, [and] how they can take care of their trees and crops.
NOT SEA
[B2] [U] the surface of the Earth that is not sea
It is cheaper to drill for oil on land than at sea.
The treaty has led to a dramatic reduction in the number of land-based missiles in Europe.
Learner example:
Firstly, the car is the fastest way of transportation by land [that] we have.
VERB
ARRIVE
[B1] [I or T] to arrive at a place in a plane or a boat, or to make a plane or a boat

reach the land
1238
We should land in Madrid at 7am.
You can land a plane on water in an emergency.
We landed at Port Said in the early evening.
Learner example:
When we landed, my suitcase was not there.
land in/on, etc.

[C1] If an object or person lands somewhere, they fall to the ground there.
The ball landed in the neighbour's garden.
She landed flat on her back.
Learner example:
Then, when your booking form landed on my door mat, I decided to take matters into my own
hands and to pay a visit to this conference.
landing /ˈlæn.dɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: land, landing
Verbs: land
NOUN [C]
[B2] an arrival on the ground of an aircraft or boat
Dictionary example:
One person has died after the pilot of a light aircraft was forced to make a crash/emergency
landing in a field.
Learner example:
The company said our landing would depend on the weather forecast.
landlady /ˈlændˌleɪd.i/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a woman who you rent a room or a house from
Dictionary example:
My landlady doesn't let us have guests.
Learner example:
The thing is our landlady loves money and we have to pay plenty of money excluding [the]
accommodation fee.
1239
landlord /ˈlænd.lɔːd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a man who you rent a room or house from
Dictionary example:
I've asked our landlord to fix the window.
Learner example:
I came downstairs [and] saw my landlord, [who] seemed very angry.
landmark /ˈlænd.mɑːk/
NOUN [C]
BUILDING
[C1] a building that you can easily recognize, especially one that helps you to know
where you are
Dictionary example:
a historic landmark
Learner example:
What they enjoyed most was the bus tour of London, on Tuesday, as it was a chance for them to
see all the famous landmarks without walking.
landscape /ˈlænd.skeɪp/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the appearance of an area of land, especially in the countryside
a rural landscape
The castle dominates the landscape for miles around.
Learner example:
The landscape was beautiful with a lake, a lot of animals, birds, [and] many flowers.
1240
lane /leɪn/
NOUN [C]
ROAD
[B2] a narrow road in the countryside or in a town
Dictionary example:
He drives so fast along those narrow country lanes.
Learner example:
I think the best place to buy all this junk food is from my aunty's sweet shop, just 2 miles down
your lane.
PART
[B2] part of a road or track that is separated from the other parts, usually by a
painted line
the inside/middle/outside lane
the fast/slow lane
They're widening the road from two to three lanes.
Learner example:
For example, most buses drive [i]n an extra lane.
language /ˈlæŋ.gwɪdʒ/
NOUN
COMMUNICATION
[B1] [U] communication between people, usually using words
Dictionary example:
She has done research into how children acquire language.
Learner example:
Language is very important [for] communicat[ion] between people.
TYPE OF WORDS
[C1] [U] words of a particular type, especially the words used by people in a
particular job or academic field
legal language
the language of business
1241
Learner example:
English has become the language of science, so it seems, even though some of the papers,
studies and publications are hard to read and understand.
COMPUTERS
[C1] [C or U] a system of instructions that is used to write computer programs
Dictionary example:
I'm not familiar with that language.
Learner example:
Students must have knowledge of at least one programming language, preferably Visual C++.
foul language
[C1] very rude and offensive words
Dictionary example:
There was a lot of foul language in the movie.
Learner example:
It is the responsibility of the parents not to fight or use any foul language in front of the kids, as
they may learn and use it in front of others.
strong language
[C1] words that some people might consider to be offensive
Dictionary example:
The movie contains strong language.
Learner example:
But what I do see is local kids standing by the corner, chat[t]ing, smoking fags and using strong
language.
lap /læp/
NOUN [C]
BODY
[B2] Your lap is the top part of your legs when you are sitting down.
Dictionary example:
Come on kids - sit on my lap and I'll read you a story.
Learner example:
Clara opened her eyes and she was sit[t]ing [o]n [a] comfortable sofa in her warm room, and in her
lap was [a] history book.
1242
SPORTS
[B2] one complete turn around a race track or from one end of a swimming pool to
the other
Dictionary example:
He's two laps behind the leaders.
Learner example:
The race began and David was 2nd after 25 laps, behind Nilson's rear bumper.
large /lɑːdʒ/
Word family:
Adjectives: large
Adverbs: largely
ADJECTIVE
by and large
[C1] in general
Dictionary example:
By and large, people have welcomed the changes.
Learner example:
By and large, it is clear that we all enjoy some kind of sport.
largely /ˈlɑːdʒ.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: large
Adverbs: largely
ADVERB
[B2] almost completely
a largely male company
Their complaints have been largely ignored.
Until recently, the civil war had been largely unreported in the press.
Learner example:
What I'm trying to say is that images, film-frames, videos and sound clips would be largely
accepted by the young people because we're moving into a new high-technology age.
1243
laser /ˈleɪ.zər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a machine that produces a strong beam of light that has medical and technical
uses or a beam of light produced by a machine like this
laser beam
laser surgery
Learner example:
These appliances have been the key to medical achievements, such as laser-based surger[y] or
different kinds of diagnosis and treatment.
last /lɑːst/
Word family:
Nouns: last
Adjectives: last
Adverbs: last, lastly
ADJECTIVE; DETERMINER
REMAINING
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] only remaining
Dictionary example:
Who wants the last piece of cake?
Learner example:
The cam[e]ras watch everybody in the house 24 hours [a day]. Every Friday, the public decide[s]
who [should leave]. The last person wins this show.
the last person/thing, etc.

[B2] the least expected or wanted person or thing
Three extra people to feed - that's the last thing I need!
The last thing I wanted was to make you unhappy.
Matthew is the last person I'd expect to be interested in dance.
He's the last person I'd trust with my keys.
Learner example:
I thought it would be the last thing I wanted, but it wasn't. I've really enjoyed this opportunity.
1244
ADVERB
MOST RECENT
[B1] used to talk about the most recent time you did something
When did you last see her?
I think it was July when I last spoke to him.
Learner example:
Write back soon and let me know what you [have been] up to since I heard from you last.
AFTER ALL OTHERS
[B2] after everything or everyone else
I wasn't expecting to win the race but I didn't think I'd come last!
We've still got to check the figures but we'll do that last.
Learner example:
When I reached the other end of the pool, my heart suddenly stopped and I just couldn't move my
legs to continue swimming. So, I arrived last.
last but not least

[B2] something that you say to introduce the last person or thing on a list
Dictionary example:
This is Jeremy, this is Cath and, last but not least, this is Eva.
Learner example:
And, last but not least, some complaints were made [about] the entertainment the café provides.
NOUN; PRONOUN
at (long) last
[B1] finally
Dictionary example:
At last, I've found a pair of jeans that actually fit.
Learner example:
At last, all of us agreed on "Cinema Farhang".
the last
[B2] a person or thing that does something after all the others
Dictionary example:
We were the last to get there.
Learner example:
After a short time, the last of Mrs. O'Connell's guests arrived.
1245
the day/week/year, etc. before last
[B2] the day, week, year, etc. before the one that has just finished
Dictionary example:
I only had my hair cut the week before last.
Learner example:
But the year before last I went with my parents on holiday and we had a lot of fun.
VERB [I]
CONTINUE
[B1] to continue to happen, exist, or be useful
How long will the meeting last?
We don't get much sun - enjoy it while it lasts!
Most sessions last about an hour.
The batteries only last about five hours.
Learner example:
We saw a new film, "Signs", that I liked very much, even though I found it very long: it lasted about
3 hours!
BE ENOUGH
[C1] to be enough for a period of time
I've only got £30 to last me till the end of the month.
We've got enough food to last another week.
Learner example:
Until now half of the Filipinos in the Philippines who [devote] themselves to farming are still on [a]
hand to mouth existence, having just enough food to last until the next harvest.
lastly /ˈlɑːst.li/
Word family:
Nouns: last
Adjectives: last
Adverbs: last, lastly
ADVERB
[B2] finally
Dictionary example:
And lastly, I'd like to thank everyone who took part in the event.
Learner example:
Lastly, I'd like to say that it's very kind of you to suggest bringing something back for me.
1246
last-minute /ˈlɑːstˌmɪnɪt/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] done at the latest possible opportunity
Dictionary example:
a last-minute cancellation
Learner example:
I could come the following day to help you [with] the last-minute preparations if you want [me] to.
late /leɪt/
Word family:
Adjectives: late, latest
Adverbs: lately, later
ADVERB
NEAR THE END
[B2] near the end of a period of time
We talked late into the night.
As late as the 1980s they were still using horses on this farm.
Learner example:
Firstly, he usually starts working at eight in the morning and he keeps on writing and phoning till
late in the evening.
lately /ˈleɪt.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B1] recently
Lately, I've been walking to work.
I haven't been feeling so well lately.
Learner example:
I'm sorry I couldn't write back to you before but I've been very busy lately.
1247
later /ˈleɪ.tər/
Word family:
ADVERB
later on
[B1] at a time in the future, or after the time you have mentioned
What are you doing later on this evening?
Shall I go and fetch her later on?
Later on, we could go and have a meal if you like.
Learner example:
But later on, I could not beli[e]ve what actually happened.
IN THE FUTURE
[B2] happening at a time in the future, or after the time you have mentioned
We could catch a later train.
You can always change your password at a later date.
Learner example:
He said he'll come at a later date.
latter /ˈlæt.ər/
[B2] near or towards the end of something
Building of the new library should begin in the latter part of next year.
In the latter stages of the fight he began to tire.
Learner example:
I agree with the latter opinion.
PRONOUN
the latter
[B2] the second of two people, things or groups previously mentioned
1248
Dictionary example:
My boss offered me more money or a car, and I chose the latter.
Learner example:
The former is a Chinese restaurant and the latter an Indian.
laugh /lɑːf/
Word family:
Nouns: laugh, laughter
Verbs: laugh
VERB [I]
laugh at sb/sth PHRASAL VERB
[B1] to show that you think someone or something is stupid
I can't go into work looking like this - everyone will laugh at me.
If you say that, people will just laugh at you.
Learner example:
All my friends laughed at me.
NOUN [C]
[B1] the act or sound of laughing
a loud/nervous laugh
I was embarrassed at the time, but I had a good laugh about it later.
Learner example:
There is a beautiful beach there where you can swim, play football and enjoy a good laugh with
your friends.
laughter /ˈlɑːf.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: laugh, laughter
Verbs: laugh
NOUN [U]
[B2] the act or sound of laughing
She roared with laughter.
As we approached the hall we could hear the sound of laughter.
1249
Learner example:
There was a roar of laughter.
launch /lɔːntʃ/
VERB [T]
BEGIN
[B2] to begin an important plan or activity
The scheme was launched by the government a year ago.
Learner example:
Dear Phil, I was very proud last Monday when you asked me to help you to launch this association.
NEW PRODUCT
[B2] If a company launches a product or service, it makes it available for the first
time.
The book was launched last February.
The airline will launch its new transatlantic service next month.
Learner example:
The firm was launching a new product and Peter was the manager in charge [of] making this
product the most desirable thing to buy.
SEND
[C1] to send a spacecraft or bomb into the sky, or a ship into the water
A spokesman for the dockyard said they hoped to launch the first submarine within two years.
to launch a missile
Learner example:
Could our grandparents or grandparents' parents imagine that one day, we would be able to
launch rockets, to have satellites in the sky?
NOUN [C]
START OF ACTIVITY
[C1] the start of an important plan or activity or the process of making a new
product or service available
The launch of their new campaign began today with a press conference.
How much champagne will we need for the launch?
Illness prevented her attending the launch party for her latest novel.
1250
Learner example:
As for the natural resources, it is not very effective as nothing has changed since the launch of the
campaign.
LEAVE LAND
[C1] the launching of a spacecraft, ship, or weapon
Dictionary example:
The launch of the space shuttle was delayed for 24 hours because of bad weather.
Learner example:
Since I was [a] young boy I was constantly imag[in]ing that I was able to travel through time and
be an eye-witness to some of mankind['s] most [significant] moments - the birth of Christ, the
discovery of America, [and] even up to recent events such as the launch of the fi[r]st space shuttle.
laundry /ˈlɔːn.dri/
NOUN [U]
[B2] clothes, sheets, etc. that need to be washed
Dictionary example:
to do the laundry
Learner example:
Does the camp have laundry facilities?
law /lɔː/
Word family:
Nouns: law, lawyer
NOUN
SUBJECT
[B1] [U] the subject or job of understanding and dealing with the official laws of a
country
to study/practise law
a law school/firm
a specialist in commercial/criminal/international law
Learner example:
Her name is Martina, she is twenty-one years old and she studies law in Bologna.
RULE
[B2] [C or U] an official rule in a country
1251
There are laws against drinking in the street.
The laws governing the possession of firearms are being reviewed.
They led the fight to impose laws on smoking.
They have passed a new law to ban fox hunting.
Learner example:
I think it would be a good idea to let shop owner[s] decide themselves about opening time and not
to constrict this by law.
the law
[B2] the system of official rules in a country
What does the law say about having alcohol in the blood while driving?
Of course robbery is against the law!
The judge ruled that the directors had knowingly broken the law.
You can't take that course of action and remain within the law.
Learner example:
As a result, the law is being constantly broken.
by law
[C1] If you have to do something by law, it is illegal not to do it.
Dictionary example:
They have to provide a contract by law.
Learner example:
Swedish organisations and [companies] are forced by law to put forward programmes for
employing more women and improv[ing] their conditions.
lawn /lɔːn/
NOUN [C]
[C1] an area of grass that is cut
Dictionary example:
Will you mow the lawn at the weekend?
Learner example:
Please find enclosed a map of Brighton. Concerning the house, I ask you to mow the lawn
regularly and to water the flowers and the green plants every day.
lawyer /ˈlɔɪ.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: law, lawyer
1252
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone whose job is to give advice to people about the law and speak for
them in court
Dictionary example:
I want to see my lawyer before I say anything.
Learner example:
After that she thank[ed] me and she told me that she is a lawyer.
lay /leɪ/
VERB [T] (laid, laid)
lay the table

[B1] to put plates, knives, forks, etc. on the table to prepare for a meal
Dictionary example:
Could you lay the table for me, please?
Learner example:
Before she came to my home, I prepared everything perfectly, laying the table with silver spoons,
flowers and candles.
lay eggs
[B2] If an animal lays eggs, it produces them out of its body.
Dictionary example:
The hens have laid a lot of eggs this week.
Learner example:
The only thing they can do is to lay eggs.
lay sth down/in/on, etc.

[C1] to put something down somewhere carefully
She laid the baby on the bed.
He laid the tray down on the table.
She laid aside her book and went to answer the phone.
Learner example:
Veterans lay flowers on the graves of those who'd died during the War.
1253
layer /ˈleɪ.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an amount of a substance covering a surface, or one of several amounts of

substance, each on top of the other
the ozone layer
A thick layer of dust lay over everything.
There was a thin layer of oil on the surface of the water.
We stripped several layers of paint off the door.
Learner example:
I think clothes will have many gadgets on them like a small oxygen mask [or] a hat designed to
protect people from the strong rays of the sun at midday because the ozone layer will be
destroyed in a hundred years' [time].
layout /ˈleɪ.aʊt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the way that something is arranged
Pay attention to the layout of your report.
Do you like the layout of the kitchen?
Learner example:
Concerning the layout of the new centre, I think that the changes you proposed to the size and
location of the coffee bar will be of invaluable help.
laziness /ˈleɪ.zi.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: laziness
Adjectives: lazy
NOUN [U]
[B2] being lazy
Dictionary example:
I could go to the gym - it's just laziness that stops me.
Learner example:
Sorry I haven't dropped you a line before now - no excuses really, just laziness.
1254
lazy /ˈleɪ.zi/
Word family:
Nouns: laziness
Adjectives: lazy
ADJECTIVE
RELAXED
[B2] slow and relaxed
Dictionary example:
a lazy morning/weekend
Learner example:
All in all we spent a lazy holiday there with fine weather and a warm blue sea.
lead /liːd/
Word family:
Nouns: lead, leader, leadership
Verbs: lead, mislead
Adjectives: lead, leading, misleading
VERB (led, led)
SHOW WAY
[B1] [I or T] to show someone where to go, usually by taking them to a place or by

going in front of them
I don't know the way, so you'd better lead.
She led them down the hall.
The waiter led us to our table.
Our guide led us through the mountains.
She took the child by the hand and led him upstairs to bed.
He led the horse out of the stable.
Learner example:
And you can go to the nearest village, where you can [take a] mountain walk led by experienced
guides.
lead into/to/towards, etc.

[B2] If something, for example a path or road, leads somewhere, it goes in that
direction.
1255
That path leads to the beach.
There's a track that leads directly to the reservoir.
A narrow trail of blood led directly into the cave.
Learner example:
I discovered a small path which led to an old castle we had never seen before.
BE WINNING
[B2] [I or T] to be winning a game or a competition
After thirty minutes the challengers were leading by two goals.
With two laps to go Ngomo led by less than two seconds.
The Lions lead the Hawks 28 - 9.
Learner example:
Marseille led 1-0 versus Milan AC in the match which qualified the winner for the semi-finals.
CONTROL
[B2] [I or T] to be in control of a group, country, or situation
I think we've chosen the right person to lead the expedition.
I've asked Gemma to lead the discussion.
Who will be leading the enquiry into the accident?
Learner example:
I also led a group of people cleaning the wood just outside the city.
lead a busy/normal/quiet, etc. life

[B2] to live in a particular way
Dictionary example:
He was able to lead a normal life despite his illness.
Learner example:
Owing to the great speed of technological development, people need to lead a faster life [than
before].
NOUN
WINNING
[B2] [NO PLURAL] a winning position during a race or other situation where people are
competing, or a position ahead of other people
1256
For the first time in the race Harrison is in the lead.
With a final burst of speed she went/moved into the lead.
After last night's win Johnson has taken the lead in the championship table.
By the end of the day's play Davies had a lead of three points.
The whole family walked down to the beach, with Mum in the lead.
Learner example:
David was [in] the lead with a revolver tightly held in his hand.
[B1] The lead performer or lead part in a performance is the main performer or
part.
Dictionary example:
Who played the lead role?
Learner example:
It was Dave Grohl, the lead singer of Foo Fighters!
leader /ˈliː.dər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
PERSON IN CONTROL
[B1] a person in control of a group, country, or situation
a tour leader
The Russian leader wants to introduce further changes.
He's a natural leader.
She was elected as leader of the campaign group.
Learner example:
When I arrived there, the group leader introduced me to all the others, and they all were very
friendly.
WINNER
[C1] someone or something that is winning during a race or other situation where
people are competing
He's fallen two laps behind the leaders.
Microsoft is a world leader in software design.
1257
Learner example:
The work experience with SuNatCo must, [without] doubt, positively affect your future career, as
our firm is a world leader in the sphere of communications.
leadership /ˈliː.də.ʃɪp/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
JOB
[C1] the job of being in control of a group, country, or situation
The group flourished under her firm leadership.
R&M gained market leadership by selling products that were of superior quality.
Learner example:
Apart from his char[i]smatic leadership and his pioneering spirit, Eleftherios Venizelos was very
close to people who were impoverished and deeply disappointed at that time.
the leadership
[C1] the people in control of a group, country, or situation
There is growing discontent with the leadership.
The election for the leadership of the council will take place on Tuesday.
Learner example:
His reappearance is when he wins the leadership of the Social Democratic Party and when a few
months later he becomes Prime-Minster.
QUALITY
[C1] the set of characteristics that make a good leader
What the company lacks is leadership.
He lacks leadership qualities/skills.
Learner example:
I also have strong leadership skills and I can lead a team, if necessary.
1258
leading /ˈliː.dɪŋ/
Word family:
[B2] very important or most important
a leading expert on the country's ecology
the world's leading manufacturer of audio equipment
Learner example:
Indeed hard work plays the leading role concerning both family welfare and [the] national
economy.
leaf /liːf/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL leaves)
PLANT
[B1] a flat, green part of a plant that grows from a stem or branch
a lettuce leaf
autumn leaves
He was sweeping up leaves in his garden.
Learner example:
One of the things that I like [about] goril[l]as is that they are strong and they eat leaves, and
another thing is that they can move very fast through the trees.
leaflet /ˈliːf.lət/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of folded paper or a small book which contains information
Dictionary example:
I picked up a useful leaflet on how to fill in tax forms.
Learner example:
Another idea is to place a table where students, staff and visitors can find some information about
the school and their activities, some leaflets and brochures.
1259
league /liːg/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a group of teams which compete against each other in a sport
Who do you think will win the league championship this year?
Liverpool were top of the Football League that year.
They are currently bottom of the league.
Learner example:
For example, I like live football match[es] from [the] Premier league.
leak /liːk/
VERB
LIQUID
[B2] [I or T] If a liquid or gas leaks, it comes out of a hole by accident, and if a

container leaks, it allows liquid or gas to come out when it should not.
Water was leaking from the pipe.
Oil leaked out of the car.
The tin was leaking.
The car leaked oil all over the drive.
Learner example:
There is always a possibilit[y] that this tent is leaking.
NOUN [C]
HOLE
[B2] a hole in something that a liquid or gas comes out of, or the liquid or gas that
comes out
There's water on the floor - we must have a leak.
If you suspect a gas leak, phone the emergency number.
Learner example:
The theatre restaurant was closed because there was a serious leak in a [pipe] and the kitchen was
flooded.
1260
lean /liːn/
VERB [I or T] (leaned or leant, leaned or leant)
lean (sth) back/forward/out, etc.

[B2] to move the top part of your body in a particular direction
She leaned forward and whispered in my ear.
He was leaning out of the window.
Lean your head back a bit.
Learner example:
John loved figures, combining them into long lines, counting them and solving difficult problems.
And he had a secret. He saw numbers in different colours. [...] John tried to hide his papers with a
book but Mr. Robinson leaned forward and whispered: "My number one is always red".
lean (sth) against/on sth

[B2] to rest against something for support, or to move something into this position
She leaned her head on his shoulder.
His spade was leaning against the fence.
Learner example:
She turned around and saw this boy leaning against the wall.
learn /lɜːn/ (learned or learnt, learned or learnt)
Word family:
Nouns: learner, learning
Verbs: learn
VERB
REMEMBER
[B1] [T] to make yourself remember a piece of writing by reading it or repeating it

many times
I don't know how actors manage to learn all those lines.
We were told to learn Portia's speech by heart for homework.
Learner example:
He was a very famous and popular actor. He's very funny and he shows us very useful tricks to
[help us] learn our roles.
1261
BE TOLD INFORMATION
[B1] [I or T] to be told facts or information that you did not know
We were all shocked to learn of his death.
I later learnt (that) the message had never arrived.
I only learnt about the accident later.
Learner example:
I was pleased to learn that you are coming to Switzerland.
CHANGE BEHAVIOUR
[B2] [I or T] to start to understand that you must change the way you behave
She'll have to learn that she can't have everything she wants.
She soon learnt not to contradict him.
He's not afraid to learn from his mistakes.
Learner example:
I am sure that the organis[e]rs will learn from their mistakes and that next year you will enjoy it.
learner /ˈlɜːn.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: learn
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who is getting knowledge or a new skill
Dictionary example:
learners of English
Learner example:
She is very shy, so her Japanese didn't improve very rapidly, but she was a very industrious
learner.
learning /ˈlɜː.nɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: learn
NOUN [U]
[B2] the process of getting knowledge or a new skill
1262
language learning
This technique makes learning fun.
For the first month in her new job she was on a steep learning curve.
Learner example:
Th[ese] events are not only to entertain students, they are also a part of the learning process, as
by communicating with each other, students learn the language.
least /liːst/
ADVERB
at least
[B1] even if nothing else happens or is true
Dictionary example:
If you can't manage to clean the whole house, at least make sure the kitchen is clean.
Learner example:
We could go shopping or at least go and have an ice-cream somewhere.
at least
[B1] something that you say when you are telling someone about an advantage in a
bad situation
Dictionary example:
It's a small house but at least there's a garden.
Learner example:
It is not impressive but at least it has some things that I like.
LESS
[B1] less than anything or anyone else
I chose the least expensive dish on the menu.
This group is the least likely of the four to win.
Disaster struck when we least expected it.
It was the answer she least wanted to hear.
Learner example:
Every day was the same and I thought that nothing w[ould] change but I was wrong - something
changed and that something happen[e]d on the day I least expected it to.
at least
[B2] used to reduce the effect of a statement
Dictionary example:
I've met the President - at least, he shook my hand once.
1263
Learner example:
But after years of developing my slalom, I wanted to learn something new, [s]o, I started Hot-
Dogging. Hot-Dog is great fun. At least, people say so.
last but not least

[B2] something that you say to introduce the last person or thing on a list
Dictionary example:
This is Jeremy, this is Cath and, last but not least, this is Eva.
Learner example:
And, last but not least, some complaints were made [about] the entertainment the café provides.
PRONOUN
LESS
[B2] less than anyone or anything else
He contributed least to the workshop.
I like the green one least of all.
He's the relative I like (the) least.
Giving her a bed for the night was the least I could do.
Learner example:
Taking you to the airport was the least I could do for such a good friend.
at the very least

[C1] not less than, and probably much more than
At the very least, you should apologize.
We should earn £500 at the very least.
Learner example:
Thus, I trust you will agree that at the very least I deserve a letter of explanation from you and a
substantial refund of my money.
to say the least

[C1] used to emphasize that you could have said something in a much stronger way
Dictionary example:
We were surprised, to say the least.
Learner example:
You get slightly bored, to say the least.
DETERMINER
[B2] the smallest amount
1264
She earns the least money of all of us.
I spent the least time on the third question.
Learner example:
My favourite way to travel is by plane, because I think that the most important point when you are
travelling is to arrive [at] your destination in the least time.
leave /liːv/
VERB (left, left)
END RELATIONSHIP
[B1] [I or T] to end a relationship with a husband, wife, or partner and stop living with
them
I'll never leave you.
She left him for a younger man.
Learner example:
Jose, who is a bus driver, was very unhappy, because his girlfriend [had] left him.
STAY IN SAME CONDITION
[B2] [T] to cause something to stay in a particular condition
Leave that chair where it is.
Don't leave any lights on, will you?
I'll have to go back - I think I've left the iron on.
You can leave the window open.
Learner example:
And I heard my husband shouting: "Mag, do you always have to leave all the lights on?"
leave sb alone
[B2] to stop speaking to or annoying someone
Dictionary example:
Leave me alone! I'm trying to work.
Learner example:
I asked [him] to leave me alone and [un]plugged the phone.
leave sb doing sth

[C1] If you leave something or someone doing something, you allow them to
continue doing it, or they continue doing it when you go away.
1265
Dictionary example:
I left the children watching television.
Learner example:
She also has the tendency to leave the children doing what they want, sometimes without realising
the consequen[c]es.
lecture /ˈlek.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: lecture, lecturer
Verbs: lecture
NOUN [C]
[B1] a formal talk on a serious or specialist subject given to a group of people,

especially students
We went to a lecture on Italian art.
Who's giving the lecture this afternoon?
Learner example:
The film will start at 9.30pm, so you could reach us after your lectures at the university in the pub
near the cinema.
lecturer /ˈlek.tʃər.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: lecture, lecturer
Verbs: lecture
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who teaches at a university or college
Dictionary example:
a lecturer in psychology
Learner example:
In addition, my lecturers can't give me particular explanations for my questions.
leek /li:k/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a long white and green vegetable that smells and tastes similar to an onion
1266
Dictionary example:
leek soup
Learner example:
I had some roasted chicken pieces with some leek and broccoli and roasted potatoes and Jan had
his favourite spaghetti with cream sauce.
left-wing /ˌleftˈwɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] relating to the belief that wealth and power should be shared equally
Dictionary example:
He is interested in left-wing politics.
Learner example:
Women's politics are usually followed by the left-wing parties in Austria.
legal /ˈliː.gəl/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
TO DO WITH LAW
[B2] relating to the law
legal advice
a legal obligation/requirement
your legal rights
Learner example:
Unless I hear from you within ten days, I shall have to take legal advice on the matter.
ALLOWED
[B2] allowed by the law
Dictionary example:
Is abortion legal in your country?
Learner example:
Can anybody say how any enterprise should or must work? Is it legal?
legal action
[C1] a legal process in a court
1267
Dictionary example:
They are planning to take legal action against the company.
Learner example:
If we do not get a satisfactory answer to this letter, apologising and offering the compensation
that the students deserve, we will have no other option but to take legal action.
legally /ˈliː.gəl.i/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B2] as stated or allowed by the law
Dictionary example:
Children under sixteen are not legally allowed to buy cigarettes.
Learner example:
He already had a driving licence, so by that time he could legally drive his own Ferrari.
legend /ˈledʒ.ənd/
Word family:
Nouns: legend
Adjectives: legendary
NOUN
STORY
[B2] [C or U] an old story or set of stories from ancient times
The dance was based on several Hindu legends.
She is writing a thesis on Irish legend and mythology.
Legend has it that he always wore his boots in bed.
Learner example:
You know I'm fond of medieval tales and legends, so while we're in Scotland, let's visit a haunted
castle!
FAME
[C1] [C] a famous person
a living legend
Jazz legend, Ella Fitzgerald, once sang in this bar.
1268
Learner example:
The audience at the London Palladium was much more quiet, partly because we were in a theatre,
partly because everyone was spe[e]chless in front of such a living legend.
legendary /ˈledʒ.ən.dri/
Word family:
Nouns: legend
Adjectives: legendary
ADJECTIVE
FAMOUS
[C1] famous for being excellent
the legendary guitarist Jimi Hendrix
He became editor of the legendary Irish journal, 'The Bell'.
Learner example:
If I went back to the beginning of [the] 70s, then I would probably have [had] a chance to work
with Bill Gates and his 'legendary crew'.
OLD
[C1] from a legend
Dictionary example:
a legendary Greek hero
Learner example:
The last article concerned Hercules, the legendary hero.
leisure /ˈleʒ.ər/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the time when you are not working
leisure activities
Most people only have a limited amount of leisure time.
The town lacks leisure facilities such as a swimming pool or squash courts.
Learner example:
Reading is my favourite leisure activity. I've already read fifteen books this year.
1269
lend /lend/ (lent, lent)
VERB
BANK
[B2] [I or T] If a bank lends money, it gives money to someone who then pays the
money back in small amounts over a period.
The bank refuses to lend to students.
The bank agreed to lend him $5000.
length /leŋkθ/
Word family:
Nouns: length
Verbs: lengthen
Adjectives: lengthy
NOUN [C or U]
DISTANCE
[B1] the measurement or distance of something from one end to the other
The boat is ten metres in length.
The length of the bay is approximately 200 miles.
Learner example:
The new one has a length of 2.10 metres.
TIME
[B2] the amount of time something takes
the length of a film/speech/play
He is unable to concentrate on his work for any length of time.
Learner example:
We will need you to start the talk at 7:00 p.m. with a length of one hour.
BOOK, ETC.
[C1] the amount of writing in a book or document
He's written books of various lengths on the subject.
All of your essays will be about the same length.
1270
lengthen /ˈleŋ.θən/
Word family:
Nouns: length
Verbs: lengthen
Adjectives: lengthy
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to become longer or to make something longer
Dictionary example:
There are plans to lengthen the school day.
Learner example:
Furthermore, I suggest [...] that you lengthen the stay in Cambridge which was definitely too
short.
lengthy /ˈleŋk.θi/
Word family:
Nouns: length
Verbs: lengthen
Adjectives: lengthy
ADJECTIVE
[C1] continuing for a long time
a lengthy discussion/process
Many airline passengers face lengthy delays because of the strike.
Learner example:
It is worth watch[ing] because it is a really lovely story and you can gain a lot of optimism from it
by realising that problems are not always as big as they seem to be, but as it is a soap opera it is
extremely lengthy.
leopard /ˈlep.əd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a large wild cat that has yellow fur with black spots on it and lives in Africa and
southern Asia
Dictionary example:
We saw leopards in their natural habitat.
Learner example:
We saw different kinds of animals like a leopard, a buffalo and so on.
1271
less /les/
Word family:
Verbs: lessen
Adverbs: less
ADVERB
more or less
[B2] almost or approximately
We've more or less finished work on the house.
He more or less admitted he'd done it.
The new window will cost £500 more or less.
Learner example:
I will [now] give you some information, so that you know more or less what you can expect.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
being.
lessen /ˈles.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: lessen
Adverbs: less
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to become less or to make something less
Exercise and a healthy diet lessen the chance of heart disease.
Strengthen the legs and it lessens the strain on the knees.
Learner example:
Should you give back the students' money and take into consideration our complaints, I am sure
that you will lessen our disappointment.
1272
lesson /ˈles.ən/
NOUN [C]
EXPERIENCE
[B2] an experience which teaches you how to behave better in a similar situation in
the future
There is a lesson for all parents in this tragic accident.
My parents made me pay back all the money and it was a lesson I never forgot.
We can learn important lessons from this disaster.
Learner example:
I think he learned a valuable lesson.
learn your lesson

[B2] to decide not to do something again because it has caused you problems in
the past
Dictionary example:
I'm not going out without my umbrella again - I've learnt my lesson!
Learner example:
She learnt her lesson and she won't go out before [an] exam any more.
let /let/
VERB (letting, let, let)
ALLOW
[B1] [T] to allow someone to do something, or to allow something to happen
She wanted to go but her parents wouldn't let her.
He decided to let his hair grow long.
Let your shoes dry completely before putting them on.
I'm letting you stay up late, just this once.
Don't let it worry you.
Learner example:
I hope my parents let me go with you [to] New York.
let sb/sth in/past/through, etc.

[B2] to allow someone or something to move to a particular place
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They won't let us past the gate.
The roof lets in a lot of rain.
Learner example:
I had got so drunk that I could not control myself, so the doorman would not let me in.
let me/us
[B2] something that you say when you are offering to help someone
Dictionary example:
Let me carry your cases.
let alone
[C1] used to emphasize that something is more impossible than another thing
Dictionary example:
You couldn't trust her to look after your dog, let alone your child.
Learner example:
We are surrounded by amazing pieces of technology which we do not fully understand, let alone
use to their full capacity.
lettuce /ˈlet.ɪs/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a plant with large green leaves, eaten raw in salads
Dictionary example:
Mix the lettuce and tomatoes together.
Learner example:
It contains two burgers, cheese, lettuce, tomato and [any]thing else that you want to put [i]n it.
level /ˈlev.əl/
NOUN [C]
AMOUNT
[B2] the amount or number of something
Inflation is going to rise 2% from its present level.
Chess requires a very high level of concentration.
There is some danger of low level radiation.
Learner example:
Your body requires a high level of nutrients to keep body functions working smoothly.
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HEIGHT
[B2] the height of something
Dictionary example:
The water level in the lake is much higher after heavy rain.
Learner example:
RANK
[C1] a position within a system in which people are arranged according to their
importance
Dictionary example:
These are subjects for discussion at management level.
Learner example:
But there is one big problem if the women can reach the upper management level: those women
won't have any children.
ADJECTIVE
[B2] flat or horizontal
Make sure the camera is level before you take the picture.
Before I fix it to the wall, would you say this shelf was level?
liability /ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: liability
Adjectives: liable
NOUN
RESPONSIBILITY
[C1] [U] when you are legally responsible for something
Dictionary example:
They have admitted liability for the damage caused.
Learner example:
As soon as I had noticed it, I went to complain to the coach driver and he just disclaimed liability.
TROUBLE
[C1] [NO PLURAL] someone or something that is likely to cause you a lot of trouble
Dictionary example:
Wherever we go she upsets someone - she's a real liability.
1275
Learner example:
It destroys the individual, brings shame to his family, and [he becomes] a liability instead of an
asset to his society.
liable /ˈlaɪ.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: liability
Adjectives: liable
ADJECTIVE
RESPONSIBLE
[C1] legally responsible
Dictionary example:
Corporate officials are liable for the safety of their employees.
Learner example:
As per our terms and conditions you are liable to pay for any damages occur[r]ed during the move
and that is why we paid more money or premium to your Company than the others.
liar /ˈlaɪ.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: liar, lie
Verbs: lie
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who tells lies
He's such a liar - you can't trust a word he says.
You liar - I never touched it!
Learner example:
The plan works: the jury thinks that the wife is a notorious liar and her husband is found innocent.
liberal /ˈlɪb.ər.əl/
ADJECTIVE
SOCIETY
[C1] accepting beliefs and behaviour that are new or different from your own
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a liberal society/attitude
Her parents were far more liberal than mine.
Learner example:
In a liberal society everything depends on a mixture of wise legislation and responsible individual
behavio[u]r.
POLITICS
[C1] Liberal political ideas emphasize the need to make new laws as society
changes and the need for government to provide social services.
Dictionary example:
They are one of a group of liberal parties in the European Union.
Learner example:
He studied law in Paris and got involved in politics as a member of the liberal party during the
first years of the last Century.
liberation /ˌlɪb.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: liberty, liberation
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when something or someone is released or made free
the liberation of France from Nazi occupation
Leaving school was such a liberation for me.
Learner example:
Moreover, with the liberation of Greece, he was appointed as the First Governor of the new state.
liberty /ˈlɪb.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: liberty, liberation
NOUN [U]
FREEDOM
[B2] the freedom to live as you wish or go where you want
For most citizens, liberty means the freedom to practise their religious or political beliefs.
Hundreds of political prisoners are to be given their liberty.
Of the ten men who escaped this morning from Dartmoor Prison, only two are still at liberty.
1277
Learner example:
Personally, I think [a zoo] is a cruel way to [im]prison them after such a long period of time [when]
they have been useful to Man, who is now depriving them of their liberty, preventing them from
hunting and forcing them to eat what they are given.
take the liberty of doing sth

[C1] to do something that will have an effect on someone else, without asking their
permission
Dictionary example:
I took the liberty of booking theatre seats for us.
Learner example:
I have taken the liberty of listing some of my ideas and suggestions and hope they will be of
interest to you.
lick /lɪk/
VERB [T]
[B2] to move your tongue across the surface of something
He licked the chocolate off his fingers.
She licked the stamps and stuck them on the parcel.
Learner example:
As soon as I come home, she jumps on me and licks my face. [...] Princess is my ideal dog.
lid /lɪd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a cover on a container, which can be lifted up or removed
Can you get the lid off this jar?
Put a lid on the saucepan.
lie1 /laɪ/
VERB [I] (lying, lay, lain)
OBJECT
[B1] to be on a particular surface
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A pen lay on the desk.
There were papers lying all over the floor.
Learner example:
I hurried into the airport to find my suitcase lying in one corner.
PLACE
[B1] to be in a particular place or position
The river lies 30km to the south.
Cambridge United are lying third in the league.
Learner example:
It lies in the south of the Czech Republic and it's [a] lovely place where you can spend your
holiday.
lie2 /laɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: liar, lie
Verbs: lie
VERB [I] (lying, lied, lied)

[B1] to say or write something which is not true in order to deceive someone
Are you lying to me?
Don't trust her - she's lying.
I suspect he lies about his age.
Learner example:
She lied [to] me and said she could not come with me because she had work.
NOUN [C]
[B1] something that you say which you know is not true
Dictionary example:
I told a lie when I said I liked her haircut.
Learner example:
The [e-]mail was full of lies about things that I had never done.
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life /laɪf/ (PLURAL lives)
NOUN
PLANTS/ANIMALS
[B1] [U] everything which is alive
Dictionary example:
human/marine/plant life
Learner example:
Recently, I've enjoyed watch[ing] programmes about sea life.
WAY OF LIVING
[B1] [C or U] a way of living
You lead an exciting life.
I left home at 16 to see life.
Teaching has been her whole life.
family/private/sex, etc. life

[B1] one part of someone's existence
I never talk about my private life.
my working life
We interviewed senior politicians, famous writers and others in public life.
Learner example:
The film [is] about family life.
a/sb's way of life

[B1] the manner in which a person lives
Dictionary example:
She told us all about her way of life in Japan.
Learner example:
He told me about his hobbies, his way of life and especially about his love [of] learning languages.
PERSON'S EXISTENCE
[B2] [C] the existence of a person
How many lives will be lost to AIDS?
A simple mixture of glucose and water can save lives in many parts of the world.
Learner example:
Finally if you witness an accident you [should] inform the police quickly, which can save lives.
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ENERGY
[B2] [U] energy or enthusiasm
Dictionary example:
She's so full of life.
Learner example:
Above all, I like children very much because the[y're] full of life [and] always make a great
impression on me when I have a chat with them.
for life
[C1] for the whole of someone's life
Dictionary example:
I will have to take this medicine for life.
Learner example:
A wedding opens a new life when the two parties commit to each other for life.
lifestyle /ˈlaɪf.staɪl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the way that you live
He doesn't have a very healthy lifestyle.
She needs a pretty high income to support her lifestyle.
an alternative lifestyle
Learner example:
I would like to go on a[n] advent[u]re like this, with a group of people with different backgrounds,
cultures and lifestyles.
lifetime /ˈlaɪf.taɪm/
[B2] the period of time that someone is alive
We'll see a tremendous lot of technological changes during/in our lifetime.
Winners of the competition will receive the holiday of a lifetime.
I've only been working here two days, but it seems like a lifetime.
A watch of this quality should last a lifetime.
Marriage is no longer always seen as a lifetime commitment.
1281
Learner example:
I'm sure you would love it, meeting so many famous musicians, who you might meet only once in
a lifetime.
lift /lɪft/
VERB [T]
[B1] to move something from a lower to a higher position
Could you help me lift this table, please?
Could you lift your chair a bit - I've got my bag caught under it.
She lifted the cup to her lips.
Learner example:
Then, we lift[ed] weight[s] to get stronger legs, arms, etc. I met different people [and] I made lots
of friends.
light /laɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: light, lighter, lighting
Verbs: light
Adjectives: light
Adverbs: lightly
NOUN
BRIGHTNESS
[B1] [U] the brightness that comes from the sun, fire, etc. and from electrical
devices, and that allows things to be seen
bright light
Light was streaming in through the open door.
It's a north-facing room so it doesn't get much light.
Learner example:
We spent some wonderful days admiring the famous bright Nordic light which has made Shagen
so popular amongst painters.
in the light of sth

[C1] If something is done or happens in the light of facts, it is done or happens
because of those facts.
1282
Dictionary example:
The drug has been withdrawn in the light of new research.
Learner example:
In the light of this news, we took this issue as a class project and investigated it by interviewing
residents.
ADJECTIVE
BRIGHT
[B1] lit by the natural light of the day
It gets light very early these summer mornings.
Summer is coming and the evenings are getting lighter.
Let's finish the work while it's still light enough to see.
Learner example:
In the cent[re] of the town, streets are narrow and in many cases, they [ar]en't light enough.
NOT MUCH
[B1] small in amount
A light wind was blowing.
The traffic was quite light so we got through London quickly.
It's only light rain - you don't need an umbrella.
I don't eat much for lunch - just a light snack.
Learner example:
The weather here is very warm and sunny with [a] light breeze.
VERB (lit or lighted, lit or lighted)
START FLAMES
[B1] [I or T] to start to burn or to make something start to burn
to light a fire
I can't get the cooker to light.
He lit his fifth cigarette in half an hour.
Learner example:
We [put up] the tents and lit the fire.
MAKE BRIGHT
[B2] [T] to produce light somewhere so that you can see things
The stage had been lit with candles.
Fireworks lit up the sky .
1283
Learner example:
Lightning lit up my bedroom and I saw a shadow moving outside the house.
lighter /ˈlaɪ.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: light
Adjectives: light
Adverbs: lightly
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small object that produces a flame and is used to make cigarettes start
burning
Dictionary example:
Can I borrow your lighter?
Learner example:
It's a [silver] lighter, with a little spider on, that my best friend bought me for my birthday.
lighting /ˈlaɪt.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: light
Adjectives: light
Adverbs: lightly
NOUN [U]
[B2] the light created by electrical equipment, candles, etc.
Dictionary example:
We have put some lighting in the garden.
Learner example:
I fixed the lighting on the ceiling and attached several spotlights to the walls.
lightly /ˈlaɪt.li/
Word family:
Verbs: light
Adjectives: light
Adverbs: lightly
1284
ADVERB
GENTLY
[B1] gently
Dictionary example:
She patted him lightly on the shoulder.
Learner example:
The weather here is wonderful, the sun is shining, the wind is blowing lightly, and the sky is also
clear, clear, blue!
NOT MUCH
[C1] not much
Dictionary example:
lightly cooked vegetables
lightning /ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a sudden flash of light in the sky during a storm
thunder and lightning
a flash of lightning
That tree was struck by lightning.
She changed her clothes with lightning speed.
Learner example:
We were sitting in the car when the lightning hit the roof.
like /laɪk/
Word family:
Verbs: dislike, like
PREPOSITION
SUCH AS
[B1] such as
Dictionary example:
She looks best in bright colours, like red and pink.
Learner example:
We have visit[ed] beautiful places like Chile, Patagonia, Iguazu.
1285
TYPICAL OF
[B2] typical or characteristic of
That's just like Maisie to turn up half an hour late to her own party!
It's not like you to be so quiet - are you all right?
like mad
[B2] a lot
Dictionary example:
The band practised like mad before their first concert.
Learner example:
It was raining like mad, so we were wet to the skin.
like crazy INFORMAL
[C1] doing something a lot or in a fast way
Dictionary example:
We worked like crazy to get everything finished.
Learner example:
My heart was beating like crazy and when the ski-boat started its journey along the blue waves of
the sea...
CONJUNCTION INFORMAL
[B1] as if
It looks like I'm going to be in the office until late tonight.
It sounds to me like you ought to change jobs.
You look like you've just got out of bed!
She acts like she's stupid!
Learner example:
It [sound]s like your trousers are really pretty, I would like to see them soon.
NOUN
likes and dislikes

[B1] things that you do and do not like
Dictionary example:
What are your top five likes and dislikes?
Learner example:
The teacher asked about our families, friends, [and] likes and dislikes and [then] the lesson
finished.
1286
likely /ˈlaɪ.kli/
Word family:
Nouns: likelihood
Adjectives: likely, unlikely
ADJECTIVE
[B1] describes something that will probably happen or is expected
Do remind me because I'm likely to forget.
I suppose that might happen but it's not very likely.
It's quite/very likely that we'll be in Spain this time next year.
Learner example:
They start thinking that the suitcase is likely to contain a bomb.
ADVERB
[C1] probably
Dictionary example:
She'll most likely come without him.
Learner example:
You will most likely not get there before 2.30. Welcome!
limit /ˈlɪm.ɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: limit, limitation
Verbs: limit
Adjectives: limited, unlimited
NOUN [C]
LARGEST POSSIBLE AMOUNT
[B1] the largest amount of something that is possible or allowed
Is there a limit on the amount of money you can claim?
I think we ought to put a limit on the amount of time we can spend on the project.
There's a limit to the number of times I can stop what I'm doing just so I can help him!
We set a time limit of thirty minutes for the test.
Learner example:
I always watch this programm[e], it's really interesting for anyone who enjoy[s] cooking. [...]
Usually two chef[s] come in and prepare the food, and they hav[e] a time limit.
1287
VERB [T]
[B2] to control something so that it is less than a particular amount or number
I've been asked to limit my speech to ten minutes maximum.
Having so little money to spend on an apartment does limit you in your choice.
Learner example:
In general, kids and teenagers are, at home, allowed to do almost anything they want, wh[ich]
sometimes put[s] parents in a very difficult position when trying to [e]stablish rules in order to
limit the freedom of the young.
limitation /ˌlɪm.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: limit
NOUN
RULE
[C1] [C or U] a rule or situation that limits something
Dictionary example:
You can't write everything you want because of space limitations.
Learner example:
The only thing that is crucial now is that ministries of culture and tourism should set strict
limitations about building and constructing in order not to [destroy] the stunning views of our
beautiful country.
limitations
[C1] things that someone or something is not good at doing
Dictionary example:
Both films show her limitations as an actress.
Learner example:
I would like to be a super-woman but I will have to live with my limitations.
limited /ˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: limit
1288
ADJECTIVE
SMALL
[B1] small in amount or number
a limited choice
limited resources
Learner example:
I like warm colo[u]rs, orange and yellow, but my choices are limited for outdoor clothes.
WITHIN RANGE
[B2] kept within a particular size, range, time, etc.
Places on the bus are limited to fifty - so book early!
Free places on the course will be available for a limited period (of time).
Learner example:
Above all, [w]ould it possible to enjoy the offer in September or is it limited to July?
line /laɪn/
NOUN [C]
WORDS
[B1] a row of words on a page
The same line is repeated throughout the poem.
Can you read the next line, please, Sonia?
Learner example:
In no more than ten lines, my mother explained that she was moving to Brazilia, the capital of our
country, and that she would take me and my brother with her.
RAILWAY
[B1] a railway track
The train was delayed, apparently due to leaves on the line.
The Northern Line is the worst on the London Underground.
Learner example:
The train line is closed between London and Lampton so now you have to use "ABC Coaches",
which is also che[a]per.
1289
TELEPHONE
[B2] the connection between two telephones
I'm afraid your line's been disconnected because your last bill hasn't been paid.
If you want to air your opinions live on the radio, the lines will be open from eight o'clock.
I've got Chris Foster on the line for you. Do you want to take it now or call her back later?
Please hold the line. I'll see if she's available.
Learner example:
I have been told that if I also get a modem and connect to my telephone line and the PC, I could
get in contact with different kinds of bulletin boards that your members use.
PRODUCT
[C1] a type of product that a company sells
Dictionary example:
They're advertising a new line in garden furniture.
Learner example:
If, on [the] one hand, the changing market is forcing us to [remove] some product lines, on the
other [it] is giving us new opportunities, as is the case for handhelds.
a fine/thin line
[C1] If there is a fine line between one thing and another, they are very similar. You
often say this when one thing is acceptable and the other is not.
Dictionary example:
There's a thin line between courage and foolishness.
Learner example:
It took me 6 months to realise that there is a fine line between telling off and psychological abuse.
VERB [T]
line (sb/sth) up or line up (sb/sth) PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to arrange people or things in a row or to stand in a row
A fight broke out behind me as we lined up to receive our food rations.
The soldiers lined us up against a wall and I thought they were going to shoot us.
Learner example:
A lot of customers had lined up after me.
line sb/sth up PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to plan for something to happen
Dictionary example:
What future projects have you lined up?
1290
Learner example:
Nonetheless, we are also eager to help out in other projects that you have lined up.
linguistic /lɪŋˈgwɪs.tɪk/
[C1] relating to language or linguistics
Dictionary example:
I'm particularly interested in the linguistic development of young children.
Learner example:
Firstly, the claim that only one hour per day was required in order to obtain linguistic fluency is an
unrealistic assumption.
link /lɪŋk/
NOUN [C]
COMPUTER
[B1] a connection between documents or areas on the Internet
Dictionary example:
Click on this link to visit our online bookstore.
Learner example:
An au-pair friend of mine ha[s] given me a link to an au-pair homepage.
CONNECTION
[B2] a connection between two people, things or ideas
There's a direct link between diet and heart disease.
Their links with Britain are still strong.
Learner example:
There is a direct bus link between the two locations: this is bus line number six.
VERB [T]
[B2] to make a connection between two or more people, things or ideas
The explosions are not thought to be linked in any way.
The use of CFCs has been linked to the hole in the ozone layer.
1291
Learner example:
The technological revolution taking place today can be directly linked to the amazing evolution
[of] communication.
lip /lɪp/
NOUN [C]
[B1] one of the two soft edges of the mouth
She kissed me on the lips.
He licked his lips.
Learner example:
We went to a restaurant and when I had to leave, he kissed me on my lips.
liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a substance, such as water, that is not solid or a gas and that can be poured
easily
liquid fuel/nitrogen
Mercury is a liquid at room temperature.
Learner example:
Inside there were three samples of a nasty purple liquid.
list /lɪst/
VERB [T]
[B2] to make a list, or to include something in a list
Dictionary example:
I've listed some useful reading material on the handout.
Learner example:
I listed some reasons why we should apply for this job.
1292
listen /ˈlɪs.ən/
VERB [I]
PAY ATTENTION
[B1] to pay attention to what someone tells you and accept what they say
Dictionary example:
I told you she wouldn't like it but you wouldn't listen to me!
Learner example:
I did complain many time[s] but he wouldn't listen to me.
listener /ˈlɪs.ən.ər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who listens
The new radio station already has twelve million listeners.
She's a good listener.
Learner example:
She is a good listener, as well as quite talkative.
literacy /ˈlɪt.ər.ə.si/
NOUN [U]
[C1] the ability to read and write
Dictionary example:
Adult literacy is low in this area.
Learner example:
School on the one hand has been a place to learn the important basi[c]s, like literacy and
numeracy.
literally /ˈlɪt.ər.əl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: literal
Adverbs: literally
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ADVERB
[B2] having the real or original meaning of a word or phrase
Dictionary example:
They were responsible for literally millions of deaths.
Learner example:
Sometimes they literally g[o] mad; they bite their mates or even kill their own children.
literary /ˈlɪt.ər.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: literature
Adjectives: literary, illiterate, literate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] connected with literature
a literary critic
literary prizes
a literary style
Learner example:
Since I am aware of your interest in literature, I have chosen a literary figure.
literature /ˈlɪt.ər.ɪ.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: literature
Adjectives: literary, illiterate, literate
NOUN [U]
BOOKS
[B1] books, poems, etc. that are considered to be art
classical/modern literature
great works of literature
'Wuthering Heights' is a classic of English literature.
Learner example:
He has studied English literature at Cambridge University.
1294
litter /ˈlɪt.ər/
NOUN [U]
[B2] pieces of paper and other waste that are left in public places
Dictionary example:
The streets were full of litter.
Learner example:
There [is] a lot of litter on the streets.
little /ˈlɪt.l
̩/
ADJECTIVE
NOT IMPORTANT
[B1] not important
They argue over every little thing.
She gets really stressed by little problems.
Learner example:
There is only one little problem. Unfortunately, [the] rooms are single.
SHORT
[B2] short in time or distance
It'll only take a little while to finish this.
Let's have a little break.
It's only a little way to the school.
Learner example:
I was on a phone for a little while and the lights went out... who knows why!!
EMPHASIZE
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] used to show affection or dislike for someone or something
Oh, what a sweet little house!
It's not a bad little restaurant, this, is it?
He's a nasty little man.
Learner example:
"Oh no Mr. Dracula...don't hurt me! Please don't hurt me!" I said desperately. "With such a pretty
little neck? Oh no! I have to give you just a tiny little bite..."
1295
DETERMINER
NOT ENOUGH
[B1] not much or enough
There seems little hope of a ceasefire.
They have very little money.
There's so little choice.
Learner example:
In his opinion, [being a] teacher is a very bad way to earn money because you have a lot of work
to do and earn very little money.
a little sth
[B1] a small amount of something
Dictionary example:
It just needs a little effort.
Learner example:
Hi Sam, I need a little help from you. I need [to borrow] your bicycle, because someone stole mine.
PRONOUN
SMALL AMOUNT
[B1] a small amount
I could only hear a little of what they were saying.
He does as little as possible at work.
There's not much flour left but you're welcome to the/what little there is.
She slept very little that night.
We did very little on Sunday.
Learner example:
He told them how animals were treated by human beings - they had to work a lot and were fed
very little.
little by litte
[B2] a small amount at a time
Dictionary example:
Little by little, the boy learned to trust us.
Learner example:
However, as the time went by, I couldn't but feel my dream disappearing little by little.
ADVERB
a little
[B2] FORMAL slightly
1296
Dictionary example:
There's only a little further to go.
Learner example:
I'm a little surprised by my "popularity".
NOT ENOUGH
[C1] not much or not enough
a little-known fact
Little did he know what lay in store for him.
Learner example:
Little did I know that I would be even more confused afterwards.
live
Word family:
Nouns: living
Verbs: live
Adjectives: lively, living
VERB /lɪv/
SPEND LIFE
[B1] [I or T] to spend your life in a particular way
After a while you get used to living alone.
When you retire, you want to live a comfortable life.
So the prince and princess got married, and lived happily ever after.
He simply wants to live (out) the rest of his days in peace.
She certainly lived her life to the full.
Learner example:
I'm so sorry but I have to go to the hospital with my grandma, she lives alone and she needs
someone to go with her.
BE ALIVE
[B1] [I] to be alive
He only lived a few days after the accident.
I hope I live to see my grandchildren.
Her granny lived to the ripe old age of 94.
Boccaccio lived in the 14th century.
Learner example:
I entered and saw the chat [chair?] of my ancestor, who lived 500 years ago.
1297
ADJECTIVE /laɪv/
[B1] A live radio or television programme is seen or heard as it happens.
This evening there will be a live broadcast of the debate.
a live concert/recording
Learner example:
In January, there is a special live concert which includes the most popular music in my country.
lively /ˈlaɪv.li/
Word family:
Nouns: living
Verbs: live
ADJECTIVE
[B1] full of energy and interest
It's hard work teaching a class of lively children.
a lively city
They take a lively interest in their grandchildren.
There was some lively discussion at the meeting.
Learner example:
Paris is very lively all day long and at night.
liver /ˈlɪv.ər/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a large organ in your body that cleans your blood
Dictionary example:
He has something wrong with his liver.
Learner example:
The odd glass of wine is fine but every day is damaging and can ruin your liver.
1298
living /ˈlɪv.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: living
Verbs: live
ADJECTIVE
[B2] alive now
living things/creatures/organisms
He is probably the best known living architect.
Learner example:
Environmental protection activists point out that living creatures shouldn't be deprived of their
natural background and most endangered species could be saved from extinction by creating
more national parks.
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B2] the money that you earn from your job
What do you do for a living?
You can earn/make a good living in sales if you have the right attitude.
Learner example:
You should try to earn a living [from] painting.
load /ləʊd/
Word family:
Nouns: load, overload
Verbs: load, unload
NOUN [C]
a load/loads INFORMAL
[B1] a lot
I've got a load of work to get through before tomorrow.
There were loads of people there.
Have some more food - there's loads.
She looks loads better with her new haircut.
Learner example:
We went to loads of beautiful places.
1299
AMOUNT CARRIED
[B2] something that is carried, often by a vehicle
The maximum load for this elevator is eight persons.
One truck involved in the accident was carrying a heavy load of coal.
Learner example:
Quite honestly I think that you are pulling too big a load.
VERB [I or T]
VEHICLE
[B2] to put a lot of things into a vehicle or machine
How long will it take to load this sand onto the lorry?
Let's load up the car and then we can go.
to load the dishwasher/washing machine
Learner example:
Thus the situation was rather dramatic, the lorry had to be loaded before the sun rose.
MACHINE
[B2] to put information or a program onto a computer
Dictionary example:
You need to load this program onto your computer.
Learner example:
The shop keeper loaded 12 games [onto] it which I chose.
loaf /ləʊf/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL loaves)

[B2] bread that has been baked in one large piece so that it can be cut into smaller
pieces
Dictionary example:
a loaf of bread
Learner example:
I was often sent by my mother to the next shop to buy a loaf of bread, some milk and sometimes
fruit and vegetables.
1300
loan /ləʊn/
NOUN [C]
MONEY
[B1] money that someone has borrowed
She's trying to get a £30 000 loan to start her own business.
We could apply for/take out a loan to buy a car.
Learner example:
From [the programme] they learn a lot about funding or [getting a] loan from [a] bank.
on loan
[C1] If something is on loan, someone is borrowing it.
Dictionary example:
Both paintings are on loan from the city museum.
Learner example:
For example, you can always take out on loan any video you like from our cent[re].
lobby /ˈlɒb.i/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an area inside the main entrance of a building
the hotel lobby
I'll meet you in the lobby at 5.30.
Learner example:
He unpacked his things, took a shower and went to the lobby [to] wait for Hanna.
local /ˈləʊ.kəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] relating to an area near you
1301
a local accent
local issues
a local newspaper/radio station
Most of the local population depend on fishing for their income.
Our children all go to the local school.
Many local shops will be forced to close if the new supermarket is built.
Learner example:
You could go walking in the countryside, try water sports, enjoy the local food (especially the
"galettes") and visit the city of Rennes.
locate /ləʊˈkeɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: location
Verbs: locate, relocate
VERB [T]
be located in/near/on/etc.
[B1] to be in a particular place
Dictionary example:
Our office is located in the city centre.
Learner example:
It's located in the heart of Puebla and it's really wonderful.
FIND
[B2] to find or discover the exact position of something
Dictionary example:
Police are still trying to locate the suspect.
Learner example:
He tried to locate the wall and took a calm step forward.
location /ləʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: location
NOUN [C]
PLACE
[B1] a place or position
1302
The hotel is in a lovely location overlooking the lake.
A map showing the location of the property will be sent to you.
Learner example:
The village is in a peaceful location, within minutes of a safe lake, and an hour from a pretty town.
on location
[C1] If a film or television programme is made on location, it is made at a place
suitable to the story.
Dictionary example:
The movie was shot on location in Kenya.
Learner example:
We can't help mentioning the nice shots on location.
lock /lɒk/
Word family:
Nouns: lock
Verbs: lock, unlock
NOUN [C]
[B1] the thing that is used to close a door, window, etc., and that needs a key to
open it
I heard someone turn a key in the lock.
safety locks
Thieves got in by smashing the lock off the door.
Learner example:
I put my £10 in the drawer with a lock the day before.
VERB
WITH KEY
[B1] [I or T] to fasten something with a key, or to be fastened with a key
Don't forget to lock the door when you go out.
If you shut the door, it will lock automatically.
Learner example:
Yesterday at about 11.10 p.m. I went to lock my garage.
1303
lock sth/sb away/in, etc.
[B2] to put something or someone in a place or container that is fastened with a
key
She locked herself in her bedroom.
Most of my jewellery is locked away in a safe.
Learner example:
When Mary asked her not to reveal the secret, Pat ran away, w[ent] home, [and] locked herself in
her bedroom.
log /lɒg/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a thick piece of tree trunk or branch, especially one cut for burning on a fire
Dictionary example:
Let's put another log on the fire.
Learner example:
People used to cook with fire logs [but] they don't do it any more.
VERB
log in/on PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to connect a computer to a system of computers by typing your name and

often a password, usually so that you can start working
Dictionary example:
I tried to log in as normal but nothing happened.
Learner example:
Well you need a computer and you have to log on [to] the Internet.
log off/out PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to stop a computer being connected to a computer system, usually when you
want to stop working
Dictionary example:
We were all asked to log off while some changes were made to the system.
Learner example:
I know that most students just log off the computers, but they [are] still switch[ed] on and [use]
energy.
1304
logic /ˈlɒdʒ.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: logic
Adjectives: logical
Adverbs: logically
NOUN [U]
[C1] the use of reason, or the science of using reason
I fail to see the logic behind his argument.
If prices go up, wages will go up too - that's just logic.
There's no logic in the decision to reduce staff when orders are the highest for years.
Learner example:
It lacked any logic or interest for me.
logical /ˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: logic
Adjectives: logical
Adverbs: logically
ADJECTIVE
[B2] using reason
Dictionary example:
a logical choice/conclusion
Learner example:
When someone is logical and smart and loves life, he is not in danger when he drives a car.
logo /ˈləʊ.gəʊ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a design or symbol used by a company to advertise its products
Dictionary example:
a corporate logo
Learner example:
That strange-looking man was wearing [a] black jumper, blue jeans, black trainers and [a] black
baseball cap with [the] white Nike logo.
1305
loneliness /ˈləʊn.li.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: loneliness
Adjectives: lonely
NOUN [U]
[C1] the state of being lonely
Dictionary example:
I wasn't prepared for the loneliness of living in a small village.
Learner example:
Frankenstein is a book that explores the feelings of loneliness and solitude, and the consequences
that this has on human relationships.
lonely /ˈləʊn.li/
Word family:
Nouns: loneliness
Adjectives: lonely
ADJECTIVE
PERSON
[B1] unhappy because you are not with other people
She gets lonely now that all the kids have left home.
the lonely life of a farmer
Learner example:
If they had not been there, I would have been very lonely.
PLACE
[B2] A lonely place is a long way from where people live.
Dictionary example:
a lonely stretch of Arizona highway
Learner example:
In this lonely place strange things happened.
long /lɒŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: longing
Verbs: long
1306
ADVERB
all day long

[B1] for the whole day
Dictionary example:
We've been walking all day long.
Learner example:
Oh, I almost forgot to tell you about my Japanese stones where I listen to music all day long.
as/so long as
[B1] used to say that something must happen before something else can happen
I can come as long as I can leave by 4.00.
Bring your friends by all means - just so long as I know how many are coming.
Learner example:
The colo[u]rs I wear are not important, as long as I don't wear any pink clothes. I really dislike that
colo[u]r.
no longer
[B1] in the past but not now
The cinema is no longer used.
She doesn't work here any longer.
Learner example:
The main reason is that my wife got pregnant [and] therefore [a] one-bedroom house is no longer
suitable for us.
before (very/too) long

[B2] soon
Dictionary example:
They'll be home before very long.
Learner example:
Before long they realized that most of the animals which lived there could be big bu[si]ness in
Europe.
for long
[C1] for a long time
Dictionary example:
Have you been waiting for long?
Learner example:
There're departures every half an hour to the city centre, so you won't have to wait for long.
1307
long ago
[C1] If something happened long ago, it happened a great amount of time ago.
I think we met once, long ago.
It was not long ago that I last saw him.
Learner example:
Not so long ago, you could ring each Dutch doorbell of your choice at 6 pm and you'd f[i]nd the
whole family gathered around the kitchen table, having their supper.
long-distance /ˌlɒŋˈdɪs.tənts/
[B2] travelling or communicating between two places that are a long way apart
a long-distance runner
long-distance lorry drivers
a long-distance phone call
Learner example:
I've also made some long-distance call[s] which I'd like to pay for.
long-term /ˌlɒŋˈtɜːm/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] continuing a long time into the future
long-term unemployment
long-term care for the seriously ill
the long-term effects of the drug
Learner example:
I was deeply impressed by the long-term cooperation between the zoo and the school.
long term /ˈlɒŋˌtɜːm/
NOUN
in the long term

[B2] over a period of time that continues a long way into the future
1308
Dictionary example:
This decision may make financial sense now, but it will have serious consequences in the long
term.
Learner example:
I understand this is a big investment but I can see the advantage [of] easier communication and a
better environment. In the long term this [will be] more economical for us.
long-time /ˈlɒŋ.taɪm/
[C1] describes someone who has been in a particular position for a long period
Dictionary example:
A long-time friend of the chairman said she had expected the resignation.
Learner example:
I have now known her for 13 years both as a student and on a familiar level, since I am a long-
time friend [of] her husband's.
look /lʊk/
Word family:
Nouns: look
Verbs: look, overlook
VERB
look like
[B1] used to describe the appearance of a person or thing
He looked like a drug addict.
That building looks just like a giant gherkin.
Learner example:
It was dark on [the] street but I remember [what] the thief looked like.
it looks like/as if
[B1] used to say that something is likely to happen
It looks like there'll only be three of us going on Sunday.
It looks as if it's going to rain.
Learner example:
It's cold and I think I will have to buy an umbrella because it looks as if it'll rain.
1309
look as if/as though
[B2] used to describe the appearance of a person or thing
Bradley looked as if he had seen a ghost.
She looked as though she was going to cry.
Learner example:
The dress is made of bright blue silk, it's long and looks as if it was [made] for [a] queen.
DIRECTION
[B2] [I] to face a particular direction
The garden looks south.
This window looks out onto the lake.
Learner example:
I [would] like a room which looks out onto the garden.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
thoughts.
NOUN
SEE
[B1] [C] when you look at someone or something
She gave him a look of real dislike.
Take a (good) look at this picture and see if you recognize anyone.
Can I have a look at your dictionary?
Learner example:
I went to have a look and I was very surprised!
SEARCH
[B1] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] when you look for someone or something
Dictionary example:
I had another look for the watch, but couldn't find it.
Learner example:
Should I have a look for cheap hotels?
1310
APPEARANCE
[B2] [C] an expression on someone's face
She had a worried look about her.
She gave me a questioning look.
Learner example:
China was attacking France, everyone started screaming, and the look of panic on my history
teacher['s] face was almost funny.
the look of sb/sth

[B2] the appearance of someone or something
They liked the look of the hotel, but it was too expensive.
I don't like the look of that fence.
Learner example:
We have to make it more attractive to them by improving the look of our town.
FASHION
[C1] [NO PLURAL] a style or fashion
Dictionary example:
thenew look for the summer
Learner example:
Shopping [...] gives you a feeling of being in another world, a world where dreams can come true
- dreams of becoming more beautiful by buying new clothes and accessories for the new look you
have always wanted.
loose /luːs/
Word family:
Verbs: loosen
Adjectives: loose
ADJECTIVE
CLOTHES
[B1] large and not fitting tightly
Dictionary example:
Wear comfortable, loose clothing to your exercise class.
Learner example:
I even like wearing loose T-shirts.
1311
NOT FIXED
[B2] not firmly fixed in position
Her hair was hanging loose about her shoulders.
The nails in the bridge had worked themselves loose.
There were some loose wires hanging out of the wall.
Learner example:
I now wear my long hair loose and I [have] dyed it black.
lorry /ˈlɒr.i/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large vehicle used for transporting goods
Dictionary example:
a long-distance lorry driver
Learner example:
When the lorries of the Recycling Service don't come on time, there are piles of papers and plastic
bottles [outside] our block of flats.
lose /luːz/ (lost, lost)
Word family:
Nouns: loss
Verbs: lose
Adjectives: lost
VERB
NOT HAVE
[B1] [T] to stop having something that you had before
At least 600 staff will lose their jobs if the firm closes.
He lost his leg in a car accident.
She lost her mother last year.
Learner example:
Actually, I lost my job last week.
NOT WIN
[B1] [I or T] to fail to succeed in a game, competition, etc.
1312
If we lose this game, we're out of the championship.
They're losing 3-1.
They lost to Arsenal.
Everyone hates losing an argument.
They hadn't lost an election in fifteen years.
Learner example:
We were in the final, but we lost it.
HAVE LESS
[B1] [T] to have less of something than you had before
I'm trying to lose weight.
He's losing his hair.
She lost a lot of blood in the accident.
to lose your memory/sight
Learner example:
I want to borrow your bicycle becau[s]e I am getting fat and I need it to do some training to lose
weight.
lose your life

[B2] to die
Dictionary example:
Millions of young men lost their lives in the war.
Learner example:
A man who ha[s] experience after a lot of years driving [is less likely] to lose his life in an accident
than another new driver.
lose interest/patience, etc.

[B2] to stop feeling something good
I'm rapidly losing interest in the whole subject.
He kept on crying and I lost my patience.
Learner example:
Moreover the microphone suddenly wouldn't work anymore, and even though I desperately tried
to speak up, people began to lose interest in both my speech and me and simply started to talk to
each other instead.
lose your temper

[B2] to suddenly become angry
Dictionary example:
The children behaved so badly that I lost my temper.
1313
Learner example:
Yesterday, I must confess, I lost my temper with my son.
TIME/OPPORTUNITY
[B2] [T] to waste something such as time or an opportunity
Four million hours were lost last year through stress-related illnesses.
We lost valuable time stuck in traffic.
Because of illness, she lost the chance of a place in the team.
Learner example:
You lose a lot of time when you have to find a place to park.
lose touch
[B2] to stop communicating with someone, usually because they do not live near
you now
Dictionary example:
We lost touch over the years.
Learner example:
When he went into the information centre, he saw Mary, wh[o] he used to go out with - [for] some
reason, they [had] lost touch with each other.
lose track
[B2] to not know what is happening to someone or something any more
Dictionary example:
I've lost track of how much we've spent.
Learner example:
Time passed like an arrow and they lost track of time until they realised it started to getting dark.
lose your voice

[B2] to become unable to speak, often because of an illness
Dictionary example:
She had a bad cold and was losing her voice.
Learner example:
I immediately became agitated and at the precise moment of my speech I lost my voice
completely.
MONEY
[C1] to make less money than you spend
He lost a lot of money on the house sale.
Her company lost over £2 million last year.
1314
Learner example:
The reported information about the income was completely wrong; in fact, the target figure we
had set has been fully reached and this obviously means that the hospital didn't lose any money.
lose your head

[C1] to stop being calm in a difficult situation
Dictionary example:
I saw the fire and I lost my head.
Learner example:
She has never lost her head in dangerous s[i]tuations and she always knows what to do.
loss /lɒs/
Word family:
Nouns: loss
Verbs: lose
Adjectives: lost
NOUN
NOT HAVING
[B2] [C or U] when you no longer have something or have less of something
Many parents feel a sense of loss when their children leave home.
He suffered a gradual loss of memory.
There will be substantial job losses if the factory closes down.
blood/hair/weight loss
Learner example:
I had been working on this manuscript for an article in a computer magazine on the topic "How to
prevent loss of data if the electric power is cut of[f]."
DEATH
[B2] ! [C or U] the death of a person
Dictionary example:
They never got over the loss of their son.
Learner example:
And so John remained alone, haunted by the terrible loss.
MONEY
[C1] [C] when a business spends more money than it earns
Dictionary example:
The company announced a pre-tax loss of three million pounds.
1315
Learner example:
It suffered a major loss over a period of 15 years, roughly from 1978 to 1994.
lost /lɒst/
Word family:
Nouns: loss
Verbs: lose
Adjectives: lost
ADJECTIVE
OBJECT
[B1] If something is lost, no one knows where it is.
Things tend to get lost when you move house.
Lost: a black cat with white paws
Mikey turned up with the lost book.
Learner example:
He went to that tree and the[re] it was, the lost suitcase.
be lost without sb/sth

[C1] INFORMAL to be unable to live or work without someone or something
Dictionary example:
She's lost without her computer.
Learner example:
It showed us how we would be lost without this transportation system.
NEW SITUATION
[C1] not knowing what to do in a new situation
Dictionary example:
It was his first day in the office and he seemed a bit lost.
Learner example:
I would recommend a visit [to] a restaurant or the theatre the first evening. I can imagine that
some of the guests felt a bit lost.
lottery /ˈlɒt.ər.i/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a way of making money by selling numbered tickets to people who then have a
chance of winning a prize if their number is chosen
1316
Dictionary example:
We always do the lottery on Saturdays.
Learner example:
I got a phone [call] from a lottery company and they said I [had] won [the] lottery with [a] 100
million dollar [prize].
loud /laʊd/
Word family:
Adjectives: loud
ADVERB
[B1] loudly
Dictionary example:
Could you speak a little louder, please?
Learner example:
I cried louder.
out loud
[B1] If you say or read something out loud, you say or read it so that other people
can hear you.
Dictionary example:
I had to read the essay out loud in front of the whole school.
Learner example:
She wouldn't accept it so I read [it] out loud for her to hear: "Director, Jason Meyer, and producer,
Sami Woods, are receiving...".
loudly /ˈlaʊd.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: loud
ADVERB
[B1] in a way that makes a lot of noise
Dictionary example:
They were all talking loudly.
Learner example:
The only thing is that he fel[l] asleep at the end of the day and he was snoring loudly!
1317
lounge /laʊndʒ/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a room in a hotel, theatre, airport, etc. where people can relax or wait
Dictionary example:
Drinks were served in the lounge.
Learner example:
In the central lounge you'll find an automatic bus ticket machine.
love /lʌv/
Word family:
Nouns: love, lover
Verbs: love
Adjectives: lovely
NOUN
FRIENDS/FAMILY
[B1] [U] when you like a friend or person in your family very much
Nothing is as strong as the love you have for your kids.
"I'm seeing Laura next week." "Oh, please give her my love".
Learner example:
Give my love to your family. All the best,
ROMANCE/SEX
[B1] [U] when you like someone very much and have romantic or sexual feelings for
them
He's madly in love with her.
She fell in love with her friend's brother.
"I've been seeing him over a year now." "Is it love?"
How's your love life these days?
Learner example:
I fell in love with him.
PERSON
[B1] [C] a person that you love and feel attracted to
1318
He was the love of my life.
She was my first love.
Learner example:
It was from the love of my life.
INTEREST
[B2] [C or U] something that interests you a lot
I don't share my boyfriend's love of sport.
Music is one of her greatest loves.
Learner example:
Both of them symbolize courage, love of justice, fight for freedom, which makes them look like
heroes.
lover /ˈlʌv.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: love, lover
Verbs: love
Adjectives: lovely
NOUN [C]
SEX
[B1] If two people are lovers, they have a sexual relationship but they are not
married.
They were friends before they became lovers.
She had a string of lovers before her marriage finally broke up.
Learner example:
I was reading "Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare when I suddenly decided to leave and visit
Verona, the lovers' city.
a book/cat/dog, etc. lover

[B1] someone who is very interested in books, cats, dogs, etc.
Dictionary example:
an opera lover
Learner example:
Brazil is a very big country and perfect for nature lovers.
1319
low /ləʊ/
Word family:
Verbs: lower
Adjectives: low
ADJECTIVE
NOT HIGH
[B1] not high
a low fence
low ceilings
Learner example:
When I stay [at] home, I wear jeans, t-shirts, [and] trainers or low shoes.
BAD QUALITY
[B2] of bad quality, especially when referring to something that is not as good as it
should be
low standards/quality
I have rather a low opinion of him.
Learner example:
However, it is necessary to add that few people could afford much food because of poverty and
the low quality of life which they had.
SOUND
[B2] deep or quiet
a low voice
a low note
Learner example:
Right after I had said that, I noticed that someone was pointing at me with a gun, [and] a low voice
said: 'If I were you I wouldn't move, follow me'.
NOT IMPORTANT
[C1] not important or powerful
He held a low rank in the army.
New furniture is a very low priority at the moment.
Learner example:
Luminaries claim that the team spirit and the sense of competition have vanished, and it has been
proven that exercise has a low priority compared to other recreational activities.
1320
UNHAPPY
[C1] unhappy and without energy
Dictionary example:
Illness of any sort can leave you feeling low.
Learner example:
She never feels low and I am in high spirits being with her because she has got a sense of
humour.
keep a low profile

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
ADVERB
[B1] at or to a small amount or level
Temperatures can fall as low as -20 degrees.
Can you turn the heating a bit lower?
Learner example:
The lights are down low.
lower /ˈləʊ.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: lower
Adjectives: low
VERB [T]
MOVE
[B2] to move something into a low position
They lowered the coffin into the grave.
Heavily pregnant by now, she lowered herself carefully into the chair.
He lowered his eyes in embarrassment when he saw me.
Learner example:
But when she asked who wanted to be a cleaner, nobody raised his hand and I felt so [a]shame[d]
that I lowered my head.
1321
REDUCE
[B2] to reduce the amount or level of something
Interest rates have been lowered again.
Boil for 5 minutes, then lower the heat and simmer for half an hour.
Please lower your voice.
We will never lower our standards.
Learner example:
This should be done by lowering taxes and preparing other incentives for potential investors.
loyal /ˈlɔɪ.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: loyalty
Adjectives: loyal, disloyal
ADJECTIVE
[B2] always liking and supporting someone or something, sometimes when other
people do not
Jack has been a loyal worker in this company for almost 50 years.
When all her other friends deserted her, Steve remained loyal.
She's very loyal to her friends.
Learner example:
One of the most beautiful things [i]n the world is true and loyal friendship.
loyalty /ˈlɔɪ.əl.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: loyalty
Adjectives: loyal, disloyal
NOUN [U]
[B2] the quality of being loyal
His loyalty was never in question.
Her loyalty to the cause is impressive.
Learner example:
What I can say is that [pets] [ar]e ideal when they obey and show loyalty to you.
1322
luck /lʌk/
Word family:
Nouns: luck
Adjectives: lucky, unlucky
Adverbs: luckily
NOUN [U]
SUCCESS
[B2] success
Have you had any luck with booking your flight?
He tried to get into Harvard but with no luck.
Then I met this gorgeous woman and I couldn't believe my luck.
Learner example:
As you might suppose, I couldn't believe my luck when I found out that I'd won first prize in the
competition.
be in luck INFORMAL
[C1] to be lucky or to be able to have or do what you want
Dictionary example:
"Do you have any tuna sandwiches?" "You're in luck - there's one left."
Learner example:
I was in luck, because my friend, who lived in the same area, had his private car and gave me a lift
every day.
luckily /ˈlʌk.ə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: luck
Adverbs: luckily
ADVERB
[B1] in a lucky way
Dictionary example:
Luckily, I had some money with me.
Learner example:
Luckily, the weather was nice.
1323
lucky /ˈlʌk.i/
Word family:
Nouns: luck
Adverbs: luckily
ADJECTIVE
GIVING LUCK
[B1] If an object is lucky, some people believe that it gives you luck.
Dictionary example:
I chose six - it's my lucky number.
Learner example:
I lost my lucky pencil.
lung /lʌŋ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of the two organs inside your chest that are used for breathing
Dictionary example:
lung cancer
Learner example:
People suffering from lung diseases go there to be cured.
luxurious /lʌkˈʃʊə.ri.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: luxury
Adjectives: luxurious
ADJECTIVE
[C1] very comfortable and expensive
They have a very luxurious house.
luxurious fabrics
Learner example:
As far as the hotel is concerned, I feel that it wasn't a luxurious one.
1324
luxury /ˈlʌk.ʃər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: luxury
Adjectives: luxurious
NOUN
COMFORT
[B1] [U] great comfort or pleasure from expensive or beautiful things
a luxury cruise
a luxury hotel
to live in luxury
Learner example:
I'm staying in a luxury hotel overlooking [the] sea.
THING THAT GIVES PLEASURE
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] something which gives you a lot of pleasure but which you cannot
often do or have
Dictionary example:
A day off work is such a luxury.
Learner example:
I think that to have this museum is a luxury for our city and we must visit [it].
EXPENSIVE THING
[C1] [C] something expensive which is pleasant to have but is not necessary
luxuries, such as champagne and chocolate
I like to buy myself little luxuries from time to time.
Learner example:
At the time, [the] majority [of] consumers had no money to spend on luxuries.
lyrics /ˈlɪr.ɪks/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] the words of a song
Dictionary example:
I've downloaded the lyrics of that song you like.
1325
Learner example:
One of the greatest [of] these musicians is Caetano Veloso, whose lyrics and melodies [touch] the
hearts and souls of music lovers in Brazil and all around the world.
1326
M
machinery /məˈʃiː.nə.ri/
Word family:
Nouns: machine, machinery
NOUN [U]
[C1] machines, often large machines
Dictionary example:
industrial/farm machinery
Learner example:
The use of heavy machinery is more and more frequent and consequently the amount of petrol
used [is higher].
mad /mæd/ (madder, maddest)
ADJECTIVE
CRAZY
[B1] INFORMAL stupid or crazy

You're mad to walk home alone at this time of night.
He must be mad spending so much money on a T-shirt.
Some of the things she does are completely mad.
Learner example:
But then my other friends came [to] where we were and said the same [thing]. I think they were
[all] mad.
be mad about sb/sth

[B1] INFORMAL to love someone or something
They only met a month ago but he's mad about her.
Jo's mad about skiing.
Learner example:
You know, I hate pink, but my mother is really mad about pink.
1327
ILL
[B1] mentally ill
I think I must be going mad.
He went mad with grief.
Do I look like some mad old woman in this hat?
Learner example:
The movie was about [a] guy that was mad.
like mad
[B2] a lot
Dictionary example:
The band practised like mad before their first concert.
Learner example:
It was raining like mad, so we were wet to the skin.
madam /ˈmæd.əm/
NOUN
WOMAN
[B1] a formal and polite way of speaking to a woman
Dictionary example:
Can I help you, Madam?
Learner example:
[An] old woman came in the shop and quietly put my suitcase near to me and she said "Excuse
me, Madam, it's your suitcase. I saw somebody t[ake] it.
Dear Madam
[B2] a way of beginning a formal letter to a woman whose name you do not know
Dictionary example:
Dear Madam, I am writing to inform you...
Learner example:
Dear Sir or Madam, With reference to your newspaper report of 17th July, I am writing to correct
some points in this report.
1328
magic /ˈmædʒ.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: magic
Adjectives: magic, magical
NOUN [U]
SPECIAL QUALITY
[B2] a quality that makes something or someone seem special or exciting
Dictionary example:
No one could fail to enjoy the magic of this wonderful city.
Learner example:
But everyone [was] thinking of the elections and couldn't feel the "magic" of Christmas Day...
ADJECTIVE
SPECIAL POWERS
[B1] with special powers that make impossible things happen
The witch put a magic spell on the prince and turned him into a frog.
There's no magic solution to the problem.
magical /ˈmædʒ.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: magic
Adjectives: magic, magical
ADJECTIVE
WONDERFUL
[B2] special, beautiful or exciting
It was a magical night.
The setting for the concert was quite magical.
Learner example:
I think you should go to Cracow - [a] beautiful, old city with original, historical monuments, works
of art and many cafes and jazz clubs with [a] magical atmosphere.
MAGIC
[B2] with special powers
Dictionary example:
magical powers
1329
Learner example:
We cherish the belief in a magical force outside ourselves which sooner or later will deliver us
these dreams.
magistrate /ˈmædʒ.ɪ.streɪt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a type of judge who deals with less serious crimes
Dictionary example:
The case will be heard by a magistrate.
Learner example:
In public life women have reached positions as magistrates, coun[cillo]rs and ministers.
magnetic /mægˈnet.ɪk/
ADJECTIVE
METAL
[C1] with the power of a magnet
Dictionary example:
a magnetic field
Learner example:
The worst of all is that even little children of the age of nine or ten years old now have their own
mobile phone which makes them totally irresponsible and especially affected [by] the magnetic
energy the phone has, which is very harmful to children.
PERSONALITY
[C1] having a character that attracts people to you
Dictionary example:
He has a magnetic personality.
Learner example:
Ivan has a magnetic personality, which draws people to him.
magnificent /mægˈnɪf.ɪ.sənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: magnificent
Adverbs: magnificently
1330
ADJECTIVE
[B1] very good or very beautiful
a magnificent view
They live in a magnificent old house.
He gave a magnificent performance.
Learner example:
Next, we went to [a] for[e]st. [I]n the middle was a lake and the sight was magnificent.
magnificently /mægˈnɪf.ɪ.sənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: magnificent
Adverbs: magnificently
ADVERB
[C1] extremely well
Dictionary example:
I thought she coped magnificently.
Learner example:
This small drawback did not affect either the dance display or the horse show, which were both
performed magnificently.
main /meɪn/
Word family:
Adjectives: main
Adverbs: mainly
MOST IMPORTANT
[B1] most important or largest
The main airport is 15 miles from the capital.
One of the main reasons I came to England was to study the language.
You'll find the main points of my proposal in the report.
Our main aim/objective is to improve the company's productivity.
The main problem in the health service is lack of resources.
Learner example:
However, the main reason, I must admit, was that I wanted to meet new people, make new friends
and the college is the best place for meeting interesting people.
1331
the main thing
[B2] the most important fact in a situation
Dictionary example:
You're happy and that's the main thing.
Learner example:
The main thing is to be happy and to love yourself.
mainly /ˈmeɪn.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: main
Adverbs: mainly
ADVERB
[B1] mostly or to a large degree
The waitresses are mainly French.
They argued that the tax will mainly benefit the rich.
Learner example:
I often wear jeans, mainly blue jeans.
maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: maintenance
Verbs: maintain
VERB [T]
CONTINUE TO HAVE
[B2] to make a situation or activity continue in the same way
The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region.
We have standards to maintain.
The two countries have maintained close links over the years.
Learner example:
To sum up, I consider that although the role of footballers is less important than the need [for]
doctors, they should not be paid less than doctors, in order to maintain the high quality of this
game.
KEEP IN GOOD CONDITION
[B2] to keep a road, machine, building, etc. in good condition
1332
A large house costs a lot to maintain.
The roads generally are very poorly maintained.
Learner example:
Due to my education and my experience in maintaining machines, I am sure that I can do a good
job in your club.
maintenance /ˈmeɪn.tə.nənts/
Word family:
Nouns: maintenance
Verbs: maintain
NOUN [U]
[B2] the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition
car maintenance classes
Old houses require too much maintenance.
I need a garden that's very low maintenance.
Learner example:
Many people can't afford to have a car as maintenance is very expensive.
major /ˈmeɪ.dʒər/
Word family:
Nouns: majority
Adjectives: major
[B2] more important, bigger or more serious than others of the same type
This is a major problem for people in this region.
Sugar is a major cause of tooth decay.
America has played a major role in the peace process.
Citrus fruits are a major source of vitamin C.
There has been a major change in attitudes recently.
Learner example:
Some major changes are really necessary.
1333
majority /məˈdʒɒr.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: majority
Adjectives: major
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B2] more than half of a group of people or things
The majority of our employees have university degrees.
A large majority of people approve of the death sentence.
The vast majority of smokers claim they would like to give up.
In Britain women are in the majority.
the majority decision
Learner example:
However the majority of the teachers found that buying movies was not a good idea.
make /meɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: maker
Verbs: make
VERB [T] (made, made)
CAUSE
[B1] to cause something to happen or cause a particular state
What made you change your mind?
He really makes me laugh.
This photograph makes me look about 80!
It makes me so angry when he says that.
This heat makes me very tired.
Learner example:
It's so funny and it makes me laugh.
make sb do sth
[B1] to force someone or something to do something
I made him tidy his room.
You can't make him go if he doesn't want to.
Learner example:
I could make him wait a little.
1334
make up your mind or make your mind up
[B1] to make a decision
I haven't made up my mind whether to apply for the job yet.
They couldn't make their minds up about where to go on holiday.
Learner example:
The place was so dirty that I made up my mind to change it by buy[ing] something useful.
ARRIVE
[B1] INFORMAL to manage to arrive at a place

I'm afraid I can't make the meeting this afternoon.
She made it to the airport just in time to catch her plane.
Learner example:
My car is broken so I can't make it.
make a face
[B1] to show with your face that you do not like someone or something
Dictionary example:
Joe made a face when he saw what was for lunch.
Learner example:
Making a face, I slapped my forehead.
make friends (with sb)

[B1] to begin to know and like someone
He finds it difficult to make friends.
He's made friends with a boy in his class called Alex.
Learner example:
Although I didn't know anyone in this club, I immediately made friends with Maria and Rosaria.
EARN
[B2] to earn
She makes around £50 000 a year as a doctor.
How do you make a living as a painter?
Both companies have made huge profits/losses.
Learner example:
The truth is that our grandparents worked very hard to make a living.
1335
make the/sb's bed
[B2] to put sheets and covers on a bed or to make the sheets and covers on a bed
neat
Have you made the bed?
The kids don't always have time to make their beds before school.
Learner example:
Driving through the mountains we didn't reach the cabin until late at night. So we just made the
beds and went off to sleep.
make the most of sth

[B2] to take full advantage of something because it may not last long
Dictionary example:
We should make the most of this good weather.
Learner example:
Remember, always try to make the most of your life.
make the best of sth

[B2] to try to be positive about a situation you do not like but cannot change
Dictionary example:
Our hotel room is pretty small, but we'll just have to make the best of it.
Learner example:
Unfortunately I don't have very much spare time so we will have to arrange it carefully in order to
make the best of your time in London.
make a (big) difference

[B2] to improve a situation (a lot)
Dictionary example:
Exercise can make a big difference to your health.
Learner example:
It wouldn't make a big difference in my life, but it would be good.
to make matters worse

[B2] to make a situation more difficult, unpleasant, etc.
Dictionary example:
To make matters worse, our car broke down!
Learner example:
To make matters worse, the newspaper said they only played for thirty-five minutes.
make a fool (out) of sb

[B2] to make someone look stupid intentionally
1336
Dictionary example:
She was always trying to make a fool out of me in front of my friends.
Learner example:
He thought I had tried to make a fool of him but no, I was really desperate to get him as my
boyfriend.
make a fool of yourself

[B2] to behave in a silly or embarrassing way
Dictionary example:
I got very excited and made a fool of myself.
Learner example:
I had to leave that shop in full embarrassment and I also made a fool of myself.
make fun of sb/sth

[B2] to make a joke about someone or something in an unkind way
Dictionary example:
The other children at school used to make fun of his hair.
Learner example:
I didn't want to tell other people because I didn't want them to make fun of me.
make sense
[B2] to have a meaning or reason that you can understand
Dictionary example:
He's written me this note but it doesn't make any sense.
Learner example:
Eighty kilometres in the mountains just to [look at] views doesn't make any sense to me.
make sense
[B2] to be a good thing to do
Dictionary example:
It makes sense to buy now while prices are low.
Learner example:
Therefore it make[s] sense to use the innovation[s].
make time
[C1] to leave enough time to do something although you are busy
You have to make time to do your homework.
He never made enough time for family life.
Learner example:
I'm terribly sorry for not being able to make time to pick you up when you arrive.
1337
SUITABLE
[C1] to have the necessary qualities to become something
He would make a really nice dad.
I wouldn't make a very good lawyer.
It's a very exciting story - it would make a great film.
Learner example:
That is why I think I would make a good judge.
make it
[C1] to be successful
Dictionary example:
Very few actors actually make it.
Learner example:
People who belong to this social [group] are much more determined to "make it" in life.
make ends meet

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
make an exception
[C1] to not treat someone or something according to the usual rules
Dictionary example:
They don't usually take cheques, but they said they'd make an exception in my case.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, they were not flexible enough to make an exception, but on the other hand we
know about the problem now and can avoid it in the future.
make yourself at home

[C1] to behave in a relaxed way in a place, as if it was your own home
Dictionary example:
Take off your coat and make yourself at home.
Learner example:
Please relax and make yourself at home and help yourself.
make a note of sth

[C1] to write down information about something
Dictionary example:
Let me make a note of your phone number.
1338
Learner example:
After talking to other members, I have made a note of the main problems they considered the
most urgent to be solved.
make a point of doing sth

[C1] to be certain that you always do a particular thing
Dictionary example:
He made a point of learning all the names of his staff.
Learner example:
I was not expecting to meet him that night, because I thought he would be busy and not have
time to talk to anyone, but being so special as he is, he made a point of talking to everybody.
make yourself understood

[C1] to say something to someone in a way that they understand
Dictionary example:
I had a little difficulty making myself understood.
Learner example:
(Find enclosed a paper slip on which I have written a destination, number of tickets, etc., in the
German language - use it just in case you can't make yourselves understood.)
maker /ˈmeɪ.kər/
Word family:
Nouns: maker
Verbs: make
NOUN [C]
[B2] the person or company that makes a product
They're the biggest maker of fast-food products in the UK.
The makers of the film will want to see a decent return on their investment.
Learner example:
NISSAN is a famous Japanese car maker as you know.
male /meɪl/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] belonging to or relating to the sex that cannot have babies
1339
a male colleague
a male giraffe
What percentage of the adult male population is unemployed?
Learner example:
I was there when I heard a male voice calling me.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a male person or animal
Dictionary example:
In 1987, 27 percent of adult males smoked.
Learner example:
I am a 30-year old Swedish male with a diploma in gardening.
mall /mɔːl/
NOUN [C] (ALSO shopping mall)

[B1] a large, usually covered, shopping area where cars are not allowed
Dictionary example:
There are plans to build a new mall in the middle of town.
Learner example:
You can go shopping too because there is a nice shopping mall in Punta del Este.
mammal /ˈmæm.əl/
NOUN [C]
[C1] an animal that feeds its babies on milk from its body
Dictionary example:
Dolphins and other sea mammals are being harmed by waste in the oceans.
Learner example:
To admire some of the sea mammals, like the dol[ph]ins and the whales, the best possible spot
would be a small, isolated Aegean isle.
1340
man /mæn/
NOUN
PEOPLE
[B2] [U] used to refer to both men and women
Dictionary example:
Man is still more intelligent than the cleverest robot.
Learner example:
Man must create the conditions so that [animals] can live, eat and procreate without strain.
manage /ˈmæn.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: management, manager
Verbs: manage
VERB
SUCCEED
[B1] [I or T] to do something or deal with something successfully
Did you manage to get any bread?
Anyway, we managed to get there on time.
I only just managed to finish on time.
Will you be able to manage without me?
I can't manage all this work on my own.
Don't worry about us - we'll manage!
Learner example:
I even phoned the bus company but I didn't manage to get the CDs back.
CONTROL
[B1] [T] to be in control of an office, shop, team, etc.
She used to manage the bookshop on King Street.
Has Tom had any experience of managing large projects?
He has managed the football team for the last five years.
Learner example:
It is [a] basketball club managed by the Director of my College.
USE TIME/MONEY
[C1] [T] to use or organize your time or money
1341
Dictionary example:
He's no good at managing his money.
Learner example:
London is the third most expensive city in the world after Tok[yo] and N.Y, so you will have to
manage your money quite carefully.
management /ˈmæn.ɪdʒ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: management, manager
Verbs: manage
NOUN [U]
[B2] the control and organization of something
The company has suffered from several years of bad management.
a management training scheme
Learner example:
I also know the basic rules of good management.
mankind /mænˈkaɪnd/
NOUN [U]
[B2] all people, considered as a group
Dictionary example:
the history of mankind
Learner example:
Since the beginning of human civilization, mankind has never ceased to be mesmerized by
folklore and stories of princes and princesses.
manner /ˈmæn.ər/
NOUN
WAY
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the way something happens or something is done
She stared at me in an accusing manner.
They dealt with the problem in a very efficient manner.
1342
Learner example:
I don't know if you [will] follow my advice, but [in] whichever manner you spend the money, I
[hope] you are glad.
manners
[B2] polite ways of behaving with other people
It's bad manners to eat with your mouth open.
It's considered good manners in some societies to leave a little food on your plate.
Learner example:
Professional waiters are polite, tolerant and show good manners.
BEHAVIOUR
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the way in which a person talks and behaves with other people
an aggressive/friendly/rude manner
As soon as he realized that we weren't going to buy anything, his whole manner changed.
Learner example:
I stared at him in anger, and the poor man, afraid of my rude manner, went out [of] the cafe.
mansion /ˈmæn.tʃən/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a very large expensive house
Dictionary example:
The street is lined with enormous mansions where the rich and famous live.
Learner example:
Do you want to live in a grand mansion, an expensive flat or even a castle?
manual /ˈmæn.ju.əl/
ADJECTIVE
PHYSICAL WORK
[B2] involving physical work rather than mental work
unskilled manual labour
750 manual workers will lose their jobs as a result of company cutbacks.
Computer-controlled robots are taking over manual jobs in many industries.
1343
Learner example:
But, on the other hand, I sometimes think that th[is] tec[h]nolog[y] [is] the cause of the end of
certain activities such as farming, or manual work.
WITH HANDS
[B2] done or operated with the hands
the manual sorting of letters
She tried to cure the pain in my knee by putting manual pressure on the joint.
Learner example:
It has both manual and automatic functions so it has a lot of possibilities.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a book that tells you how to use something or do something
Dictionary example:
You can download the manual for the computer if you need to.
Learner example:
Now I need to read some manuals at work.
manufacture /ˌmæn.jʊˈfæk.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: manufacturer, manufacturing
Verbs: manufacture
VERB [T]
[B2] to produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines
He works for a company that manufactures car parts.
The report notes a rapid decline in manufactured goods.
Learner example:
In the past I have worked in a company which manufactures computer games.
manufacturer /ˌmæn.jʊˈfæk.tʃər.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: manufacture
NOUN [C]
[B2] a company that produces goods in large numbers
1344
Dictionary example:
a shoe manufacturer
Learner example:
[A]ir pollution could be reduced if car manufacturers and companies made effective filters [for] car
exhausts and factory chimneys.
manufacturing /ˌmæn.jʊˈfæk.tʃə.rɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: manufacture
NOUN [U]
[B2] the business of producing goods in large numbers
car/food manufacturing
the manufacturing of military equipment
the manufacturing industry
Learner example:
I am a translat[o]r for a manufacturing company.
many /ˈmen.i/
DETERMINER; PRONOUN
as many as
[C1] used before a number or amount to show that the number or amount is large
Dictionary example:
As many as 6,000 people may have been infected with the disease.
Learner example:
As many as 90% of them went to [the] cinema on a regular basis in 1990, with the peak of [a] 95%
attendance rate taking place in 1996.
marathon /ˈmær.ə.θən/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a running race of slightly over 26 miles (42.195 kilometres)
1345
the London/New York marathon
She did/ran her first marathon in just under three hours.
Learner example:
How many hours of training per week are necessary if I want to run the marathon next year?
march /mɑːtʃ/
NOUN [C]
[C1] an organized walk by a group to show that they disagree with something
Dictionary example:
She's going on a march on Saturday in protest over the closure of the hospital.
Learner example:
There were protest marches and doctors, nurses, and the population forced the government to
find a solution to the problem.
VERB [I]
SHOW DISAGREEMENT
[C1] to walk through a public place as a group to show that you disagree with
something
Dictionary example:
Around twenty thousand people marched through the city today to protest against the proposed
new law.
Learner example:
This was a time of rupture, a scream for freedom, for love, and for peace. Young boys and girls
marched against war and at the same time killed themselves with drugs.
SOLDIERS' WALK
[C1] When soldiers march, they walk together with regular steps.
Dictionary example:
The soldiers marched 90 miles in three days.
Learner example:
Even when the Romans marched against Greece, the Greek people could[n't] unite against their
new and powerful enemy and that's why they were conquered.
1346
mark /mɑːk/
NOUN [C]
DIFFERENT AREA
[B2] a small area on the surface of something which is damaged, dirty or different
in some way
There were dirty marks on her trousers where she had wiped her hands.
His fingers had left marks on the table's polished surface.
She had a red mark on her arm where she'd burnt herself.
Learner example:
But one day, [when] I was about ten years old, my father had hurt me on the face and I had a blue
mark on [my] cheek.
SYMBOL
[C1] a symbol which is used for giving information
I've put a mark on the map where I think we should go for a picnic.
What do those marks in the middle of the road mean?
Learner example:
As you walk through the valley, always following the red marks on the path, you will run into
many interesting views: from climbers climbing the walls of the valley to waterfalls coming from
the top of it.
VERB
PIECE OF WORK
[B2] [I or T] to check a piece of work or an exam, showing mistakes and giving a

letter or number to say how good it is
I was up half the night marking exam papers.
You'll be marked down for poor spelling and punctuation.
Learner example:
Computers even sell tickets on stations, mark exam papers and help us to talk with people all
over the world via [the] internet.
SHOW PLACE
[B2] [T] to show where something is by drawing or putting something somewhere
I've marked my street on the map for you.
X marks the spot where the treasure is buried.
1347
Learner example:
On the map we have marked a black dot on the place where you will find the hotel.
DAMAGE/MAKE DIRTY
[C1] [T] to leave an area of dirt or damage on something
Dictionary example:
Make sure you don't mark the paintwork while you're moving the furniture around.
market /ˈmɑː.kɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: market, marketing
NOUN [C]
BUYING GROUP
[C1] all the people who want to buy a particular product, or the area where they live
Is there a market for second-hand jewellery?
Spain is our largest market.
They've increased their share of the market by 10% over the past year.
Learner example:
We had been researching the market for a year.
the labour market

[C1] the number of people who are available and willing to work
Dictionary example:
More women have entered the labour market in recent years.
Learner example:
WELCOME TO THE JUNGLE best suits [the] situation of a young Pole entering the labour market.
marketing /ˈmɑː.kɪ.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: market, marketing
NOUN [U]
[B2] work that involves encouraging people to buy a product or service
Dictionary example:
a career in marketing/sales and marketing
Learner example:
I am studying marketing now so I will be available at the end of April.
1348
marriage /ˈmær.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: marriage
Verbs: marry
Adjectives: married, unmarried
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] the legal relationship of a man and a woman being a husband and a wife, or
the ceremony where people become a husband and a wife
They had a long and happy marriage.
She went to live abroad after the break-up of her marriage.
She has two daughters by her first marriage.
a marriage certificate
Learner example:
After the marriage they go to a restaurant and eat something.
marry /ˈmær.i/
Word family:
Nouns: marriage
Verbs: marry
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to begin a legal relationship with someone as their husband or wife
Will you marry me?
They don't have any plans to marry at present.
He never married.
Learner example:
Before we left the airport, John w[h]ispered in my ear "I'm going to marry her".
martial art /ˌmɑː.ʃəlˈɑːt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of the traditional Japanese or Chinese skills of fighting, done as sports in
many countries, for example karate or kung fu
Dictionary example:
Kuk Sool Won is a martial art from Korea.
1349
Learner example:
I often practise martial arts on one of its grass[y] areas.
marvellous /ˈmɑː.vəl.əs/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely good
I thought it was a marvellous film.
It took me ages to get it right, but it was a marvellous feeling when I did.
It's marvellous how everyone's tried to help.
We've achieved some marvellous results with this new drug.
Learner example:
The weather is marvellous, it's sunny and hot.
masculine /ˈmæs.kjə.lɪn/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having qualities that are typical of men
Dictionary example:
a masculine appearance/voice
Learner example:
Life, nowadays is so hard for women: they have to cope with so many things every day, from their
children to their job, not to mention housework, and the result [of] that is that women are more
and more stressed, "masculine" I dare to say, and less and less "feminine".
mask /mɑːsk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a covering for the face which protects, hides or decorates the person wearing
it
a gas mask
a surgical mask
The bank robbers wore masks throughout the raid.
Learner example:
Suddenly five men with masks jump[ed] from nowhere into the bank and started to threat[en] us
with their guns.
1350
mass /mæs/
Word family:
Nouns: mass
Adjectives: massive, mass
NOUN
a mass of sth
[B2] a large number or amount of something
He always has a mass of books and papers on his desk.
The forest is a mass of colour in autumn.
She had a mass of blond curls.
Learner example:
But people are bewildered because of [a] mass of information.
masses
[B2] INFORMAL a lot
Dictionary example:
I've got masses of work to do.
Learner example:
Modern society [is] replacing the eliminated problems by masses of new ones.
[C1] having an effect on or involving a large number of people
They hope the new movie will appeal to a mass audience.
weapons of mass destruction
Opposition groups plan to stage mass demonstrations all over the country.
Learner example:
Television was a major step forward in the media world which combined the best of all the major
mechanisms of mass communication.
massive /ˈmæs.ɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: mass
Adjectives: massive, mass
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very large in size, amount or number
1351
They've got a massive house.
She died after taking a massive overdose of drugs.
If the drought continues, deaths will occur on a massive scale.
Learner example:
Sea pollution can be reduced if [people] take more care [with] oil tankers, to reduce massive oil
spills.
master /ˈmɑː.stər/
NOUN [C]
IN CHARGE
[B2] a man who is in charge of a servant or a dog
Dictionary example:
With careful training, a dog will obey its master completely.
Learner example:
We must [remember] that we are masters of the car not the servants of the car.
Master's (degree)
[C1] a higher university qualification
Dictionary example:
to study for a Master's degree
Learner example:
I have recently done [a] Master's Degree in International Business and of course used my laptop.
mat /mæt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a piece of thick material that you put on the floor, often in order to protect it
Dictionary example:
There's a mat by the door for you to wipe your feet on.
Learner example:
without having to be seated on folded legs like Zen monks!
1352
match /mætʃ/
NOUN
STICK
[B2] [C] a thin, wooden stick which produces a flame when you rub one end of it
against a rough surface
Dictionary example:
a box of matches
Learner example:
Finally I took all my courage and lit a match.
VERB
BE THE SAME
[B1] [I or T] If two things match, they are the same colour or type.
I can't find anything to match my green shirt.
Your socks don't match.
Learner example:
They match a T-shirt that I bought last week.
CHOOSE
[B1] [T] to choose someone or something that is suitable for a particular person,
activity or purpose
Dictionary example:
In the first exercise you have to match each capital city to its country.
BE AS GOOD AS
[C1] [T] to be as good as someone or something else
Dictionary example:
It would be difficult to match the service this airline gives to its customers.
Learner example:
In all these ways that your establishment failed to match the claims made for it in your publicity,
we feel entitled to a full refund and I therefore urge you to improve the facilities of your museum
or withdraw the advertisement to avoid further complaints.
1353
mate /meɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a friend
We've been mates since our school days.
Pete was there with a couple of mates.
She's my best mate.
Learner example:
This man was going to his mate's funeral.
material /məˈtɪə.ri.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: material, materialism, materialist
Adjectives: materialist, materialistic
NOUN
CLOTH
[B1] [C or U] cloth for making clothes, curtains, etc.
Dictionary example:
Her dress was made of a soft, silky material.
Learner example:
I like buying designer clothes because they're made of good material.
DOCUMENTS
[B1] [C or U] documents, recorded information, etc. that are used for a particular
activity
publicity material
She writes all her own teaching materials.
Learner example:
During the lesson we use a lot of useful and helpful material: tapes, video, and lots of different
books.
PHYSICAL SUBSTANCE
[B2] [C or U] a physical substance that has a particular quality or is used for a

particular purpose
1354
building materials, such as stone
Crude oil is used as the raw material for making plastics.
Learner example:
In addition, some waste materials are carried to the incinerator where they are burnt completely at
very high temperatures.
INFORMATION
[C1] [U] the facts or ideas in a piece of writing
Dictionary example:
I'm collecting material for an article that I'm writing.
Learner example:
They are mainly interested in gathering material and data.
mathematical /ˌmæθ.əˈmæt.ɪkəl/
Word family:
Nouns: maths
Adjectives: mathematical
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to mathematics
Dictionary example:
a mathematical formula
Learner example:
Furthermore, he studied the human body and invented mathematical formulas to describe his
findings.
matter /ˈmæt.ər/
NOUN
SITUATION
[B2] [C] a subject or situation that you need to think about, discuss, or deal with
Could I talk to you about a personal matter?
Alois denied any knowledge of the matter.
Will you phone me back - it's a matter of some importance.
Talking about the world's problems is one thing, but solving them is another matter altogether.
1355
Learner example:
On another matter, I'd like to tell your parents that they don't need to get me any present, but if
they insist I'd like you to pick me a novel.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
as a matter of fact
[B2] used to emphasize that something is true, especially when it is surprising
Dictionary example:
As a matter of fact, I used to live next door to him.
Learner example:
As a matter of fact I didn't enjoy Nice much.
no matter how/what/when, etc.

[B2] used to emphasize that something cannot be changed
Dictionary example:
I never manage to lose any weight, no matter how hard I try.
Learner example:
No matter where you are [or] what you do, appar[e]ntly you need electricity.
a matter of course
[C1] If something happens as a matter of course, it always happens as part of the
normal process or system.
Dictionary example:
Babies were tested for the disease as a matter of course.
Learner example:
The transform[ation] has succeeded so far and caused enormous changes in ordinary life as a
matter of course, including eating habits.
it's only a matter of time

[C1] If you say that it is only a matter of time before something happens, you are
sure it will happen but you do not know when.
Dictionary example:
It's only a matter of time before someone gets killed on this road.
Learner example:
In my opinion it is only a matter of time before it is decided to [put] an end to this country being a
kingdom.
1356
mature /məˈtjʊər/
Word family:
Adjectives: mature, immature
ADJECTIVE
[B2] Mature people behave like adults in a way that shows they are well developed
emotionally.
Dictionary example:
She seems very mature for thirteen.
Learner example:
Every time I thought of it before entering college, I expected to find intelligent, kind, [and] mature
people, [though] of course, some rude, mean and stupid people as well.
maximum /ˈmæk.sɪ.məm/
Word family:
Nouns: maximum
Verbs: maximize
Adjectives: maximum
ADJECTIVE
[B1] The maximum amount of something is the largest amount that is allowed or
possible.
maximum speed/effort/temperature
The bomb was designed to cause the maximum amount of damage.
Learner example:
[F]rom now on, my house will have maximum security (tanks, soldiers, bombs) so no one can
kidnap my family again.
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B1] the largest amount allowed or possible
The temperature will reach a maximum of 27°C today.
The school has a maximum of 30 students per class.
Learner example:
You said in your letter that you [want] to do 80 kilometres on Saturday but that is far too much.
50 kilometres is the maximum, it is enough!
1357
may /meɪ/
MODAL VERB
POSSIBLY TRUE
[B1] used to talk about what is possibly true
There may be other problems that we don't know about.
I think I may be getting a cold.
Learner example:
I know it may be difficult, because [it] is not that easy to find [a] house, but please can you do
your best and find something for us very soon.
PERMISSION
[B1] FORMAL used to ask or give permission

May I be excused, please?
"May I help myself to some more food?" "Yes, of course."
You may begin.
Hi, my name's Tiffany. How may I help you?
Learner example:
May I suggest that you book me in for the new accommodation.
may have
[B2] used to talk about things that possibly happened in the past or might possibly
have happened by a certain time in the future
The explosion may have been caused by a faulty electrical connection.
That may not have been Mike's brother you met - I think his cousin is staying with him at the
moment.
Helen may have already left by the time you arrive.
Learner example:
Besides, your report is full of mistakes, so it seem[s] to me that you may not have been well
informed.
may as well
[B2] used to suggest doing something, often when there is nothing better to do
We may as well start the meeting - the others will be here soon.
If the shops are closed, we may as well go home.
1358
may as well do sth
[C1] If you may as well do something, it will not spoil the situation if you do that
thing.
Dictionary example:
If we're not waiting for Karen, we might as well go now.
Learner example:
She turned round quickly, and then paused, seemingly unable to find her words. A few minutes
later, she began hesitantly: "After all, you may as well know.
mayor /meər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the person who is elected to be the leader of the group that governs a town or
city
Dictionary example:
the mayor of Coventry
Learner example:
As I am sure you know, my name is Jane Brown, and I am the mayor's secretary.
me /miː/
PRONOUN
take it from me
[C1] accept that what I say is true, because I know or have experienced it
Dictionary example:
You could be doing a much less interesting job, take it from me.
Learner example:
As you pro[b]ably already know, Greeks love sport so, take it from me, you won't have difficulty in
finding sports facilities of any kind, wherever you decide to go.
mean /miːn/
Word family:
Nouns: meaning
Verbs: mean
Adjectives: meaningful
1359
VERB [T] (meant, meant)
EXPRESS
[B1] to intend to express a fact or opinion
I didn't mean that as a criticism.
That's what I meant when I said he's been acting oddly.
What exactly do you mean by 'old-fashioned'?
Learner example:
Now I know what you mean when you say this island is wonderful.
HAVE IMPORTANCE
[B1] to have an important emotional effect on someone
It wasn't a valuable picture but it meant a lot to me.
Possessions mean nothing to him.
Learner example:
It's my grandfather's birthday and he means a lot to me.
INTEND
[B1] to intend
I'm sorry if I offended you - I didn't mean any harm.
Sorry, I didn't mean to interrupt!
Learner example:
But I didn't mean to scare you.
have been meaning to do sth

[B1] to have been wanting and planning to do something
Dictionary example:
I've been meaning to call you for weeks.
Learner example:
Dear Claude, I have been meaning to write for ages!
HAVE RESULT
[B1] to have or need a particular result
Lower costs mean lower prices.
These changes will mean better health care for everyone.
Advances in electronics mean that the technology is already available.
If we want to catch the 7.30 train, that will mean leaving the house at 6.00.
1360
Learner example:
This doesn't mean that you won't be able to enjoy the countryside, in fact most of these cities are
surrounded by nature, so you'll have wonderful views.
be meant for sb/sth

[C1] to be made or created for someone or something
Dictionary example:
These toys are really meant for babies.
Learner example:
Cities are meant for human activities and not for heavy traffic.
ADJECTIVE
NOT GENEROUS
[B2] A mean person does not like spending money, especially on other people.
He's too mean to buy her a ring.
My landlord's very mean with the heating - it's only on for two hours each day.
Learner example:
She was so mean that she got divorced bec[a]use she didn't want to share her money with
anybody else, although she loved her husband very much.
NOT KIND
[B2] unkind or unpleasant
Stop being so mean to me!
She just said it to be mean.
Learner example:
On the other hand people, when driving a car, can be very mean and wicked, and they sure don't
have a bit of respect for the next man.
meaning /ˈmiː.nɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: meaning
Verbs: mean
NOUN
EXPRESS
[B1] [C or U] The meaning of words, signs, or actions is what they express or

represent.
1361
The word 'squash' has several meanings.
The meaning of his gesture was clear.
His novels often have a hidden meaning.
Learner example:
If I didn't understand the meaning of a word, she told me and gave me a dictionary to look up the
words.
PURPOSE
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] purpose or emotional importance
She felt that her life had no meaning.
The birth of her first grandchild gave new meaning to her life.
the meaning of life
Learner example:
We can give meaning [to] our lives, with everyday little things.
meaningful /ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fʊl/
Word family:
Nouns: meaning
Verbs: mean
ADJECTIVE
USEFUL
[B2] useful, serious, or important
Dictionary example:
a meaningful discussion
Learner example:
First of all, I think this camp c[ould] be very meaningful for children, to be close to nature and to
understand Japan.
WITH MEANING
[B2] having a clear meaning which people can understand
Dictionary example:
The information needs to be presented in a meaningful way.
Learner example:
The music is really amazing and the lyrics are so meaningful.
1362
means /miːnz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
METHOD
[B2] a method or way of doing something
They had no means of communication.
We need to find some other means of transport.
The family had no means of support.
Learner example:
Main transport services 1. The buses This is the cheapest means of transport but I [would] not
recommend it.
by no means; not by any means

[C1] used as a way of emphasizing something negative or difficult
I'm not an expert by any means.
This is by no means the end of the matter.
Learner example:
For one thing, the fight against air pollution is by no means an easy mission.
by means of
[C1] using
Dictionary example:
She tried to explain by means of sign language.
Learner example:
Another plus of the Voiceover CD is [the] availability of teachers, who can be easily reached by
means of a telephone, but this kind of service is expensive.
meantime /ˈmiːn.taɪm/
NOUN
in the meantime
[B2] in the time between two things happening, or while something else is
happening
Dictionary example:
Your computer won't be arriving till Thursday. In the meantime, you can use Jude's.
Learner example:
In the meantime, I decided to buy a new bicycle.
1363
meanwhile /ˈmiːn.waɪl/
ADVERB
[B1] in the time between two things happening, or while something else is
happening
Carl's starting college in September. Meanwhile, he's travelling around Europe.
The mother is ill. The child, meanwhile, is living with his grandparents.
Learner example:
Meanwhile, if you agree, I can do some English exercises to cover the class that I'm going to miss.
measure /ˈmeʒ.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: measurement
Verbs: measure
VERB
FIND SIZE
[B2] [T] to discover the exact size or amount of something, or to be of a particular

size
"Will the table fit in here?" "I don't know - let's measure it."
He measured the flour into the bowl.
This machine measures your heart rate.
The area, measuring 5 miles by 3 miles, has been purchased by the army.
Learner example:
I measured how long they played [for], because I was one of the group's fans.
BE SIZE
[C1] to be a certain size
Dictionary example:
a whale measuring around 60 feet in length.
Learner example:
Both [are] of navy-blue col[ou]r measuring about 32 cm high and 14 cm wide and both have a
white ribbon attached to the handle.
NOUN
METHOD
[B2] [C] a way of achieving something or dealing with a situation
1364
These measures were designed to improve car safety.
We must take preventative measures to stop the spread of the disease.
This arrangement is only a temporary measure.
security measures
Learner example:
There are a lot of measures that we have taken in [the] last three years.
measurement /ˈmeʒ.ə.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: measurement
Verbs: measure
NOUN
SIZE
[B2] [C OFTEN PLURAL] the exact size, shape, degree or strength of something which
you discover by measuring it
The measurements of both rooms were identical.
They've taken measurements of air quality around the bus station.
Learner example:
We sat day and night to document the results of our measurements of polluted ground all over
Sweden.
mechanical /məˈkæn.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: mechanic, mechanism
Adjectives: mechanical
ADJECTIVE
MACHINES
[B2] relating to or operated by machines
a mechanical device
a mechanical engineer
The plane appears to have crashed because of a mechanical problem.
Learner example:
First of all, the car had a mechanical defect and I needed to stay almost five hours in an old and
dirty garage, waiting [for] the car to be fixed.
1365
mechanism /ˈmek.ə.nɪz.əm/
Word family:
Nouns: mechanic, mechanism
Adjectives: mechanical
NOUN [C]
PART OF EQUIPMENT
[C1] a part of a piece of equipment that does a particular job
Dictionary example:
The clock's winding mechanism had broken.
Learner example:
Most chairs' adjusting mechanism failed to work properly and they are not comfortable to sit on.
SYSTEM
[C1] a system for achieving something, or the way that a system works
Dictionary example:
We need a mechanism for resolving this sort of dispute.
Learner example:
The definition of market here not only means a traditional marketplace for goods exchange and
barter, but it extends further to a supply-sell mechanism which domina[te]s the normal liv[es] of
all [in]habitants.
medal /ˈmed.əl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a metal disc given as a prize in a competition or given to someone who has
been very brave
an Olympic medal
She won three gold medals.
He was awarded a medal for bravery.
Learner example:
[T]hey can also take part in sport[s] competitions and win a medal.
1366
media /ˈmiː.di.ə/
NOUN [+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB]
the media
[B2] newspapers, magazines, radio and television considered as a group
the local/national media
media attention/coverage/hype/reports
The issue has been much discussed in the media.
Learner example:
All things considere[d], I don't want the media to reveal their private life.
medical /ˈmed.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: medicine, medication
Adjectives: medical
Adverbs: medically
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to medicine and different ways of curing illness
medical advice
medical treatment
a medical student
a medical team
She has a medical condition that makes it hard for her to work.
Learner example:
With the help of medical technology doctors can cure more and more patients [and] do many
kinds of operations.
medicine /ˈmed.ɪ.sən/
Word family:
Nouns: medicine, medication
Adjectives: medical
Adverbs: medically
1367
NOUN
TREATMENT
[B1] [U] treatment for illness or injury, or the study of this
Western/Chinese medicine
a career in medicine
She is a doctor, but is unable to practise medicine in her own country.
Learner example:
She is twenty three years old and she's studying medicine, here in Colombia.
medieval (ALSO mediaeval) /ˌmedˈiː.vəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to the period in Europe between about AD 500 and AD 1500
a medieval building/painting/town
a medieval manuscript
Learner example:
On our way around the lake we would have [the opportunity] of visiting a huge medieval castle
which is said to be haunted.
medium /ˈmiː.di.əm/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] in the middle of a group of different amounts or sizes
a girl of medium height
She bought a medium-sized car.
All shirts come in small, medium, and large.
Learner example:
What size are you? Are you small or medium?
meet /miːt/
Word family:
Nouns: meeting
Verbs: meet
1368
VERB (met, met)
PLACE
[B1] [T] to wait at a place for someone or something to arrive
Dictionary example:
Will you meet me at the airport ?
Learner example:
Please meet me [at] London Heathrow at 12:00 am.
GROUP
[B1] [I] If a group of people meet, they come to a place in order to do something.
The children's club meets every Thursday afternoon.
The shareholders meet once a year to discuss profits.
Learner example:
The members meet at the club every weekend.
ENOUGH
[C1] [T] to be a big enough amount or of a good enough quality for something
We couldn't find a house that met our needs/requirements.
This old building will never meet the new fire regulations.
Learner example:
Finally, as regards the Internet centre only two computers were available, which did not meet the
needs of a Museum like this.
make ends meet

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
melt /melt/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] If something melts, it changes from a solid into a liquid because of heat and if
you melt something, you heat it until it becomes liquid.
1369
The snow usually melts by mid March.
Melt the chocolate slowly so that it doesn't burn.
melted cheese
Learner example:
Walking out of the station he saw her! Tall, blond and with eyes that could melt ice.
membership /ˈmem.bə.ʃɪp/
Word family:
Nouns: member, membership
NOUN
BELONGING
[B1] [U] the state of belonging to an organization
membership of the EU
I've applied for membership of the union.
a membership card/fee
Learner example:
First, the president welcomed me and gave me my membership card.
PEOPLE
+ SINGULAR
[C1] [C OR PLURAL VERB OR U] the people who belong to a group or an
organization
Dictionary example:
Union membership is now over three million and rising.
Learner example:
First of all, we found that our club's membership is actually falling.
memo /ˈmem.əʊ/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL memos)

[C1] a written message sent from one member of an organization to another
Dictionary example:
Did you see the memo about expenses?
Learner example:
Dear College Principal, The student committee has received your memo about the proposed
changes to the Sports Centre.
1370
memorable /ˈmem.ər.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: memory, memorial
Adjectives: memorable
ADJECTIVE
[B2] If an occasion is memorable, you will remember it for a long time because it is
so good.
a memorable performance
a memorable evening
Learner example:
It was a memorable birthday party because they bought me a bass guitar that I couldn't buy
because of its high price.
memory /ˈmem.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: memory, memorial
Adjectives: memorable
NOUN
ABILITY TO REMEMBER
[B1] [C or U] your ability to remember
You have a good memory.
She has an excellent memory for names.
He had a photographic memory.
memory loss
Learner example:
It's about a girl that lives in London and she lost her memory so everybody has to tell her
everything about the past.
EVENT REMEMBERED
[B1] [C OFTEN PLURAL] something that you remember from the past
I have very fond memories of that period of my life.
I have vivid memories of that evening.
That tune really brings back memories.
Learner example:
I have so many good memories.
1371
mend /mend/
VERB [T]
[B1] to repair something that is broken, torn, or not working correctly
Could you mend this hole in my shirt?
I've left my watch at the jeweller's to be mended.
The plumber came to mend the burst pipe.
Learner example:
I've just returned from a short cycling holiday with two friends. You know one of them, Peter, the
guy whose bicycle was broken and you mended it.
mental /ˈmen.təl/
Word family:
Nouns: mentality
Adjectives: mental
Adverbs: mentally
[B2] relating to the mind, or involving the process of thinking
mental health/illness
She had a mental picture of how the house would look when they finished decorating it.
Learner example:
His theories have changed our attitude towards mental illness (and mental health) completely.
mentality /menˈtæl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: mentality
Adjectives: mental
Adverbs: mentally
NOUN [C]
[C1] a person's opinions or way of thinking
Dictionary example:
I can't understand the mentality of people who hunt animals for fun.
Learner example:
This is why the changing mentality of men plays an important role.
1372
mentally /ˈmen.təl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: mentality
Adjectives: mental
Adverbs: mentally
ADVERB
[B2] connected with or related to the mind
mentally ill
It's going to be a tough competition but I'm mentally prepared for it.
Learner example:
Most people believe that team sport[s] help children to become healthier, both mentally and
physically, but there are those who have objections to this statement.
mention /ˈmen.tʃən/
VERB [T]
[B1] to briefly speak or write about something or someone
She didn't mention her daughter.
I'll mention your ideas to Jacinta.
He casually mentioned that he was leaving his job.
Did she happen to mention whether she would be coming?
Learner example:
You mentioned you are coming to visit my country.
not to mention
[B2] used to emphasize the importance of something that you are adding to a list
Dictionary example:
The resort has great hotels and restaurants, not to mention some of the best skiing in the region.
Learner example:
It is crowded everywhere, the shop assist[a]nts are stressed, you get to wait for hours to pay for
your goods, not to mention the time you must wait to get them wrapped.
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a brief remark
When I ordered the catalogue, there was no mention of any payment.
The report made no mention of the problem.
The story didn't even get a mention in the newspaper.
1373
Learner example:
In the advertisement there's no mention about getting any money back but I think it was such a
disappointing evening that you should give it back to me.
mere /mɪər/
Word family:
Adjectives: mere
Adverbs: merely
SMALL
[B2] used to emphasize that something is not large or important
It cost a mere twenty dollars.
The mere thought of eating octopus makes me feel sick.
Learner example:
The fight was just a mere coincidence.
merely /ˈmɪə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: mere
Adverbs: merely
ADVERB
ONLY
[B2] used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing
more
I wasn't complaining, I merely said that I was tired.
I didn't say that you had to go - I merely suggested that you might like to go.
Learner example:
Of course this is merely a suggestion, and if you have got anything else in mind please don't
hesitate to let me know.
1374
merit /ˈmer.ɪt/
NOUN [C or U] FORMAL
[C1] good qualities which deserve praise
His ideas have merit.
We debated the merits of using television in the classroom.
Every application has to be judged on its own merits (=judged by considering the qualities of
each).
Learner example:
Nevertheless, everything has its own merits.
mess /mes/
Word family:
Nouns: mess
Adjectives: messy
NOUN
DIRT/UNTIDINESS
[B1] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] Something or someone that is a mess or is in a mess, looks

dirty or untidy.
My hair's such a mess!
The house is in a mess.
He makes a terrible mess when he's cooking.
Go and clear up that mess in the kitchen.
Learner example:
Now my room is a mess because I have so much stuff.
PROBLEMS
[B2] [NO PLURAL] a situation that is full of problems
She said that her life was a mess.
The company's finances are in a mess.
If he hadn't lied, he wouldn't be in this mess now.
Learner example:
How on earth did I get into this mess?
1375
VERB
mess about/around PHRASAL VERB
PLAY
[C1] INFORMAL to spend time playing and doing things with no particular purpose
I was just messing around on the computer.
She'd spent the day with friends, just messing about.
Learner example:
Well, you could do baby-sitting, but if you don't like kids messing around, don't worry, there are
many other jobs.
WASTE TIME
[C1] to waste time, often by doing things that are not important
Dictionary example:
Stop messing around and do your homework!
Learner example:
Every day we are informed about young people "causing problems", "trouble" [or] "messing
around".
mess up sth or mess sth up PHRASAL VERB
[B2] INFORMAL to spoil something, or to do something badly

Don't try to cook lunch without me - you'll only mess it up.
I feel I've messed up my chances of getting the job.
Learner example:
I ignored the price and just pa[i]d because I didn't want to mess up the evening.
message /ˈmes.ɪdʒ/
NOUN [C]
IDEA
[B2] the most important idea in a book, film or play
The book conveys a complex message.
The film's message is that ultimately, rich and poor are alike.
Learner example:
It has a clear message: if you desire something, you can [achieve] whatever you want, but [only]
with enormous effort and the danger of losing everything you posses[s].
1376
message board /ˈmes.ɪdʒ.bɔːd/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a place on a website where you can leave messages for other people to read
Dictionary example:
There's a lot of discussion on the message boards about this issue.
messy /ˈmes.i/
Word family:
Nouns: mess
Adjectives: messy
ADJECTIVE
[B1] untidy or dirty
a messy kitchen
messy hair
His bedroom's always messy.
My kids are both really messy.
Learner example:
It's completely messy now, looks like a war in my bedroom, because my bed has broken and I
need to buy a new bed quickly.
metal /ˈmet.əl/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a usually hard, shiny material such as iron, gold, or silver which heat and
electricity can travel through
Metal, paper and glass can be recycled.
Silver, gold and platinum are precious metals.
Metals are used for making machinery and tools.
Learner example:
It was made of metal and wood.
1377
method /ˈmeθ.əd/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a way of doing something, often one that involves a system or plan
What's the best method of/for solving this problem?
Travelling by train is still one of the safest methods of transport.
traditional teaching methods
Learner example:
I think her teaching method is modern, up to date, and I hope I'll finally improve my English.
microphone /ˈmaɪ.krə.fəʊn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of equipment that you speak into to make your voice louder, or to
record your voice or other sounds
The interviewer asked her to speak into/use the microphone.
My laptop has a built-in microphone.
Learner example:
Then we had to plug [in] all [the] electric instruments, speakers, lights and microphones.
middle /ˈmɪd.l
̩/
NOUN
the middle
[B1] the central point in a period of time
The letter should arrive by the middle of next week.
The noise woke us up in the middle of the night.
Learner example:
Once, she woke up in the middle of the night and there was the ghost of her husband's wife.
be in the middle of (doing) sth

[B1] to be busy or involved in something
Dictionary example:
I can't talk now - I'm in the middle of cooking a meal.
1378
Learner example:
But while I was in the middle of my tour, I rec[e]ived another e-mail.
in the middle of nowhere

[B2] a long way from places where people live
Dictionary example:
His car broke down in the middle of nowhere.
Learner example:
You know I really don't want to [get] lost in the middle of nowhere.
CENTRAL
[B2] in a central position
The knives and forks are in the middle drawer.
Our company rents the middle warehouse.
Learner example:
After some minute[s] and as I was going [along] in the middle l[a]ne, the car stopped.
NOT HIGH OR LOW
[C1] neither high nor low in importance, amount or size
middle managers
middle income families
Learner example:
However, women are mostly found in the low and middle income jobs and they are often working
part-time.
middle-aged /ˌmɪd.l
̩ˈeɪdʒd/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] in the middle of your life before you are old
Dictionary example:
a middle-aged couple/man/woman
Learner example:
Our teacher is a middle-aged lady with a kind smile and British accent.
1379
might /maɪt/
MODAL VERB
POSSIBLY TRUE
[B1] used to talk about what is possibly true
I think Isabel might be pregnant.
Don't go any closer - it might be dangerous.
Learner example:
At first, I thought it might be a mistake.
might have
[B2] used to talk about things that possibly happened in the past or could possibly
have happened by some time in the future
It might have been Alex who called.
The rain might have stopped by lunchtime.
Learner example:
First of all, you might have been thinking you have to go to a sports club or somewhere and
exer[c]ise very hard to keep fit.
might as well
We might as well walk there.
As you already know so much about the subject, you might as well skip this lecture.
Learner example:
In my opinion, you might as well ask your neighbours if they can look after your flat for one day.
you might like/want to...

[C1] used to politely suggest something
Dictionary example:
You might want to try a different approach next time.
Learner example:
You might want to consider requesting your staff to learn a second language such as German,
French or Spanish.
might as well do sth

[C1] If you may/might as well do something, it will not spoil the situation if you do
that thing.
1380
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
I'm not happy to tell you this but I might as well be frank about it as we both want the visit to be a
delightful as possible to our members.
migration /maɪˈgreɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when people go to another place to live or find work, or when an animal or
bird moves to another place, usually when the season changes
There was a mass migration of poor farmers into the cities.
The butterflies come to Mexico during their annual migration.
Learner example:
There is also migration, people from little villages in the interior migrate to the coast.
mild /maɪld/
ADJECTIVE
WEATHER
[B1] describes weather that is not very cold or not as cold as usual
Dictionary example:
We've had a mild winter this year.
Learner example:
As you know, my country has got mild weather.
FOOD
[B2] describes food or a food flavour that is not very strong
Dictionary example:
a mild chilli sauce
Learner example:
Korean food is quite hot and usually served with rice, but Thai food is mild and sometimes a little
bit sour.
SLIGHT
[C1] not violent, severe or extreme
1381
She can't accept even mild criticism of her work.
He has suffered a mild heart attack - nothing too serious.
a mild form of pneumonia
Learner example:
Music has either a strong or a mild impact (depending [on] the person) on our lives.
mile /maɪl/
NOUN [C]
UNIT
[B1] a unit for measuring distance, equal to 1609 metres or 1760 yards
a ten-mile drive
The nearest town is ten miles away.
The latest high-speed trains can travel at 140 miles an/per hour.
Learner example:
I don't feel safe enough [any more], because the police station is 10 miles away and last week
there was a burgl[ary] at my neighbour's house.
miles
[C1] a very long distance
We drove for miles along dusty roads.
Her cottage is miles from the nearest village.
Learner example:
And then, when it seems as if you have walked for miles, you enter the magnificent Forum
Romanum.
military /ˈmɪl.ɪ.tri/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] ! relating to the army, navy, or air force
military action/service
military uniform
military targets/forces
1382
Learner example:
During my military experience I worked in the kitchen, so kitchen work is quite normal for me as
well.
NOUN
the military
[C1] ! a country's army, navy, and air force
Dictionary example:
The military has opposed any cuts in defense spending.
Learner example:
Until the 1970s, fencing was a sport restricted to the military.
millimetre /ˈmɪl.ɪˌmiː.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a unit of length which is equal to 0.001 metres
Dictionary example:
The ring has a width of three millimetres.
million /ˈmɪl.jən/
millions INFORMAL
[B2] a lot
Dictionary example:
I've seen that film millions of times.
Learner example:
There are millions of things you can do with a computer.
mind /maɪnd/
NOUN [C]
THINKING
[B1] someone's memory or their ability to think, feel emotions, and be aware of
things
1383
My mind was full of what had happened the night before, and I wasn't concentrating.
I just said the first thing that came into my mind.
For some reason her words stuck in my mind.
She has a very logical mind.
Learner example:
At my first class he asked to me sing a [song] in English, so I sang "Always on my mind!"
change your mind

[B1] to change a decision or opinion
I've changed my mind about selling the house.
If you change your mind, let me know.
Learner example:
At first I wasn't so excited as Clara, but after an afternoon there I changed my mind!
make up your mind or make your mind up

[B1] to make a decision
I haven't made up my mind whether to apply for the job yet.
They couldn't make their minds up about where to go on holiday.
Learner example:
The place was so dirty that I made up my mind to change it by buy[ing] something useful.
bear/keep sb/sth in mind

future
I'll keep you in mind if another job comes up.
Bear in mind that there's a public holiday next week.
Learner example:
But we should keep in mind that books improve our vocabulary and, what's more, our
imagination.
to my mind
[B2] used to emphasize that you are giving your own opinion
Dictionary example:
To my mind, the play was rather disappointing.
Learner example:
To my mind, The Picture of Dorian Gray is probably his best novel.
cross your mind

[B2] If an idea crosses your mind, you think about it for a short time.
1384
Dictionary example:
It never crossed my mind that she might be married.
Learner example:
The first thought that crossed his mind was to call the police immediately and that was what he
actually did.
have/keep an open mind

[B2] to wait until you know all the facts before you form an opinion about
something or judge someone
Dictionary example:
We're keeping an open mind about the causes of the fire.
Learner example:
To listen, to communicate, [and] to have an open mind are a way of life [nowadays].
put/set sb's mind at ease/at rest

[C1] to say something to someone to stop them worrying
Dictionary example:
I was really worried about the tests, but talking to the doctor put my mind at rest.
Learner example:
I hope my letter will put your mind at rest.
put your mind to sth

[C1] to give your full attention to something and try very hard to do it
Dictionary example:
You could win if you put your mind to it.
Learner example:
With all the technology available, the task is actually quite simple if you put your mind to it.
be in two minds
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
come to mind
[C1] If an idea comes to mind, you think of it.
Dictionary example:
I was thinking about who might be suitable for this job, and your name came to mind.
1385
Learner example:
Positives did come from that crisis - more efficient engines, lighter vehicles and lead-free petrol
are just some of the examples that come to mind.
VERB
ANNOYED
[B1] [I or T] to be annoyed, unhappy or worried by something
Would she mind if I came too?
Take Juan's book - I'm sure he wouldn't mind.
I don't mind driving.
I don't mind taking her if you're too busy.
Do you mind me smoking?
I'd prefer to stay in tonight, if you don't mind.
Learner example:
I want to borrow your bicycle if you don't mind because m[ine] doesn't work well.
BE CAREFUL
[B1] [T] something you say when telling someone to be careful with something
dangerous
Mind the iron - it's still very hot!
Mind out! There's a car coming.
Mind (that) you don't hit your head on the shelf when you stand up.
Would you mind...?

[B1] used to request something politely
Dictionary example:
Would you mind sharing a room?
Learner example:
Would you mind if I called you, to know what I've missed?
mine /maɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: mine, miner, mining
NOUN [C]
UNDERGROUND
[B2] an underground system of holes and passages where people dig out coal or
other minerals
1386
a coal/salt/gold mine
My grandfather used to work down the mines.
Learner example:
It is a more or less industrial region with many co[al] mines.
miner /ˈmaɪ.nər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who works in a mine
Dictionary example:
a coal miner
Learner example:
We are used to strikes in our country so when we heard that the miners had refused to work we
did not despair.
mingle /ˈmɪŋ.gl
̩/
VERB
TALK
[C1] [I] to meet and talk to a lot of people at a party or similar event
Dictionary example:
The party will be a good opportunity to mingle with the other students.
Learner example:
If you have some time and money to spend go on holiday to an English-speaking country and try
to mingle with the locals.
minimal /ˈmɪn.ɪ.məl/
Word family:
Nouns: minimum
Verbs: minimize
Adjectives: minimum, minimal
ADJECTIVE
[C1] very small in amount
1387
Dictionary example:
Damage to the building was minimal.
Learner example:
Bigger car parks would be built near the MRT station so that people may park their cars at the car
park having to pay a minimal rate and use the train to bring them to their workplace.
minimize /ˈmɪn.ɪ.maɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: minimum
Verbs: minimize
VERB [T] (ALSO UK minimise)

[C1] to make the amount of something that is unpleasant or not wanted as small as
possible
Dictionary example:
Airport staff are trying to minimize the inconvenience caused to passengers.
Learner example:
Try to minimize your working time and spend more time with other people.
minimum /ˈmɪn.ɪ.məm/
Word family:
Nouns: minimum
Verbs: minimize
ADJECTIVE
[B1] The minimum amount of something is the smallest amount that is allowed,
needed, or possible.
There is a minimum charge of £5 for postage.
Eighteen is the minimum age for entering most nightclubs.
That's the minimum qualification required to teach English in most language schools.
Learner example:
I am going to phone them to ask how much the wage is, but anyway the minimum rate in England
is £3.60.
[B1] the smallest amount that is allowed, needed, or possible
1388
The judge sentenced him to a minimum of five years in prison.
We need a minimum of ten people to play this game.
Wage increases are being kept to a minimum because of the recession.
Learner example:
You should spend a minimum [of] 1-2 hours per day [on] this activity.
mining /ˈmaɪ.nɪŋ/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[C1] the industry or activity of removing substances such as coal or metal from the
ground by digging
Dictionary example:
coal/salt mining
Learner example:
My company deals mostly with the mining, processing and benefic[i]ation of magnesite ore. Most
of our final products are sold abroad.
minister /ˈmɪn.ɪ.stər/
Word family:
Nouns: minister, ministry
NOUN [C]
[B2] a member of the government in Britain and many other countries who is in
charge of a particular department or has an important position in it
the foreign/health minister
the Minister of/for Education
Learner example:
He was elected minister of sports, creating some laws to help the players to be more independent.
ministry /ˈmɪn.ɪ.stri/
Word family:
Nouns: minister, ministry
1389
NOUN [C]
[C1] a government department which is responsible for a particular subject
the Ministry of Defence/Agriculture
a Foreign Ministry spokesman
Learner example:
According to a majority of students, it's quite economical for them to go to state schools since the
Turkish Ministry of Education gives them scholarships.
minor /ˈmaɪ.nər/
Word family:
Nouns: minority
Adjectives: minor
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not important or serious
a minor offence/operation
She suffered only minor injuries.
It requires a few minor adjustments.
Learner example:
Happily they were found by some hunters and escaped with minor injuries.
minority /maɪˈnɒr.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: minority
Adjectives: minor
NOUN
LESS THAN HALF
[B2] [NO PLURAL] less than half of a group of people or things
It's only a tiny minority of people who are causing the problem.
Children with single parents at my school were very much in the minority.
This section of the bookstore caters for minority interests.
Learner example:
On the other hand, the minority of people who believe the opposite maybe want to see the
animals and to watch their movements.
1390
RACE
[C1] [C] a group of people whose race is different from the race of most of the
people where they live
ethnic/religious minorities
The plan was designed to help women and minorities overcome discrimination in the workplace.
Learner example:
The novel reveals very clearly to the reader how minorities are exploited and scorned by society.
mint /mɪnt/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a herb whose leaves have a strong fresh smell and taste and are used for
giving flavour to food and drinks such as tea
Dictionary example:
a bunch of mint
Learner example:
I'd recommend his special lamb chop with mint sauce, it's just so delicious.
minute /ˈmɪn.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
wait a minute
[B1] said in order to interrupt someone, or to get their attention or when you have
suddenly thought of something important
Dictionary example:
Wait a minute - I've just had an idea.
Learner example:
Oh! Wait a minute...
(at) any minute; any minute now

[B2] very soon
Dictionary example:
Her train should be arriving any minute.
Learner example:
The evil creatures who were bound to come out of the dark [w]ould see Carla any minute now.
1391
the last minute
[B2] the latest time possible
Dictionary example:
The concert was cancelled at the last minute.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, the next evening, one hour before the beginning of the show, we learnt that [the
main] actors ha[d] been changed at the last minute.
miracle /ˈmɪr.ə.kl
̩/
NOUN [C]
[B2] something that is very surprising or difficult to believe
an economic miracle
Looking at the state of his car, it's a miracle (that) he wasn't killed.
I can't promise a miracle cure, but I think we can improve things.
Learner example:
Every single day we hear about new products, new methods, new technological miracles which
have turned our daily lives [upside down].
misbehave /ˌmɪs.bɪˈheɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: behaviour
VERB [I]
[C1] to behave badly
Dictionary example:
If you misbehave, you will be punished - it's as simple as that.
Learner example:
Firstly, an apology is due to all nearby residents whose lives were disturbed by a few somewhat
misbehaving students.
miserable /ˈmɪz.ər.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: misery
Adjectives: miserable
1392
ADJECTIVE
UNHAPPY
[B1] sad
Dictionary example:
I just woke up feeling miserable.
Learner example:
I feel very miserable and my boyfriend is still angry with me because that ring was his gift for our
first year together.
UNPLEASANT
[B2] very unpleasant or bad, and causing someone to feel unhappy
miserable weather
Families here are living in miserable conditions.
Learner example:
Heathcliff [always swears revenge because of] the miserable situation the other character[s] have
put him in.
misery /ˈmɪz.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: misery
Adjectives: miserable
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] great suffering or unhappiness
The war brought misery to millions of people.
We have witnessed the most appalling scenes of human misery.
Ten years of marriage to him have made her life a misery.
Learner example:
[A] few hours of amusement for us might mean a whole life of misery for the animals.
misfortune /mɪsˈfɔː.tʃuːn/
Word family:
1393
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] bad luck, or an unlucky event
Dictionary example:
He had the misfortune to fall in love with a married woman.
Learner example:
But try not to wear black because they believe it brings bad luck and misfortune.
misinform /ˌmɪs.ɪnˈfɔːm/
Word family:
Nouns: information
[C1] to give someone false information
Dictionary example:
I'm afraid you've been misinformed about your exam results.
Learner example:
From the article, I got the impression that your reporter was misinformed about certain facts
which are crucial for a better [understanding] of the event.
mislead /mɪsˈliːd/
Word family:
VERB [T] (misled)

[C1] to make someone believe something that is untrue by giving them information
that is wrong or not complete
Dictionary example:
She claims the public was misled by the government.
Learner example:
As a member of the charity organisation, I was very much upset by the report, as it was totally
against the fact[s], which would certainly mislead the readers.
1394
misleading /mɪsˈliːd.ɪŋ/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] making someone believe something that is untrue
Dictionary example:
misleading information/statements
Learner example:
I found it rather misleading and I would like to provide true information about the festival.
miss /mɪs/
Word family:
Verbs: miss
Adjectives: missing
VERB
miss a chance/opportunity
[B1] to not use an opportunity to do something
Dictionary example:
You can't afford to miss a chance like this.
Learner example:
[It's] the most important tennis competi[t]ion in my town, and I can't miss this opportunity.
AVOID
[B1] [T] to avoid doing or experiencing something
Dictionary example:
You should leave early if you want to miss the rush hour.
Learner example:
If you want to have [a] nice time, you [should] leave the hotel early in the morning because in this
way you [will] miss the rush-hour traffic.
NOT SEE/HEAR
[B1] [T] to not see or hear something
Sorry, I missed that, could you repeat it please?
We missed the first five minutes of the film.
My office is first on the right with a bright red door. You can't miss it.
1395
Learner example:
First of all, the Festival began on time at midday with King Cup. Maybe you might have missed
that part.
FAIL TO DO
[B2] [T] to fail to do something at the correct time or to be too late to do something
or see something or someone
I must finish this letter or I'll miss the post.
Helen? I'm sorry, you've just missed her.
Learner example:
I have to finish or I'll miss the last post.
NOT HIT
[B2] [I or T] to not hit or catch something as you intended
It should have been such an easy goal and he missed.
He threw a book at me, but it missed.
The bullet missed his heart by a couple of centimetres.
Learner example:
He aimed for the heart, and, when he was about to fire, an innocent pigeon landed on his rifle.
Paul wasn't expecting this, and his shot missed the judge.
NOUN
give sth a miss

[C1] to not do an activity
Dictionary example:
I think I'll give aerobics a miss this evening.
Learner example:
For this reason, I don't encourage you to buy the Spanish version of these CDs. I think you should
give it a miss. Kind regards
missing /ˈmɪs.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: miss
Adjectives: missing
ADJECTIVE
NOT INCLUDED
[B1] not included in something
1396
There are a couple of names missing from the list.
When did you realise that the money was missing from your account?
Learner example:
But even with all this furniture, I feel like there is something missing, so I have decided to buy
some posters of my favo[u]rite rock bands and put them [o]n the walls.
mission /ˈmɪʃ.ən/
NOUN [C]
PURPOSE
[B2] someone's duty or purpose in life
Dictionary example:
Her mission in life was to help the poor.
Learner example:
You think that you are "great", since you can cope with both the job and lots of other "missions" in
life, education, sports and so on.
mist /mɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: mist
Adjectives: misty
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] small drops of water in the air which make it difficult to see objects which are
not near
The early-morning mist soon lifted/cleared.
The mountain villages seem to be permanently covered in mist.
Learner example:
The mist was getting thicker all the time and the rain was coming down harder.
mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: mistake
Adjectives: mistaken
1397
NOUN [C]
by mistake
[B1] If you do something by mistake, you do it without intending to.
I picked up someone else's book by mistake.
I've paid this bill twice by mistake.
Learner example:
[A]fter 30 minutes, a man appeared telling [us] that he had taken our suitcases by mistake.
mistaken /mɪˈsteɪ.kən/
Word family:
Nouns: mistake
Adjectives: mistaken
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If you are mistaken, or you have a mistaken belief, you are wrong about
something.
Dictionary example:
If you think you can behave like that, you are mistaken.
Learner example:
First of all, you mentioned in the article that we promised 45 stalls for that day, but you are
completely mistaken as we announced only 35.
misty /ˈmɪs.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: mist
Adjectives: misty
ADJECTIVE
[B2] If the weather is misty, there is a cloud of small drops of water in the air, which
makes it difficult to see objects which are not near.
Dictionary example:
a cold and misty morning
Learner example:
But the evenings were a bit cold and misty.
1398
misunderstand /mɪsˌʌn.dəˈstænd/
Word family:
Nouns: misunderstanding, understanding
Verbs: misunderstand, understand
Adjectives: understandable, understanding
Adverbs: understandably
VERB [T]
NOT UNDERSTAND
[B2] to not understand someone or something correctly
Dictionary example:
He misunderstood the question completely.
Learner example:
He meant that he had misunderstood the situation.
misunderstanding /mɪsˌʌn.dəˈstændɪŋ/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when someone does not understand something correctly
Dictionary example:
There must have been a misunderstanding.
Learner example:
I think that there is a misunderstanding about the day that I [should] pick up the keys [from] your
neighbours.
misuse
Word family:
Nouns: use, user, misuse, usefulness
Verbs: use, misuse
Adjectives: useful, useless
VERB [T] /ˌmɪsˈjuːz/

[C1] to use something in the wrong way or for the wrong purpose
1399
Dictionary example:
He misused his position to obtain money dishonestly.
Learner example:
By doing this the money won't be misused because we won't have to build a new indoor court that
will not be used at all times.
NOUN [C or U] /ˌmɪsˈjuːs/
[C1] the use of something in the wrong way or for the wrong purpose
Dictionary example:
They accused him of the misuse of power.
Learner example:
Can we disregard the consequences there may be of the misuse of the above innovations of
technology?
mix /mɪks/
Word family:
Nouns: mix, mixture
Verbs: mix
VERB
COMBINE QUALITIES/ACTIVITIES
[B1] [I or T] to have two or more qualities, or to do two or more activities, etc. at the
same time
Dictionary example:
a feeling of anger mixed with sadness
Learner example:
That also could be a good way to mix learning and ent[ertai]nment.
MEET
[B2] [I] to meet and talk to people
Dictionary example:
She enjoys going to parties and mixing with people.
Learner example:
I like mixing with people.
NOUN
[B1] [NO PLURAL] a combination of things or people, often in a group
1400
There's a good mix of nationalities in the class.
There was an odd mix of people at Patrick's party.
"She's studying physics and philosophy." "That's an interesting mix."
Learner example:
This film is a mix of fantasy and adventure.
mixture /ˈmɪks.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: mix, mixture
Verbs: mix
NOUN
SUBSTANCE
[B2] [C or U] a substance made of other substances that have been combined
The mixture of flour, water and yeast is then left in a warm place for four hours.
Add milk to the mixture and stir until smooth.
STYLES/IDEAS
[B2] [NO PLURAL] when there is a combination of two or more ideas, qualities, styles,
etc.
Their house is decorated in a mixture of styles.
Their latest CD is a mixture of new and old songs.
Learner example:
The result is a very strange mixture of different styles.
modal (verb) /ˌməʊ.dəlˈvɜːb/
[B1] a verb, for example 'can', 'might' or 'must', that is used before another verb to
show that something is possible, necessary, etc.
Dictionary example:
The first verb in the following sentence is a modal: We ought to pay the gas bill.
1401
mode /məʊd/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a way of doing something
Dictionary example:
a mode of transport
Learner example:
In conclusion, I think that both modes of education play a great role in educating children to be
good members of society.
model /ˈmɒd.əl/
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[B1] someone whose job is to wear fashionable clothes, be in photographs, etc. in

order to advertise things
Dictionary example:
a fashion model
Learner example:
In the future I hope to be a cloth[es] designer or a top model.
moderate
Word family:
Nouns: moderation
Verbs: moderate
Adjectives: moderate
Adverbs: moderately
ADJECTIVE /ˈmɒd.ər.ət/
[C1] average in size or amount and not too much
a moderate increase in salaries
moderate growth
Eating a moderate amount of fat is healthy.
Learner example:
A moderate increase in cinema attendance was noted until the year 1996.
1402
moderation /ˌmɒd.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: moderation
Verbs: moderate
Adjectives: moderate
Adverbs: moderately
NOUN
in moderation
[C1] If you do something in moderation, you do not do it too much.
Dictionary example:
I only drink alcohol in moderation.
Learner example:
While shopping can make one feel good and even has its positive impact on the retail economy, I
think it should be done in moderation.
modern /ˈmɒd.ən/
ADJECTIVE
NOW
[B1] relating to the present time and not to the past
modern society
the stresses of modern life
Learner example:
You'll see the modern Japan.
modest /ˈmɒd.ɪst/
Word family:
Adjectives: modest
Adverbs: modestly
ADJECTIVE
NOT LARGE
[B2] not large in size or amount, or not expensive or important
1403
a modest amount of money
They live in a fairly modest house, considering their wealth.
There has been a modest improvement in housing conditions for the poor.
The party made modest gains in the elections, but nothing like the huge gains that were
predicted.
Learner example:
Finally, I hope that my modest report will help the management of our college to achieve their
aim.
NOT PROUD
[C1] If you are modest, you do not talk in a proud way about your skills or
successes.
Dictionary example:
He's very modest about his achievements.
Learner example:
Earning a lot she is still very modest and does not show any signs of vanity at all.
modestly /ˈmɒd.ɪst.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: modest
Adverbs: modestly
ADVERB
BY SMALL AMOUNT
[C1] by a modest amount
Dictionary example:
At just £9, the DVD is very modestly priced.
modification /ˌmɒd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: modification
Verbs: modify
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a small change to something
Dictionary example:
We've made a few modifications to the system.
1404
Learner example:
Although I am very happy with the current design of my house I may make some modifications in
the future.
modify /ˈmɒd.ɪ.faɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: modification
Verbs: modify
VERB [T]
[C1] to change something in order to improve it
Dictionary example:
The plans will have to be modified to reduce costs.
Learner example:
To sum up, the Work Experience in Britain Programme should be modified as it was a far cry from
what we ha[d] been led to expect.
moment /ˈməʊ.mənt/
NOUN
POINT IN TIME
[B1] [C] a point in time
Just at that moment, the phone rang.
Don't leave it to/till the last moment.
Learner example:
[At] that moment my phone started to ring.
wait a moment
Dictionary example:
Now, wait a moment - I don't agree with that.
for the moment

[B2] If you do something for the moment, you are doing it now, but might do
something different in the future.
Dictionary example:
Let's carry on with what we agreed for the moment.
1405
Learner example:
For the moment I am unemployed so I have plenty of time to give [you] a hand.
monitor /ˈmɒn.ɪ.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a screen that shows information or pictures, usually connected to a computer
Dictionary example:
I've bought a bigger monitor for my computer.
Learner example:
We know our world from TV screens and computer monitors.
VERB [T]
[C1] to watch something carefully and record your results
to monitor progress
The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
Learner example:
Their life is being monitored and broadcast throughout the country, and every week the audience
decide who has to leave.
monotonous /məˈnɒt.ən.əs/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If something is monotonous, it is boring because it stays the same.
a monotonous voice
monotonous work
Learner example:
The voice of the speaker is monotonous and lacks any rhythm or modulation, intrinsic parts of
any language without which proper acquisition of it is impossible.
monster /ˈmɒnt.stər/
NOUN [C]
CREATURE
[B1] an imaginary creature that is large, ugly, and frightening
1406
a sea monster
the Loch Ness monster
Learner example:
Another programme is about a man who save[s] the country from a scary monster.
monthly /ˈmʌnt.θli/
Word family:
Nouns: month
Adjectives: monthly
Adverbs: monthly
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
[B1] happening or produced once a month
monthly payments
a monthly magazine
We're paid monthly.
Learner example:
At the moment I pay £550 monthly plus bills.
monument /ˈmɒn.jʊ.mənt/
NOUN [C]
BUILDING/PLACE
[B1] an old building or place that is important in history
Dictionary example:
an ancient monument
Learner example:
In these cities you will be able to visit ancient monuments.
STRUCTURE
[B2] a structure that is built to make people remember an event in history or a

famous person
Dictionary example:
In the square in front of the hotel stands a monument to all the people killed in the war.
Learner example:
First I went to see the Larienki Park and admired the beautiful monument [to] the greatest Polish
composer - Chopin.
1407
mood /muːd/
NOUN [C or U]
WAY YOU FEEL
[B1] the way you feel at a particular time
She's in a bad mood.
You're in a good mood today.
What sort of mood is Ted in today?
Her mood seemed to change during the course of the conversation.
The public mood changed dramatically after the bombing.
The mood of the crowd suddenly turned aggressive.
Learner example:
I reckon I was in a bad mood, but nothing had happened to end o[u]r relationship.
be in a mood
[B2] to not be friendly to other people because you are feeling angry
Dictionary example:
Ignore him - he's in a mood.
Learner example:
I didn't mind the rain, actually I prefer rain when I am in a mood like that.
moon /muːn/
NOUN
be over the moon INFORMAL
[B2] to be very pleased about something
Dictionary example:
She was over the moon about her results.
Learner example:
It's very kind of you to let me use things in your flat. I'm over the moon!
moonlight /ˈmuːn.laɪt/
NOUN [U]
[B2] light that comes from the moon
1408
Dictionary example:
In the moonlight, she looked even more beautiful.
Learner example:
The floor was dark, [and] the moonlight which came through the window gave the only light.
moral /ˈmɒr.əl/
Word family:
Adverbs: morally
ADJECTIVE
BELIEFS
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] relating to beliefs about what is right or wrong
moral standards/values
a moral issue
She condemned the proposed law on moral grounds.
Learner example:
Ad[d]itionally team sport gives children a strong chara[c]ter and it contributes to the
[develop]ment of ethical values and moral principles that makes them fair athletes and pe[ople].
GOOD BEHAVIOUR
[C1] behaving in ways considered by most people to be correct and honest
Dictionary example:
She's a very moral woman.
Learner example:
He couldn't tolerate anybody disturbing childrens' lives for the sake of money, because he was a
very moral man.
morally /ˈmɒr.əl.i/
Word family:
Adverbs: morally
ADVERB
[B2] in a moral way
Dictionary example:
morally wrong/unacceptable
1409
Learner example:
Doesn't it seems morally wrong? Animals need their space and natural surroundings to survive.
more /mɔːr/
DETERMINER; PRONOUN
once more
[B1] one more time
Dictionary example:
I'd like to visit the colleges once more before we leave.
Learner example:
On Friday I will see him once more.
more and more

[B2] an increasing number
Dictionary example:
More and more people are choosing not to buy a car.
Learner example:
More and more youngsters have problems with reading and writing.
ADVERB
GREATER NUMBER OF TIMES
[B1] used to show that something happens a greater number of times than before
We eat out a lot more than we used to.
We go to the cinema more often in the winter.
Learner example:
We really should do this more often.
more or less
[B2] almost or approximately
We've more or less finished work on the house.
He more or less admitted he'd done it.
The new window will cost £500 more or less.
Learner example:
I will [now] give you some information, so that you know more or less what you can expect.
more and more

[B2] more as time passes
1410
Dictionary example:
It's becoming more and more expensive to buy property in the city.
Learner example:
Cycling is getting more and more popular in Poland.
moreover /ˌmɔːˈrəʊ.vər/
ADVERB FORMAL
[B2] also and more importantly
The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate.
It is a cheap and, moreover, effective way of dealing with the problem.
Learner example:
Because it is a well-k[n]own hotel it should be easy to find it. Moreover, it is really well-located, so
it will allow you to move around the city without any problem.
morning /ˈmɔː.nɪŋ/
NOUN [C or U]
2/3/4, etc. o'clock in the morning

[B1] 2/3/4, etc. o'clock at night
Dictionary example:
My car alarm went off at 3 o'clock in the morning.
Learner example:
I came home at 4 o'clock in the morning.
in the morning
[B1] tomorrow morning
Dictionary example:
I'll pack my bags in the morning.
mosquito /mɒˈski:.təʊ/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL mosquitoes)

[B1] a small flying insect that sucks your blood, sometimes causing malaria
Dictionary example:
mosquito bites
1411
Learner example:
You should stay in a city because of the things that only a city can offer and a[n] important detail
about countryside is the mosquitoes, there are a lot!
most /məʊst/
Word family:
Adverbs: most, mostly
ADVERB
for the most part

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
PRONOUN
MORE
[B2] more than anyone or anything else
Everyone was generous but Lizzie gave the most.
This one costs the most.
make the most of sth

[B2] to take full advantage of something because it may not last long
Dictionary example:
We should make the most of this good weather.
Learner example:
Remember, always try to make the most of your life.
DETERMINER
MORE
[B1] the largest amount
Dictionary example:
Carlos earns the most money of all of us.
Learner example:
So, in this game, the people are there to win the most money they can.
1412
mostly /ˈməʊst.li/
Word family:
Adverbs: most, mostly
ADVERB
[B1] mainly or most of the time
Her friends are mostly Italian.
In the smaller villages, it's mostly very quiet at nights.
Learner example:
Normally I wear black or blue jeans and I mostly wear t-shirts and a light jacket.
mother /ˈmʌð.ər/
NOUN [C]
mother tongue
[B2] the first language that you learn when you are a child
Dictionary example:
Italian is my mother tongue but I started to learn English when I was six.
Learner example:
I can speak English and French fluently, added to my mother tongue, Japanese.
mother-in-law /ˈmʌð.ər.ɪn.lɔː/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL mothers-in-law)

[B2] the mother of your husband or wife
Dictionary example:
I get on well with my mother-in-law.
Learner example:
I was a little afraid of getting into contact with my mother-in-law.
motivate /ˈməʊ.tɪ.veɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: motivation, motive
Verbs: motivate
Adjectives: motivated
1413
VERB [T]
ENTHUSIASTIC
[C1] to make someone enthusiastic about doing something
Dictionary example:
Teaching is all about motivating people to learn.
Learner example:
There are a lot of tools that can be used to motivate people and it is the Human Resources
department who should take care of using them properly.
CAUSE
[C1] to cause someone to behave in a particular way
Dictionary example:
Some people are motivated by greed.
Learner example:
Most of us are motivated by fear.
motivated /ˈməʊ.tɪˌveɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: motivate
ADJECTIVE
[B2] enthusiastic and determined to succeed
Dictionary example:
a very motivated student
Learner example:
Furthermore, after a break people are often very motivated to go on with their education.
motivation /ˌməʊ.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: motivate
NOUN
[B2] [U] enthusiasm for doing something
1414
Dictionary example:
There is a lack of motivation among the staff.
Learner example:
I hope my motivation and my capacity [for hard work] [will] help me cope with the work
successfully.
REASON
[C1] [C] the need or reason for doing something
Dictionary example:
What was the motivation for the attack?
Learner example:
Although money is the main motivation, for many people, to work I have come across many
people who ha[ve] worked volunt[ari]ly or [for] less money to gain relev[a]nt experience.
motive /ˈməʊ.tɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: motivate
NOUN [C]
[B2] a reason for doing something
The police don't yet know the motive for the killing.
What was the motive behind the bombing?
Learner example:
It was not likely that he had done the murder - because there was no motive.
motor /ˈməʊ.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: motor, motorist
NOUN [C]
[B2] the part of a machine or vehicle that changes electricity or fuel into movement
and makes it work
Dictionary example:
The pump is powered by a small electric motor.
Learner example:
The boat is 26 feet long; it is a sailboat with an inbo[a]rd motor.
1415
motorist /ˈməʊ.tər.ɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: motor, motorist
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who drives a car
Dictionary example:
Motorists will be hit hard by the rise in fuel prices.
Learner example:
According to motorists, cars are better than bikes, as you feel more comfortable and relax[ed]
inside them.
moustache /mʊˈstɑːʃ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a line of hair that some men grow above their mouths
Dictionary example:
Groucho Marx had a thick black moustache.
Learner example:
My new teacher is fun, nice and cool. He has [short] black hair and a big moustache.
mouth /maʊθ/
NOUN [C]
mouth of a river
[C1] where a river goes into the sea
Dictionary example:
It is a small village, by the mouth of a river.
Learner example:
The mouth of the river with a [narrow] exit to the sea, provided an extra ex[c]itement because of
the pressure of the water when joining the sea.
1416
move /muːv/
Word family:
Nouns: movement
Verbs: move, remove
Adjectives: moving
VERB
CHANGE PLACE
[B1] [I] If a person or an organization moves, they go to a different place to live or

work.
We're thinking of moving - perhaps to the country.
We're moving to Paris.
A lot of businesses are moving out of London because it's too expensive.
Learner example:
As my office will move [to] the west of the town next month, it will be difficult for me to still live in
this house.
move house
[B1] to leave your home in order to live in a new one
Dictionary example:
We're moving house in the spring.
Learner example:
I want to move house [as] soon as possible.
TIME
[B2] [T] to change the time or order of something
Dictionary example:
We need to move the meeting back a few days.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, we have to move the time of our departure [be]cause of technical problems.
FEELING
[B2] [T OFTEN PASSIVE] to make someone have strong feelings of sadness or sympathy
I was deeply moved by his speech.
Many people were moved to tears.
Learner example:
I was very moved: it was so beautiful!
1417
NOUN [C]
ACTION
[C1] an action taken to achieve something
Buying those shares was a good move.
It was a good career move.
The latest policies are clearly a move towards democracy.
Learner example:
I have also come to [the] conclusion that showing [the] canteen [in the film] would not be a good
move because it is very noisy.
CHANGE OF PLACE
[C1] when you go to live or work in a different place
Dictionary example:
We've had four moves in three years.
movement /ˈmuːv.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: movement
Verbs: move, remove
Adjectives: moving
NOUN
CHANGE OF POSITION
[B2] [C or U] a change of position or place
He made a sudden movement and frightened the bird away.
For a long time after the accident, he had no movement in his legs.
Her movements were rather clumsy.
Learner example:
She must sit for two hours without any movement.
GROUP
[C1] [C] a group of people with the same beliefs who work together to achieve
something
the women's movement
the labour movement
1418
Learner example:
Obviously what started some time ago as a feminist movement has now grown to the level of
independence, economically and most important, socially.
moving /ˈmuː.vɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: movement
Verbs: move, remove
Adjectives: moving
ADJECTIVE
[B2] causing strong feelings of sadness or sympathy
Dictionary example:
She read a moving speech at the funeral.
Learner example:
It was [a] really moving story.
much /mʌtʃ/
DETERMINER; PRONOUN (more, most)
A LOT OF
[C1] FORMAL a lot of

Much of the evidence was unreliable.
Much work remains to be done.
Learner example:
Much of the influence that people [come under] to change [their] eating habits comes from TV,
[e]specially advertisements.
not much of a sth

[C1] used when you want to say that a person or thing is not a very good example
of something
I'm not much of a cook.
It's not much of a job, but it pays the bills.
Learner example:
I'm not much of a royalist but I think she's the symbol of everything that's Danish.
1419
ADVERB (more, most)
OFTEN/ A LOT
[B1] used mainly in questions or negative sentences to mean often or a lot
Do you go to London much?
I don't like curry very much.
Learner example:
I wear skirts, too, but not very much.
WITH ADJECTIVES
[B1] used before comparative adjectives such as 'better' and 'more beautiful' to
mean 'a lot'
Their old house was much bigger.
That's a much better idea.
It's a much more beautiful city.
Learner example:
This class is so much better than the old one.
mud /mʌd/
Word family:
Nouns: mud
Adjectives: muddy
NOUN [U]
[B2] a thick liquid mixture of soil and water, or this mixture after it has dried
You've got mud on your shoes.
He'd been playing football and was covered in mud.
Learner example:
It may sound funny, but mud, gravel and snow lying on the school's floors is not a nice sight, so
we change our shoes without questioning that rule.
muddy /ˈmʌd.i/
Word family:
Nouns: mud
Adjectives: muddy
1420
ADJECTIVE
[B2] covered by or containing mud
a muddy stream
muddy boots
You've made the kitchen floor all muddy.
Learner example:
I went out into the kitchen. I looked around to see if I could see him, but he was gone, only the
wet, muddy footprints were left.
multiple /ˈmʌl.tɪ.pl
̩/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] with several things or parts
multiple injuries
We made multiple copies of the report.
Learner example:
The report contains multiple errors and gives the reader a totally incorrect view of the event.
mumble /ˈmʌm.bəl/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to speak too quietly and not clearly enough for someone to understand you
Dictionary example:
He mumbled something about it being a waste of time.
Learner example:
I started mumbling something and I could feel I was red because my cheeks were hot.
mundane /mʌnˈdeɪn/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] ordinary, or not interesting
Dictionary example:
a mundane task/life
1421
Learner example:
Lastly, it would be a good idea to travel to an island and to escape just a while from your
mundane routine.
municipal /mjuːˈnɪs.ɪ.pəl/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] relating or belonging to the government of a town or city
municipal tennis courts
a municipal council/election
Learner example:
Another problem is that the municipal authority in the location proposed has a very negative
attitude towards companies of [our] kind, imposing very high taxes.
murder /ˈmɜː.dər/
Word family:
Nouns: murder, murderer
Verbs: murder
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] ! the crime of intentionally killing a person
to commit murder
She was charged with attempted murder.
Two sisters have been charged with murder.
a murder weapon
Learner example:
It was about a murder which had taken place on the beach.
VERB [T]
[B1] ! to kill someone intentionally and illegally
He was murdered by a former employee.
She was accused/found guilty of murdering her husband.
Learner example:
It's about the man who murdered a lot of people.
1422
murderer /ˈmɜːd.ə.rər/
Word family:
Nouns: murder, murderer
Verbs: murder
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! someone who has committed murder
Dictionary example:
a mass murderer
Learner example:
A few weeks later the police caught the murderer of my best friend.
muscle /ˈmʌs.l
̩/
NOUN [C or U]
IN BODY
[B2] one of many pieces of tissue in the body that are connected to bones and
which produce movement by becoming longer or shorter
neck/back/leg/stomach muscles
facial muscles
These exercises build muscle and increase stamina.
Learner example:
It tones the muscles in this area and provides us with stamina and good health.
music /ˈmjuː.zɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: music, musical, musician
Adjectives: musical
Adverbs: musically
NOUN [U]
face the music

[C1] to accept punishment or criticism for something bad that you have done
Dictionary example:
At the end of the day I had to go home and face the music.
1423
Learner example:
Teenagers who live with their parents have to face the music about the long bills their parents
receive monthly!
musical /ˈmjuː.zɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Adjectives: musical
Adverbs: musically
ADJECTIVE
ABILITY
[C1] good at playing music
Dictionary example:
She comes from a very musical family.
Learner example:
[These] people are very musical and, therefore, you will find folk songs and even unique dances.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a play or film in which singing and dancing tell part of the story
a Broadway musical
A Little Night Music is one of Sondheim's greatest musicals.
Learner example:
It is always a great opportunity to enjoy a musical when you go on holiday to London.
musician /mjuːˈzɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Adjectives: musical
Adverbs: musically
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who plays a musical instrument, often as a job
a talented jazz/classical musician
The concert features dancers, singers and musicians of all nationalities.
1424
Learner example:
The movie is about two musicians that had to dress like women to escape from the gangsters of
Chicago.
must /mʌst/
MODAL VERB
SUGGEST
[B1] used to show that you think it is a good idea for someone to do something
You must come and stay with us some time.
We must meet for lunch.
Learner example:
You must come with me when you are in Germany.
LIKELY
[B2] used to show that you think something is very likely or certain to be true
Harry's been driving all day - he must be tired.
It must have been very upsetting for her.
There's no food left - they must have eaten it all.
She must be very wealthy.
Learner example:
I must have been seven years old at that time.
mustard /ˈmʌs.təd/
NOUN [U]
[C1] a thick, spicy yellow or brown sauce often eaten in small amounts with meat
Dictionary example:
a teaspoon of mustard
Learner example:
You just ask for what you want put in it - ham, eggs, salad, chicken, mustard, etc.
1425
mutter /ˈmʌt.ər/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to speak quietly so that your voice is difficult to hear, often when complaining
about something
He was muttering (away) to himself.
He muttered something about the restaurant being too expensive.
Learner example:
"Emile Zola is the best writer", he muttered.
mutual /ˈmjuː.tʃu.əl/
ADJECTIVE
OPINION
[C1] When two or more people have a mutual feeling, they have the same opinion
about each other.
mutual admiration/respect
He doesn't like her, and I suspect the feeling's mutual.
Learner example:
It will hugely contribute to better understanding between the parties as well as add to a mutual
respect and trust.
FRIEND/INTEREST
[C1] When two or more people have a mutual friend or interest, they have the same
one.
Dictionary example:
Andrew and Jean were introduced to each other by a mutual friend.
Learner example:
They need someone who would help their dead, but still living, bodies look good and they find a
victim - their mutual lover (Bruce Willis).
1426
myself /maɪˈself/
PRONOUN
EMPHASIS
[B2] used to emphasize 'I' as the subject of a sentence
I myself don't like a heavy meal at lunchtime.
I'll tell her myself.
Learner example:
Dear editor of 'The Student Tourist Guidebook' [I am writing] regard[ing] your latest student
tourist guidebook, which I myself found very useful on my latest trip to Lampton.
(all) to myself
[C1] for my use only
I'll have the flat all to myself this weekend.
I need a couple of hours to myself.
Learner example:
This is because if I live[d] in a triple-storey [house], I would get a room all to myself.
mysterious /mɪˈstɪə.ri.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: mystery
Adjectives: mysterious
Adverbs: mysteriously
ADJECTIVE
[B2] strange or unknown, and not explained or understood
a mysterious stranger
the mysterious death of her son
He died in mysterious circumstances, and there is still a possibility that it was murder.
Learner example:
He went to the Hotel because he wanted to find out who was the person that had sent him a
mysterious letter a few days ago.
1427
mysteriously /mɪˈstɪə.ri.əs.li/
Word family:
Nouns: mystery
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is mysterious
"Perhaps, and perhaps not," she said mysteriously.
Mysteriously, the light came on, although no one was near the switch.
Learner example:
Mysteriously, their character always dies tragically or goes abroad and [is] never seen again.
mystery /ˈmɪs.tər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: mystery
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] something strange or unknown which has not yet been explained or
understood
an unsolved mystery
How the massive stones were brought here from hundreds of miles away remains a mystery.
He never gave up hope that he would solve the mystery of his son's disappearance.
He's out of work, so how he pays his rent is a mystery to me.
Learner example:
I have chosen this film because it has mystery in it and a lot of fun!!
myth /mɪθ/
NOUN
STORY
[B2] [C or U] an ancient story about gods and brave people, often one that explains
an event in history or the natural world
1428
ancient myths
the gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman myth
Learner example:
I spent three days there thinking about myths and legends and having a lot of fun.
FALSE IDEA
[C1] [C] an idea that is not true but is believed by many people
Dictionary example:
It's a myth that men are better drivers than women.
Learner example:
There is this myth that when you are on [holiday] you should spend your whole time at the beach,
practically doing nothing.
1429
N
nail /neɪl/
NOUN [C]
METAL
[B2] a thin piece of metal with a sharp end, used to join pieces of wood together
a three-inch nail
I stepped on a nail sticking out of the floorboards.
Hammer a nail into the wall and we'll hang the mirror from it.
Learner example:
Sometimes in food given to animals by visitors you can find pieces of glass, nails or even poison.
BODY PART
[B2] the hard surface at the end of your fingers and toes
Stop biting your nails!
nail clippers
a nail file
Learner example:
She went to the hairdresser to have her hair cut, to the nails shop to have her nails done and
finally she made her face up.
naive /naɪˈiːv/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If someone is naive, they believe things too easily and do not have enough
experience of the world.
Dictionary example:
I was much younger then, and very naive.
Learner example:
It might sound a bit idealistic and naive, but I think this concept of communication will make the
world a better place.
1430
naked /ˈneɪ.kɪd/
ADJECTIVE
NO CLOTHES
[B2] not wearing clothes
a naked man
naked bodies
He was naked to the waist.
The children were half naked.
Learner example:
I cried out in anger and that was a mistake, because the girls turned around and looked at me,
standing there naked.
NOT HIDDEN
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] A naked feeling or quality is not hidden, although it is bad.
Dictionary example:
naked aggression
Learner example:
This programme presents the naked truth about Brazil, this so called "Tropical Paradise".
name /neɪm/
Word family:
Nouns: name
Verbs: name
Adverbs: namely
NOUN
REPUTATION
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] the reputation that someone or something has
She went to court to clear her name.
Their actions gave British football a bad name in Europe at that time.
They're trying to restore the good name of the manufacturer.
Learner example:
He's the only one concerned about the good name of the family.
1431
VERB [T]
GIVE NAME
[B1] to give someone or something a name
We named our dogs 'Shandy' and 'Belle'.
A man named Dennis answered the door.
Learner example:
She is named Maryam.
SAY WHAT NAME IS
[B1] to say what something's or someone's name is
In the first question you had to name three types of monkey.
He couldn't name his attacker.
Learner example:
Not only "Tandoori dishes" but all the [dishes] are tasty, to name some there [are] Chinese, North
Indian, and many others.
CHOOSE
[B2] to choose someone or something
Just name the time and the place and I'll be there.
Name your conditions/terms/price.
Ms Martinez has been named (as) the new Democratic candidate.
Learner example:
He has [been] named as the best Latin singer and he has [won] two Grammys.
namely /ˈneɪm.li/
Word family:
Nouns: name
Verbs: name
Adverbs: namely
ADVERB
[C1] used when you are going to give more detail about something you have just
said
Dictionary example:
She learned an important lesson from failing that exam, namely that nothing is ever certain.
1432
Learner example:
This network is used by the four most used means of transport in our city (namely, bus, car,
bicycle and motorcycle) and has been plagued by problems such as potholes, poor drainage and
poor use (or lack!) of traffic signs.
nap /næp/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a short sleep
Dictionary example:
He likes to have/take a nap after lunch.
Learner example:
He usually takes a nap after lunch and at night goes to bed about 10.00 p.m.
narrow /ˈnær.əʊ/
Word family:
Verbs: narrow
Adjectives: narrow
Adverbs: narrowly
ADJECTIVE
NOT WIDE
[B1] Narrow things measure a small distance from one side to the other.
narrow streets
a narrow bridge/passage/gap
a narrow face
narrow feet
Learner example:
You will also see narrow streets with pubs and small cafes everywhere.
VERB
MAKE SMALLER
[C1] to become less wide or to make something less wide
The road has been narrowed to one lane.
His eyes narrowed angrily.
1433
Learner example:
Driving as well as parking has become a difficult task in Copenhagen City as the City Council [has]
over the last [few] years deliberately cut down the numbers of parking places, raised the fees and
narrowed the roads and streets.
narrowly /ˈnær.əʊ.li/
Word family:
Verbs: narrow
Adjectives: narrow
Adverbs: narrowly
ADVERB
[B2] only by a small amount
He narrowly escaped death in the accident.
She narrowly missed winning an Oscar.
Learner example:
They narrowly escaped crash[ing] with the car in [the]opposite lane.
narrow-minded /ˌnær.əʊˈmaɪn.dɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not willing to accept new ideas or opinions different from your own
Dictionary example:
My family are very narrow-minded.
Learner example:
He is a bit narrow-minded and at first he'll drive you crazy but once you get to know him, he'll be
good company.
nasty /ˈnɑː.sti/
ADJECTIVE
BAD
[B1] bad or unpleasant
1434
a nasty shock/surprise
There's a nasty smell in here.
He had a nasty cut above the eye.
She has a nasty habit of picking on people in meetings.
Learner example:
Inside there were three samples of a nasty purple liquid.
UNKIND
[B1] unkind
Dictionary example:
Don't be so nasty to your brother - he's four years younger than you!
Learner example:
I though that it was a nasty joke made by a friend, but the ad[d]ress of the sender did not match
with any that I knew.
ANGRY
[B2] very angry or violent
Dictionary example:
When I asked for the money, he turned really nasty.
Learner example:
He can sometimes be very nasty and say and do horrible things on and [off] the pitch.
nation /ˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: nation, nationality
Adjectives: national
NOUN [C]
[B2] a country or the people living in a country
the industrial nations
All the nations of the world will be represented at the conference.
Practically the whole nation watched the ceremony on television.
Learner example:
At that time, everyone should have devoted their life to the nation.
1435
nationwide /ˌneɪ.ʃənˈwaɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] existing or happening in all parts of a particular country
a nationwide network/chain of shops
a nationwide survey
Learner example:
The nationwide blackout was the first in the past decade.
ADVERB
[B2] in all parts of a country
Dictionary example:
Schools nationwide are experiencing a shortage of teachers.
Learner example:
On Thursday, Friday or Saturday you could visit the annual festival, which is well-known
nationwide for the music, costumes and dance of the local people.
native /ˈneɪ.tɪv/
PLACE BORN
[B2] Your native town or country is the place where you were born.
She returned to live and work in her native Japan.
She's a native Californian.
Learner example:
I am good, because in my native country, Austria, I worked in a cinema.
your native language/tongue

[B2] the first language that you learn
Dictionary example:
French is his native tongue.
Learner example:
My native language is Russian but I speak English fluently and I have been learning Latin for two
years.
FIRST PEOPLE
[B2] relating to the first people to live in an area
1436
The Aborigines are the native inhabitants of Australia.
the native population
native customs and traditions
Learner example:
I am very happy to tell you about my trip to the Amazon forest native inhabitants museum.
native speaker /ˌneɪ.tɪvˈspiː.kər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who has spoken a particular language since they were a baby, rather
than having learnt it as a child or adult
All our teachers are native speakers of English.
a native-speaker dictionary
Learner example:
My knowledge in foreign languages ha[s] to get better and the best way to do [that] is to get in
contact with native speakers.
natural /ˈnætʃ.ər.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: nature
Adjectives: natural, unnatural
Adverbs: naturally
ADJECTIVE
NOT ARTIFICIAL
[B1] Something that is natural exists or happens because of nature, not because it
was made or done by people.
natural ingredients
a natural substance
He died from natural causes.
Floods and earthquakes are natural disasters.
People say that breast-feeding is better than bottle-feeding because it's more natural.
Learner example:
We have wonderful beaches full of natural beauty.
1437
EXPECTED
[B2] normal or expected
Of course you're upset - it's only natural.
It's natural that you should feel anxious when you first leave home.
It's quite natural to experience a few doubts just before you get married.
Learner example:
So, of course, it was quite a natural thing for me to learn [to] driv[e] a car as early as possible, and
that was at the age of 18 when one could apply for a driving licence.
FROM BIRTH
[C1] If you have a natural characteristic, it is something you have been born with.
a natural talent
She's a natural athlete/blonde.
Learner example:
Also my natural talent for entertaining people together with my past experience should be very
useful working at [the] new theme park.
naturally /ˈnætʃ.ər.əl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: nature
Adverbs: naturally
ADVERB
AS EXPECTED
[B2] as you would expect
Dictionary example:
Naturally, he was very disappointed.
Learner example:
Naturally we had to take his word for it.
NORMALLY
[B2] in a normal way
Dictionary example:
Relax and try to behave naturally.
Learner example:
As a result they can't behave naturally at all and become sick.
1438
LIFE
[C1] happening or existing as part of nature and not made or done by people
A healthy body will be able to fight off the illness naturally without the use of medicine.
He has naturally blonde hair.
Learner example:
Sometimes people say women are naturally stronger tha[n] men.
nature /ˈneɪ.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: nature
Adverbs: naturally
NOUN
CHARACTER
[B2] [C or U] someone's character
As a child Juliana had a lovely nature - everyone liked her.
It's not really in her nature to be aggressive.
He is by nature inclined to be rather lazy.
Learner example:
Jane wasn't very suspicious by nature, but there was something weird in that.
TYPE
[C1] [NO PLURAL] FORMAL type
What exactly is the nature of your business?
I don't like hunting and things of that nature.
Learner example:
He claims that he did not improve his English because of the nature of the job.
naughty /ˈnɔː.ti/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] When children are naughty, or their behaviour is naughty, they behave badly.
1439
You naughty boy!
Now that's naughty - you mustn't throw food on the floor!
Our boss treats us all like naughty schoolchildren.
Learner example:
But some naughty students in my class were throwing paper aeroplanes when the teacher was
writing something on the board.
navy /ˈneɪ.vi/
[B2] ! the part of a country's armed forces which is trained to operate at sea
My brother is an officer in the Navy.
Gabriel joined the navy in 1997.
a navy ship/vessel
Learner example:
Best of all, not only am I familiar [with the] life-style on a ship but I also know a lot of things
about ship[s] because I was in the navy.
navy blue /ˌneɪ.viˈbluː/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] very dark blue
Dictionary example:
He was wearing a navy blue sweater.
Learner example:
I think I will buy [a] navy blue carpet and black and blue furniture.
near /nɪər/
PREPOSITION
TIME
[B2] close in time
1440
He arrived near the end of the lesson.
It was nearer four when we finally arrived.
We can decide which route to take nearer the time.
nowhere near
[C1] not close in distance, time, amount or quality
The house was nowhere near the sea.
It's nowhere near time for us to leave yet.
I'm nowhere near finishing the book - I'm only half-way through it.
He's nowhere near as tall as his sister.
Learner example:
Although people are well aware of the current situation in Switzerland, they prefer looking at
other countries and comparing us to them (we are nowhere near as fat as them).
anywhere near sth

[C1] used in questions and negatives to mean 'close to being or doing something'
Dictionary example:
The house isn't anywhere near ready.
Learner example:
We could not have gone anywhere near 5000 miles because all our minibuses were broken down -
we even stayed in one place for 8 days.
ADVERB
DISTANCE
[B1] close in distance
I was standing just near enough to hear what they were saying.
Don't come any nearer.
Learner example:
And they are getting nearer, I must run for my life.
TIME
[B2] close in time
Her birthday was getting nearer and I still hadn't bought her a present.
As the date of his operation drew near, he became more and more anxious.
Learner example:
I would appreciate very much if you could reply as soon as possible, as the school holiday is
drawing near.
1441
DISTANCE
[B1] close in distance
Dictionary example:
Where's the nearest post office?
Learner example:
Dear Dan, My friends and I have decided to go to the nearest cinema, the one which is in The Mall,
three blocks from here.
in the near future

[B2] at a time that is not far away
Dictionary example:
Space travel may become very common in the near future.
Learner example:
I look forward to receiving your reply in the near future.
nearby /ˌnɪəˈbaɪ/
ADVERB
[B1] not far away
If there's a cafe nearby, we could stop for a snack.
I noticed a policeman standing nearby.
Learner example:
We can go swimming, [and] visit some of the bea[u]tiful castles nearby.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not far away
Dictionary example:
We stopped at some nearby shops to buy some food.
Learner example:
The nearby towns are lovely, very calm.
1442
nearly /ˈnɪə.li/
ADVERB
not nearly (as/so)

[C1] a lot less
It's not nearly as expensive as I thought.
There are not nearly enough jobs to go round.
Learner example:
However this is not nearly enough, since we are restricted when it comes to us[ing] nuclear power
[and] there is always a constant search for other energy sources.
neat /niːt/
Word family:
Adjectives: neat
Adverbs: neatly
ADJECTIVE
TIDY
[B1] tidy and clean
Your house is always so neat - how do you manage it with three children?
She likes everything neat and tidy.
You've got such neat handwriting.
Learner example:
I always go to this restaurant because it's neat and clean.
neatly /ˈniːt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: neat
Adverbs: neatly
ADVERB
[C1] in a tidy way
neatly dressed
a neatly folded pile of clothes
1443
Learner example:
The performers are all neatly dressed.
necessarily /ˈnes.əˈser.ɪl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: necessity
Adjectives: necessary, unnecessary
Adverbs: necessarily, unnecessarily
ADVERB
[B2] used in negatives to mean 'in every case' or 'therefore'
That's not necessarily true.
The fact that something is cheap doesn't necessarily mean it's of low quality.
You may love someone without necessarily wanting to marry them.
Learner example:
The most important point in a job interview is to give a good impression, which does not
necessarily mean how you look.
necessary /ˈnes.ə.sər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: necessity
ADJECTIVE
[B1] needed in order to achieve something
If necessary, we can change the dates of our trip.
We don't want to take any more luggage with us than is necessary.
I won't stay any longer than necessary.
He lacks the necessary skills for the job.
Is it necessary to give so much detail?
Learner example:
If necessary, please contact me on my business e-mail address.
1444
necessity /nəˈses.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: necessity
NOUN
NEED
[C1] [U] the need for something
There's no financial necessity for her to work.
Sewing is something I do out of necessity, not for pleasure.
Learner example:
Therefore, the most important lesson to learn is to acknowledge the necessity of education and
the str[uggle] to make it happen.
SOMETHING NEEDED
[C1] [C] something you need
Dictionary example:
Most people seem to consider a car a necessity, not a luxury.
Learner example:
Mobile phones first appeared as a necessity in worldwide communications because, as the
different business domains began to expand, the need [for] information and detailed facts about
numerous aspects have emerged.
neck /nek/
NOUN [C]
be a pain in the neck INFORMAL
[C1] to be annoying
Dictionary example:
My brother can be a real pain in the neck sometimes.
Learner example:
He's adorable although sometimes he can really be a pain in the neck (don't tell him I wrote this.)
1445
need /niːd/
Word family:
Nouns: need
Verbs: need
Adjectives: needless
VERB [T]
MUST BE DONE
[B1] If something needs something to be done to it, that thing should be done in
order to improve it.
The car needs to be serviced.
This room needs brightening up a bit.
She needs her hair washing.
Learner example:
It is so beautiful but it needs washing all the time.
NOUN
NECESSARY THING
[B2] [NO PLURAL] something that is necessary to have or do
There's a growing need for cheap housing in the larger cities.
Is there any need to change the current system?
Learner example:
In conclusion, I beli[e]ve that human beings will always have the need for knowledge and
entertainment at the same time.
no need
[B2] If there is no need to do something or no need for something, it is not
necessary or it is wrong.
There's no need to go to the shops - there's plenty of food in the fridge.
I understand why she was angry but there was no need for that kind of language.
There's no need to shout, for goodness' sake! Just calm down.
Learner example:
He told me that I could trust him with the ticket and that there was no need for me to take it
home.
be in need of sth
[B2] to need something
1446
Dictionary example:
My car's in desperate need of repair.
Learner example:
He is also constantly in need of money.
needs
[B2] the things you need in order to have a good life
her emotional needs
The city is struggling to meet the needs of its homeless people.
Learner example:
I love swimming and cycling and that is why I want to ask if there are any facilities that could suit
my needs?
needle /ˈniː.dl
̩/
NOUN [C]
SEWING
[B2] a thin, pointed metal object with a small hole at one end for thread, used in
sewing
Dictionary example:
a needle and thread
Learner example:
It was impossible for me to open the door, it was like [thread]ing a needle with gloves [on].
needless /ˈniːd.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: need
Verbs: need
Adjectives: needless
ADJECTIVE
needless to say
[C1] as you would expect
Dictionary example:
Needless to say, it rained the whole time we were there.
Learner example:
Needless to say, bribes are a frequent occur[r]ence.
1447
negative /ˈneg.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Adjectives: negative
Adverbs: negatively
ADJECTIVE
NO ENTHUSIASM
[B1] not having enthusiasm or positive opinions about something
negative feelings
Many people have a negative attitude towards ageing.
You're so negative about everything!
Learner example:
At the same time there were no negative opinions about the service from the visitors [to] "Fine
food".
BAD
[B2] A negative effect is bad and causes damage to something.
Dictionary example:
Terrorist threats have had a very negative effect/impact on tourism.
Learner example:
Even if it provides a lot of advantages, this revolution in the world of communication [also] has a
negative impact on our society.
NO
[B2] expressing the answer no
Dictionary example:
We received a negative answer to our request.
Learner example:
Museums are the best example to show how life was in the past but when you ask teenagers
[whether] they have been in a museum you will get a negative answer.
negatively /ˈneg.ə.tɪv.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: negative
Adverbs: negatively
ADVERB
[B2] with a bad effect
1448
Dictionary example:
They were very negatively affected by the changes.
Learner example:
Despite the huge facilities, technology has affected our lives negatively.
neglect /nɪˈglekt/
Word family:
Nouns: negligence
Verbs: neglect
Adjectives: negligent
VERB [T]
NOT GIVE ATTENTION
[C1] to not give enough care or attention to something or someone
to neglect your appearance
Some of these kids have been badly neglected in the past.
Learner example:
Is sport neglected by young people nowadays?
NOUN [U]
[C1] when you do not give enough care or attention to something or someone
Dictionary example:
to suffer years of neglect
Learner example:
First of all, concerning the coaches, all I can say is that they were in a complete state of neglect.
negotiate /nɪˈgəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: negotiation
Verbs: negotiate
VERB
[C1] [I or T] to try to make or change an agreement by discussion
Dictionary example:
to negotiate with employers about working conditions
Learner example:
You should also negotiate the best terms for our client.
1449
negotiation /nɪˌgəʊ.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: negotiation
Verbs: negotiate
NOUN [C]
[C1] when people try to make or change an agreement by discussion
Dictionary example:
Peace negotiations are due to start.
Learner example:
The classes on different subjects connected with the practice of our work equipted us with
essential techniques in business negotiations.
neighbour /ˈneɪ.bər/
Word family:
Nouns: neighbour, neighbourhood
Adjectives: neighbouring
NOUN [C]
BEING NEAR
[B2] someone or something that is near or next to someone or something else
The French make more films than some of their European neighbours.
Take 5 minutes to discuss this with your neighbour.
Learner example:
As a neighbour of Lithuania and Ukraine we had to learn [the] Russian language.
neighbourhood /ˈneɪ.bə.hʊd/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B1] an area of a town or city that people live in
There were lots of kids in my neighbourhood when I was growing up.
They live in a very well-off neighbourhood.
1450
Learner example:
The place I'm staying in is wonderful, [and] the whole neighbourhood is wonderful.
neighbouring /ˈneɪ.bər.ɪŋ/
Word family:
[B2] near or next to somewhere
neighbouring countries/states
She married a man from the neighbouring village.
Learner example:
We have to do concerts in the neighbouring towns.
neither /ˈnaɪ.ðər/
ADVERB
[B2] used to say that a negative fact is also true of someone or something else
Jerry doesn't like it, and neither do I.
Her family wouldn't help her and neither would anyone else.
She's not very tall and neither is her husband.
Learner example:
Of course, she never thought those would be the lucky numbers and neither did her husband, so
he forgot to ask her about the ticket later.
PRONOUN; DETERMINER
[B2] not either of two people or things
Luckily, neither child was hurt in the accident.
Neither of us had ever been to London before.
They gave us two keys, but neither worked.
"Which one would you choose?" "Neither."
Learner example:
Three years ago, when I was in Japan, my parents were both working and neither of them were at
home by the time I g[o]t back from school.
1451
CONJUNCTION
neither ... nor

[B2] used when a negative fact is true of two people or things or when someone or
something does not have either of two qualities
Neither he nor his mother would talk to the police.
Their performance was neither entertaining nor educational.
Learner example:
I was just having a bath when the lights went out. [...] No lights at all, neither the cooker nor the
fridge were working in my flat, so what had happened?
nephew /ˈnef.juː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a son of your sister or brother, or a son of the sister or brother of your
husband or wife
Dictionary example:
My nephew is 21 today.
Learner example:
I went with my husband, my two sisters and some nieces and nephews.
nerve /nɜːv/
Word family:
Nouns: nerves, nerve, nervousness
Adjectives: nervous
Adverbs: nervously
NOUN
nerves
[C1] worry or anxiety about something that is going to happen
I sometimes suffer from nerves when I'm speaking in public.
I need something to calm my nerves.
Learner example:
You might feel you need it to calm your nerves, but for obvious reasons (the law) it is better not
to.
1452
get on sb's nerves
[C1] to annoy someone, especially by doing something again and again
Dictionary example:
Please stop making that noise! It really gets on my nerves.
Learner example:
My neighbour is always quarrel[l]ing with his wife. It['s] getting on my nerves!
nerves /nɜːvz/
Word family:
Adjectives: nervous
Adverbs: nervously
NOUN [PLURAL]
NERVOUS
[B2] the state of being nervous
I always suffer from nerves before a match.
I need something to calm my nerves.
Learner example:
I had to calm my nerves.
steady/strong nerves
[B2] the ability to be calm in difficult situations
Dictionary example:
You need a cool head and steady nerves for this job.
Learner example:
I know very well you have steady nerves but what is strong can become weak as well.
get on sb's nerves

[B2] to annoy someone, especially by doing something again and again
Dictionary example:
If we spend too much time together, we end up getting on each other's nerves.
Learner example:
Sometimes, receiving a phone call can disturb very important events in [a person's] life, but [it]
also get[s] on people's nerves when you use it in a public place like a train...
1453
nervous /ˈnɜː.vəs/
Word family:
Adjectives: nervous
Adverbs: nervously
ADJECTIVE
[B1] worried or anxious
He gets very nervous before exams.
I was too nervous to speak.
I was very nervous about driving again after the accident.
She's always been nervous around dogs.
a nervous cough/laugh
Learner example:
I'm a little nervous because of that.
nervously /ˈnɜː.vəs.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: nervous
Adverbs: nervously
ADVERB
[B2] in a worried and anxious way
Dictionary example:
to giggle/laugh nervously
Learner example:
As always the girls sat down in the fifth row and waited nervously for the event to begin.
nervousness /ˈnɜː.vəs.nəs/
Word family:
Adjectives: nervous
Adverbs: nervously
NOUN [U]
[C1] the state of being nervous
1454
Dictionary example:
Her nervousness was obvious when she spoke.
Learner example:
Remember, by and large, failures are sparked off by nervousness.
net /net/
NOUN
OBJECT
[B1] [C] an object that has many holes in it and that is used in many sports and for
catching fish
a fishing net
a tennis/basketball net
His penalty kick placed the ball firmly in the back of the net.
Learner example:
I have the advantage of being qui[te] tall and therefor[e] I prefer to play at the net.
network /ˈnet.wɜːk/
NOUN [C]
CONNECTED PARTS
[B2] a system or group of connected parts
a road/rail network
Massive investment is needed to modernise the country's telephone network.
We could reduce our costs by developing a more efficient distribution network.
a network of spies/a spy network
Learner example:
Switzerland is a safe, small and beautiful country [that is] perfect to travel [in], because of the best
publi[c] transport network in the world.
COMPUTERS
[B2] a set of computers that are connected to each other
Dictionary example:
All our offices are on the same network.
1455
Learner example:
[In the future,] the fridge, the television, the stove and the Hi-Fi equipment will be attached to a
computer network.
PEOPLE
[C1] a group of people who know each other or who work together
Dictionary example:
a large network of friends
Learner example:
It is quite easy to build a network of friends worldwide when travelling abroad.
COMPANY
[C1] a large television or radio company that broadcasts programs in many areas
Dictionary example:
She worked for the network for more than 10 years.
Learner example:
So the Swiss television network decided to produce a Swiss soap opera.
PEOPLE
[C1] a group of people who know each other or who work together
Dictionary example:
a large network of friends
Learner example:
It is quite easy to build a network of friends worldwide when traveling abroad.
networking /ˈnet.wɜː.kɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[C1] the activity of meeting and contacting people who might be useful to know,
especially for your job
Dictionary example:
I often go to networking events.
Learner example:
I am sure there are many other benefits working can bring to us, apart from the enjoyment,
networking, etc. that I have mentioned above, and of course the money it makes.
1456
neutral /ˈnjuː.trəl/
ADJECTIVE
INDEPENDENT
[C1] independent and not supporting any side in an argument, fight, or

competition
neutral ground/territory
He decided to remain/stay neutral on the issue.
Learner example:
Thus, its main advantage is that the information you get is not provided by a company or
something like that but by a neutral person.
COLOUR
[C1] Neutral colours are not strong or bright.
Dictionary example:
Try neutral creams and greys.
Learner example:
Throughout the house the carpets are brand new and lovely neutral colours.
never /ˈnev.ər/
ADVERB
NOT
[B2] used to emphasize something negative
Dictionary example:
I never knew you lived around here.
Learner example:
I never knew what happened after I left.
never-ending /ˌnev.ərˈend.ɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If something is never-ending, it continues for ever.
Dictionary example:
The housework in this place is just never-ending.
1457
Learner example:
We are often forced to study till about thirty years of age, and it really appears to be [a] never-
ending story.
nevertheless /ˌnev.ə.ðəˈles/
ADVERB
[B2] despite that
Dictionary example:
I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless.
Learner example:
Both the options you gave seem very interesting. Nevertheless, I get the impression that working
with animals is much more fun, don't you think?
new /njuː/
Word family:
Nouns: news
Adjectives: new
Adverbs: newly
ADJECTIVE
NOT FAMILIAR
[B1] not yet familiar or experienced
I'm new to the area.
She's new to the job so you can't expect her to know everything yet.
New staff are given training.
Learner example:
I met a guy called Marc [who] is pretty cool. He is also new to the club.
new blood
[C1] new people in an organization who will provide new ideas and energy
Dictionary example:
We need some new blood in the organization.
Learner example:
It will give new opportunities to new generations and thus will [provide] new blood in the
differe[n]t organisations.
1458
newly /ˈnjuː.li/
Word family:
Nouns: news
Adjectives: new
Adverbs: newly
ADVERB
[B2] recently
the newly formed residents' association
Newly-discovered documents cast doubt on the guilt of the two men.
Learner example:
The book is about a newly qualified doctor, Andrew Manson, who starts his career [in] a small
town.
news /njuːz/
Word family:
Nouns: news
Adjectives: new
Adverbs: newly
NOUN [U]
the news
[B1] the announcement of important events on television, radio, and in newspapers
It was on the 6 o'clock news.
I usually listen to/watch the 9 o'clock news.
Learner example:
It'll be shown next Thursday, just after the news.
be bad/good news for sb

[C1] to affect someone badly/well
Dictionary example:
This weather is bad news for farmers.
Learner example:
Focusing now on Kavanagh Catering Services, it could be said that for them price is [the] main
variable - obviously this [is] good news for students.
1459
newsletter /ˈnjuːzˌlet.ər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a regular report with information for people who belong to an organization or
who are interested in a particular subject
Dictionary example:
a monthly newsletter about business and the environment
Learner example:
And if you decide to use our newsletter service, you'll always be up-to-date.
next /nekst/
ADJECTIVE
the next best thing

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
ADVERB
AGAIN
[B1] The time when you next do something is the first time you do it again.
Dictionary example:
Could you get some coffee when you next go to the supermarket?
Learner example:
I will talk to you about it much more when I next see you.
PRONOUN
THING FOLLOWING
[B2] the person or thing that follows the present person or thing
Who's next to see the nurse?
Blue roses? Whatever next?
the weekend/week/Thursday, etc. after next

[B2] the weekend/week/Thursday, etc. that follows the next one
1460
Dictionary example:
We're seeing Paul the Saturday after next.
next door /ˌnekstˈdɔːr/
ADVERB
[B1] in the next room, house, or building
Dictionary example:
That's the old man who lives next door to Paul.
Learner example:
Maria didn't understand, but then she realized that the man she was looking for lived next door.
next-door /ˈnekstˌdɔːr/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] in the next room, house, or building
Dictionary example:
What are your next-door neighbours like?
Learner example:
He has just moved from a large city and now he is my new next-door neighbour.
nice /naɪs/
Word family:
Adjectives: nice
Adverbs: nicely
ADJECTIVE
nice and sth INFORMAL
[B1] used to emphasize a positive quality
nice and clean
This chair's nice and comfy.
Learner example:
I've just bought a new lamp for my bedroom. [...] I put it by the bed and in front of the door
because it's nice and colourful.
1461
nicely /ˈnaɪ.sli/
Word family:
Adjectives: nice
Adverbs: nicely
ADVERB
WELL
[B2] well
That table would fit nicely in the bedroom.
His business is doing very nicely.
Learner example:
It is a pleasant, easy book with useful, active vocabulary and short, nicely constructed sentences.
PLEASANTLY
[B2] in a pleasant way
She's always very nicely dressed.
If you ask your dad nicely, he might drive you there.
Learner example:
All the rooms are big, clean and nicely decorated.
nickname /ˈnɪk.neɪm/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a name used informally instead of your real name
Dictionary example:
His behaviour has earned him the nickname 'Mad Dog'.
Learner example:
In school I had the nickname the Joker, because I had the abil[i]ty to make other people la[ugh].
niece /niːs/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a daughter of your brother or sister, or a daughter of your husband's or wife's

brother or sister
1462
Dictionary example:
We're taking my niece on holiday with us.
Learner example:
I bought a purple sweater and I want to knit one like mine for my niece.
night /naɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: midnight, night
NOUN [C or U]
a sleepless night
[C1] a night when you are not able to sleep
Dictionary example:
He'd spent a sleepless night worrying about his exam.
Learner example:
nights to the majority of us due to the intense heat.
nightclub /ˈnaɪt.klʌb/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a place where you can dance and drink at night
Dictionary example:
We had a meal and then went to a nightclub.
Learner example:
We can visit local pubs or nightclubs which I think you will like.
nightlife /ˈnaɪt.laɪf/
NOUN [U]
[B1] entertainment for the night such as bars, clubs, restaurants, and theatres
Dictionary example:
What's the nightlife like around here?
Learner example:
The nightlife in my country is wonderful!
1463
nightmare /ˈnaɪt.meər/
NOUN [C]
BAD EXPERIENCE
[B1] a very unpleasant experience
Being trapped underwater is my worst nightmare.
The whole journey was a nightmare - we lost our luggage and we arrived two days late.
Learner example:
In a word, [the] holiday became a nightmare: every day we had to buy everything lost by the
company.
BAD DREAM
[B1] a frightening dream
a terrifying nightmare
I shouldn't have watched that movie - it'll give me nightmares.
Learner example:
Every night I had a nightmare.
ninety /ˈnaɪn.ti/
NUMBER
(be) in your nineties

Dictionary example:
He is in his nineties now.
the nineties
Dictionary example:
I spent most of the nineties travelling around the world.
Learner example:
Another aspect which shows us the danger that the car represents to human life in the nineties [is]
pollution.
1464
no /nəʊ/
ADVERB
no ... than
[B1] not any
The work should be done no later than Friday.
There were no more than fifteen people at the concert.
Learner example:
In no more than ten lines, my mother explained that she was moving to Brazilia, the capital of our
country, and that she would take me and my brother with her.
DETERMINER
no way INFORMAL
[B1] used to tell someone that something is impossible
I'm sorry but there's no way we can help you.
No way will she agree to you leaving early.
Learner example:
Don't worry, there is no way I'm going to miss it!
no wonder
[B2] it is not surprising
No wonder the children are excited - this is the first time they've been abroad.
"If brutal killers like these two are at work, it is no wonder that so many people have fled," he said.
Learner example:
No wonder that people are more tired and are not interested in reading books as much as in the
past.
no need
[B2] If there is no need to do something or no need for something, it is not
necessary or it is wrong.
There's no need to go to the shops - there's plenty of food in the fridge.
I understand why she was angry but there was no need for that kind of language.
There's no need to shout, for goodness' sake! Just calm down.
Learner example:
He told me that I could trust him with the ticket and that there was no need for me to take it
home.
1465
be no good or be not any/much good
[B2] to not be useful, helpful or valuable
Boots are no good if they aren't waterproof.
Food aid isn't much good until the fighting stops.
Learner example:
When [it] is raining, you get wet and that's no good to anyone.
no such thing
[B2] used to emphasize that something does not exist
Dictionary example:
There's no such thing as ghosts!
Learner example:
But when I asked for these, I was told that no such thing existed and so the advertisement was
once again proved wrong.
no matter how/what/when, etc.

[B2] used to emphasize that something cannot be changed
Dictionary example:
I never manage to lose any weight, no matter how hard I try.
Learner example:
No matter where you are [or] what you do, appar[e]ntly you need electricity.
no doubt
[C1] used to say that something is very likely
Dictionary example:
No doubt she'll spend the money on new clothes.
Learner example:
No doubt I will find the skills acquired [on] the course, especially speaking skills, most useful in
my future contacts with clients from English-speaking countries.
no ... whatsoever
[C1] none at all
Dictionary example:
There's no evidence whatsoever that she was involved.
Learner example:
Moreover, the hotel we were finally dumped in was situated miles from Edinburgh city centre and
there was no entertainment whatsoever arranged for the evening, even though all the travellers
were more or less stuck there.
1466
noble /ˈnəʊ.bl/
ADJECTIVE
GOOD
[C1] honest, brave, and kind
a noble gesture
He was a generous, noble man.
Learner example:
Charity is a very noble way of spending your money and it is defin[i]tely a way in which you would
want to be remembered.
SOCIAL GROUP
[C1] belonging to the highest social group of a society
Dictionary example:
She was born into an ancient, noble family.
Learner example:
Capodistrias, coming from a noble family of the Ionian islands played, as a diplomat and mainly
as Russia's Foreign Minister, an important role to the new European structure after the
destr[uction] of Napoleon's Empire (1814).
nod /nɒd/ (-dd-)
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to move your head up and down as a way of agreeing, to give someone a sign,
or to point to something
Many people in the audience nodded in agreement.
When I suggested a walk, Elena nodded enthusiastically.
She looked up and nodded for me to come in.
Learner example:
She approached him calmly, showing no signs of nervous[ness] or uncertainty. "Do you have it?"
He nodded and shoved his hand into the left pocket of his jacket.
nominate /ˈnɒm.ɪ.neɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: nomination
Verbs: nominate
1467
VERB [T]
[C1] to officially suggest a person for a job or a position in an organization, or to

suggest a person or their work for a prize
Judges are nominated by the governor.
The film was nominated for an Academy Award.
He was nominated as best actor.
Learner example:
Being an Ambassador for Youth bears [a] lot of responsibility, not only because the person must
be [of] outstanding character and well-known, but also because they must behave accordingly and
be able to convey a positive message. After deep consideration, I have decided to nominate
Jovanotti, alias Lorenzo Cherubini.
nomination /ˌnɒm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: nomination
Verbs: nominate
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] the act of officially suggesting a person for a job or their work for a prize
to seek/win a nomination
He won the Democratic nomination for mayor of Chicago.
She has just received her fourth Oscar nomination.
Learner example:
Please allow me to support this nomination by pointing out some facts.
none /nʌn/
PRONOUN
[B1] not any
None of us smoke(s).
None of my children has/have blonde hair.
"I'd like some more cheese." "I'm sorry there's none left".
"Have you any idea how much this cost?" "None at all/None whatsoever."
Learner example:
Since none of us had been there before we hired a guide who claimed that he knew English and
then we began looking at the ruins.
1468
be none of sb's business
[B2] If something is none of someone's business, they do not need to know about
it, although they want to, because it does not affect them.
Dictionary example:
I'm certainly not going to tell Lara how much money I've spent - it's none of her business!
Learner example:
You might think it's none of my business, but I simply have to say this.
nonetheless /ˌnʌn.ðəˈles/
ADVERB
[C1] despite what has just been said
Dictionary example:
He was extremely rude in meetings. Nonetheless, his arguments found some support.
Learner example:
Nonetheless, all the people from whom I have received letters are satisfied, as well as their
children, who enjoyed the stories and the pony rides very much.
non-existent /ˌnɒn.ɪgˈzɪs.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: existence
Verbs: exist
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not existing
Dictionary example:
We knew our chances of success were non-existent.
Learner example:
The rooms weren't very tidy and room service is non-existent.
nonsense /ˈnɒn.sənts/
Word family:
Nouns: nonsense, sense, sensibility
Verbs: sense
Adjectives: sensible, senseless
Adverbs: sensibly
1469
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
SILLY
[B2] If something someone has said or written is nonsense, it is silly and not true.
She talks such nonsense sometimes.
He dismissed the accusations as complete/utter nonsense.
What a load of nonsense!
It's nonsense to suggest that they could have cheated.
Learner example:
I feel totally disappointed and I would like my money back, because everything [i]n the
advertisement was nonsense.
non-smoking /ˌnɒnˈsməʊ.kɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: smoke, smoker, smoking
Adjectives: non-smoking, smoky
ADJECTIVE
[B2] describes a place where people are not allowed to smoke
Dictionary example:
Let's get a table in the non-smoking area.
Learner example:
You can also choose between a smoking and a non-smoking area.
nor /nɔːr/
CONJUNCTION
neither ... nor

[B2] used when a negative fact is true of two people or things or when someone or
something does not have either of two qualities
Neither he nor his mother would talk to the police.
Their performance was neither entertaining nor educational.
Learner example:
I was just having a bath when the lights went out. [...] No lights at all, neither the cooker nor the
fridge were working in my flat, so what had happened?
1470
ADVERB
[B2] used to say that a negative fact is also true of someone else
"I don't like cats." "Nor do I."
I've never been to Iceland." "Nor have I."
I can't be at the meeting and nor can Andrew.
Learner example:
In fact when Mrs. McGillicuddy told the train assist[a]nt about that, he did not believe her. Nor did
the Police, [to] whom Mrs. McGillicuddy wrote about what she had seen.
norm /nɔːm/
Word family:
Adverbs: normally
NOUN
the norm
[C1] the usual way that something happens
Dictionary example:
Short-term job contracts are the norm nowadays.
Learner example:
The graph indicates the norm for children per family in three different countries.
SOCIETY
[C1] [C] an accepted way of behaving in a particular society
Dictionary example:
cultural/social norms
Learner example:
Social norms and values, as well as the national regulations, differ from countr[y] to countr[y],
resulting in the different view upon such [an] issue [as] child labour.
normal /ˈnɔː.məl/
Word family:
Adverbs: normally
1471
ADJECTIVE
return to normal
[C1] to go back to a previous condition
Dictionary example:
Life has begun to return to normal now that the war is over.
Learner example:
After exactly ten minutes the electricity was switched on again and our life returned to normal -
what a relief!
normally /ˈnɔː.mə.li/
Word family:
Adverbs: normally
ADVERB
USUALLY
[B1] usually
She doesn't normally arrive until ten.
Normally, I plan one or two days ahead.
Learner example:
I normally order fried fish.
ORDINARY
[B2] in the ordinary way that you would expect
Both lungs are now functioning normally.
She's behaving perfectly normally for a two-year-old.
Learner example:
But the truth is that those animals are not beh[a]ving normally.
northeast (north-east) /ˌnɔːθˈiːst/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the direction which is between north and east or the northeast part of a
country
1472
Dictionary example:
They live in the northeast.
Learner example:
The owner is from the northeast of China.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] in the northeast, or facing towards the northeast
Dictionary example:
I don't really know the northeast part of the country.
Learner example:
You should visit the Northeast Region which is famous for its white sandy beaches which are
fringed with coconut trees.
northern (ALSO Northern) /ˈnɔː.ðən/
Word family:
Nouns: north
Adjectives: north, northern
ADJECTIVE
[B1] in or from the north part of an area
northern Europe
the Northern Hemisphere
Learner example:
Last Summer I went to Chiang Mai, in northern Thailand with my family.
northwest (north-west) /ˌnɔːθˈwest/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the direction which is between north and west or the northwest part of a
country
Dictionary example:
The wind is coming from the northwest.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] in the northwest, or facing towards the northwest
Dictionary example:
We climbed the northwest face of the mountain.
1473
Learner example:
My cousin lives in [the] northwest part [of] London and so I took [the] underground to central
London every day.
not /nɒt/
ADVERB
QUESTIONS
[B1] used to form questions when you think the answer will be 'yes', using the short
form 'n't'
She's very pretty, isn't she?
You like cheese, don't you?
Learner example:
I know that you love horror movies, don't you?
not at all
[B1] used as a polite reply after someone has thanked you
Dictionary example:
"Thanks for helping." "Not at all."
Learner example:
"Hello Cédric, it's Christophe from Alcatel. I hope I['m not] disturb[ing] you?" "Not at all, I'm just on
holiday".
believe it or not
[B1] used to say that something is true although it seems surprising
Dictionary example:
He even remembered my birthday, believe it or not.
Learner example:
First I visited the "Roman Bath'' which is more than 2000 years old and, believe it or not, it still
works!
not even
[B1] used to emphasize the fact that something does not happen or is not true
"I never cry." "Not even when you hurt yourself really badly?"
Nobody spoke, not even the children.
Learner example:
1474
not at all
[B2] used to say 'no' or 'not' strongly
"Was he a nuisance?" "No, not at all."
I'm not at all happy about it.
Learner example:
I sen[s]ed that invisible hand was touching my shoulder, but it didn't scare me, not at all.
not only
[B2] used to say that more than one thing is true
Not only was the hotel expensive, it was dirty too.
You have let down not only yourself, but the entire team.
Learner example:
In this show, not only can we see [the] latest fashions, sportswear, make-up and hairstyles, but we
can [also] enter for free.
not half as good/bad/exciting, etc.

[B2] INFORMAL to be much less good/bad/exciting, etc. than something else
Dictionary example:
Her new book's not half as good as the last one.
Learner example:
Probably they wouldn't be half as famous as they are without press photographers, journalist[s],
etc.
not to mention
[B2] used to emphasize the importance of something that you are adding to a list
Dictionary example:
The resort has great hotels and restaurants, not to mention some of the best skiing in the region.
Learner example:
It is crowded everywhere, the shop assist[a]nts are stressed, you get to wait for hours to pay for
your goods, not to mention the time you must wait to get them wrapped.
not quite
[B2] almost but not completely
I'm not quite sure that I understand this.
The colours almost match but not quite.
He didn't get quite enough votes to win.
1475
Learner example:
The student cafe has a welcoming atmosphere and most people said it was nice to sit and to drink
coffee [there]. [T]he only problem is that there are not quite enough tables and chairs for everyone
at busy times.
not a/one
[C1] used to emphasize that there is nothing of what you are talking about
Not one person came to hear him talk.
"You haven't heard from Nick, have you?" "Not a word."
Learner example:
Nowadays, I can only see buildings and roads. Not one single tree to refresh yourself from the hot
and tropical sun at midday.
certainly/definitely/hopefully not
"She's not exactly poor, is she?" "Certainly not."
"We won't need much money, will we?" "Hopefully not."
Learner example:
That's nice, but do you think that money is all that matters? Definitely not!
notable /ˈnəʊ.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: note
Verbs: note
Adjectives: notable
Adverbs: notably
ADJECTIVE
[C1] important or interesting
Dictionary example:
With one notable exception, everyone replied to my letter.
Learner example:
A notable exception is the advertising of so-called "slow-food" restaurants, which promote [a]
healthy lifestyle.
1476
notably /ˈnəʊt̬
.ə.bli/
Word family:
Nouns: note
Verbs: note
Adjectives: notable
Adverbs: notably
ADVERB
[C1] especially or most importantly
Dictionary example:
They have begun attracting investors, most notably big Japanese financial houses.
Learner example:
As I have already indicated, the content (what they teach you) [is] very good, notably the training
of speaking skills and a number of special courses, for example: How to Negotiate.
note /nəʊt/
Word family:
Nouns: note
Verbs: note
Adjectives: notable
Adverbs: notably
NOUN
MONEY
[B1] [C] a piece of paper money
Dictionary example:
a ten-pound note
Learner example:
This was because the suitcase was full of stolen bank notes.
EXPLANATION
[B2] [C] a short explanation or an extra piece of information that is given at the
bottom of a page or at the back of a book
Dictionary example:
See note 3, page 37.
make a note of sth

[C1] to write down information about something
Dictionary example:
Let me make a note of your phone number.
1477
Learner example:
After talking to other members, I have made a note of the main problems they considered the
most urgent to be solved.
compare notes
[C1] If two people compare notes, they tell each other what they think about
something that they have both done.
Dictionary example:
We compared notes about our experiences in China.
Learner example:
In conclusion, regular meetings between parents and school teachers [...] help both parties to
compare notes, acting in the best interest[s] of the children.
take note (of sth)

[C1] to pay careful attention to something
Make sure you take note of what she says.
Safety standards are being tightened. Employers, take note.
Learner example:
I thank you for taking note of my view.
FEELING
[C1] [NO PLURAL] a particular feeling or mood
a sad/serious/positive note
His speech had just the right note of sympathy.
Learner example:
On a more practical note: I found the information pack I received beforehand insufficient.
VERB [T] FORMAL SLIGHTLY
[B1] to notice something
They noted the consumers' growing demand for quicker service.
Please note (that) we will be closed on Saturday.
Note how easy it is to release the catch quickly.
Learner example:
Please note that I am available for an interview.
1478
nothing /ˈnʌθ.ɪŋ/
PRONOUN
NOT IMPORTANT
[B1] not something important or of value
He's a dangerous person - human life means nothing to him.
She kept crying about nothing.
A thousand pounds is nothing to a woman of her wealth.
Learner example:
Don't [worry], it's nothing serious.
nothing but
[B2] no other thing than
Dictionary example:
She did nothing but criticize.
Learner example:
You can read books in the open air while nothing but sea surrounds you.
have nothing to do with sb/sth

[B2] to have no connection or influence with someone or something
Dictionary example:
He made his own decision - I had nothing to do with it.
Learner example:
Of course, I tried to explain [to] him that I had nothing to do with the vanishing of the cake but he
didn't trust me.
be/have nothing to do with sb

[B2] If something is or has nothing to do with you, you have no good reason to
know about it or be involved with it.
Dictionary example:
I wish he wouldn't offer advice on my marriage - it's nothing to do with him.
Learner example:
The party was horrible: the guests were all talking about things that had nothing to do with me.
for nothing
[B2] without a successful result
Dictionary example:
I've come all this way for nothing.
Learner example:
Unfortun[a]tely, I waited for nothing. The TV repair man didn't come!
1479
stop at nothing
[C1] to be willing to do anything in order to achieve something
Dictionary example:
He will stop at nothing to get what he wants.
Learner example:
They stopped at nothing to get the higher scores, to make themselves noticed, even if that meant
telling some lies to a teacher about a schoolmate.
nothing of the sort/kind

[C1] used to emphasize that something is not true
He said that he was a legitimate businessman - in fact, he was nothing of the sort.
It was supposed to be a gourmet meal, but it was nothing of the kind.
Learner example:
Let me reassure you, nothing of the sort is happening at the moment.
notice /ˈnəʊ.tɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: notice
Verbs: notice
Adjectives: noticeable, unnoticed
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to see something and be aware of it
I noticed a crack in the ceiling.
Mary waved at the man but he didn't seem to notice.
He noticed (that) the woman was staring at him.
Did you notice how she did that?
Learner example:
I was having a coffee with Luca, a friend of mine, when I noticed something was missing: it was
my favourite ring, you know, the light pink one!
NOUN
WARNING
[B1] [U] a warning that something will happen
The next time you visit, can you give me more notice?
The building is closed until further notice.
The emergency services are ready to spring into action at a moment's notice.
I'm sorry for the short notice.
1480
Learner example:
I apologize for the short notice.
ATTENTION
[B1] [U] attention
Dictionary example:
I didn't take any notice of his advice.
Learner example:
I didn't take notice of it and deleted it again.
at short notice UK
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
noticeable /ˈnəʊ.tɪs.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: notice
Verbs: notice
ADJECTIVE
[C1] easy to see or be aware of
Dictionary example:
There was a noticeable difference in his behaviour after the injury.
Learner example:
What was noticeable all over Warsaw were the overfilled garbage cans and litter in the streets that
nobody cleaned up.
noticeably /ˈnəʊ.tɪ.sə.bli/
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is noticeable
He was noticeably reluctant to meet her.
The new results were noticeably better than the last ones.
1481
Learner example:
The teachers' salaries are noticeably the largest part in the charts.
noticeboard /ˈnəʊ.tɪs.bɔːd/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a board on the wall where you put advertisements and announcements
Dictionary example:
I saw the ad on the noticeboard.
Learner example:
I put an advertis[e]ment on the noticeboard in the hall of the hotel and luckily, after a week, a very
kind girl sen[t] me the sweater.
notify /ˈnəʊ.tɪ.faɪ/
VERB [T] FORMAL
[C1] to officially tell someone about something
You should notify the police if you are involved in a road accident.
The court notified her that her trial date had been postponed.
Learner example:
You must notify the director if you are not going to sleep in your room.
notion /ˈnəʊ.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
[C1] an idea or belief
Dictionary example:
The notion of sharing is unknown to most two-year-olds.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, in ancient Greece, although the notion of the republic and democracy were
invented and quite successfully developed there, not being a noble citizen could be cruelly
disappointing and painful.
1482
notorious /nəʊˈtɔː.ri.əs/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] famous for something bad
a notorious criminal
She was notorious for her bad temper.
Learner example:
Apart from this, Bristol is notorious for its poor social policy for the people who are [o]n the
poverty line.
notwithstanding /ˌnɒt.wɪθˈstæn.dɪŋ/
ADVERB; PREPOSITION FORMAL
[C1] despite
Dictionary example:
Injuries notwithstanding, he won the semi-final match.
Learner example:
Notwithstanding this zealous kind of complaint, it would appear to me that they had great fun
during the third day when after the English lesson they went to the swimming pool.
novel /ˈnɒv.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: novel, novelist
NOUN [C]
[B1] a book that tells a story about imaginary people and events
historical/romantic novels
Have you read any of Jane Austen's novels?
His latest novel is selling really well.
Learner example:
Yesterday I was sat on the bench under a tree in that wonderful garden and I was reading an
interesting novel by Jane Austen, when a charming [young] boy [came] near to me.
1483
novelist /ˈnɒv.əl.ɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: novel, novelist
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who writes novels
Dictionary example:
His father was a novelist.
Learner example:
My teacher has told me that you are a British novelist who writes crime stories, and you have come
to live in our area.
now /naʊ/
ADVERB
LENGTH OF TIME
[B2] used to show the length of time that something has been happening, from the
time it began until the present
I've lived in Cambridge for two years now.
She's been a vegetarian for ten years now.
now and then

[B2] If something happens now and then, it happens sometimes but not very often.
Dictionary example:
I love chocolate, but I only eat it now and then.
Learner example:
If you really love to have a snack now and then, try to eat fruit and vegetables, instead of sweets.
any day/minute/time, etc. now

[B2] used to say that something will happen very soon
Dictionary example:
We're expecting our second child any day now.
Learner example:
The evil creatures who were bound to come out of the dark [w]ould see Carla any minute now.
every now and then

1484
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
then.
CONJUNCTION (ALSO now that)

[B2] as a result of a new situation
Now that I've got a car I can visit her more often.
You should help in the house more, now you're older.
She's enjoying the job now that she's got more responsibility.
Learner example:
Now I am in England for fu[r]ther studies, I would be very grateful to you if you will give me the
oppo[r]tunity to join your club.
nowadays /ˈnaʊ.ə.deɪz/
ADVERB
[B1] at the present time, especially when compared to the past
Everything seems more expensive nowadays.
Who remembers those films nowadays?
Nowadays, I bake my own bread rather than buy it.
Learner example:
Well, nowadays I hardly ever watch television, as time is something that I really don't have enough
[of].
nowhere /ˈnəʊ.weər/
ADVERB
NOT ANYWHERE
[B1] not anywhere
The room was very crowded - there was nowhere to sit.
These young people have nowhere else to go.
Nowhere does the article mention the names of the people involved.
1485
Learner example:
Then she left the airport, but she had nowhere to go without money and identity, so she called her
family asking [for] some help.
in the middle of nowhere

[B2] a long way from places where people live
Dictionary example:
His car broke down in the middle of nowhere.
Learner example:
You know I really don't want to [get] lost in the middle of nowhere.
from/out of nowhere
[B2] If someone or something appears out of nowhere, it appears suddenly or
unexpectedly.
Dictionary example:
The car came out of nowhere and we had to swerve to miss it.
Learner example:
I was lying all alone on the beach, then suddenly, out of nowhere, right behind me those strange
creatures appeared.
nowhere near
[C1] not close in distance, time, amount or quality
The house was nowhere near the sea.
It's nowhere near time for us to leave yet.
I'm nowhere near finishing the book - I'm only half-way through it.
He's nowhere near as tall as his sister.
Learner example:
Although people are well aware of the current situation in Switzerland, they prefer looking at
other countries and comparing us to them (we are nowhere near as fat as them).
nuclear /ˈnjuː.klɪər/
ADJECTIVE
POWER
[B2] relating to the energy that is released when the nucleus of an atom is divided
nuclear energy/power
a nuclear power plant
the nuclear industry
1486
Learner example:
Anyway, the manager of that centre called me in order to inform me that I would [be doing]
research on nuclear power and atoms.
WEAPONS
[B2] relating to weapons that use nuclear power
a nuclear war/attack
nuclear disarmament
Learner example:
I think that the car isn't the greatest danger to human life today, because I believe the greatest
danger is the nuclear bomb.
nuisance /ˈnjuː.sənts/
[B2] a person, thing, or situation that annoys you or causes problems for you
I've forgotten my umbrella - what a nuisance!
It's such a nuisance having to rewrite those letters.
I hate to be a nuisance, but could you help me?
Local residents claimed that the noise was causing a public nuisance.
Learner example:
It's co[m]fortable, fast and it [avoid]s the nuisance of having to take public transport in the rush
hour.
number /ˈnʌm.bər/
Word family:
Nouns: number
Verbs: number, outnumber
Adjectives: innumerable, numerous
NOUN
AMOUNT
[B1] [C or U] an amount
The number of people killed in road accidents fell last month.
A small number of children are educated at home.
A large number of people were contacted.
1487
Learner example:
We are a well-mixed class with equal numbers of boys and girls, all about 20 years old.
a number of sth
[B2] several
There were a number of journalists present at the public meeting.
We've had quite a number of complaints about the programme.
Learner example:
There are a number of errors in your article.
VERB [T]
GIVE A NUMBER
[C1] to give something a number
Dictionary example:
Each volume was numbered and indexed.
Learner example:
The bus to Finspang is numbered 410 and there is at least one bus departuring for Finspang every
hour.
numerous /ˈnjuː.mə.rəs/
Word family:
Nouns: number
ADJECTIVE
[C1] many
We have discussed these plans on numerous occasions.
Shops of this type, once rare, are now numerous.
Learner example:
The fact that my country produces numerous talented skaters is also a factor that helps me enjoy
skating.
1488
nursery /ˈnɜː.sər.i/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a place where young children and babies are taken care of while their parents
are at work
Dictionary example:
Does Jake go to a nursery or a childminder?
Learner example:
I enjoy working with children because I was working in a nursery.
nut /nʌt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the dry fruit of some trees which grows in a hard shell, and can often be eaten
a Brazil/cashew nut
Sprinkle some roasted chopped nuts on top.
Learner example:
Finally I would like to inform you that one of our students has [an] allergy to all sorts of nuts.
nutrition /njuːˈtrɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: nutrition
Adjectives: nutritional, nutritious
NOUN [U]
[C1] the food that you eat and the way that it affects your health
Dictionary example:
Good nutrition is essential for growing children.
Learner example:
So, good exercise combined with the right nutrition (low fat, vegetables etc.) [will] alter our lives
and help us feel and appear more relaxed.
1489
nutritional /njuːˈtrɪʃ.ən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: nutrition
ADJECTIVE
[C1] relating to the food that you eat and the way it affects your health
Dictionary example:
These snacks have very little nutritional value.
Learner example:
Today, individuals have less time to prepare homemade food with high nutritional value.
nutritious /njuːˈtrɪʃ.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: nutrition
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Nutritious food contains substances that your body needs to stay healthy.
Dictionary example:
a nutritious meal
Learner example:
They seem to have discovered that salads and pasta can be as tasty and nutritious as red meat.
nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃel/
NOUN
in a nutshell
[C1] something that you say when you are describing something using as few
words as possible
Dictionary example:
The answer, in a nutshell, is yes.
Learner example:
To put it in a nutshell, they all provide good food at reasonable prices.
1490
O
oak /əʊk/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a large tree found in northern countries, or the wood of this tree
Dictionary example:
an oak table/cupboard
Learner example:
There is a very old oak [in the] middle of the garden.
obese /əʊˈbiːs/
Word family:
Nouns: obesity
Adjectives: obese
ADJECTIVE
[C1] extremely fat
Dictionary example:
Currently, 15% of the population are classified as obese.
Learner example:
Less physical activity and [a] poor diet can lead to being overweight or even obese.
obesity /əʊˈbiːs.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: obesity
Adjectives: obese
NOUN [U]
[C1] the state of being extremely fat
Dictionary example:
The government is concerned about childhood obesity.
1491
Learner example:
Many researchers say that obesity and other adult diseases are getting common as we eat more
western food.
obey /əʊˈbeɪ/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to do what you are told to do by a person, rule, or instruction
The soldiers refused to obey (orders).
They must obey the rules of international law.
People failing to obey the law will be fined.
Learner example:
I have strict parents who tell me what to do and what not to do every day. If I don't obey them, I'll
be punished for sure.
object
Word family:
Nouns: objection
Verbs: object
NOUN [C] /ˈɒb.dʒɪkt/
THING
[B1] a thing that you can see or touch but that is usually not alive
a bright, shiny object
There were various objects on show.
Learner example:
I saw [many] things like dinosaur bones, mummies, va[r]ious objects, etc.
GRAMMAR
[B1] in grammar, the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb or
the person or thing that comes after a preposition
Dictionary example:
In the sentence 'I like ice cream', 'ice cream' is the object of the verb 'like'.
the object of sth

[C1] the purpose of something
1492
The object of the game is to score more points than the opposing team.
The object of the exercise is to complete the task within the time limit.
Learner example:
First of all, the object of the programme is to provide students [with] opportunities to develop
useful skills through [a] 6-week work experience in Britain.
VERB [I] /əbˈdʒekt/

[B2] to feel or say that you do not like or do not approve of something or someone
He objects to the label 'magician' which he is often given.
Would anyone object if we started the meeting now?
No-one objected when the boss said it was time to go home.
Learner example:
I would like to object to what the reporter said in his conclusion.
objection /əbˈdʒek.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: objection
Verbs: object
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when someone says that they do not like or approve of something or someone
Our main objection to the factory is that it will be noisy.
I have no objections if you want to stay an extra day.
Learner example:
As far as the film programme [is concerned], I have no objections and feel fairly satisfied.
objective /əbˈdʒek.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: object, objective
Adjectives: objective
Adverbs: objectively
NOUN [C]
[B2] something that you are trying to achieve
Her main/prime objective now is simply to stay in power.
Can the sales force achieve/meet its financial objectives?
1493
Learner example:
Do you think I [will] have [the right] conditions to do the [diving] course and achieve my
objectives?
ADJECTIVE
[B2] only influenced by facts and not by feelings
Dictionary example:
I try to be objective when I criticize someone's work.
Learner example:
Friends can be more objective concerning your faults and can give you [a] different point of view.
objectively /əbˈdʒek.tɪv.li/
Word family:
Nouns: object, objective
Adjectives: objective
Adverbs: objectively
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is only influenced by facts and not by feelings
Dictionary example:
This test assesses all candidates objectively.
Learner example:
The articles are objectively written and what is more they are comprehensible to the majority of
people.
obligation /ˌɒb.lɪˈgeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: obligation
Verbs: oblige
Adjectives: obligatory
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] something that you do because it is your duty or because you feel you have to
If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to pay them any money.
You have a legal obligation to ensure your child receives a proper education.
Learner example:
I think it would be preferable to do [the trip] [i]n July, which is a holiday period and so I won't have
any special obligations.
1494
obligatory /əˈblɪg.ə.tər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: obligation
Verbs: oblige
ADJECTIVE
COMPULSORY
[C1] If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or duty.
Dictionary example:
obligatory military service
Learner example:
I think this is a very good way of encouraging people to learn to like exercise without them having
to do it because it is obligatory.
oblige /əˈblaɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: obligation
Verbs: oblige
VERB
be obliged to do sth
[B2] to be forced to do something
Dictionary example:
Sellers are not legally obliged to accept the highest offer.
Learner example:
Besides, I don't want to wear any protective head-gear, which all the riders are obliged to wear.
[C1] [I or T] FORMAL to be helpful
Dictionary example:
The manager was only too happy to oblige.
Learner example:
I understand that you attach a great deal of value to the views of your visitors. I am happy to
oblige.
1495
observation /ˌɒb.zəˈveɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: observation, observer
Verbs: observe
Adjectives: observant
NOUN
WATCHING
[B2] [U] when someone watches someone or something carefully
The doctor wants to keep him under observation for a week.
She has very good powers of observation.
Learner example:
But actually it is boring when you're almost always under observation.
REMARK
[C1] [C] a remark about something that you have noticed
Dictionary example:
He made an interesting observation.
Learner example:
I'd like to make some observations regarding your CDs.
observe /əbˈzɜːv/
Word family:
Nouns: observation, observer
Verbs: observe
Adjectives: observant
VERB [T]
WATCH
[B2] to watch someone or something carefully
The role of scientists is to observe and describe the world, not to try to control it.
He spent a year in the jungle, observing how deforestation is affecting local peoples.
Children learn by observing adults.
Learner example:
To support [the] idea [of] mak[ing] a short video about daily life at our school I have spen[t] some
time discussing it with other students, observing and anal[y]sing an av[era]ge day in our school.
1496
NOTICE
[C1] FORMAL to notice something

Jack observed a look of anxiety on his brother's face.
The guards failed to observe who delivered the package.
In all these films one observes that directors are taking a new interest in Native American culture.
Differences in speech styles may be observed between other social groups.
Learner example:
Two trends can be observed: one, "sociological", giving women [a] more and more important role
in our country, and the other, "cultural", still keeping them to three "sacred things" - household,
kids and [the] church.
obsessed /əbˈsest/
Word family:
Nouns: obsession
Adjectives: obsessed, obsessive
ADJECTIVE
be obsessed by/with sb/sth

[B2] to think about someone or something all the time
Dictionary example:
to be obsessed with money/work
Learner example:
While she was walking her brain got more and more obsessed with the idea....... "I have to tell this
story!"
obsession /əbˈseʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: obsession
Adjectives: obsessed, obsessive
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] something or someone that you think about all the time
an unhealthy obsession with death
her chocolate obsession
He's always wanted to find his natural mother but recently it's become an obsession.
Learner example:
Shopping is an obsession for all of us.
1497
obsolete /ˈɒb.səl.iːt/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not used now
obsolete equipment
Will books become obsolete because of computers?
Learner example:
The museum's advertisement promises an exciting experience, so students were surprised to find
[so] many obsolete machines of no interest.
obstacle /ˈɒb.stə.kəl/
NOUN [C]
[C1] something that makes it hard for you to go somewhere or to succeed at

something
to overcome an obstacle
His refusal to talk is the main obstacle to peace.
Learner example:
Nowadays if you are a member of a football club, for example, you have to pay a great amount of
money. This can be an obstacle for a lot of young people.
obtain /əbˈteɪn/ FORMAL
VERB [T]
[B2] FORMAL to get something

to obtain permission
First editions of these books are now almost impossible to obtain.
In the second experiment they obtained a very clear result.
Sugar is obtained by crushing and processing sugar cane.
Learner example:
Now, he has obtained [a] permit from other countries to plant sugar in their countries.
1498
obvious /ˈɒb.vi.əs/
Word family:
Adjectives: obvious
Adverbs: obviously
ADJECTIVE
[B1] easy to understand or see
"How do you know she's not happy?" "It's obvious."
It's obvious (that) she doesn't like him.
There is no obvious solution.
They have a small child so for obvious reasons they need money.
I know you don't like her, but do you have to make it so obvious?
Am I just stating the obvious?
Learner example:
The answers [to] your questions are obvious.
obviously /ˈɒb.vi.ə.sli/
Word family:
Adjectives: obvious
Adverbs: obviously
ADVERB
[B1] in a way that is easy to understand or see
Obviously the school cannot function without teachers.
He was in tears and obviously very upset.
Learner example:
Obviously it's a special day for all the family, so we spend a lot of time - and also lots of money -
[o]n dresses, food and flowers.
occasion /əˈkeɪ.ʒən/
Word family:
Nouns: occasion
Adjectives: occasional
Adverbs: occasionally
1499
NOUN [C]
SPECIAL TIME
[B1] an important event or ceremony
a special occasion
At the wedding he sang a song specially written for the occasion.
I have a suit but I only wear it on special occasions.
The coronation of a new king is, of course, a historic occasion.
Congratulations on the occasion of your wedding anniversary.
Learner example:
I enjoy wearing clothes for special occasions - for example [a] nice long dress.
PARTICULAR TIME
[B2] a time when something happens
That was a previous/separate occasion.
We met on several occasions to discuss the issue.
I've heard him be rude to her on a number of occasions.
Learner example:
On one occasion our teacher left the class.
occasional /əˈkeɪ.ʒən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: occasion
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not happening or done often or regularly
I play the occasional game of football.
He has the occasional cigar after dinner.
Learner example:
Of course, sometimes, there are theatre performances but I would prefer a permanent theatre to
these occasional performances.
1500
occasionally /əˈkeɪ.ʒən.əl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: occasion
ADVERB
I see him occasionally in town.
Occasionally I'll have a piece of chocolate, but it's quite rare.
Learner example:
I will need to use the computer to contact my friend on E-Mail and occasionally listen to a couple
of CDs.
occupation /ˌɒk.jəˈpeɪ.ʃən/
NOUN FORMAL
HOBBY
[C1] [C] FORMAL something that you do in your free time
Dictionary example:
He has a few occupations, such as gardening and woodwork.
Learner example:
She made literature classes an engaging activity and fun and turned reading into an absorbing
and fascinating occupation.
occupy /ˈɒk.jʊ.paɪ/
VERB [T]
FILL
[B2] to fill or use a place or period of time
His book collection occupies most of the room.
All the seats were occupied.
The babies seem to occupy all our time.
1501
Learner example:
An intelligent solution to this is the bicycle, which can be parked almost everywhere and occupies
little space.
KEEP BUSY
[B2] to keep someone busy or interested
On long car journeys I occupy myself with solving maths puzzles.
The new toys kept the kids occupied for hours.
Learner example:
So in order to keep myself occupied for a while, I went to the restaurant, except it wasn't open.
CONTROL
[C1] to move into a place and take control of it
Dictionary example:
The troops eventually occupied most of the island.
Learner example:
It's a show called "Taxa" based on true stor[ies]. It takes you back to 1942, when Denmark was
occupied by Germany.
occur /əˈkɜːr/ (-rr-)
Word family:
Nouns: occurrence
Verbs: occur
VERB [I]
[B2] to happen, often without being planned
An accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the east-bound lane.
If any of these symptoms occur while you are taking the medicine, consult your doctor
immediately.
Learner example:
Furthermore, I think that most accidents that occur with cars are due to the irrespons[i]bility of
some drivers and I think strong measures should be taken in order to punish them.
occurrence /əˈkʌr.ənts/
Word family:
Nouns: occurrence
Verbs: occur
1502
NOUN [C]
[C1] something that happens or how often it happens
Street fights are an everyday occurrence in this area of the city.
The study compares the occurrence of heart disease in various countries.
Learner example:
When workers began to threaten [a] strike, about twenty days ago, people were instructed on how
to tackle such an occurrence - you know, we are well organised and like to have emergency plans
for any danger.
ocean /ˈəʊ.ʃən/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B1] the sea
to swim in the ocean
It's an island in the middle of the ocean.
These mysterious creatures live at the bottom of the ocean.
Learner example:
It has an ocean view and when I wake up in the morning the sunshine comes [in through the]
window, it's the best moment in the day.
odd /ɒd/
Word family:
Adjectives: odd
Adverbs: oddly
ADJECTIVE
STRANGE
[B2] strange or unusual
Her father was an odd man.
What an odd thing to say.
It struck me as odd that he hadn't called.
That's odd - I'm sure I put my keys in this drawer and yet they're not here.
It's a bit odd that no-one's seen him.
Learner example:
That struck me as odd, since [i]t had never happened before.
1503
odds /ɒdz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
PROBABILITY
[C1] the probability that a particular thing will or will not happen
If you drive a car all your life, the odds are that you'll have an accident at some point.
There are heavy odds against people succeeding in such a bad economic climate.
What are the odds on him being re-elected?
The odds are stacked against a woman succeeding in the business.
Learner example:
After all, on the battlefield for promotion, men still have a vital interest to set the odds against
women in favour of their own opportunities.
of /ɒv/
PREPOSITION
WHO/WHAT
[B1] used to show who or what does something
the works of Shakespeare
the arrival of the rainy season
the music of the flute
Learner example:
They often cover the music of "The Beatles" or "The Rolling Stones".
CAUSE
[B1] showing a reason or cause
Dictionary example:
He died of cancer.
Learner example:
But, three months later, after walk[ing] in the rain he died of pneumonia.
of course
[B1] used to show that what you are saying is obvious or already known
Dictionary example:
Of course, the Olympics are not just about money.
Learner example:
Of course, I met many new people.
1504
JUDGMENT
[B2] used after an adjective when judging someone's behaviour
It was very nice of you to think of us.
It was a bit mean of him to mention her weight.
Thank you so much for my present. How thoughtful of you.
Learner example:
It was most thoughtful of you to invite us and I warmly appreciate your hospitality.
RELATING TO
[C1] about or relating to
Speaking of Elizabeth, here she is.
Let us consider the events of the last five months.
We know very little of her childhood.
Learner example:
Speaking of sightseeing, many thought that visiting other sights - like the Folk Museum - should
not be compulsory.
off /ɒf/
ADVERB
AWAY FROM
[B1] away from a place or position
I'm just off to the shops.
Keep the dog on the lead or he'll just run off.
If we can get off early tomorrow morning we'll avoid most of the traffic.
I'm off now - see you tomorrow.
She's off to Canada next week.
Learner example:
They g[o]t into the car and drove off.
LESS MONEY
[B1] If a price has a certain amount of money off, it costs that much less than the
usual price.
You can get some money off if you pay cash.
There's 40% off this week on all winter coats.
There was $40 or $50 off most jackets in the shop.
1505
Learner example:
He promised me 30% off the price, so I'm going to buy the TV and the CD player from him.
DISTANCE/TIME
[C1] far in distance or time
You can see the village off in the distance.
My holidays seem a long way off.
The exams are so far off that I'm not even thinking about them yet.
Learner example:
Allow me to start by saying that one day, which may l[ie] not so far off in the future, people will
visit the buildings which were formerly known as "Educational Institutions" like we visit museums
to gape at the sheer size of the Dinosaurs...
PREPOSITION
AWAY FROM
[B1] down or away from a place or position
All the leaves had dropped off the tree.
He fell off his bike.
Learner example:
I still remember the way your brother fell off the lad[d]er that day.
REMOVED
[B1] used with actions in which something is removed or removes itself from
another thing
I can't get the lid off this jar.
Has anyone taken a book off my desk?
Could you cut me a small piece off that white cheese?
Take your feet off the seat.
Learner example:
Next month, I'm going to change my bedroom. I'll take the photographs off the wall.
NEAR
[B2] near to a building or place
Dictionary example:
an island off the coast of Spain
Learner example:
He spent all night off the coast, (unfinished)
off duty
[B2] If someone such as a doctor or a soldier is off duty, they are not working.
1506
Dictionary example:
What time are you off duty tomorrow?
Learner example:
Sometimes I come off duty at ten p.m.
off the record

[C1] If you say something off the record, you do not want the public to know about
it.
Dictionary example:
Off the record, ministers are saying the president must resign.
Learner example:
Off the record, how come that your reporter can print such lies when knowing they are perhaps
FOOD
[B2] If food or drink is off, it is not now fresh and good to eat or drink.
Dictionary example:
This milk smells off.
Learner example:
Who knows if the food isn't off?
offence /əˈfents/
Word family:
Nouns: offence, offender
Verbs: offend
Adjectives: offensive
NOUN
CRIME
[B2] [C] a crime
Driving without a licence is an offence.
a serious/minor offence
a criminal offence
He committed several serious offences.
It's the third time that he's been convicted of a drug offence.
Learner example:
Finally, using a bike [keeps] you free of any parking problem [or] parking offence and your bike
will wait [for] you all day long, [because] it won't be to[w]ed-away!
1507
UPSET FEELINGS
[B2] [U] when something rude makes someone upset or angry
I really didn't mean to cause/give any offence - I was just stating my opinion.
Do you think he took offence at what I said about his hair?
If you don't mind, I'd rather go on my own - no offence, but I think it would be better.
Learner example:
Now, about that organisation of yours. What is it actually doing? No offence, I just wonder are you
saving nature or just writing articles about it?
offend /əˈfend/
Word family:
Verbs: offend
VERB [T]
[B2] to make someone upset or angry
I think she was a bit offended that she hadn't been invited to the party.
He looked a offended when you called him middle-aged.
If the sight of a few dirty dishes offends you, then I think you've got problems!
Learner example:
I know that she was not offended but I will never forget my stupid question.
offender /əˈfen.dər/
Word family:
Verbs: offend
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who has committed a crime
first-time offenders
sex offenders
young offenders
1508
Learner example:
The ticket fare is very reasonable, [and] there [are] always police p[a]tro[l]ling around, protecting
the people from offenders.
offensive /əˈfent.sɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: offend
ADJECTIVE
[B2] likely to make people angry or upset
This programme contains language that some viewers might find offensive.
He told some really offensive sexist jokes.
Learner example:
Dear Sir/Madam, The review on the Westfield Music Festival was both offensive and incorrect.
offer /ˈɒf.ər/
VERB
ASK
[B1] [+ TWO OBJECTS] to ask someone if they would like something
They've offered me a job.
Can I offer you a drink?
I feel bad that I didn't offer them any food.
Someone should offer that old lady a seat.
Learner example:
He offered me a contract and asked me to go to his music studio to record a CD.
PROVIDE
[B1] [T] to give or provide something
to offer advice
We are now offering you the chance/opportunity to buy the complete set of DVDs at half price.
Did he offer any explanation for his strange behaviour?
Learner example:
Rome offers good nightlife so after visiting [the] museum, we'll be able to go to [the] disco.
1509
AGREE TO PAY
[C1] [T] to say that you will pay a particular amount of money
I offered him £500 for the car.
Police have offered a $1,000 reward for information.
Learner example:
My company will offer 20 percent more than the minimum wage that exists for the same type of
work in Canada.
NOUN [C]
CHEAP
[B1] a cheap price or special arrangement for something you are buying
This special offer ends on Friday.
Are these jeans still on offer?
Learner example:
We found a £12 offer to Leeds Castle including bus transfer and entrance ticket for the castle.
on offer
[B2] available
We were amazed at the range of products on offer.
You should find out about the services on offer.
Learner example:
The swimming pool is also on offer [to] tourists. Another advantage of the hotel is that it is not far
from the cent[re].
office /ˈɒf.ɪs/
NOUN
JOB
[C1] [U] an important job in an organization
Some people think he has been in office for too long.
She held the office of mayor for eight years.
Learner example:
The former Polish prime minister was a woman - Hanna Suchocka - and she was able to remain in
office for 15 months, in the time when the life expectancy of governments in Poland is about half
a year.
1510
officer /ˈɒf.ɪ.sər/
Word family:
Nouns: officer, official
Adjectives: official
Adverbs: officially
NOUN [C]
POLICE
[B1] a police officer
Dictionary example:
a uniformed officer
Learner example:
They sent me an officer: Officer McDonald, from the anti-mafia department.
POSITION OF AUTHORITY
[B1] a person who has a position of authority in an organization
Dictionary example:
a customs/prison officer
Learner example:
I work as [a] customs officer and [in] this job I meet a lot of foreign people every day.
MILITARY
[B2] ! someone with an important job in a military organization
a naval officer
an army officer
Learner example:
He was an officer in [the] army.
official /əˈfɪʃ.əl/
Word family:
Adverbs: officially
ADJECTIVE
APPROVED
[B2] approved by the government or someone in authority
1511
the official language of Singapore
an official document
There is to be an official inquiry into the incident.
The queen will attend the official opening of the theatre in June.
Learner example:
I have worked as an official translator in [the] British Embass[y] in Seoul.
officially /əˈfɪʃ.əl.i/
Word family:
Adverbs: officially
ADVERB
[C1] formally and in a way agreed to or arranged by people in positions of authority
The new hospital was officially opened yesterday.
The royal engagement was announced officially this morning.
Learner example:
If I could travel back to any place and time in history, I would choose the day when Wor[l]d War II
was officially declared over.
often /ˈɒf.ən/
ADVERB
NORMAL/TRUE
[B2] If something often happens or is often true, it is normal for it to happen or it is

usually true.
Brothers and sisters often argue.
Headaches are often caused by stress.
Christmas is often mild in Britain.
Learner example:
Very often, people link classical music to Austrian or German [composers], [such] as Mozart or
Handel, but rarely to England and genius[es] [such] as Haydn and Purcell.
1512
oh /əʊ/
EXCLAMATION
Oh my God! INFORMAL
[B1] used to emphasize how surprised, angry, shocked, etc. you are
Dictionary example:
Oh my God! The car's been stolen.
Learner example:
Oh my god, your sister is getting married!
oil /ɔɪl/
NOUN
FUEL
[B1] [U] a thick liquid that comes from under the Earth's surface that is used as a
fuel and for making parts of machines move easily
an oil company
engine oil
Learner example:
He is working in a big oil company called Agip.
old /əʊld/
ADJECTIVE
the old days

[C1] a period in the past
Dictionary example:
In the old days large families were much more common.
the same old arguments/face/story, etc.

[C1] INFORMAL something or someone you have seen or heard many times before
Every day I see the same old faces.
Politicians repeat the same old arguments time and time again.
1513
Learner example:
I think that it is the same old story with media all over the world that they tend to present the
news in [an] exaggerated manner.
old-fashioned /ˌəʊldˈfæʃ.ənd/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not modern
old-fashioned clothes/ideas/furniture
She's a bit old-fashioned in her outlook.
Learner example:
But I don't like clothes with stripes, because I think that's a little old-fashioned.
olive /ˈɒl.ɪv/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small green or black fruit with a bitter taste that is eaten or used to produce
oil
olive oil
olive trees
Learner example:
In [the] countryside there are some hills, some sunflowers, olive trees and many medieval town[s]
on the hills to visit!
omit /əʊˈmɪt/ (-tt-)
Word family:
Nouns: omission
Verbs: omit
VERB [T]
[C1] to not include something
She was omitted from the list of contributors to the report.
The Prince's tour conveniently omitted the most deprived areas of the city.
1514
Learner example:
The advertisement had omitted some important facts about the school, like the rare possibility of
taking the exam, the problems with transport, the lack of advertised social activities.
omit to do sth
[C1] to not do something
Dictionary example:
She omitted to mention where she was going.
Learner example:
Thus, no-one else could fill the gap if they omit to teach their children basic principles of living
[in] society.
on /ɒn/
PREPOSITION
on sale
[B1] available to buy in a shop, on the Internet, etc.
Dictionary example:
The video and book are now on sale.
Learner example:
I went window shopping with my friends yesterday and I saw this beautiful skirt on sale.
ABOUT
[B1] about
a book on plants
Her thesis is on Italian women's literature.
Learner example:
The other one is a book on dogs and cats.
NEXT TO
[B1] next to or along the side of a place or area
Cambridge is on the River Cam.
Our house was on Sturton Street.
Strasbourg is on the border of France and Germany.
Learner example:
Dan, We are going to the cinema that is on Arocena street.
USING
[B1] using something
1515
I do all my household accounts on computer.
Chris is on drums and Mike's on bass guitar.
I'm on the phone.
Learner example:
I was in the pizza shop to order some food for my family and I was on the phone.
on board
[B1] on a boat, train, aircraft, etc.
Dictionary example:
There were 230 people on board the plane.
Learner example:
I also love travelling by plane because you can have a snack on board.
on fire
[B1] If something is on fire, it is burning when it should not be.
Dictionary example:
If your home was on fire and you could save only one thing, what would it be?
Learner example:
A lot of bu[i]ldings were on fire.
on purpose
[B1] intentionally
Dictionary example:
I didn't do it on purpose, it was an accident.
Learner example:
I didn't do it on purpose; it was dark and I just walked into it.
on time
[B1] not early or late
Dictionary example:
I got to school on time.
Learner example:
So, I will not be on time for my English class tomorrow.
on display
[B1] If something is on display, it is there for people to look at.
Dictionary example:
Many old aircraft are on display at the museum at the moment.
Learner example:
There were some new musical instruments on display.
1516
on the whole
[B1] generally
Dictionary example:
We've had a few problems, but on the whole we're very happy.
Learner example:
On the whole I don't like watching television.
(all) on your own

[B1] alone
Dictionary example:
I like living on my own.
Learner example:
On Wedn[e]sday morning I went on my own to see [the]Vatican.
(all) on your own

[B1] without any help
Dictionary example:
I did my buttons up all on my own, Mummy.
Learner example:
Maybe I can do the missing work on my own.
TOUCH/HIT
[B2] used to show what happens as a result of touching or hitting against

something
You'll cut yourself on that knife if you're not careful.
I hit my head on the shelf as I was standing up.
Learner example:
Suddenly I hit my head on the bed as the man was talking.
FOOD/FUEL
[B2] used to show something which is used as food or fuel
What do frogs live on?
Does this radio run on batteries?
Learner example:
All new cars run on unleaded fuel w[h]ich is a benefit to the environment.
on account of sth
Dictionary example:
He doesn't eat any dairy products on account of the diet he is following.
1517
Learner example:
On account of its location, it is always busy.
on behalf of sb or on sb's behalf

[B2] If you do something on behalf of someone, you do it for them or instead of
them.
On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work.
Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.
Learner example:
I am writing on behalf of our college English club members to welcome you [to] our city.
on balance
[B2] used to give your opinion after you have considered all the facts about
something
Dictionary example:
On balance, I'd prefer to come straight home.
Learner example:
On balance, no matter how important or useful computers may be, they will never replace the
pleasure of re-reading familiar pages of your favourite books.
on condition that
[B2] only if
Dictionary example:
I'll come with you on condition that we're back before midnight.
Learner example:
I would like to do this on condition that you will not mention my name [on] the website.
on duty
[B2] If someone such as a doctor or a soldier is on duty, they are working.
Dictionary example:
What time are you on duty tomorrow?
Learner example:
I was on duty in front of the major's house with another soldier.
on top of sth
[B2] in addition to something else that is bad
On top of all this bad luck, he lost his mobile phone.
And then, on top of everything else, her car was stolen!
Learner example:
On top of everything, the weather was bad and the se[a] was so cold that I couldn't swim.
1518
on the one hand ... on the other hand
[B2] used when you are comparing two different ideas or opinions
Dictionary example:
On the one hand, computer games develop many skills, but on the other, they mean kids don't
get enough exercise.
Learner example:
On the one hand, I know from my experience that it's much easier in life if you know more about
everything, but on the other hand, I'd say that if someone [had given] me a chance (when I was
kid) to study what I enjoy[ed], probably I'd have more possibility to develop my skills.
on offer
[B2] available
We were amazed at the range of products on offer.
You should find out about the services on offer.
Learner example:
The swimming pool is also on offer [to] tourists. Another advantage of the hotel is that it is not far
from the cent[re].
be on a committee/panel, etc.
[C1] to be a member of a group or organization
She's on the playgroup committee.
How many people are on your staff?
She's a researcher on a women's magazine.
Learner example:
As a student on the committee w[h]ich organises this, I have to say that there have been some
problems with the experience, and also that some changes should be made in order to make a
better programme.
on the basis of sth

[C1] having something as a reason
Dictionary example:
Marks are awarded on the basis of progress and performance.
Learner example:
On the basis of the points mentioned above, it is a foregone conclusion that young people do not
face any severe problems.
be on the ball INFORMAL
[C1] to be quick to understand and react to things
Dictionary example:
She's over ninety, but she's still on the ball.
1519
Learner example:
When you're at Sants station, you'll need to be on the ball to find the tube.
on air
[C1] on television or radio
Dictionary example:
The radio station is on air from 6.00 a.m.
Learner example:
It is on air at 8.30 p.m. every Thursday and Saturday.
on the grounds of/that

[C1] because of a particular reason
You cannot discriminate on the grounds of religion.
I refused on the grounds that it was too risky.
Learner example:
I am convinced that it is better than Southside College on the grounds that a great mass of
students are satisfied.
on hold
[C1] If a plan or activity is on hold, it will not be done until a later time.
Dictionary example:
The project is on hold until we get more money.
Learner example:
What's more, it might, intentional[l]y or not, raise awareness on issues that might have been put
on hold by authorities, such as the legalization of soft drugs.
on hold
[C1] waiting to speak to someone on the telephone
Dictionary example:
His secretary put me on hold.
Learner example:
The day after, I called your office and after being put on hold, the person answering the phone
was unwilling to come up with a proper reply.
on the horizon
[C1] likely to happen soon
Dictionary example:
Economic recovery is on the horizon.
Learner example:
Often this is justified as [a] result of society being collective[ly] afraid that a shortage of fuel is on
the horizon.
1520
on the increase
[C1] If something is on the increase, it is happening more often.
Dictionary example:
Violent crime is on the increase.
Learner example:
[The] number of motorists is on the increase everywhere in the world.
on loan
[C1] If something is on loan, someone is borrowing it.
Dictionary example:
Both paintings are on loan from the city museum.
Learner example:
For example, you can always take out on loan any video you like from our cent[re].
on location
[C1] If a film or television programme is made on location, it is made at a place
suitable to the story.
Dictionary example:
The movie was shot on location in Kenya.
Learner example:
We can't help mentioning the nice shots on location.
on the road
[C1] driving or travelling, usually over a long distance
Dictionary example:
We'd been on the road for 48 hours.
Learner example:
I have experienced sitting behind a steering wheel on the road for many years.
on track
[C1] making progress and likely to succeed
A fighter from Edinburgh is on track to become world heavyweight boxing champion.
We've got a lot of work to do but we're on the right track.
Learner example:
The sales teams are well on track and bringing [in] new customers every day.
on show
[C1] being shown to the public
Dictionary example:
Her designs are currently on show at the Museum of Modern Art.
1521
Learner example:
One of the facilit[ies] that really make[s] a difference is the Art Gallery, with its great exhibition on
show, as well as the Art Library.
on site
[C1] inside a factory, office building, etc.
There are two restaurants on site.
They provide on-site childcare facilities for employees.
Learner example:
A small period of training on site is required a few days before the beginning of the job itself and
how many interesting people you will meet!
ADVERB
MOVEMENT/POSITION
[B1] into a bus, train, plane, etc. or onto a horse
The train suddenly started moving as I was stepping on.
Her horse began to move as soon as she was on.
HAPPENING
[B2] happening or planned
I'm busy tomorrow, but I've got nothing on the day after.
I've got a lot on at the moment.
Do you know what's on at the cinema?
Is the party still on for tomorrow?
MOVING FORWARD
[B2] in a way which results in forward movement
You cycle on and I'll meet you there.
Move on, please, and let the ambulance through.
Learner example:
I had just got [o]n the subway when it stopped and didn't move on.
WORKING
[B2] working or being used
Dictionary example:
The heating has been on all day.
Learner example:
For example, the staff shouldn't leave the lights [on] and the heating's on when they don't need to
use it.
1522
once /wʌnts/
ADVERB
PAST
[B1] in the past, but not now
This house once belonged to my grandfather.
Computers are much cheaper nowadays than they once were.
Learner example:
I once went to England and I love the style of the clothes and how people dress there!
once again
[B1] again
Dictionary example:
Once again I'm left with all the washing-up!
Learner example:
Once again I'm sorry.
once more
[B1] one more time
Dictionary example:
I'd like to visit the colleges once more before we leave.
Learner example:
On Friday I will see him once more.
at once
[B1] immediately
Dictionary example:
I knew at once that I'd like it here.
Learner example:
She called for an ambulance which came at once.
once upon a time

[B1] used at the beginning of a story to mean a long time ago
Dictionary example:
Once upon a time there was a beautiful princess.
Learner example:
Once upon a time there was a very poor family.
for once
[B2] used to mean that something is happening that does not usually happen
1523
Dictionary example:
For once, the bus came on time.
Learner example:
We would take lots of pictures, and play our own instruments, and if we get lucky enough, we
would even touch the very stones and for once be embraced by magic itself.
(every) once in a while

Dictionary example:
We do go to the beach once in a while.
Learner example:
She did not say very much except for "oh" and "yes, yes" every once in a while.
at once
[C1] at the same time
Dictionary example:
They all started talking at once.
Learner example:
The study centre is really small and all the students talk at once.
all at once
[C1] suddenly
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
CONJUNCTION
[B2] as soon as
Once I've found somewhere to live I'll send you my address.
Remember that you won't be able to cancel the contract once you've signed.
Learner example:
I'll write back soon once I know exactly when I can visit you.
one /wʌn/
PRONOUN
one another
[B1] each other
1524
Dictionary example:
How can they reach an agreement if they won't talk to one another?
Learner example:
We know one another from Poland.
one by one
[B2] separately, one after the other
One by one the old buildings in the city have been demolished and replaced with modern tower
blocks.
They entered the room one by one.
Learner example:
So, he decides to investigate his death and he meets Harry's friends, one by one, to [find out] how
he died, but they tell him different stories.
one at a time
[B2] separately
Dictionary example:
Eat them one at a time.
Learner example:
The story was a horrible one but it had a harmless ending. The mad man kills one at a time, but in
the end, the producer of the film says: "Cut, we'll take everything once again."
one after another

[B2] (ALSO one after the other) many, in a series, especially with very little time
between them
They had four children one after another.
She ate the chocolates one after the other until the box was finished.
Learner example:
Little parties organised one after another by [the] represent[ative]s of different countries gave me
[an] opportunity to try the French, Spanish or Japanese special[tie]s.
ANY PERSON
[C1] FORMAL any person in general

Dictionary example:
One ought to respect one's parents.
Learner example:
One can learn the beauty of the Greek language by simply reading the headings and will [soon]
find that "The Step" is the best newspaper of all.
1525
DETERMINER
one day
[B1] at some time in the future
Dictionary example:
I'd like to go to Berlin again one day.
Learner example:
I hope one day I can become like that.
one or two
[B1] a few
Dictionary example:
I'd like to make one or two suggestions.
Learner example:
I need more T shirts, new skate shoes and perhaps one or two pullovers.
FUTURE TIME
[B2] used to refer to a time in the future which is not yet decided
Why don't we meet for lunch one day next week?
I'd like to go skiing one Christmas.
Learner example:
I would be very glad if Enrico could stay with you one summer.
PARTICULAR TIME
[B2] used to refer to a particular occasion while avoiding stating the exact moment
I met him one day in the park.
One night we stayed up talking till dawn.
He was attacked as he was walking home from work late one afternoon.
Learner example:
One afternoon, my mum called me asking what I was doing.
SINGLE
[B2] a single thing
Do you think five of us will manage to squeeze into the one car?
There's too much data to fit onto just one disk.
I think we should paint the bedroom all one colour.
Learner example:
I would recommend just the one hotel: Riverside Hotel, which offers great value.
1526
ONLY
[B2] used when saying there is no other person or thing
He's the one person you can rely on in an emergency.
This may be your one and only opportunity to meet her.
My final guest on tonight's show needs no introduction. Please welcome the one and only Michael
Jordan!
Learner example:
Often it's the one and only possibility for young children to see wild animals or unknown animals
from the other side of the world in real life.
one way or another

[B2] in some way that is not stated
One way or another these bills have to be paid.
Everyone at the party was related in one way or another.
Learner example:
All of them made a big difference [to] our personal life and have affected it one way or another.
one way or the other

[B2] in any way that is possible
Dictionary example:
We have to make a decision one way or the other about what needs to be done.
Learner example:
Our transportation system nowadays is also very well organised and there is a wide range of
buses, subways, etc. with which you can reach your destination one way or the other.
oneself /wʌnˈself/
PRONOUN FORMAL
[C1] the reflexive form of the pronoun 'one' when it refers to the person speaking
or people in general
Dictionary example:
How else should one protect oneself and one's family?
Learner example:
One must ask oneself: "Why is this happening?"
1527
only /ˈəʊn.li/
ADVERB
NOWHERE ELSE
[B1] not in any other place
At present these televisions are only available in Japan.
These birds are only found in New Zealand.
Learner example:
I think animals, just as human beings, can only live in their natural habitat.
RECENTLY
[B1] used to mean that something happened very recently
I only arrived half an hour ago.
They only put the roof on last week.
People were leaving and I'd only just arrived.
We'd only just set off when the car broke down.
Learner example:
I am really sorry I didn't write back earlier but I have only just got back from holiday.
NOT IMPORTANT
[B1] used to say that something is not important, or that you did not mean to upset
someone
Don't worry - it's only a scratch.
I was only joking.
I was only trying to help.
Learner example:
It was only a dream!
if only
[B1] used when you want to say how doing something simple would make it
possible to avoid something unpleasant
Dictionary example:
If only she'd listen to what he's saying, I'm sure they could work it out.
Learner example:
If only I had been more careful.
I only hope (that) ... /I only wish ... (that)

[B2] used to emphasize what you are hoping or wishing for
1528
I only hope you know what you're doing.
I only wish that they would keep in touch more regularly.
Learner example:
I only hope I can have the chance to see her too.
not only
[B2] used to say that more than one thing is true
Not only did he turn up late, he also forgot his books.
If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole organization.
Learner example:
Not only did she introduce me to her friends but she also introduced me to her brother.
onto (ALSO on to) /ˈɒn.tu/
PREPOSITION
MOVEMENT
[B1] used to show movement into or on a particular place
I slipped as I stepped onto the platform.
The crates were loaded onto trucks.
Learner example:
We couldn't talk so much, because the music was very loud till a group of singers came onto the
dance floor and [did] a great show.
CHANGING SUBJECT
[B2] used to show that you are starting to talk about a different subject
Dictionary example:
How did we get onto this subject?
Learner example:
Let's move onto another topic!
open /ˈəʊ.pən/
Word family:
Nouns: opening, openness
Verbs: open
Adjectives: open, opening
Adverbs: openly
1529
ADJECTIVE
WITHOUT BUILDINGS
[B1] An open area of land has no buildings on it or near it.
large open spaces
From the garden there was a marvellous view over open countryside.
Learner example:
I need to be outside in open spaces.
have/keep an open mind

[B2] to wait until you know all the facts before you form an opinion about
something or judge someone
Dictionary example:
We're keeping an open mind about the causes of the fire.
Learner example:
To listen, to communicate, [and] to have an open mind are a way of life [nowadays].
NOT COVERED
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] without a roof or cover
Dictionary example:
an open courtyard
Learner example:
You can hardly find anything more lovely than driving through the Scottish landscape in an open
car.
open to discussion/suggestions, etc.

[C1] willing to consider a discussion/suggestions, etc.
Dictionary example:
This is only a proposal. I'm open to suggestions.
Learner example:
He seems open to ideas like this, and I am sure he will not cancel at the last minute!
VERB
COMPUTERS
[B1] [T] to make a computer document or program ready to be read or used
Dictionary example:
First, open the file called 'statistics'.
START OFFICIALLY
[B2] [I or T] If a business or activity opens, it starts officially for the first time, and if
you open it, you make it start officially for the first time.
1530
That restaurant's new - it only opened last month.
The Olympic Games open tomorrow.
The new hospital will be officially opened by the mayor on Tuesday.
Learner example:
Well, I reckon that you can take photographs [of] the old castle and also the Classic Museum,
which was opened by Queen Victoria 100 years ago.
opening /ˈəʊ.pən.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: open
Adverbs: openly
NOUN
CEREMONY
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] a ceremony at the beginning of an event or activity
Dictionary example:
The official opening of the new school will take place next month.
Learner example:
The festival starts with a huge opening parade.
BEGINNING
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] the beginning of something
Dictionary example:
The opening of the novel is amazing.
[C1] happening at the beginning of an event or activity
her opening remarks
the opening night
Learner example:
Also we could offer free drinks from our new products [on] the opening night, so we could [get]
their first impressions.
1531
openly /ˈəʊ.pən.li/
Word family:
Verbs: open
Adverbs: openly
ADVERB
[C1] without hiding any of your thoughts or feelings
They were openly dismissive of my suggestions.
He talks quite openly about his feelings.
We discussed our reservations about the contract quite openly.
Learner example:
I do hope that you are willing to cooperate, though I cannot say it openly.
open-minded /ˌəʊ.pənˈmaɪn.dɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] willing to consider ideas and opinions that are new or different to your own
Dictionary example:
Luckily, both my parents were very open-minded.
Learner example:
He is also open-minded and very reliable.
operate /ˈɒp.ər.eɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: operation, operator
Verbs: operate
VERB
TREATMENT
[B1] [I] to treat an illness or injury by cutting someone's body and removing or
repairing part of it
Dictionary example:
Did they have to operate on him?
1532
Learner example:
One day he decided to give part of his money to his son, whose wife was sick and had to be
operated [on] immediately.
MACHINE
[B2] [I or T] If a machine operates, it does what it is designed to do, and if you

operate it, you make it do what it is designed to do.
You have to be trained to operate the machinery.
These new sewing machines are easy to operate.
How do you operate the remote control unit?
Learner example:
Lots of things are operated by computers now like airplanes, elevators, ticket machines, and so
on.
ORGANIZATION
[B2] [I or T] If an organization or business operates, it is working, and if you operate

it, you manage it and make it work.
Dictionary example:
Our company is operating under very difficult conditions at present.
Learner example:
Now we can get to Lampton by a coach service which is operated by ABC Coaches.
operation /ˌɒp.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: operate
NOUN [C]
DOCTOR
[B1] [C] when a doctor cuts someone's body to remove or repair part of it
a major/minor operation
He's got to have an operation on his shoulder.
We will know in a couple of days if the operation to restore her sight was successful.
Learner example:
I'm sorry that I can't attend the class tomorrow because my father is having an operation
tomorrow.
PLANNED ACTIVITY
[C1] [C] an activity which is planned to achieve something
1533
a military/peacekeeping operation
Following the earthquake, a large-scale rescue operation was launched.
The operation to fly in supplies will begin as soon as possible.
ORGANIZATION
[C1] [C] an organization or business
Dictionary example:
a large commercial operation
Learner example:
If I cannot receive any satisfactory reply this month, I will write to the newspaper to expose your
operation.
WORK
[C1] [U] the fact of operating or being active
There are several reactors of the type in operation at the moment.
We expect the new scheme for assessing claims to come into operation early next year.
Learner example:
We see computers in operation at work as well as in almost every home.
operator /ˈɒp.ər.eɪ.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: operate
NOUN [C]
PERSON CONTROLLING MACHINE
[B2] someone whose job is to use and control a machine or vehicle
Dictionary example:
a computer operator
Learner example:
Last year I was working in a printing company as a Macintosh operator.
COMPANY
[B2] a company that does a particular type of business
Dictionary example:
a tour operator
1534
Learner example:
If once more we are not satisfied, tour operators organize several types of safari holidays
wherever we like.
opinion /əˈpɪn.jən/
NOUN
OF PERSON
[B1] [C] a thought or belief about something or someone
What's your opinion about/on the matter?
People tend to have strong opinions on capital punishment.
He didn't express/give an opinion on the matter.
Who, in your opinion, is the best football player in the world today?
Her opinion of Adam changed after he'd been so helpful at the wedding.
My doctor has referred me to a specialist for a second opinion on the results of my blood test.
Learner example:
I really enjoy shopping for clothes especial[l]y when I go shopping with my brother, because I
sometimes ask him for his opinion.
OF GROUP
[B2] [U] the thoughts or beliefs that a group of people have
Eventually, the government will have to take notice of public opinion.
There is a diverse range of opinion on the issue.
There was a difference of opinion as to the desirability of the project.
Opinion is divided as to whether the treatment actually works.
Both performances were excellent, it's simply a matter of opinion as to whose was better.
Learner example:
I would like to add that when it comes to public opinion there is a great variety of different points
of view - that is why this article, which asserts that "performers were second-rate'' seems to be
unfair.
have a high/low opinion of sb/sth

[C1] to think that someone or something is good/bad
Dictionary example:
He has a low opinion of doctors.
Learner example:
He had a very high opinion of this particular course.
1535
opponent /əˈpəʊ.nənt/
NOUN [C]
SPORT
[B2] someone who you compete against in a game or competition
Dictionary example:
In the second game, her opponent hurt her leg and had to retire.
Learner example:
Carmelita was her opponent in the vol[l]eyball final.
PERSON WHO DISAGREES
[B2] someone who disagrees with an action or belief and tries to change it
a political opponent
Leading opponents of the proposed cuts in defence spending will meet later today.
Learner example:
First of all let me look at the arguments used to support cycling and then at those of its
opponents, who prefer travelling by car.
opportunity /ˌɒp.əˈtjuː.nə.ti/
NOUN
CHANCE
[B1] [C or U] a situation in which it is possible for you to do something, or a

possibility of doing something
Everyone will have an opportunity to comment.
The exhibition is a unique opportunity to see her later work.
An ankle injury meant she missed the opportunity to take part in the race.
He goes fishing at every opportunity.
Please contact us at the earliest opportunity.
Learner example:
It's a good opportunity to spend time with your friends.
CHANCE OF JOB
[B2] [C USUALLY PLURAL] the chance to get a job
1536
employment/job opportunities
opportunities for young graduates
There are far more opportunities now for school leavers than there were fifty years ago.
Learner example:
And many people don't have any other job opportunities so they would be stuck with [these] bad
jobs.
take the/this opportunity to do sth

[B2] to use an occasion to do or say something
Dictionary example:
I'd like to take this opportunity to thank all of you.
Learner example:
Most of the comments [are] not right at all. I would like to take this opportunity to correct them.
oppose /əˈpəʊz/
Word family:
Nouns: opposite, opposition
Verbs: oppose
Adjectives: opposite, opposed
Adverbs: opposite
VERB [T]
[B2] to disagree with a plan or activity and to try to change or stop it
They both opposed the plan.
Most of the local residents opposed the closing of their hospital.
The proposed new examination system has been vigorously opposed by teachers.
Learner example:
Some of them were defending the idea that the car is the most lethal object that anybody can
have, and others who opposed that idea said that the car is and [will] always be the best invention
made by humanity.
opposed /əˈpəʊzd/
Word family:
Verbs: oppose
Adverbs: opposite
1537
ADJECTIVE
be opposed to sth
[C1] to disagree with a plan or activity
Dictionary example:
We're not opposed to tax increases.
Learner example:
As you can see, Greendale Park is a very precious place for the majority of the residents, and they
are opposed to the council's plan.
opposite /ˈɒp.ə.zɪt/
Word family:
Verbs: oppose
Adverbs: opposite
ADJECTIVE
FACING
[B1] in a position facing something or someone but on the other side
My brother and I live on opposite sides of London.
The map on the opposite page shows the main lakes in the area.
They sat at opposite ends of the table, refusing to talk.
Learner example:
[O]n the opposite side, there is a dark brown wardro[be] which is made of wood.
DIFFERENT
[B2] completely different
All the traffic was going in the opposite direction.
Police attempts to calm the violence had the opposite effect.
Learner example:
The uncle had warned her so that she wouldn't interfer[e] with what happened at the inn, but it
had the opposite effect on Mary.
the opposite sex

[C1] people who are the other sex from you
Dictionary example:
He would never dare to speak to a member of the opposite sex.
1538
Learner example:
This is not only about trying to impress (preferably) a person of the opposite sex, but fashion also
gives you a great chance to express yourself.
NOUN [C]
[B1] something or someone that is completely different from another person or

thing
The opposite of 'fast' is 'slow'.
My father is a very calm person, but my mother is just the opposite.
She's turned out to be the exact opposite of what everyone expected.
Learner example:
Physically, she's the opposite of me.
ADVERB
[B1] in a position facing someone or something but on the other side
She asked the man sitting opposite whether he'd mind if she opened the window.
The people who live opposite are always making a lot of noise.
Learner example:
I was on the pavement next to my house and I was calling to my friend, when suddenly I saw a
man who [was] just going around to my neighbour's car, which was parked opposite.
opposition /ˌɒp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: oppose
Adverbs: opposite
NOUN [U]
DISAGREEMENT
[C1] strong disagreement
There is fierce/strong opposition to the proposed changes.
The unions are in opposition to the government over the issue of privatization.
Learner example:
The students, in an attempt to demonstrate the opposition of the Greek people to the military
regime, occupied their schools for many days.
1539
the opposition
[C1] the political parties in a country that are not part of the government
Dictionary example:
The opposition is arguing for a review of the policy.
Learner example:
He was elected MP for a record of 9 times [and] was the leader of EPE for many years, leading the
opposition when Georgios Papandreou, Andreas' father was in power.
opt /ɒpt/
Word family:
Nouns: option
Verbs: opt
Adjectives: optional
VERB [I]
[C1] to choose something or to decide to do something
Mike opted for early retirement.
Most people opt to have the operation.
Learner example:
My recommendation today is to take in[to] consideration people's views and opt for the 'Park and
Ride'.
optimist /ˈɒp.tɪm.ɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: optimism, optimist
Adjectives: optimistic
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who always believes that good things will happen
Dictionary example:
She's an optimist.
Learner example:
She is an incurable optimist with a great sense of humour.
1540
optimistic /ˌɒp.tɪˈmɪs.tɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: optimism, optimist
Adjectives: optimistic
ADJECTIVE
[B2] always believing that good things will happen
Dictionary example:
She is optimistic about her chances of winning a gold medal.
Learner example:
I'm not very optimistic about them being sensitive enough to try to produce [fewer] cars, putting
human life before their profits.
option /ˈɒp.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: option
Verbs: opt
NOUN [C]
CHOICE
[B1] a choice
We don't have many options.
I'm still considering my options.
The best option would be to cancel the trip altogether.
We always have the option of refusing to go.
There are various options open to someone who is willing to work hard.
Learner example:
It sounds like a difficult decision to make, but my advice is to go to a large school in the centre of
the town, because I think you'll have way more options to choose from.
have no option (but to do sth)

[C1] to not have the possibility of doing something else
Dictionary example:
We didn't want to dismiss him, but we had no option.
Learner example:
For example, [on] the first day, Monday, students have the day free with their host parents but
there are some of them who work all day and the students have no option but to stay alone in the
house.
1541
optional /ˈɒp.ʃən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: option
Verbs: opt
ADJECTIVE
[B2] If something is optional, you can choose whether to do it, pay it, buy it, etc.
Dictionary example:
English is compulsory for all students, but art and music are optional.
Learner example:
Refer[r]ing to optional lessons, it was recommended that Speaking and Listening, Computer
[Studies] and Business English are suitable for filming.
or /ɔːr/
CONJUNCTION
WARNING
[B1] used to give someone a warning or advice
Dictionary example:
You should eat more, or you'll make yourself ill.
Learner example:
She called "Bill, come here or you'll be in trouble".
or so INFORMAL
[B1] approximately
Dictionary example:
They raised two hundred pounds or so for charity.
Learner example:
After an hour or so they changed the flight and new people came, then he realised that his
suitcase was lost.
CHANGE
[B2] used to change or correct something you have said
We told the truth, or most of it.
Rosalind, or Roz to her friends, took the initiative.
Things have been going quite well recently. Or they were, up until two days ago.
1542
Learner example:
She is the one [who goes] around with all Rebecca's secrets. Or, almost all the secrets.
or else
[B2] used to say what will happen if another thing does not happen
Dictionary example:
We must be there by six, or else we'll miss the beginning.
Learner example:
[He] told me to hurry up, or else I would miss my bus.
REASON
[C1] used to give a reason for something you have said
Dictionary example:
She must love him or she wouldn't have stayed with him all these years.
or two
[C1] used to show a very small number, usually one or two
Dictionary example:
I'd like to say a word or two about loyalty.
Learner example:
Many fathers do not realize what they are missing by not demanding the privilege of staying at
home with the child, at least for a month or two.
oral /ˈɔː.rəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] spoken, not written
Dictionary example:
an oral agreement/exam
Learner example:
To sum it up, watching TV improves our oral skills and is a better way of taking notice of the
world outside, whereas books improve our writing and reading skills.
orchestra /ˈɔː.kɪ.strə/
Word family:
Nouns: orchestra
Adjectives: orchestral

[B1] a large group of musicians who play different instruments together
1543
a symphony orchestra
She's a cellist in the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.
Learner example:
I have to go for orchestra practi[c]e as we are going to perform on television next week.
orchestral /ɔːˈkes.trəl/
Word family:
Nouns: orchestra
Adjectives: orchestral
ADJECTIVE
[B2] played by, written for or to do with an orchestra
Dictionary example:
an orchestral arrangement
Learner example:
The lyrics are about life, love, pain and death but the most important thing is how th[ese] lyrics
match with the orchestral part of the song.
order /ˈɔː.dər/
Word family:
Nouns: order, disorder
NOUN
ARRANGEMENT
[B1] [U] the way in which people or things are arranged, either in relation to one
another or according to a particular characteristic
The children lined up in order of age/height.
I can't find the file I need because they're all out of order.
I've put the files in alphabetical order.
Learner example:
This is the order of the wedding [ceremony]: first the man and the woman enter the church
together.
in order (for sb/sth) to do sth

[B1] with the purpose of achieving something
1544
He came home early in order to see the children before they went to bed.
She worked all summer in order to save enough money.
Learner example:
She will go to the United States in order to improve her English.
out of order
[B1] If a machine or system is out of order, it is not working as it should.
Dictionary example:
The coffee machine's out of order.
Learner example:
Last week my TV was out of order.
INSTRUCTION
[B2] [C] an instruction that someone must obey
The soldiers fired as soon as their commander gave the order.
Soldiers must obey orders.
Learner example:
Today I can still remember my last order: "Put that light out!"
TIDY
[B2] [U] a situation in which everything is in its correct place
I like to put everything in order before I go away.
The house was so untidy that she spent the whole day trying to establish some sort of order.
Learner example:
Everthing was clean and in order.
VERB
INSTRUCT
[B2] [T] to give someone an instruction that they must obey
The management has ordered a cutback in spending.
"Wait over there," she ordered.
They ordered him to leave the room.
Learner example:
Then, the men ordered him to walk back to the museum as if not[hing] had happened.
1545
ordinary /ˈɔː.dɪ.nə.ri/
ADJECTIVE
NOT SPECIAL
[B1] not special, different, or unusual in any way
These are ordinary people living ordinary lives.
It was a fairly ordinary house.
I thought the food was very ordinary.
Learner example:
It is an ordinary bedroom with white-coloured walls, two drawers, [a] TV and a bed, of course.
organ /ˈɔː.gən/
NOUN [C]
BODY
[C1] a part of an animal or plant that has a special purpose
an external/internal/reproductive organ
an organ donor/transplant
Learner example:
Now you can replace or heal almost every bone or organ in a human body.
organic /ɔːˈgæn.ɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not using artificial chemicals when keeping animals or growing plants for food
Dictionary example:
organic food/fruit/farms/farmers/vegetables
Learner example:
Also, people care more about what really is in the food they eat and so interest in organic food is
increasing.
1546
organization (ALSO UK organisation) /ˌɔː.gən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: organize
NOUN
GROUP
[B1] [C] an official group of people who work together for the same purpose
the World Health Organization
The article was about the international aid organizations.
Learner example:
Everyone would pay for it and they would give the money to an organisation who help poor
children in Africa.
PLANNING
[B1] [U] the planning of an activity or event
Dictionary example:
He didn't want to be involved in the organization of/for the conference, although he agreed to
attend.
Learner example:
I hope you could c[o]me and help me with this party organisation?
ARRANGEMENT
[C1] [U] the way that parts of something are arranged
Dictionary example:
I'm trying to improve the organization of my computer files.
Learner example:
He also stressed the importance of timing and organisation of your speech and the procedure of
business meetings.
organize (ALSO UK organise) /ˈɔː.gən.aɪz/
Word family:
Verbs: organize
1547
VERB [T]
PLAN
[B1] to plan or arrange something
He had organized the whole event.
They organized a meeting between the teachers and students.
She had organized a car to meet me at the airport.
Learner example:
There are two soccer fields where the members organise matches and tournaments.
ARRANGING
[B2] to do or arrange something according to a particular system
Dictionary example:
The books were organized on the shelves according to their size.
Learner example:
Now Museums are big, have lots of light and you can find the la[te]st technology in them. They are
organized in such a different way.
organized (ALSO UK organised) /ˈɔː.gən.aɪzd/
Word family:
Verbs: organize
ADJECTIVE
PLANNED
[B2] planned or arranged
We didn't go on an organized tour.
The letters had been placed in organized piles, one for each letter of the alphabet.
Learner example:
Are there any organised trips?
GOOD AT PLANNING
[B2] describes someone who is able to plan things carefully and keep things tidy
Dictionary example:
She's not a very organized person and she always arrives late at meetings.
Learner example:
I am also [a] very organised person and extremely healthy.
1548
organizer (ALSO UK organiser) /ˈɔː.gən.aɪ.zər/
Word family:
Verbs: organize
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who plans an event or activity
conference/exhibition organizers
There aren't enough seats for all the guests - I must tell the organizers.
Learner example:
According to the organisers, they sold over 5,000 tickets.
origin /ˈɒr.ɪ.dʒɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: origin, original
Verbs: originate
Adjectives: original
Adverbs: originally
NOUN [C or U]
CAUSE
[B2] (ALSO origins) the cause of something, or where something begins or comes
from
What's the origin of that saying?
It's a book about the origins of the universe.
The furniture was French in origin.
Learner example:
The cooking [is] base[d] on traditional recipes of Westfalian origin and it is tasty but often very
rich!
COUNTRY/RACE, ETC.
[C1] the country, race, or social class of a person's family
He is of North African origin.
What is your of origin?
The president's family was of humble origins.
1549
Learner example:
The rules are very simple, they can be understood by everyone, regardless of age, origin or social
status.
original /əˈrɪdʒ.ə.nəl/
Word family:
Verbs: originate
Adverbs: originally
ADJECTIVE
FIRST MADE
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] existing since the beginning, or being the earliest form of
something
That was my original plan.
Is this the original fireplace?
The gardens have recently been restored to their original glory.
Learner example:
The film was amazing, with excellent special effects and good actors, even if some of the story is
a little different from the original novel (which I've read twice!)
INTERESTING
[B1] special and interesting because of not being the same as others
Her essay was full of original ideas.
He's a highly original thinker.
Learner example:
I like to be original.
PAINTING, ETC.
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] describes a piece of work produced by an artist or writer and
not a copy
an original drawing/manuscript
Is this an original Rembrandt?
Learner example:
The War Theatre is visited daily [by] thou[s]ands of people from all [over] the world because of its
fantastic Van Gogh original paintings.
1550
NOUN [C]
[B2] something that is in the form in which it was first created and has not been
copied or changed
Dictionary example:
If the painting is an original, it will be very valuable.
Learner example:
She was paying him, but not as much as she would need to [to] buy the original.
originally /əˈrɪdʒ.ɪ.nə.li/
Word family:
Verbs: originate
Adverbs: originally
ADVERB
[B2] at the beginning or before any changes
Dictionary example:
Originally it was a bedroom, but we turned it into a study.
Learner example:
I've been living in England for 6 months and I have studied English for 8 years in Sweden, where I
was originally born.
other /ˈʌð.ər/
DETERMINER
DIFFERENT
[B1] different from the thing or person already mentioned
I don't have any cash - is there no other way of paying?
Ask me some other time when I'm not so busy.
He likes travelling abroad and learning about other people's customs and traditions.
Learner example:
The two kids [had] waited [long] enough so they decided to walk. The girl asked: "Is there any
other way the Man [can] hurt us?"
the other side/end (of sth)

[B1] the opposite side or end of something
1551
Put the chair at the other end of the desk.
The man was waiting on the other side of the street.
Learner example:
I'll move my bed to the other side of my room.
the other day/week, etc.

[B1] referring to a day, week, etc. in the recent past without saying exactly when it
was
Dictionary example:
I saw him just the other day/night.
Learner example:
Dear John, Thanks for the letter you wrote me the other day.
in other words
[B2] used to introduce an explanation that is simpler than the one given earlier
Dictionary example:
He was economical with the truth - in other words, he was lying.
Learner example:
We are able to use zoos as a place where we c[an] spend our free time with our children. In other
words, it is a good place for the family.
the other way round/around

[B2] happening in the opposite way
Dictionary example:
I thought the older people would be more offended than the young people, but it was the other
way round.
Learner example:
As you know, I did that the other way round for the States.
or other INFORMAL
[C1] used when you cannot or do not want to be exact about the information you
are giving
The event was held in some park or other.
We'll find someone or other to help us.
Learner example:
Maybe you hate the memory of boring literature classes at school, but I'm sure each of you is
interested in some subject or other.
other than
[C1] FORMAL different from or except
1552
Holidays other than those in this brochure do not have free places for children.
The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself.
There's nothing on TV tonight, other than rubbish.
Learner example:
There are no vegetarian alternatives other than cheese sandwiches, which our members find very
depressi[ng].
other than that

[C1] except for the thing you have just said
Dictionary example:
My arm was a bit sore - other than that I was fine.
Learner example:
Curren[t]ly, I only have a small corner in the room whereas my sisters get a bigger portion. This
means I have to keep all my things under the bed. Other than that, I would like a big beautiful
garden because I love nature.
PRONOUN
others
[B1] people in general, not including yourself
Dictionary example:
You shouldn't expect others to do your work for you.
Learner example:
I think that I would be very useful there, because I know that they need people who enjoy helping
others and I am one of those [people].
others
[B2] more ones
This one is broken - do you have any others?
I only know about this book, but there might be others.
Learner example:
In fact, we [might] manage to do some interesting activities such as mountain biking in Sintra,
canoeing in Teja, etc. You would be glad to see how many interesting people we [might] meet
while doing those activities and any others that you would like to [do].
1553
otherwise /ˈʌð.ə.waɪz/
ADVERB
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN
[B1] used after an order or suggestion to show what the result will be if you do not
follow that order or suggestion
I'd better write it down, otherwise I'll forget it.
You really must phone home. Otherwise, your parents will start to worry.
Learner example:
Oh! I'll have to buy a table for the computer. Otherwise, I'll have to use my computer on my bed.
NOT INCLUDING
[B2] except for what has just been referred to
The bike needs a new saddle, but otherwise it's in good condition.
The poor sound quality ruined an otherwise splendid film.
Learner example:
This seemed the high point of an otherwise dull and disorganised event.
DIFFERENTLY
[C1] different to what has just been stated
I'll meet you there at 6 o'clock, unless I hear otherwise.
The police believe he is the thief, but all the evidence suggests otherwise.
Under the law, a person is presumed innocent until proved otherwise.
Marion Morrison, otherwise known as the film star John Wayne, was born in 1907.
I can't meet you on Tuesday - I'm otherwise engaged.
Learner example:
An important event in the history of Greece was the Civil War between the cities of Athens and
Sparti around 400 B.C., otherwise known as [the] Pelopon[n]esian War.
ought to /ɔːt.tuː/
MODAL VERB
BEST THING
[B1] used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do
1554
We ought to tidy up before we go.
You ought to see a doctor.
He ought to have told her the truth.
Ought I to phone her?
Learner example:
I ought to go to the doctor tomorrow.
TRUE
[B2] used to say that you expect something to be true or that you expect
something to happen
She ought to be home by now.
He ought to pass the exam this time.
Learner example:
All the students ought to know how famous you are. You are a very well-known writer who was
born in Rhodes.
out /aʊt/
ADVERB
AWAY FROM INSIDE
[B1] used to show movement away from the inside of a place or container
Get out!
She opened the window and stuck her head out.
The bag burst and the apples fell out.
He opened the drawer and took out a pair of socks.
My secretary will see you out.
Learner example:
When I was on the plane, I decided to open my suitcase to take out my CD player because I was
bored.
APPEAR
[B1] able to be seen
The stars are out tonight.
The rain stopped and the sun came out.
The flowers are starting to come out.
Learner example:
In the beginning it was raining a little bit, but then the sun came out.
1555
AVAILABLE
[B1] available to buy or see
Is the new Harry Potter book out yet?
The new Tarantino movie comes out in August.
Learner example:
It came out just yesterday.
DISAPPEAR
[B1] to the point where something is removed or disappears
The stain won't come out.
Cross out any words that are not on the list.
Learner example:
A friend of mine told me, when he was in Lampton, that you couldn't have special rates for
students at Hotel Royal, so you should cross [that information] out of the guide.
out loud
[B1] If you say or read something out loud, you say or read it so that other people
can hear you.
Dictionary example:
I had to read the essay out loud in front of the whole school.
Learner example:
She wouldn't accept it so I read [it] out loud for her to hear: "Director, Jason Meyer, and producer,
Sami Woods, are receiving...".
LIGHT/FIRE
[B2] If a light or fire is out, it is no longer shining or burning.
When we got home, all the lights were out.
Is that fire completely out?
Learner example:
I looked out through the window to check if the lights were out in the windows of the block of
flats next to ours.
NOT ACCURATE
[C1] not accurate
Dictionary example:
Your figures are out by £300.
1556
outcome /ˈaʊt.kʌm/
[C1] the final result of an activity or process
Dictionary example:
It's too early to predict the outcome of the meeting.
Learner example:
In order to ensure a pleasant end-of-term activity and to avoid yet another negative outcome, it is
necessary for us to dispose of a great sum of money.
outdoor /ˌaʊtˈdɔːr/
Word family:
Adjectives: outdoor
Adverbs: outdoors
[B1] happening, used, or in a place that is outside and not inside a building
an outdoor swimming pool/concert
outdoor clothes
Learner example:
The water temperature of the outdoor pool is relatively cold because it's filled with natural
mountain-spring-water.
outdoors /ˌaʊtˈdɔːz/
Word family:
Adjectives: outdoor
Adverbs: outdoors
ADVERB
[B1] outside
Dictionary example:
If the weather's good, we'll eat outdoors.
Learner example:
My parents always tell me that I should spend more time outdoors.
1557
outer /ˈaʊ.tər/
[B2] on the edge or surface of something
Remove the outer layers of the onion.
the outer lane of the motorway
outer London
Learner example:
Perhaps you could give some consideration to the outer building, like renovation work.
outgoing /ˌaʊtˈgəʊ.ɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
FRIENDLY
[C1] Someone who is outgoing is friendly, talks a lot, and enjoys meeting people.
Dictionary example:
Anne is very outgoing, but her sister's quite shy.
Learner example:
He is very outgoing, friendly and communicative.
outline /ˈaʊt.laɪn/
NOUN [C]
DESCRIPTION
[B2] a short description of the most important ideas or facts about something
If you read the minutes of the meeting, they'll give you a brief/broad outline of what was
discussed.
Some novelists start by writing an outline.
Learner example:
Perhaps a brief outline of the party will help you to make your decision.
VERB [T]
[B2] to describe only the most important ideas or facts about something
Dictionary example:
At the interview she outlined what I would be doing.
1558
Learner example:
First of all, I will briefly outline some personal details.
outlook /ˈaʊt.lʊk/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
FUTURE
[C1] the likely future situation
The outlook for the economy is bleak.
The outlook for today is cloudy and dry at first with showers later.
Learner example:
The outlook for all three companies is bright over the next 5 years.
outnumber /ˌaʊtˈnʌm.bər/
Word family:
Nouns: number
VERB [T]
[C1] to be larger in number than another group
Dictionary example:
Women now far outnumber men on language courses.
Learner example:
An annual average rate of 10% GDP growth for the past ten years has created more than 7 million
new jobs, which outnumbered the number of new male entrants.
out-of-date /ˌaʊt.əvˈdeɪt/
ADJECTIVE
Dictionary example:
I had a very out-of-date map.
Learner example:
I don't want to be an out-of-date person.
1559
out of /ˈaʊt.əv/
PREPOSITION
NO LONGER INSIDE
[B1] used to show movement away from the inside of a place or container
A peach rolled out of the bag.
I jumped out of bed and ran downstairs.
Learner example:
Once he told me that he and his other friend saw a cat falling out of a window.
MADE FROM
[B1] used to show what something is made from
The dress is made out of silk.
The statue was carved out of a single block of stone.
Learner example:
I love clothes which are made out of cotton. These are perfect for this hot weather.
FROM AMONG
[B1] from among an amount or number
Nine out of ten people said they liked the product.
No one got 20 out of 20 in the test.
Learner example:
He got 99.4 out of 100, "Oh my God".
out of date
Dictionary example:
These unemployment figures are out of date.
Learner example:
The library has got very poor staff and most of it is out of date.
out of order
[B1] If a machine or system is out of order, it is not working as it should.
Dictionary example:
The coffee machine's out of order.
Learner example:
Last week my TV was out of order.
1560
out of work
[B1] not in a job
I've been out of work for the last six months.
Both she and her husband are out of work.
Learner example:
Right now I am out of work and would like to try som[e]thing different for a while.
NO LONGER IN CONDITION
[B2] no longer in a particular condition or situation
Dictionary example:
The patient is now out of danger.
Learner example:
She told me that D was out of danger and that she will have other information tomorrow.
BECAUSE OF
[B2] used to show the reason why someone does something
I took the job out of necessity because we had no money left.
Just out of interest, how much did it cost you?
I only went there out of curiosity.
Learner example:
When the warrior had left, the explorer [explored the cave] out of curiosity and [to] his big
surprise found the treasure.
be out of sth
[B2] to have no more of something left
Dictionary example:
We're nearly out of petrol.
Learner example:
By then I was out of money so I start[ed] walking.
be out of breath
[B2] to be breathing quickly because you have been running, walking fast, etc.
Dictionary example:
He burst into the room, red-faced and out of breath.
Learner example:
I find that shopping is very good exercise too! By the time you have completed the whole High
Street, you will be out of breath.
1561
out of control
[B2] If something or someone is out of control, you cannot influence, limit or direct
them.
Dictionary example:
The car skidded and went out of control, crashing into an oncoming truck.
Learner example:
I had just driven through Piazza Duomo, when another car came round a corner much too fast,
skidded, and went out of control.
out of nowhere
[B2] If someone or something appears out of nowhere, it appears suddenly or
unexpectedly.
Dictionary example:
The car came out of nowhere and we had to swerve to miss it.
Learner example:
I was lying all alone on the beach, then suddenly, out of nowhere, right behind me those strange
creatures appeared.
be out of practice
[B2] to not do something well because you have not done it recently
Dictionary example:
I didn't play very well today - I'm out of practice.
Learner example:
I think playing in the club will be a great opportunity for me so as not to be out of practice.
out of stock
[B2] not available in a shop
Dictionary example:
The book is out of stock at the moment.
Learner example:
And sometimes the item you are looking for is out of stock.
out of season
[C1] If vegetables or fruit are out of season, they are not usually available at that
time.
Dictionary example:
Strawberries are out of season at the moment.
Learner example:
As our place was famous for fresh sea food, I bought crabs and salmon although they were out of
season and expensive.
1562
out of tune
[C1] singing or playing the wrong notes
Dictionary example:
The piano is out of tune.
Learner example:
Even if you sing out of tune please call us.
out of the blue

[C1] If something happens out of the blue, it is completely unexpected.
Dictionary example:
One day, out of the blue, she announced that she was leaving.
Learner example:
Dear Kim, I was extremely happy when I received your letter out of the blue.
out of action
[C1] damaged or hurt and not able to operate or play sports
I'm afraid my car's out of action.
They've got three players out of action.
Learner example:
The air-condition[ing] in my room was out of action and the hotel manager didn't care.
outrage /ˈaʊt.reɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: outrage
Verbs: outrage
Adjectives: outrageous
VERB [T]
[C1] to cause someone to feel very angry, shocked, or upset
Dictionary example:
The proposed pay cut outraged the staff.
Learner example:
I was outraged when I was given a copy of an article published in your magazine.
1563
outrageous /aʊtˈreɪ.dʒəs/
Word family:
Nouns: outrage
Verbs: outrage
Adjectives: outrageous
ADJECTIVE
[B2] shocking or extreme
outrageous behaviour/clothes
That's an outrageous thing to say!
The prices in that restaurant were outrageous.
Learner example:
The only negative thing to be said about [this restaurant] is that the prices are outrageous, but [it
is] worth every penny.
outside
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] /ˈaʊt.saɪd/
NOT IN BUILDING
[B2] not in a building
Dictionary example:
an outside light
Learner example:
I was going to say to him to turn on the outside light, but seeing his face, I changed my mind.
DIFFERENT ORGANIZATION
[C1] coming from another place or organization
Dictionary example:
The company has called in outside experts.
NOUN /ˈaʊt.saɪd/
the outside
[B2] the outer part or side of something
The outside of the house needs painting.
The house looks larger when looked at from the outside.
Learner example:
It had been dark in the room since the door was locked from the outside.
1564
outskirts /ˈaʊt.skɜːts/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] the outer area of a city or town
There are plans to build a new stadium on the outskirts of Liverpool.
They live in Melbourne's south-eastern outskirts.
Learner example:
In spite of travelling for hours a day, I prefer staying [o]n the outskirts of London.
outstanding /ˌaʊtˈstæn.dɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] excellent and much better than most
an outstanding achievement
It's an area of outstanding natural beauty.
This is an outstanding first novel.
Learner example:
Although it was an outstanding festival, I would like to point out some problems [which]
happened there.
outweigh /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: weight
Verbs: weigh, outweigh
Adjectives: overweight
VERB [T]
[C1] to be greater or more important than something else
Dictionary example:
The benefits of this treatment far outweigh the risks.
Learner example:
However, in my opinion the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages and competition is a
natural phenomenon that we should accept.
1565
oval /ˈəʊ.vəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] in the shape of an egg or a slightly flat circle
an oval mirror
an oval face
Learner example:
It was green, oval and opaque.
oven /ˈʌv.ən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the part of a cooker with a door, which is used to cook food
a microwave oven
a cool/medium/hot oven
Place the cake in the oven at 200°C.
Learner example:
They eat the traditional food souvlaki and potatoes [cooked] in the oven.
over /ˈəʊ.vər/
PREPOSITION
HIGHER POSITION
[B1] above or higher than something
The sign over the door said "Exit".
A flock of geese flew over the trees.
She held the umbrella over both of us.
Learner example:
Besides that, you have voted for the construction of a new bridge over the main street.
ACROSS
[B1] across from one side of something to the other, especially by going up and
then down
1566
She jumped over the gate.
The road goes over the mountains.
She is always chatting with her neighbour over the garden fence.
From the top of the tower you could see for miles over the city.
Tanks travel over the most difficult ground.
Learner example:
I most enjoyed [it] when we [were] cycling over the hills, because there weren't any people and it
was peaceful and qui[et].
all over somewhere

[B1] everywhere in a particular place
Dictionary example:
Soon the news was all over town.
Learner example:
The people in the class are from all over the world.
DURING
[B1] during a particular period of time
I was in Seattle over the summer.
We discussed the matter over lunch.
It's fascinating to watch how a baby changes and develops over time.
Learner example:
He apologised for the trouble and when he heard that they just wanted to stay over the weekend,
he said they should go and buy the most important things and enjoy the weekend as the suitcase
wo[uld]n't arrive until Monday.
OTHER SIDE
[B1] on the other side of
There's a pub over the road we could go to.
The story continues over the page.
The station is over the bridge.
over here/there
[B1] in this/that place
Dictionary example:
Put your bags down over there.
Learner example:
How is everything over there?
USING
[B2] using
1567
They spoke over the phone.
We heard the news over the radio.
Learner example:
She laughed over the phone, and said "It's really like you".
ADVERB
ACROSS
[B1] from one side or place to another
She leaned over and kissed me.
Why don't you come over for dinner on Thursday?
I've got a friend over from Canada this week.
Now we're going over to Wembley for commentary on the Cup Final.
Learner example:
He came over to me and we talked a while.
FINISHED
[B1] finished
I'll be glad when the competition is over.
I used to have a thriving business and a happy marriage, but that's all over now.
Learner example:
David smiled triumphantly and said, "It is all over!"
DIFFERENT SURFACE
[B2] describes the way an object moves or is moved so that a different part of it is
facing up
Dictionary example:
She turned another page over.
Learner example:
A big truck had turned over and blocked the road and there was no other way for us to go, so we
had to wait.
over and over (again)

[B2] happening or done many times
Dictionary example:
I read the article over and over till it made sense.
Learner example:
I've been searching in newspapers over and over again and finally after a couple of days I found
something.
1568
all over again
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
overall /ˌəʊ.vəˈrɔːl/
ADVERB; ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]
[B2] in general rather than in particular, or including all the people or things in a
particular group or situation
The overall situation is good, despite a few minor problems.
Overall, it has been a good year.
The overall winner, after ten games, will receive $50,000.
Learner example:
Overall these two restaurants are worth [going] to for nice meals.
overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/ (overcame, overcome)
VERB [T]
DEAL WITH
[B2] to deal with and control a problem or feeling
I admire the way she has overcome her difficulties/problems and made a success of her life.
Eventually he managed to overcome his shyness in class.
Learner example:
Trying to overcome my fear, I was slowly going toward the dangerous stranger.
overcrowded /ˌəʊ.vəˈkraʊ.dɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: crowd
Adjectives: crowded, overcrowded
1569
ADJECTIVE
[C1] containing too many people or things
Dictionary example:
an overcrowded classroom/prison
Learner example:
As you arrive about midday, the trams are likely to be overcrowded.
overdo /ˌəʊ.vəˈduː/
Word family:
Verbs: do, overdo
VERB [T] (overdid, overdone)

[C1] to do or use too much of something
Dictionary example:
I went to the gym yesterday, but I think I overdid it a bit.
Learner example:
On the other hand, people usually overdo it and prefer making use of the modern technology to
meeting a friend.
overdraft /ˈəʊ.və.drɑːft/
Word family:
Nouns: overdraft
Adjectives: overdrawn
NOUN [C]
[C1] If you have an overdraft, you have taken more money out of your bank account
than you had in it.
Dictionary example:
a £250 overdraft
Learner example:
In addition, some young people use credit card[s] to buy luxurious products, which lead[s] to bank
overdrafts.
overdrawn /ˌəʊ.vəˈdrɔːn/
Word family:
Nouns: overdraft
Adjectives: overdrawn
1570
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If you are overdrawn, you have taken more money out of your bank account
than you had in it.
Dictionary example:
We've gone £200 overdrawn!
Learner example:
In other words their expenditure [is] much more than their income. They get into debt and [are]
mostly overdrawn.
overestimate /ˌəʊ.vərˈes.tɪ.meɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: estimate
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to guess or think that something is or will be bigger or better than it really is
Dictionary example:
They overestimated her ability to do the job.
Learner example:
In spite of the progress achieved in promoting the social status of women, one should not
overestimate the significance of these achievements to ordinary women's careers.
overlook /ˌəʊ.vəˈlʊk/
Word family:
Nouns: look
Verbs: look, overlook
VERB [T]
SEE FROM ABOVE
[B2] to have a view of something from above
Our hotel room overlooked the harbour.
The house is surrounded by trees, so it's not overlooked at all.
Learner example:
The apartment was very big and there was a balcony which overlooked the beach.
1571
overnight /ˌəʊ.vəˈnaɪt/
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
FOR THE NIGHT
[B1] for or during the night
an overnight stop in Paris
You can stay overnight if you want to.
Don't forget to pack an overnight bag.
Learner example:
We will stay in our tents overnight and [get] up early in the morning to reach the next camping
site.
overseas /ˌəʊ.vəˈsiːz/
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
[B2] in, from or to other countries
We need to open up the overseas markets.
There are a lot of overseas students in Cambridge.
Many more people work overseas these days.
Learner example:
It is suggested that one of our English as a Foreign Language lessons should be filmed, as there
are some 100 overseas students who are from over 30 countries in our school.
overtake /ˌəʊ.vəˈteɪk/ (overtook, overtaken)
VERB
VEHICLE
[B2] [I or T] to go past a vehicle or person that is going in the same direction
We were overtaken by a red sports car.
Always check your rear view mirror before you overtake (another car).
Learner example:
Of course it is easier [for a bike] to overtake the cars in traffic jams.
1572
BIGGER
[C1] [T] to go past something by being a greater amount or degree
Our US sales have now overtaken our sales in Europe.
We'd planned to hold a meeting tomorrow, but events have overtaken us.
Learner example:
This however was projected to be overtaken by people coming from the 35-49 year old bracket by
2006.
overtime /ˈəʊ.və.taɪm/
NOUN [U]
[B2] extra time that you work after your usual working hours
Dictionary example:
unpaid overtime
Learner example:
You can't go on living like this, chasing around and always being press[ur]ed by your work and all
this overtime.
overview /ˈəʊ.və.vjuː/
NOUN [C]
DESCRIPTION
[C1] a short description giving the most important facts about something
Dictionary example:
I'll just give you an overview of the job.
Learner example:
This report will give a brief overview of my experiences from my recent attend[a]nce [on] their
April course.
KNOWLEDGE
[C1] knowledge of the general features of something
Dictionary example:
Having spent some time there, she had a good overview of the market.
Learner example:
As my main interest was to get an overview of the current market situation, I was simply
impressed by the variety of companies that you've presented.
1573
overweight /ˌəʊ.vəˈweɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: weight
ADJECTIVE
[B2] too heavy or too fat
Dictionary example:
He's still a few pounds overweight.
Learner example:
In England the majority of people are either overweight or underweight.
overwhelm /ˌəʊ.vəˈwelm/
Word family:
Verbs: overwhelm
Adjectives: overwhelming
VERB [T]
[C1] If a feeling or situation overwhelms someone, it has an effect that is too strong
or extreme.
Dictionary example:
She was overwhelmed by the excitement of it all.
Learner example:
I am sure the students from the acting classes will be overwhelmed by the grandeur of the 200-
seat theatre.
overwhelming /ˌəʊ.vəˈwel.mɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: overwhelm
Adjectives: overwhelming
ADJECTIVE
[C1] very strong in effect or large in amount
She felt an overwhelming urge/desire/need to tell someone about what had happened.
She said how much she appreciated the overwhelming generosity of the public in responding to
the appeal.
An overwhelming majority have voted in favour of the proposal.
1574
Learner example:
Therefore, the overwhelming majority of school-leavers annually strive to enter a state institution
of higher education.
overworked /ˌəʊ.vəˈwɜːkt/
Word family:
Nouns: work, worker
Verbs: work
Adjectives: working, overworked
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Someone who is overworked has to work too much.
Dictionary example:
We're overworked and underpaid.
Learner example:
People are overworked and often choose fast food for dinner.
owe /əʊ/
VERB [+ TWO OBJECTS]
MONEY
[B1] to have to pay money back to someone
I owe Janet ten pounds.
We still owe £1000 to the bank.
Learner example:
Please tell me how much I owe you for that.
owe sb an apology/explanation/favour, etc.

[B2] to have to give something to someone because they deserve it
Dictionary example:
I think you owe me an explanation/apology.
Learner example:
I owe you a favour.
1575
owing to /ˈəʊ.ɪŋˌtuː/
PREPOSITION
[B2] because of
Dictionary example:
The concert has been cancelled owing to low ticket sales.
Learner example:
To start with, [it] is a great idea to change rooms because the[y] are too crowded, owing to the
fact that there a lot of people.
owl /aʊl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a bird with a flat face, large eyes, and strong curved nails, which hunts small
mammals at night
Dictionary example:
We heard an owl hooting in the night.
Learner example:
I could hear a[n] owl hooting in the tree nearby.
own /əʊn/
Word family:
Nouns: owner, ownership
Verbs: own
ADJECTIVE; PRONOUN
of your own
[B1] belonging to someone or something
I'll have a home of my own someday.
He wanted an apartment of his own.
Learner example:
I also bought a cupboard of my own, so that I need not share with my sister.
(all) on your own

[B1] alone
Dictionary example:
I like living on my own.
1576
Learner example:
On Wedn[e]sday morning I went on my own to see [the] Vatican.
(all) on your own

[B1] without any help
Dictionary example:
I did my buttons up all on my own, Mummy.
Learner example:
Maybe I can do the missing work on my own.
VERB [T]
[B1] to have something that legally belongs to you
We own our house.
I've never owned a suit in my life.
Learner example:
It is owned by a Japanese owner.
owner /ˈəʊ.nər/
Word family:
Verbs: own
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who owns something
Are you the owner of this car?
We still haven't found the dog's owner.
Learner example:
The owner was an old woman who lives alone in a big house with her pet animals.
ownership /ˈəʊ.nə.ʃɪp/
Word family:
Verbs: own
NOUN [U]
[C1] when you own something
Dictionary example:
Do you have any proof of ownership for this car?
1577
Learner example:
As people's disposable income rises, more and more people can now afford cars. Furthermore,
cheap imports from the newly industrialised countries ha[ve] also contributed to the increase in
car ownership.
oxygen /ˈɒk.sɪ.dʒən/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a gas that is in the air and that animals need to live
Dictionary example:
an oxygen tank
Learner example:
Everybody needs oxygen and trees produce oxygen.
ozone /ˈəʊ.zəʊn/
NOUN [U]
[C1] a form of oxygen that exists high in the atmosphere
Dictionary example:
the ozone layer
Learner example:
There is probably no child who hasn't heard about the holes in the ozone layer or the greenhouse
effect.
1578
P
pace /peɪs/
NOUN
SPEED
[B2] [U] the speed at which someone or something moves or does something
a slow/fast pace
I don't like the pace of modern life.
These changes seem to be happening at too fast a pace.
Learner example:
I am living at a much faster pace.
keep pace with sb/sth

[C1] to move or develop at the same speed as someone or something else
Dictionary example:
We have to keep pace with the changing times.
Learner example:
It was first published a century ago and what amazes people most is that [it] keeps pace with the
development of the country without leaving out references to our history and tradition.
pack /pæk/
Word family:
Nouns: pack, package
Verbs: pack, unpack
Adjectives: packed
VERB [I or T]
pack up (sth) or pack (sth) up PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to collect all your things together when you have finished doing something
I just need a few minutes to pack up my equipment and then we can leave.
I'm about to pack my things up and go home.
I got to the market just as it was closing and everyone was packing up.
1579
Learner example:
They packed up all the equipment [and got ready] to leave, because most of them had to attend
school the next day.
NOUN [C]
SET OF PRODUCTS
[B2] a set of products or other things that are wrapped up together
The information pack consists of a brochure and a map.
I bought a large pack of tissues.
package /ˈpæk.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
Verbs: pack, unpack
Adjectives: packed
NOUN [C]
PARCEL
[B2] a parcel
The postman has just delivered a package for you.
The package was wrapped in plain brown paper.
Learner example:
It was a call from the post office saying that the package he was waiting [for had arrived].
GROUP OF THINGS
[B2] a related group of things when they are offered together as a single unit
The computer comes with a software package.
This ski package includes flights, hotel accommodation, and a six-day lift pass.
Learner example:
Lastly, I need to know if all meals are included in your package.
packed /pækt/
Word family:
Verbs: pack, unpack
Adjectives: packed
1580
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very crowded
The hall was packed.
The bus was packed with schoolchildren.
Learner example:
If you want to meet and photograph the local people, the place to go is the Wednesday market. It
is always packed with farmers, children, older people and so on.
packet /ˈpæk.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small paper or cardboard container that contains several of the same thing
a packet of cereal/biscuits/crisps
a packet of chewing gum/cigarettes
How many seeds are there in a packet?
Learner example:
He bought a packet of pop-corn.
pain /peɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: pain
Adjectives: painful
NOUN
EMOTIONAL
[B2] [U] sadness or mental suffering caused by an unpleasant event
I can't describe the pain I suffered when he died.
The parents are still in great pain over the death of their child.
Learner example:
He had caused me so much pain that I was unable to forgive him anymore.
be a pain INFORMAL
[B2] to be annoying
1581
Having to keep the bikes in the house is such a pain.
My sister was being a real pain.
Learner example:
It was really a pain to pay that much for only a box of metal and a screen, but I think it is really
going to help me.
be a pain in the neck INFORMAL
[C1] to be annoying
Dictionary example:
My brother can be a real pain in the neck sometimes.
Learner example:
He's adorable although sometimes he can really be a pain in the neck (don't tell him I wrote this.)
painful /ˈpeɪn.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: pain
Adjectives: painful
ADJECTIVE
PHYSICAL
[B1] causing physical pain
Dictionary example:
A painful injury forced her to withdraw from the game.
Learner example:
One of my [teeth] is very painful.
EMOTIONAL
[B2] making you feel sad or upset
Dictionary example:
The old photograph brought back painful memories.
Learner example:
You know, I went through this painful decision just a few months ago, when I started working for
a new company that pays me more, but gives me less time for my hobbies.
palace /ˈpæl.ɪs/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a very large building where a king, queen or president lives
1582
a royal/presidential palace
Buckingham Palace
Learner example:
I know some places [in London] like Big Ben and Buckingham Palace.
pale /peɪl/
ADJECTIVE
FACE
[B2] If your face is pale, it has less colour than usual because you are ill or
frightened.
Dictionary example:
You're looking pale - do you feel ill?
Learner example:
Her face was pale and she was feeling that something w[ould] go wrong.
palm /pɑːm/
NOUN [C]
TREE
[C1] a palm tree
Dictionary example:
They sat beneath a palm tree.
Learner example:
Santorini was a picturesque island, with many rural areas, sensational deserted beaches with palm
trees.
pan /pæn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a round, metal container with a handle and usually a lid, that is used for
cooking food in
Heat the milk in a small pan.
This dishwasher even washes pots and pans.
1583
Learner example:
[At this restaurant,] you cook the food in the pan by yourself.
pancake /ˈpæn.keɪk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a thin, flat food made from flour, milk, and egg mixed together and cooked in
a pan
Dictionary example:
We had pancakes with lemon.
Learner example:
You can't come to Holland without trying the Dutch pancakes, which are much better than the
English ones.
panel /ˈpæn.əl/
NOUN [C]
PEOPLE
[C1] a group of people who are chosen to discuss something or make a decision
about something
Dictionary example:
a panel of experts
Learner example:
We can justify our opinion about the quality by referring to the extremely varied and constructive
social programme, which is also organised by a panel of experts, sociologists and psychologists.
panic /ˈpæn.ɪk/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a sudden, strong feeling of worry or fear that makes you unable to think or
behave calmly
a state of panic
Panic spread through the crowd as the wind and rain grew worse.
Carmel was in a panic about her exam.
He got in(to) a panic that he would forget his lines on stage.
1584
Learner example:
All [the] people in the church thought it would be a perfect wedding ceremony, but there were two
things missing: the bride and the bridegroom! After [this] was realised, there was panic!
VERB [I or T] (panicking, panicked, panicked)

[B2] to suddenly feel so worried or frightened that you cannot think or behave
calmly, or to make someone feel this way
Don't panic! We've got plenty of time.
The sound of gunfire panicked the crowd.
The boss always panics over/about the budget every month.
Learner example:
David started thinking that a thief may have come [in]to their house. "Don't panic", he told his
wife.
pants /pænts/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B1] underwear that covers the bottom
Dictionary example:
Make sure you bring a clean pair of pants.
Learner example:
Every day I went to buy different pants, shoes, shirts and all the [clothes the] baby needs.
paper /ˈpeɪ.pər/
NOUN
NEWSPAPER
[B1] [C] a newspaper
a daily/weekly/local/national paper
The photo was on the front page of all the papers.
Learner example:
Hey Jo, Yesterday I [saw] an advertisement for a job in a local paper: it said that if you like pets,
you can become a dog-sitter for three days a week.
1585
paperwork /ˈpeɪ.pə.wɜːk/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the part of a job that involves producing reports, writing letters, organizing
information, etc.
Dictionary example:
Many office jobs involve a lot of unnecessary paperwork.
Learner example:
As I am good [at] paperwork, I think [it would] be great if I [could] help you in the office.
parachute /ˈpær.ə.ʃuːt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a large piece of special cloth used to cause someone or something it is

attached to drop slowly and safely from an aircraft to the ground
Dictionary example:
He used a parachute to jump to safety.
Learner example:
Those minutes, up in the air, feeling the wind in my face, were fantastic... and then I was terrified
when I couldn't open the parachute!
parade /pəˈreɪd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a line of people or vehicles that moves through a public place as a way of
celebrating an occasion
Dictionary example:
a victory parade
Learner example:
The festival starts with a huge opening parade.
paradise /ˈpær.ə.daɪs/
NOUN
[C1] [C or U] a perfect place or situation
1586
a tropical paradise
a shoppers' paradise
Learner example:
Our online-catalogue is a true shopping paradise.
paragraph /ˈpær.ə.grɑːf/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a part of a text that usually contains several sentences and begins on a new
line
Dictionary example:
Organise your essay in clear paragraphs.
Learner example:
I [made] many mistakes when I read [the] paragraph.
parcel /ˈpɑː.səl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] something that is covered in paper so that it can be sent by post
send/receive/deliver a parcel
The parcel was wrapped in plain brown paper.
Learner example:
A week later, she received a parcel.
parking /ˈpɑː.kɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: parking
Verbs: park
NOUN [U]
[B1] leaving a vehicle in a particular place for a period of time
a parking place/space
free/underground parking
1587
Learner example:
You can't find a parking place when you need one and cars are a problem because of the
pollution.
parliament /ˈpɑː.lɪ.mənt/
NOUN [C U + SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB]

[B2] in some countries, a group of people who make the laws for the country
On Tuesday the country's parliament voted to establish its own army.
She was elected to Parliament in 1997.
parrot /ˈpær.ət/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a tropical bird with a curved beak and colourful feathers that can be taught to
copy what people say
Dictionary example:
We saw parrots flying wild in the jungle.
Learner example:
Send my regards to your family and to your lovely parrot too.
part /pɑːt/
Word family:
Nouns: part
Adjectives: partial
Adverbs: partly, partially
NOUN
FILM/PLAY
[B1] [C] a person in a film or play
Dictionary example:
He plays the part of the father in the film version.
Learner example:
I think the movie is really funny and one of my favourite actors plays the main part.
take part
[B1] to be involved in an activity with other people
1588
Dictionary example:
She doesn't usually take part in any of the class activities.
Learner example:
Last month when we took part in a dance competition, I couldn't imagine that we were able to win,
but we did.
have/play a part in sth

[B2] to be one of the people or things that are involved in an event or situation
Dictionary example:
People forget to wash their hands and that plays a part in spreading colds and flu.
Learner example:
Technology plays an important part in this situation, because I don't think that adults are playing
computer games for Batman or Spiderman, for example, but for the special effec[t]s and the
gra[phics].
MACHINE
[B2] [C] a piece of a machine or vehicle
aircraft parts
spare parts
Learner example:
We were lucky to have some spare parts with us and finally Tom managed to repair [his car].
for the most part

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
partial /ˈpɑː.ʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: part
Adjectives: partial
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not complete
Dictionary example:
The general has ordered a partial withdrawal of troops from the area.
1589
Learner example:
In conclusion, I am [very] disappointed and therefore, I believe that I am entitled to a partial
refund.
partially /ˈpɑː.ʃəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: part
Adjectives: partial
ADVERB
[C1] not completely
Dictionary example:
partially cooked
Learner example:
Building a parking area outside the city centre would partially solve this problem.
participant /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.pənt/
Word family:
Nouns: participant
Verbs: participate
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who is involved in an activity
Dictionary example:
All participants finishing the race will receive a medal.
Learner example:
I was one of the participants who helped a charity organization to raise money for the local
hospital.
participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: participant
Verbs: participate
VERB [I]
[B2] to take part in or become involved in an activity
1590
Dictionary example:
She never participates in any of our discussions, does she?
Learner example:
So, all the students can participate in different activities.
particular /pəˈtɪk.jʊ.lər/
Word family:
Adjectives: particular
Adverbs: particularly
ADJECTIVE
in particular
[B1] especially
What in particular did you like about the last apartment that we saw?
Are you looking for anything in particular?
Learner example:
However, I like reading magazines too, in particular those about Hollywood gossip or fashion.
SPECIAL
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] special, or this and not any other
She wanted a particular type of olive oil.
Is there any particular restaurant you'd like to go to?
He wouldn't take just any book - he had to have this particular one!
"Why did you ask?" "Oh, no particular reason, just making conversation."
Learner example:
Are you a fan of a particular team?
NOT EASILY SATISFIED
[C1] [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] choosing things carefully and not easily satisfied, or making
sure that things are exactly as you want them to be
Dictionary example:
Teenagers are very particular about the clothes they'll wear.
Learner example:
When I chose you I was very particular about the quality of the service you offer and you
guaranteed professional service.
1591
particularly /pəˈtɪk.jʊ.lə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: particular
Adverbs: particularly
ADVERB
[B1] especially, or more than usual
Your ideas are particularly helpful.
She didn't seem particularly interested.
"Was the food good?" "Not particularly."
Learner example:
I particularly enjoyed swimming in your new swimming pool.
partly /ˈpɑːt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: part
Adjectives: partial
ADVERB
[B1] to some extent, but not completely
The house is partly owned by her father.
He was partly responsible for the error.
Learner example:
I suggest you spend your time partly in the countryside and partly in a city.
partner /ˈpɑːt.nər/
NOUN [C]
RELATIONSHIP
[B1] someone who you live with and have a sexual relationship with
Dictionary example:
Partners are not invited to the office party.
Learner example:
Mike had been my partner for 3 years.
1592
BUSINESS
[B2] one of two or more people who own a business
junior/senior partner
My business partner handles international sales.
Learner example:
Don't spend the evenings with your business partners, but with your women, children and friends.
partnership /ˈpɑːt.nə.ʃɪp/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when two people or organizations work together to achieve something
Dictionary example:
She's gone into partnership with someone she used to work with.
Learner example:
I really need the money you're offering, mainly to set up that kindergar[t]en school I've told you
about, where I would work in partnership with a friend.
part-time /ˌpɑːtˈtaɪm/
ADVERB; ADJECTIVE
[B1] If you work part-time or do part-time work, you work for only some of the day
or the week.
a part-time job
He works part-time as a waiter.
Learner example:
I can't afford to buy it so I'll look for a part-time job.
party /ˈpɑː.ti/
NOUN [C]
POLITICS
[B1] [+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] an organization of people who share the same political
beliefs and try to win elections
1593
a political party
the Green Party
The Labour Party has/have just elected a new leader.
He was elected as party leader in 2001.
They contacted party members from across the nation to ask for their support.
Learner example:
He organised a political party called "Kuo Min Tang of China" and started his revolution to
overthrow the Chinese monarchy.
pass /pɑːs/
VERB
GO PAST
[B1] [I or T] to go past something or someone
I passed him on the stairs this morning.
Cars kept passing us on the motorway.
If you pass a supermarket on the way back, could you get me some milk?
Learner example:
I started to cros[s] the street and then a car passed.
pass over/through, etc.

[B1] to go in a particular direction
A plane passed over our heads.
We pass through your village on our way home.
Learner example:
Then we passed through the quiet co[u]ntryside.
GIVE
[B1] [T] to give something to someone
Could you pass the salt, please?
Gerald passed me the note./Gerald passed the note to me.
Learner example:
For [me to] cover [the] work, can you pass [it] to my friend Jittanun.
TIME
[B1] [I] If a period of time passes, it happens.
1594
Four years have passed since that day.
Time seems to pass (by) so slowly when you're bored.
Learner example:
Five minutes passed and he didn't come, so I decided to go back inside.
pass (the) time

[B2] to spend time doing something
Dictionary example:
We passed the time reading and swimming.
Learner example:
What's more, I would have to read to pass the time!
pass a law
[B2] to officially approve of something and make it into a law or rule
Dictionary example:
The government passed a law to restrict the sale of guns.
Learner example:
I hope the government will pass a law which could [control] all these sort of things.
NOUN [C]
DOCUMENT
[B1] an official document or ticket that allows you to do something
a bus/rail pass
a boarding pass
Learner example:
You can buy [a] one-day bus pass and you could visit many monuments and pictures[qu]e places.
TEST RESULT
[B2] a successful result in an exam
Dictionary example:
A pass in this exam is above 60%.
passage /ˈpæs.ɪdʒ/
NOUN
CONNECTING WAY
[B2] [C] a long, narrow space that connects one room or place to another
1595
The bathroom's on the right at the end of the passage.
There's a passage to the side of the house, leading to the garden.
Learner example:
We saw a big house but it was old and locked. We found a secret passage between the trees and
we got inside.
PART
[B2] [C] a short part of a book, speech, or piece of music
Dictionary example:
Several passages from the book were printed in a national newspaper before it was published.
Learner example:
She would read a passage for us every night before [we fell] asleep.
passion /ˈpæʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: passion
Adjectives: passionate
Adverbs: passionately
NOUN [C or U]
LOVE
[B2] a very powerful feeling, for example of sexual attraction, love, hate, anger or
other emotion
She saw the passion in his eyes.
Football arouses a lot of passion in fans.
Politics and philosophy were his lifelong passions.
Learner example:
Surfing is my passion.
a passion for sth

[C1] when you like something very much
Dictionary example:
a passion for football
Learner example:
I always had a passion for writing and for 3 years I wrote many articles in my school magazine.
1596
passionate /ˈpæʃ.ən.ət/
Word family:
Nouns: passion
ADJECTIVE
[B2] having very strong feelings or emotions
a passionate speech
a passionate kiss
The child's mother made a passionate appeal for help.
Joe is passionate about baseball.
Learner example:
I wrote a passionate article about how to protect our environment.
passionately /ˈpæʃ.ən.ət.li/
Word family:
Nouns: passion
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that shows strong feelings or emotions
I walked into the room and found them arguing passionately.
Ann has always believed passionately in women's rights.
Learner example:
We met in our favourite pub, we kissed each other passionately like the firs[t] time, and then we
sat down.
passive /ˈpæs.ɪv/
NOUN
the passive
[B1] the passive form of a verb
Dictionary example:
When changed into the passive, 'The dog chased the cat' becomes 'The cat was chased by the
dog'.
1597
Learner example:
We were studying English grammar, the verbs, the conditionals, the passive and the active, etc.
That was the first part, of the class.
ADJECTIVE
GRAMMAR
[B1] A passive verb or sentence is one in which the subject does not do or cause
the action but is affected by it.
Dictionary example:
"He was released from prison." is a passive sentence.
NO ACTION
[B2] letting things happen to you and not taking action
Dictionary example:
Women at that time were expected to be passive.
Learner example:
Television provides a passive form of entertainment and so just watching it is much easier than
reading books which needs concentration.
password /ˈpɑːs.wɜːd/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a secret word that allows you to do something, such as use your computer
Dictionary example:
Key in your password.
Learner example:
It wasn't me, [it] was my brother who stole my password.
past /pɑːst/
PREPOSITION; ADVERB
AFTER LIMIT
[B2] above a particular age or further than a particular point
This meat is past its sell-by date.
She's past the age where she needs a babysitter.
1598
ADJECTIVE
BEFORE NOW
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] having happened or existed before now
past relationships
I know this from past experience.
Learner example:
I like the place because it has [nice] people, music and all sorts of things [about] past events.
UNTIL NOW
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] used to refer to a period of time before and until the present
I've spent the past ten years in and out of jobs.
It's been raining for the past three days.
He was the fifth climber to die on these mountains over the past two days.
Learner example:
Dear Anna, I've just arrived home and couldn't wait to write you to thank you for being so nice,
trust[ing] and kind lending me your flat for the past week.
NOUN
the past
[B1] the time before the present and all the things that happened then
the distant/recent past
In the past, people would bathe once a month.
Learner example:
In the past, we were best friends.
sb's past
[B1] all of the things that someone has done in their life
Dictionary example:
I knew nothing about his past.
Learner example:
After the film, we went to a restaurant called Adriano, and as the weather was cool, we had a glass
of wine and started asking [about] each other's past.
1599
pastry /ˈpeɪ.stri/
NOUN
MIXTURE
[C1] [U] a mixture of flour, fat, and water that is cooked, usually used to cover or
contain other food
Dictionary example:
I made some pastry for the pie.
Learner example:
The most popular sweet dish is called "Apfelstrudel", which is a bit of potato pastry filled with
apples and nuts.
CAKE
[C1] [C] a small cake that is made with pastry
Dictionary example:
We had coffee and pastries.
Learner example:
They don't want to miss their sweet pastries and "Sacher tortes", [which] Austria is famous for.
path /pɑːθ/
NOUN [C]
ACTIONS
[B2] a set of actions over a period of time, especially ones which lead to a goal or
result
a career path
The path to success has many difficulties.
Learner example:
Maybe you could talk about your latest book "Murder on Avenue B" or about your path to fame.
patience /ˈpeɪ.ʃənts/
Word family:
1600
NOUN [U]
[B2] the quality of being able to stay calm and not get angry, especially when
something takes a long time
You have to have such a lot of patience when you're dealing with kids.
In the end, I lost my patience and shouted at her.
He's a good teacher, but he doesn't have much patience with the slower pupils.
Learner example:
I have patience with animals and care [for] them with love.
patient /ˈpeɪ.ʃənt/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who is being treated by a doctor, nurse, etc.
a cancer patient
I'm a patient of Dr Stephens, please could I make an appointment to see her?
Learner example:
Another good programme is a serial called "House", which is about an e[c]centric doctor who has
the incredible flair of knowing which disease patients [have] without examining them.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] having patience
Dinner will be ready in half an hour - just be patient!
Be patient with her - she's very young.
Learner example:
She is very patient with us and she tries to explain everything in detail for better understanding.
patiently /ˈpeɪ.ʃənt.li/
Word family:
1601
ADVERB
[B2] in a patient way
Dictionary example:
There was a queue of people waiting patiently for the bus to arrive.
Learner example:
She made her way slowly to the waiting room and patiently waited for the train to arrive.
pattern /ˈpæt.ən/
NOUN [C]
ARRANGEMENT
[B1] a design of lines, shapes, colours, etc.
Dictionary example:
The carpet was very old and had an unusual pattern.
Learner example:
In my country now legging[s are] the new fashion. Some wear [ones] with stripes, or the black
[ones] also ha[ve] a zebra pattern.
WAY
[B2] a particular way that something is often done or repeated
The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.
Many behaviour(al) patterns have been identified in this study of chimpanzees.
Learner example:
If the alarm-clock had worked, everything would have follow[ed] its usual pattern but this time I
woke up too late.
GUIDE
[B2] a drawing, shape or set of instructions that helps you to make something
Dictionary example:
a dress/knitting pattern
Learner example:
Approximately three years ago I started to sew my own clothes. I always buy a pattern and follow
every instruction given.
1602
pause /pɔːz/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a short period in which something such as a sound or an activity is stopped

before starting again
There will be a brief pause in the concert while the piano is moved into place.
After a long, awkward pause someone asked a question.
She spoke for three quarters of an hour without a pause.
Learner example:
I would like to correct the journalist [by] saying to him that RADIANT played for 1 hour without
any pause.
VERB
PERSON
[B1] [I] to stop doing something for a short time
He paused for a moment.
She paused to get her breath back and then carried on jogging.
Learner example:
After a while, she pulled herself together and paused for a minute.
EQUIPMENT
[B2] [I or T] to make a CD, DVD, etc. stop for a short time by pressing a button
Dictionary example:
Can you pause the film there, please?
Learner example:
I paused the video I was watching, wondering what that [knocking sound] was.
pavement /ˈpeɪv.mənt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a path by the side of a road that people walk on
Dictionary example:
The jar slipped from my hand and smashed on the pavement.
Learner example:
I called my friends and asked them if they had found my scarf. Fortuna[ate]ly they ha[d] seen my
scarf on the pavement outside the disco.
1603
paw /pɔː/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the foot of an animal that has claws or nails, such as a cat, dog or bear
Dictionary example:
I found paw prints in the kitchen.
Learner example:
My cat is only 2 years old. She is very beautiful with her long [b]ushy tail and soft paws.
pay /peɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: pay, payment
Verbs: pay, repay
Adjectives: payable, underpaid, unpaid
VERB (paid, paid)
WORK
[B1] [I or T] to give someone money for the work that they do
She gets paid twice a month.
Accountancy may be boring but at least it pays well.
Most of these women are very poorly paid and work in terrible conditions.
Learner example:
Those are the first thing[s] I am going to buy when I get paid.
pay attention (to sth)

[B1] to watch, listen to, or think about something carefully
Dictionary example:
You weren't paying attention to what I was saying.
Learner example:
Larry is a very distracted boy. Everybody says that he should pay attention to what he is doing.
pay sb/sth a visit or pay a visit to sb/sth

[B2] to visit a person or place, usually for a short time
Dictionary example:
We thought we'd pay Sam a visit while we were in Oxford.
Learner example:
P.S: Wherever you decide to go, do not fail to pay me a visit!
1604
NOUN [U]
[B1] the money you receive for doing a job
Have you had a pay rise recently?
It's a nice job but the pay is appalling.
Learner example:
The pay is good, but have you [got] a car to get everywhere?
payable /ˈpeɪ.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: pay, payment
Verbs: pay, repay
ADJECTIVE
TO BE PAID
[C1] describes something to be paid
Dictionary example:
Rent is payable monthly.
Learner example:
We were informed by you that there would be nothing extra to be paid but in fact several
admission fees were payable.
FOR PERSON
[C1] If a cheque is payable to a person, that person's name is written on the cheque
and the money will be paid to them.
Dictionary example:
Cheques should be made payable to 'Express Enterprises'.
Learner example:
Please make your cheque payable to "Mr. C. ZHANG". I am looking forward to receiving your
answer and the cheque I claimed before the end of this month.
payment /ˈpeɪ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: pay, payment
Verbs: pay, repay
1605
NOUN
AMOUNT PAID
[B2] [C] an amount of money paid
We need a deposit of £165 followed by twelve monthly payments of £60.
When is the first payment due?
Learner example:
Now people can buy or sell things from their home. [T]hey don't have to go to the bank, if they
want [to] make a payment.
ACT
[B2] [U] the act of paying
They will accept payment by credit card.
Usually we ask for payment on receipt of the goods.
Learner example:
Fina[l]ly, we employees have been facing delays on payment of our wages.
pea /piː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a round green seed, several of which grow in a pod, eaten as a vegetable
frozen/dried peas
pea soup
Learner example:
I had a fish meal with some vegetables: peas, beans, carrots and lettuce.
peace /piːs/
Word family:
Nouns: peace
Adjectives: peaceful
Adverbs: peacefully
NOUN [U]
CALM
[B1] calm and quiet
1606
You'll need peace and quiet to study.
He says he's at peace when he's walking in the mountains.
Go away and leave us to finish our dinner in peace.
There'll be no peace until she gets what she wants.
Learner example:
I saw a lot of primitive people who live in peace with the rainforest.
NO VIOLENCE
[B2] when there is no war, violence or arguing
peace talks
a peace agreement
Now that the war is over may there be lasting peace between our nations.
She's very good at keeping (the) peace within the family.
Learner example:
World peace was being threat[e]ned by the Gulf War, major countries were taking sides and
preparing to fight each other, millions of lives were in danger but no one seemed to care enough.
peaceful /ˈpiːs.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: peace
Adverbs: peacefully
ADJECTIVE
CALM
[B1] quiet and calm
Dictionary example:
a peaceful afternoon/place
Learner example:
This village is in a peaceful location with [a] sandy beach.
NO VIOLENCE
[B2] without violence
Dictionary example:
a peaceful demonstration/protest
Learner example:
Leipzig is well-known in the world because of the begin[ning] of the peaceful revolution in 1989
in Germany.
1607
peacefully /ˈpiːs.fəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: peace
Adverbs: peacefully
ADVERB
[B2] in a peaceful way
Dictionary example:
He died peacefully at home.
Learner example:
There were a beautiful bride and a handsome bridegroom who were sleeping peacefully with
smiles on their faces.
peach /piːtʃ/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a round fruit with sweet yellow flesh that has a lot of juice, a slightly furry red
and yellow skin and a large seed in its centre
Dictionary example:
Would you like peaches and cream for dessert?
Learner example:
I enjoy eating cool summer fruit, such as melon, water-melon, peaches and apricots.
peak /piːk/
NOUN [C]
MOUNTAIN TOP
[B1] the top of a mountain, or the mountain itself
snow-covered peaks
It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb.
Learner example:
You can walk or ride a horse to reach the peak.
HIGHEST POINT
[B2] the highest level or value of something
1608
peak travel times
Holiday flights reach a peak during August.
Here we see an athlete at the peak of her fitness and career.
Learner example:
The situation gets worse, especially [during] peak hours, when people go to work or school and
when they return home.
peanut /ˈpiː.nʌt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an oval-shaped nut with a thin brown shell
peanut oil
salted/dry-roast(ed) peanuts
Learner example:
I went to the supermarket where I bought some peanuts, cheese dip and a bottle [of] soda.
peasant /ˈpez.ənt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a poor person who works on the land, usually in a poor country
Dictionary example:
a peasant farmer
Learner example:
Monteiro made a lot of trips to see and speak with fishermen and peasants.
peculiar /pɪˈkjuː.li.ər/
ADJECTIVE
STRANGE
[B2] unusual and strange, sometimes in an unpleasant way
She has the most peculiar ideas.
What a peculiar smell!
It's peculiar that they didn't tell us they were going away.
The video on road accidents made me feel rather peculiar.
1609
Learner example:
Yesterday I had a birthday and my friend Pat suggested that I should visit a fortune-teller. We
went along to visit the most peculiar woman I have ever met in my life.
pedal /ˈped.əl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a part of a machine that you press with your foot to operate or move the
machine
the brake pedal
This sewing machine is operated by a foot pedal.
He stood up on the pedals of his bike to get extra power as he cycled up the hill.
Learner example:
It has a comfortable seat, big pedals and a [w]onderful inscription "RIDER".
pedestrian /pəˈdes.triː.ən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person who is walking and not travelling in a vehicle
a pedestrian crossing
Many streets are reserved for cyclists and pedestrians.
Learner example:
There aren't cars in the city, because the roads are only for pedestrians.
peel /piːl/
VERB
FOOD
[B2] [T] to remove the skin of fruit and vegetables
Dictionary example:
Peel and chop the onions.
Learner example:
We are a family of four and everybody peels vegetables, does [the] washing-up and makes coffee.
1610
peer /pɪər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who is the same age, or who has the same social position or abilities
as other members of a group
Dictionary example:
Most teenagers want to be accepted by their peers.
Learner example:
It could be a little boring, especially when you are young and all you want is to be with your peers,
stay out [all night], get back early in the morning and sleep until afternoon.
penalty /ˈpen.əl.ti/
NOUN [C]
PUNISHMENT
[B2] a punishment for doing something that is against a law or rule
The violation carries a penalty of up to three years in prison.
Currently, ticket holders pay a penalty equal to 25% of the ticket price when they change their
flight plans.
Learner example:
Although, the government can [i]ncrease the penalties for neglec[t]ful driving. In this regard,
police officers are already paying more attention to drunk drivers.
SPORT
[B2] an advantage given in some sports to a team or player when the opposing
team or player breaks a rule
Dictionary example:
The referee awarded a penalty kick.
Learner example:
After twenty more minutes of playing or I should say fighting, none of us could score and finally
the match had to be decided by penalties.
penguin /ˈpeŋ.gwɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large, black and white sea bird that swims and cannot fly
1611
Dictionary example:
A row of penguins stood at the water's edge.
Learner example:
It's wonderful, you can see the whales swimming in the sea, the sea [lions] lying on the beach and
the penguins.
penny /ˈpen.i/ (PLURAL pence or p)
NOUN [C]
[B1] a coin or unit of money with a value of one hundredth of a pound
Could you lend me 50 pence/50p?
I found a ten/twenty/fifty pence piece on the ground.
Learner example:
It was [a] two penny coin.
pension /ˈpent.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: pension, pensioner
NOUN [C]
[B2] a sum of money paid regularly by the government or a private company to a

person who has stopped working because they are old or ill
a pension plan
a state/private pension
He won't be able to draw his pension until he's 65.
Learner example:
Moreover, you'll have to pay attention to your health, if you don't want to die before [you get] your
pension.
pensioner /ˈpent.ʃən.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: pension, pensioner
NOUN [C]
[C1] a person who is receiving a pension
1612
Dictionary example:
Many pensioners are worried about rises in heating costs.
Learner example:
Probably the era of soap operas will end when there [ar]e no more housewives and pensioners to
watch them.
people /ˈpiː.pl
̩/
NOUN
the people
[C1] all the ordinary people in a country
Dictionary example:
The rebels have gained the support of the people.
Learner example:
John Paul II is one of the few popes - if not the only one - to have actually been in contact with
the people.
pepper /ˈpep.ər/
NOUN
VEGETABLE
[B1] [C] a hollow green, red or yellow vegetable
Dictionary example:
red peppers
Learner example:
I eat every [kind] of vegetable - carrots, green peppers...
perceive /pəˈsiːv/
Word family:
Nouns: perception
Verbs: perceive
Adjectives: perceptive
VERB [T] FORMAL
THINK
[C1] to think of something or someone in a particular way
1613
Dictionary example:
The British are often perceived as being very formal.
Learner example:
However, travel[l]ing with parents or other family members is generally perceived as less exciting
and interesting than travel[l]ing with friends.
percent (ALSO per cent) /pəˈsent/
ADVERB
[B1] for or out of every 100, shown by the symbol %
You got 20 percent of the answers right - that means one in every five.
Only 40% of people bothered to vote in the election.
Learner example:
I love colourful clothes and this skirt was [in a] sale so I just had to pay 30 per cent of the old
price.
percentage /pəˈsen.tɪdʒ/
NOUN
[B2] [C] an amount of something, often expressed as a number out of 100
What percentage of women return to work after having a baby?
Interest rates have risen by two percentage points.
Learner example:
If "today's youngster[s]" [are] asked where [they] would like to have lunch, a high percentage of
them will probably answer "McDonalds".
perfect
Word family:
Adverbs: perfectly
ADJECTIVE /ˈpɜː.fɪkt/
SUITABLE
[B1] exactly right for someone or something
1614
You'd be perfect for the job.
The weather's just perfect for a picnic.
Learner example:
The weather was perfect for the cycling holiday.
NOUN [NO PLURAL] /ˈpɜː.fɪkt/ SPECIALIZED
the perfect (tense)

[B2] the tense of a verb that shows action that has happened in the past or before
another time or event
the present/past perfect
In English, the perfect is formed with a form of the verb 'have' and the past participle of the verb -
for example, "She has visited Mexico."
perfection /pəˈfek.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
[C1] when someone or something is perfect
She strives for perfection in everything she does.
chicken legs cooked to perfection
Learner example:
Moreover, he is hard-working and always strives for perfection.
perfectly /ˈpɜː.fɪkt.li/
Word family:
Adverbs: perfectly
ADVERB
WITHOUT FAULT
[B1] in a perfect way
The jacket fits perfectly, the skirt not so well.
They're perfectly suited.
Learner example:
I think black is your colour and they'll fit you perfectly!
1615
EMPHASIS
[B2] used to emphasize the word that follows
To be perfectly honest, I don't care any more.
You know perfectly well what the matter is.
I made it perfectly clear to him what I meant.
I was perfectly happy on my own.
Learner example:
I told them I hadn't brought a map because I knew the way perfectly well.
perform /pəˈfɔːm/
Word family:
Nouns: performance, performer
Verbs: perform
VERB
ENTERTAIN
[B1] [I or T] to entertain people by acting, dancing, singing, playing music, etc.
She composes and performs her own music.
A major Hollywood star will be performing on stage tonight.
Learner example:
Later a band performs and everybody starts to dance and sing.
DO
[B2] [T] FORMAL to do a job or a piece of work
Computers can perform a variety of tasks.
The operation will be performed next week.
Most of the students performed well in the exam.
Learner example:
The technology of computers can [produce] special effects [i]n films and cartoons, it can also be
used to perform some kind[s] of surgery.
performance /pəˈfɔː.mənts/
Word family:
Verbs: perform
1616
NOUN
ENTERTAINMENT
[B1] [C] acting, dancing, singing, or playing music to entertain people
a performance of Arthur Miller's play, 'The Crucible'
She gave a superb performance as Lady Macbeth.
Learner example:
I was sure that the legendary instrument that the great player used during his performances had
to be very big, as the box is.
HOW SUCCESSFUL
[B2] [U] how successful someone or something is
The new suits help swimmers to improve their performance.
High-performance cars are the most expensive.
This was a very impressive performance by the young player, who scored 12 points within the first
10 minutes.
Learner example:
I do some exercises in order to improve my performance in the water.
performer /pəˈfɔː.mər/
Word family:
Verbs: perform
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who entertains people by acting, singing, dancing or playing music
Dictionary example:
He's a brilliant performer.
Learner example:
We are going to watch "Bodygu[a]rd", which has so many famous performers.
period /ˈpɪə.ri.əd/
NOUN [C]
TIME
[B1] a length of time
1617
Her work means that she spends long periods away from home.
Unemployment in the first half of the year was 2% lower than in the same period last year.
The study will be carried out over a six-month period.
The house was built during the Elizabethan period.
Learner example:
Hi Jo, I've seen a restaurant [is] looking for a waitress during the period from June to August.
SCHOOL
[B1] in school, a division of time in the day when a subject is taught
Dictionary example:
We have six periods of science a week.
Learner example:
After the period, when the bell rang, I stayed in the class [to] ask some questions and my new
teacher gave me some explanations.
perk /pɜːk/
NOUN [C]
[C1] something special in addition to the money you are paid that you are given
because of your job
Dictionary example:
Free child care for preschool children of employees was a popular perk.
Learner example:
The economy nowadays is so technologically driven it is common belief that having a job in the
computer industry means high pay an[d] perks.
permanent /ˈpɜː.mə.nənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: permanent
Adverbs: permanently
ADJECTIVE
[B1] lasting or continuing for a long time or forever
She is looking for a permanent place to stay.
Are you looking for a temporary or a permanent job?
The disease can cause permanent damage to the brain.
1618
Learner example:
I am a permanent member of [the] Fear factor club.
permanently /ˈpɜː.mə.nənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: permanent
Adverbs: permanently
ADVERB
[B2] always and forever
I seem to be permanently broke.
Michael and his family have settled permanently in Brazil.
Learner example:
Although I am not permanently employed, I found it very interesting to help skilled instructors
teach other people to swim and surf.
permission /pəˈmɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: permission
Verbs: permit
NOUN [U]
[B1] when you allow someone to do something
She gave him permission immediately.
They even have to ask for permission before they go to the toilet.
Official permission has been granted for more building near the river.
The authorities have refused permission for the demonstration to take place.
Planning permission was refused for the hypermarket after a three-week inquiry.
Learner example:
My parents didn't give me permission to go but I really wanted to.
permit
Word family:
Nouns: permission
Verbs: permit
1619
VERB /pəˈmɪt/ FORMAL SLIGHTLY (-tt-)
[B1] [T] to allow something
Photography is not permitted inside the museum.
The prison authorities permit visiting only once a month.
The security system will not permit you to enter without the correct password.
Learner example:
My parents permitted me to go!
MAKE POSSIBLE
[C1] [I] to make something possible
Dictionary example:
The match starts at 3 pm, weather permitting.
Learner example:
In my mind there is little to improve in this programme except increasing the [amount] of family
accommodation and - budget permitting - the occasions for weekend trips.
NOUN [C] /ˈpɜː.mɪt/

[C1] an official document that allows you to do something
a work permit
You need a permit to park your car here.
Learner example:
I am able to start as soon as possible and due to my grandfather [being] Italian also have d[ual]
na[t]ionality, which means that I don't even need [a] work permit.
person /ˈpɜː.sən/ (PLURAL people)
Word family:
Adverbs: personally
NOUN [C]
in person
[B2] If you do something in person, you go somewhere to do it yourself.
Dictionary example:
You have to collect the document in person.
Learner example:
I am looking forward [to] meeting you in person.
1620
personal /ˈpɜː.sən.əl/
Word family:
Adverbs: personally
ADJECTIVE
RELATING TO A PERSON
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] relating to or belonging to a particular person
I can only speak from my personal experience.
This is a personal opinion/view and not that of the government.
Passengers are reminded to take all their personal belongings with them when they leave the
plane.
Learner example:
The only personal belongings he took was a black leather suitcase.
FOR ONE PERSON
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] designed for or used by one person
a personal computer/stereo
a personal loan
Learner example:
The activity that I like best is to surf the Web with a powerful personal computer.
PRIVATE
[B1] relating to the private parts of someone's life, including their relationships or
feelings
He has a few personal problems at the moment.
Do you mind if I ask you a personal question?
His resignation was apparently for personal rather than professional reasons.
We know very little about his personal life.
Learner example:
I wanted to see him and talk to him about some personal problems.
personal hygiene
[C1] how clean a person's body, teeth, hair, etc. are
Dictionary example:
Her personal hygiene is not as good as it should be.
1621
Learner example:
The ones that need medical services at home have hardly had anyone, and no one has helped
them with personal hygiene.
personality /ˌpɜː.sənˈæl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Adverbs: personally
NOUN
CHARACTER
[B2] [C or U] the type of person you are, which is shown by the way you behave, feel
and think
She has a very warm personality.
He is well qualified for the job, but he does lack personality.
Learner example:
I mean, when she dances, she transmits strength and a big personality.
FAMOUS PERSON
[B2] [C] a famous person
Dictionary example:
The show is hosted by a popular TV personality.
Learner example:
What is more, you could take part in the festival without paying for it and meet some famous
personalities from the world of music.
personally /ˈpɜː.sən.əl.i/
Word family:
Adverbs: personally
ADVERB
OPINION
[B1] used when you give your opinion
Dictionary example:
Personally (speaking), I think the show is going to be a great success.
1622
Learner example:
Personally, I really like green spag[h]etti.
NOT SOMEONE ELSE
[B2] done by or affecting one person and not by someone else
These figures should be correct because I've checked them personally.
He believes that parents should be made personally responsible for their children's behaviour.
Learner example:
At the end of the concert, when it was after midnight and everyone had already left, the group
came up to each of us (who helped out) and thanked us personally!
take sth personally

[C1] to think that someone is criticizing you or to feel that a failure or bad situation
is your fault
Dictionary example:
You mustn't take everything so personally.
Learner example:
She tends to take things too personally, and sometimes she over[r]eacts.
personnel /ˌpɜː.sənˈel/
NOUN
[C1] [PLURAL] the people who work for an organization
Dictionary example:
military personnel
Learner example:
We also employ 10000 workers in 10 factories across the country and additional administrative
personnel.
perspective /pəˈspek.tɪv/
NOUN
WAY OF THINKING
[C1] [C] the way you think about something
Dictionary example:
Being unemployed has made me see things from a different perspective.
1623
Learner example:
We have performed a class survey and interviewed Fordham residents, who see this issue from a
different perspective.
persuade /pəˈsweɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: persuasion
Verbs: persuade
Adjectives: persuasive
VERB [T]
MAKE SOMEONE AGREE
[B1] to make someone agree to do something by talking to them a lot about it
If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will persuade her.
I persuaded her (that) it was the right thing to do.
He is trying to persuade local and foreign businesses to invest in the project.
Using a bunch of bananas, the zoo-keeper persuaded the monkey back into its cage.
Learner example:
I had to persuade them to let me go and make enquiries.
MAKE SOMEONE BELIEVE
[B2] to make someone believe that something is true
Their argument failed to persuade me.
It's no use trying to persuade him (that) you're innocent.
Learner example:
My friends persuaded me that everythin[g] was going well.
persuasive /pəˈsweɪ.sɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: persuasion
Verbs: persuade
Adjectives: persuasive
ADJECTIVE
[C1] able to make people agree to do something
Dictionary example:
It's a very persuasive argument.
1624
Learner example:
The presentation and the enthusiasm of the representatives was very persuasive and appealing.
pessimistic /ˌpes.ɪˈmɪs.tɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] always believing that bad things are likely to happen
The tone of the meeting was very pessimistic.
The doctors are pessimistic about his chances of recovery.
Learner example:
In his book, [the] most important thing is his character. He has never been pessimistic, he has
never hated his parents.
petrified /ˈpet.rɪ.faɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extremely frightened
Dictionary example:
I'm petrified of spiders.
Learner example:
I was petrified as well as confused.
pharmacist /ˈfɑː.mə.sɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: pharmacist, pharmacy
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who is trained to prepare or sell medicines
Dictionary example:
The pharmacist gave me some medicine.
pharmacy /ˈfɑː.mə.si/
Word family:
Nouns: pharmacist, pharmacy
1625
NOUN [C]
[B1] a shop or part of a shop that prepares and sells medicines
Dictionary example:
You could try a hayfever remedy from the pharmacy.
Learner example:
Sometimes such a situation could happen when you need some food or something [from the]
pharmacy.
phase /feɪz/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a stage or period which is part of a longer period
The first phase of the project is likely to be completed by August.
We're entering a new phase in international relations.
When I was in my early teens I went through a phase of only wearing black.
Learner example:
Many people disagree about the best phase of a man's life but I defin[i]tely believe that [the]
teenage years are the most beautiful of your life and I have many reasons for believing that!
phenomenon /fɪˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
Word family:
Nouns: phenomenon
Adjectives: phenomenal
NOUN [C] (phenomena)

[C1] something that exists or happens, usually something unusual
storms, lightning, and other natural phenomena
Road rage seems to be a fairly recent phenomenon.
Learner example:
An unexpected phenomenon that someone called "drunkenness tourism" has appeared in the
Mediter[r]anean villages and towns.
1626
philosopher /fɪˈlɒs.ə.fər/
Word family:
Nouns: philosopher, philosophy
Adjectives: philosophical
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who studies or writes about the meaning of life
Dictionary example:
Plato was a Greek philosopher.
Learner example:
He wasn't a teacher, he wasn't a philosopher, but he was a great artist.
philosophy /fɪˈlɒs.ə.fi/
Word family:
Nouns: philosopher, philosophy
Adjectives: philosophical
NOUN
STUDY
[B2] [U] the study or writing of ideas about the meaning of life, or a particular set of
ideas about the meaning of life
Dictionary example:
Descartes is considered by many to be the father of modern philosophy.
Learner example:
We have been enthu[si]astic students of history, literature and philosophy for three years now.
WAY OF THINKING
[C1] [C] a way of thinking about what should be done in life
Dictionary example:
My philosophy has always been to give those with ability the chance to progress.
Learner example:
Brighton college has changed its philosophy considerably over the past decades.
photocopy /ˈfəʊ.təʊˌkɒpi/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a copy of a document made with a machine which produces copies of

documents using light and electricity
1627
Dictionary example:
I made several photocopies of my CV and sent them to different companies.
Learner example:
As far as my level of English is concerned, I have obtained my Cambridge Examination and I
enclose a photocopy of the certificate.
photograph /ˈfəʊ.tə.grɑːf/
Word family:
Nouns: photo, photograph, photographer, photography
Verbs: photograph
VERB [T]
[B2] to take a picture using a camera
I prefer photographing people rather than places.
MacKay was photographed leaving the building.
Learner example:
This city is not big as you know, so we don't have m[any] interesting buildings to be
photographed.
phrasal verb /ˌfreɪ.zəlˈvɜːb/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a phrase which consists of a verb in combination with a preposition or adverb

or both, which has a different meaning from the meaning of its separate parts
Dictionary example:
'Look after', 'work out' and 'make up for' are all phrasal verbs.
Learner example:
At my first lesson, we talked together about our past experiences and we learnt some phrasal
verbs too (which we really hate!)
phrase /freɪz/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a group of words that are used together, and which often have a particular
meaning
1628
Dictionary example:
Here are some phrases that may be useful in your essays.
Learner example:
[A] man dressed in black would ask me: "How many apples are there in the bedroom?" [and] I
should answer with a scratch [o]n the nose and the phrase: "Three and seven quarters sir."
physical /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Adjectives: physical
Adverbs: physically
ADJECTIVE
BODY
[B2] related to the body
physical exercise/fitness/strength/disabilities
physical appearance
Learner example:
Eighty kilometres is a pretty long distance and there is a [danger] that our trip would turn out to
be a gruelling experience because of physical exhaustion.
physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Adjectives: physical
Adverbs: physically
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that relates to the body or someone's appearance
physically active/fit
Physically I find him very attractive.
The work is physically demanding.
Special holidays are available for physically disabled people.
Learner example:
Most people believe that team sport[s] help children to become healthier, both mentally and
physically, but there are those who have objections to this statement.
1629
pick /pɪk/
VERB [T]
CHOOSE
[B1] to choose something or someone
Pick a card from the pack.
She was picked for the Olympic team.
She was picked to play for the team.
Learner example:
[I]n this restaurant, the[re] are all types of pizza [o]n a table and you can pick any pizza you want.
FLOWERS/FRUIT
[B1] If you pick flowers or fruit, you take them off a plant or tree.
They were picking strawberries for twelve hours a day.
I picked some apples this morning.
Learner example:
Two weeks is quite a long time so I am planning to go cycling [i]n the mountains, gather acorns,
pick flowers, go hiking and watch the sun set.
picture /ˈpɪk.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: picture
Adjectives: picturesque
NOUN
FILM
[B1] [C] a film
Dictionary example:
Could this be the first animated film to win a best picture award?
Learner example:
Now I can buy the DVD "Star Trek - The Motion Picture".
IDEA
[B2] [USUALLY NO PLURAL] an idea of what something is like
Dictionary example:
After watching the news, I had a clearer picture of what was happening.
1630
Learner example:
The next day we will go round the area so you will have a general picture in your mind.
TV
[B2] [C] an image seen on a television or cinema screen
Dictionary example:
We can't get a clear picture.
Learner example:
Another important point for me is that things like listening [to] music or watching TV sounds
better and the pictures on TV are being improved, because the machines [are becoming] better.
put/keep sb in the picture INFORMAL
[C1] to explain to someone what is happening
Dictionary example:
Jim had no idea what was going on till I put him in the picture.
Learner example:
Tell him you are friends of mine. (I will put him in the picture!)
VERB [T]
[C1] to imagine something in a particular way
Dictionary example:
The house isn't at all how I had pictured it.
Learner example:
Picture this: one house, one bathroom, one bedroom, approximately 100 cameras, 9 people from
all possible walks of life and no contact with the world outside.
picturesque /ˌpɪk.tʃərˈesk/
Word family:
Nouns: picture
Adjectives: picturesque
ADJECTIVE
[B2] A picturesque place is attractive to look at.
Dictionary example:
the picturesque narrow streets of the old city
Learner example:
Poland is a really nice country, with many historical buildings and picturesque places.
1631
pie /paɪ/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a type of food made with meat, vegetables, or fruit covered in pastry and
baked
Would you like some more apple pie?
a chicken and mushroom pie
Learner example:
I like apple pie and ice cream as [a] dessert.
piece /piːs/
NOUN [C]
SINGLE AMOUNT
[B1] a single amount of a particular type of thing
I have an interesting piece of information/news for you.
She gave me a very useful piece of advice.
Learner example:
You can visit the churches, the ancient bu[i]ldings, and some other interesting places. That's my
piece of advice.
ART/LITERATURE/MUSIC
[B2] an example of artistic, written or musical work
a beautiful piece of music
an orchestral piece
There was an interesting piece on alternative medicine in the newspaper yesterday.
Learner example:
My favourite music is an instrumental piece of music by Vangelis.
be a piece of cake
[B2] INFORMAL to be very easy
Dictionary example:
The exam itself was a piece of cake.
Learner example:
The article was a piece of cake though I didn't expect to win.
1632
pile /paɪl/
NOUN [C]
HEAP
[B1] objects positioned one on top of another
a large pile of sand
a pile of books
The clothes were arranged in piles on the floor.
Learner example:
It was like finding a needle in a pile of straw.
a pile of/ piles of sth

[B2] INFORMAL a lot of something
I've got a pile of things to do today.
He's got piles of money.
Learner example:
He was very disappointed, he didn't want to leave but he had to because he had a pile of work
waiting for him.
VERB
pile up PHRASAL VERB
[B2] If something unpleasant piles up, you get more and more of it.
Dictionary example:
My work's really starting to pile up.
Learner example:
My work [has] piled up and I have to carry on.
pill /pɪl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small, hard piece of medicine that you swallow
a sleeping pill
a vitamin pill
My mother takes three or four pills a day.
Jamie's always had trouble swallowing pills.
1633
Learner example:
Don't forget your pills for your allergy.
pin /pɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small, thin piece of metal with a sharp point used for temporarily holding
pieces of cloth together
Dictionary example:
I'll keep the trouser patch in place with pins while I sew it on.
VERB [T] (-nn-)

[B1] to fasten something with a pin
Dictionary example:
We're not allowed to pin anything to/(up) on the walls.
Learner example:
Secondly, we need a big board. Everybody could pin information on it, [for example] the timetable,
the menu for the canteen, or information about special events in and around the school.
pine /paɪn/ (ALSO pine tree)
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a tall tree with long, thin leaves shaped like needles
Dictionary example:
a pine forest
Learner example:
After a few days, we came to a small lake surrounded by pine trees.
pineapple /ˈpaɪn.æp.l
̩/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a large fruit with thick skin and sharp leaves sticking out of the top which is
sweet and yellow inside
pineapple juice
We ate some slices of pineapple.
1634
Learner example:
[There is] some special fruit [here], like durian, pineapple, banana and so on.
pint /paɪnt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a measure for liquid equal to about half a litre
a pint of milk
a pint of beer
Learner example:
I thank everybody, hoping we'll see [each other] in the pub where I'll invite you for a pint of beer.
pipe /paɪp/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a long tube inside which liquid or gas can move through
a water/gas pipe
a burst/broken/leaking pipe
Learner example:
A good surprise w[ould] be [if] you told Anna you need her to help to fix the pipe in our house.
pirate /ˈpaɪə.rət/
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who attacks ships and steals from them
Dictionary example:
The pirates held the ship's captain prisoner and demanded money for his release.
Learner example:
I'm crazy about pirates since I watched "Pirates of the Caribbean".
1635
pitch /pɪtʃ/
NOUN
SPORTS AREA
[B2] [C] an area painted with lines for playing particular sports, especially football
a football/hockey/cricket pitch
Supporters invaded the pitch.
Learner example:
For example, you can have free access to the football pitch, the basketball court and even to the
golf course.
VERB
pitch a tent
[B2] to choose a place for a tent and put it there
Dictionary example:
We pitched our tent in a field.
Learner example:
After pitching my tent I could not wait to hike the moors.
pity /ˈpɪt.i/
Word family:
Nouns: pity
Verbs: pity
Adjectives: pitiful
NOUN
SYMPATHY
[B2] [U] a feeling of sympathy and understanding for someone else's unhappiness or
difficult situation
The girl stood gazing in/with pity at the old lion in the cage.
We took pity on a couple of people waiting in the rain for a bus and gave them a lift.
Learner example:
But the young man insisted so much that I took pity on him and in the end I agreed to help him.
1636
place /pleɪs/
Word family:
NOUN
SEAT
[B1] [C] the seat where you sit in a theatre, a class, a train, etc.
The children collected their prizes and then went back to their places.
Could you save me a place near the stage?
Learner example:
We looked for a place to sit and found one.
OPPORTUNITY
[B1] [C] an opportunity to study at a college, to join a team, etc.
She's got a place at university.
She's got a place on on a fine-arts course.
Learner example:
I felt it was my chance so on Monday I ran to the club. [T]here were only 3 places [left], [and] I will
begin next Saturday.
take place
[B1] to happen
Dictionary example:
The concert takes place next Thursday.
Learner example:
A dance night will take place in the club soon.
in first/second/third, etc. place

[B1] If you are in first/second/third, etc. place in a race or competition, that is your
position.
Dictionary example:
He finished in fifth place.
Learner example:
To achieve first place, I have put a lot of effort [into] a project about the consequences of the use
of plastic bags.
in place of sth
[B2] instead of something
1637
Dictionary example:
Try adding fruit to your cereal in place of sugar.
Learner example:
Both television and books are very important for our education, for our lives, but never one in the
place of the other!
take sb's place

[B2] to do something instead of someone else
Dictionary example:
If I can't make it to the theatre that night you can take my place.
Learner example:
First of all, it had been written that Danny Brook and Tina Truelove were starring, but Danny
wasn't there and somebody else took his place.
in the first place

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
all over the place

[B2] in or to many different places
Dictionary example:
There were dirty dishes all over the place.
Learner example:
I am thinking of dog-dirt on the pavements, cans all over the place, [and] a lot of disgusting
paintings on the walls in the public toilets, the underground and so on.
VERB [T]
place sth in/on, etc.

[B2] to put something somewhere carefully
Dictionary example:
She placed the letter in front of me.
Learner example:
Suddenly little Sophie, who was chewing a sweet, lifted the lady's hat, took the sweet out of her
mouth and placed it on top of the lady's head.
place an advertisement/order, etc.

[C1] to arrange to have an advertisement/order, etc.
Dictionary example:
She placed an advert for a housekeeper in the local paper.
1638
Learner example:
Place an advertisement on the board near the students' cant[een]. There are always people looking
for flat-sharing.
SITUATION
[C1] to cause someone to be in a situation
Dictionary example:
One stupid action has placed us all at risk.
Learner example:
Lack of education placed them in the lowest range of salaries at that time.
plain /pleɪn/
ADJECTIVE
SIMPLE
[B1] simple and not complicated
a plain style of architecture
He prefers plain food - nothing too fancy.
Learner example:
I like wearing plain cloth[e]s.
NOT MIXED
[B1] not mixed with other colours, substances, etc.
plain yoghurt
For the living room, we've chosen a plain carpet and patterned curtains.
Learner example:
The wall didn't have any patterns, nothing but plain light blue. So I've decided to buy some
pictures to put on it.
plan /plæn/
Word family:
Nouns: plan, planning
Verbs: plan
1639
NOUN [C]
DRAWING
[B2] a drawing of a building, town, area, vehicle, machine, etc. which only shows its
shape from above, its size, and the position of important details
an architect's plans
a street plan
a seating plan
Learner example:
He uses a computer to help him draw 3D plans, ele[c]trical circuit plans and th[at] kind [of thing].
VERB (-nn-)
DECIDE
[B1] [I or T] to think about and decide what you are going to do or how you are going
to do something
She helped them to plan their route.
If we plan carefully, we should be able to stay within our budget.
She's already planning how to spend her prize money.
Learner example:
Dear Dan, I have planned a wonderful night for us.
planet /ˈplæn.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large, round object in space that moves around the sun or another star
the planet Earth/Venus
Might there be intelligent life on other planets?
Learner example:
It's about the planet Mars, because I'm very interested [in] space.
planning /ˈplæn.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: plan, planning
Verbs: plan
1640
NOUN [U]
DECIDING
[B2] the activity of thinking about and deciding what you are going to do or how
you are going to do something
Dictionary example:
Events like these take months of careful planning.
Learner example:
It seems like you have been doing a lot of planning for our trip next week.
BUILDINGS
[C1] control over which buildings are built in an area
Dictionary example:
town planning
Learner example:
Town planning and some income-tax rules are two other prominent factors.
plant /plɑːnt/
VERB [T]
TREES/FLOWERS, ETC.
[B1] to put a plant into the ground or into a container of earth so that it will grow
We planted trees and bushes in our new garden.
Hyacinth bulbs planted in pots now will flower early in the spring.
Learner example:
The house is beside a small lake and surround[ed] by all sorts of different flowers my aunty had
planted.
plant a bomb
[B2] to put a bomb somewhere so that it will explode there
Dictionary example:
Rebels had planted several bombs near the base.
Learner example:
As a result, [they] accused him of having planted a bomb in the Airport of Recife, in the city where
he lived.
1641
platform /ˈplæt.fɔːm/
NOUN [C]
RAISED SURFACE
[B2] a raised surface for people to stand on that is higher than the ground
a viewing platform
This brilliant young violinist has appeared on concert platforms all round the world.
Learner example:
It was dangerous, but I knew I had do it, bung[ee] jumping! My instructor said 1, 2, 3, and then he
said : "Go", so I jumped from the platform where I was standing.
play /pleɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: play, player
Verbs: play
VERB
ACT
[B1] [T] to be a particular character in a film or play
Dictionary example:
In the film version, Branagh played the part of the father.
Learner example:
The main actor played the part of John, a poor man that becomes rich.
COMPETE
[B1] [I or T] to compete against a person or team in a game
Who are Aston Villa playing next week?
Arsenal are playing against Newcastle in the next round.
Learner example:
Arsenal played against Everton and Arsenal won the game 3[-]1.
play a joke/trick on sb
[B2] to deceive someone in order to make them laugh
I played a trick on her and pretended I'd forgotten her birthday.
She didn't realise they were just playing a joke on her.
1642
Learner example:
His best friend John couldn't put up with Pat always revealing his secrets, so decided to play a
trick on him.
play a part in sth

[B2] to be one of the people or things that are involved in an event or situation
Dictionary example:
Alcohol plays a part in around 60% of violent crime.
Learner example:
Technology plays an important part in this situation, because I don't think that adults are playing
computer games for Batman or Spiderman, for example, but for the special effec[t]s and the
gra[phics].
NOUN
CHILDREN
[B2] [U] when children enjoy themselves with toys and games
Dictionary example:
a play area
Learner example:
And it has [a] play area for children to enjoy themselves.
pleasantly /ˈplez.ənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: pleasure
Verbs: please
Adjectives: pleasant, pleased, unpleasant, pleasurable
Adverbs: pleasantly
ADVERB
[B1] in a pleasant way
They treated me pleasantly enough.
Jacqui was pleasantly surprised to get a B for history.
Learner example:
I was really pleasantly surprised that you're going to spend your summer holiday in Slovakia.
1643
please /pliːz/
Word family:
Nouns: pleasure
Verbs: please
Adverbs: pleasantly
VERB [I or T]
MAKE HAPPY
[B1] to make someone feel happy
I only got married to please my parents.
He was always a good boy, very friendly and eager to please.
Learner example:
Considering her loneliness, we made every effort to please her and to encourage her, because she
was loved by everybody for her gentle, kind and lovely character.
pleasurable /ˈpleʒ.ər.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: pleasure
Verbs: please
Adverbs: pleasantly
ADJECTIVE
[C1] enjoyable
Dictionary example:
a pleasurable experience
Learner example:
Not that I would like to be locked up forever without a career or personal growth and just dozens
of children of my own scampering around, but it certainly is pleasurable to drift off dreaming for a
while in those huge castles.
pleasure /ˈpleʒ.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: pleasure
Verbs: please
Adverbs: pleasantly
1644
NOUN
FEELING
[B1] [U] a feeling of happiness or enjoyment
His visits gave his grandparents such pleasure.
Why do so many boys take pleasure in killing insects?
Learner example:
It gave me a lot of pleasure.
EXPERIENCE
[B1] [C] an enjoyable activity or experience
It was such a pleasure to meet you.
He wrote an article on the pleasures and pains of camping.
Reading is one of my few pleasures.
Learner example:
It would be a pleasure to have you here in Mexico during your holiday.
plenty /ˈplen.ti/
PRONOUN
[B1] (the state of having) enough or more than enough, or a large amount
"Would you like some more coffee?" "No thanks, I've had plenty."
We've got plenty of time before we need to leave for the airport.
They've always had plenty of money.
There's plenty to do here.
There's plenty more beer in the fridge.
Learner example:
She's going to stay 3 weeks so we'll have plenty of time to talk about our life, dreams, etc.
plot /plɒt/
NOUN [C]
STORY
[B2] the story of a book, film, play, etc.
1645
The film has a very simple plot.
The plots of his books are basically all the same.
Learner example:
A film with a good plot, special effects, sound quality and some computer animations can turn
into a real experi[e]nce if watched with friends or relatives.
plug /plʌg/
NOUN [C]
ELECTRICAL OBJECT
[B1] a plastic or rubber object with metal pins, used to connect electrical
equipment to an electricity supply
a three-pin/two-pin plug
to fit/change a plug
If a plug is wired incorrectly, it can be dangerous.
Learner example:
We had to check eve[r]y plug, switch, lights.
HOLE
[B1] something you put in a hole to block it
Dictionary example:
a bath plug
VERB
plug sth in PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to connect a piece of electrical equipment to an electricity supply or to another

piece of equipment
Dictionary example:
Could you plug the iron in for me?
Learner example:
It allows anybody to call from anywhere without hav[ing] to plug it in a wall!
1646
plumber /ˈplʌm.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone whose job is to repair or connect water pipes, and things like toilets
and baths
Dictionary example:
When is the plumber coming to mend the burst pipe?
Learner example:
In the past I worked as a plumber.
plunge /plʌndʒ/
VERB
BECOME LOWER
[C1] [I] to become lower in temperature, value, etc. very suddenly and quickly
Dictionary example:
Temperatures plunged below zero.
Learner example:
Five years later the German trend plunged and the Spanish followed, both reaching marks of 1.3
and 1.2 average children per family respectively.
plus /plʌs/
CONJUNCTION
[B1] and also
Dictionary example:
Let's not go on holiday in August - it'll be too hot - plus it'll be more expensive.
Learner example:
I would be more than pleased to receive you at home. We could have a lot of fun, plus, you won't
have to pay a thing!
NOUN [C]
[B2] (PLURAL pluses or plusses) INFORMAL an advantage or a good feature

Dictionary example:
Your teaching experience will be a plus in this job.
Learner example:
Free accommodation is a plus for me, but there are some points which I want to [find out about].
1647
pocket /ˈpɒk.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
IN BAG
[B1] a container which is sewn into or onto a bag or fixed to a seat or door in a
vehicle
Sarah put her maps in the inside/outside pocket of her rucksack.
The safety instructions are in the pocket of the seat in front of you.
pocket money /ˈpɒk.ɪtˌmʌn.i/
NOUN [U]
[B1] an amount of money given regularly to children by their parents
Dictionary example:
How much pocket money do you get each week?
Learner example:
How much pocket money do you get?
poem /ˈpəʊ.ɪm/
Word family:
Nouns: poem, poet, poetry
Adjectives: poetic
NOUN [C]
[B1] a piece of writing, especially one which has short lines and uses words that
sound similar
Dictionary example:
a book of love poems
Learner example:
This m[y]sterious man used to write a lot of letters and poems to my grandmother.
poet /ˈpəʊ.ɪt/
Word family:
Adjectives: poetic
1648
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who writes poems
Dictionary example:
Rimbaud was a nineteenth-century French poet.
Learner example:
Everyone [in] my group knows that I'm quite [a] good poet, so Peter asked me to read some of my
poems.
poetry /ˈpəʊ.ɪ.tri/
Word family:
Adjectives: poetic
NOUN [U]
[B1] poems in general as a form of literature
modern poetry
I enjoy all kinds of poetry, especially love poetry.
She started writing poetry at a young age.
Learner example:
My town hall organi[z]ed a poetry compet[i]tion.
point /pɔɪnt/
Word family:
Nouns: point
Verbs: point
Adjectives: pointless
NOUN
IDEA
[B1] [C] an idea, opinion, or fact which someone says or writes
I'd like to discuss the first point in your essay.
He explained his point by drawing a diagram.
Could I make a point about noise levels?
I take your point about cycling, but I still prefer to walk.
1649
Learner example:
Tomorrow I have another class exactly at the time of your class. I can't miss that class because it's
a physics class. I know I may miss many important points but I promise you [I will] get the best
mark (result) in the next exam.
SPORT
[B1] [C] a unit used for showing who is winning in a game or competition
Dictionary example:
With 3 games still to play, Manchester United are 5 points ahead.
Learner example:
We were losing [by] 1 point, I ca[ught] the ball and tried to throw it to my partner but...
SHARP END
[B2] [C] the thin, sharp end of something
Dictionary example:
the point of a needle
IMPORTANT OPINION
[B2] [NO PLURAL] an opinion or fact that deserves to be considered seriously, or which
other people agree is true
"She's always complaining that the office is cold." - "Well, she's got a point."
"How are we going to get there if there are no trains?" - "Good point."
Learner example:
First of all, in your picture you can reveal the style of life of teenagers (I think it is a good point).
the point
[B2] the most important part of what someone says or writes
The point is, if you don't claim the money now you might never get it.
I think she missed the point of what you were saying.
I thought he was never going to get to the point.
Learner example:
I'm in a hurry, so I will come directly to the point.
REASON
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the reason for or purpose of something
I'd try to explain to her how I feel but there's no point because she won't listen.
There's no point in inviting her - she never comes to parties.
What's the point of studying if you can't get a job afterwards?
Learner example:
Obviously, there is no point in saying "famous people have a right to their own live[s]."
1650
TIME
[B2] [C] a particular time or stage in an event or process
At one point, he seemed to completely forget what he was saying.
At that point, a soldier opened fire on the car.
It has got to the point where I can't bear to speak to him.
If, at this point, you decide to leave, that is fine.
Learner example:
At one point, I realised that it was 3 a.m. and many people were leaving the disco.
MATHEMATICS
[B2] [C] the mark (.) that is used to separate the two parts of a decimal
Dictionary example:
One mile equals one point six (1.6) kilometres.
be at/on the point of doing sth

Dictionary example:
I was at the point of walking out when he suddenly spoke to me.
Learner example:
In fact he simulated his death to escape from the police, who were on the point of catching him
for [his] penicillin racket.
up to a point
[B2] partly
Dictionary example:
What he says is true up to a point.
Learner example:
I agree up to a point with the statement give[n], but if the journalists [di]dn't follow them, people
wouldn't know [so] much about them.
sb's strong point

[C1] something that someone is very good at
Dictionary example:
Cooking is not my strong point.
Learner example:
She's got a lot of strong points, more than weaknesses.
make a point of doing sth

[C1] to be certain that you always do a particular thing
Dictionary example:
He made a point of learning all the names of his staff.
1651
Learner example:
I was not expecting to meet him that night, because I thought he would be busy and not have
time to talk to anyone, but being so special as he is, he made a point of talking to everybody.
VERB
AIM
[B1] [T] to hold something so that it faces towards someone or something
Dictionary example:
He said that the man had pointed a knife at him.
Learner example:
As he got closer, one of the group's members, Paul, pointed a rifle at him.
DIRECTION
[B1] [I] If something points in a particular direction, it is turned towards that

direction.
The road sign points left.
There was an arrow pointing to the door.
pointless /ˈpɔɪnt.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: point
Verbs: point
Adjectives: pointless
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Something that is pointless has no purpose.
pointless arguments/conflict
a pointless exercise
It would be pointless to argue with him.
Learner example:
Moreover, people who meet through e-mails and chatrooms can confirm that talking or sending
messages to someone you can't see is pointless and boring.
1652
point of view /ˌpɔɪnt.əvˈvjuː/
NOUN [C]
OPINION
[B2] an opinion
I can certainly understand her point of view.
You have to be willing to see other people's points of view.
Learner example:
That is my point of view.
WAY OF THINKING
[B2] a way of thinking about a situation
From the point of view of personal savings, the cut in interest rates is bad news.
From a medical/scientific point of view, it is an important achievement.
Learner example:
In addition, it is not useful to keep animals in cages even from a scientific point of view.
poison /ˈpɔɪ.zən/
Word family:
Nouns: poison
Adjectives: poisonous
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a substance that can make you ill or kill you if you eat or drink it
Dictionary example:
Someone had put poison in her drink.
Learner example:
The third day they were in the forest, Pablo was hurt by a piece of wood with poison on it.
VERB [T]
KILL
[B2] to try to kill someone by giving them a dangerous substance to drink or eat
Dictionary example:
He tried to poison his wife.
Learner example:
Therefore, Matthew decided to kill Pat. He poisoned Pat by putting poisonous ice-cubes into Pat's
wine glass.
1653
MAKE DANGEROUS
[B2] to put poison or a dangerous substance in something
Dictionary example:
They poisoned the city's water supply.
Learner example:
Everyday millions of animals die, millions of acres of forest are burnt, millions of gallons of water
are poisoned.
poisonous /ˈpɔɪ.zən.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: poison
Adjectives: poisonous
ADJECTIVE
SUBSTANCE
[B2] very harmful and able to cause illness or death
poisonous chemicals
Can you tell the difference between poisonous mushrooms and edible varieties?
Learner example:
On the other hand, the people in the future will probably wear clothes to protect themselves from
the polluted air and water, the harmful ultra-violet rays from the sun and all the dangerous and
poisonous gases or chemicals which [are the] result of a developed country.
ANIMAL
[B2] A poisonous animal uses poison in order to defend itself.
Dictionary example:
a poisonous snake
Learner example:
Some of the animals, like poisonous snakes, crocodiles, [and] lions, are kept in special cages.
polar bear /ˌpəʊl.əˈber/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a large, white bear that lives in areas near the North Pole
Dictionary example:
Polar bears can be very dangerous.
1654
Learner example:
So it's very difficult to create real-life conditions for some animals, for instance for polar bears
and eagles.
policy /ˈpɒl.ə.si/
NOUN [C]
PLAN
[B2] a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been
agreed officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government or a
political party
They believe that the European Community needs a common foreign and security policy.
What is your party's policy on immigration?
Learner example:
In fact, more and more countries are [creating] new enviro[n]mental policies.
AGREEMENT
[C1] an agreement that you have with an insurance company
Dictionary example:
Does your policy cover medical costs?
Learner example:
Working in an insurance company often means 'selling the air', but when you see that a person
gets out of a difficult situation just because he or she has an insurance policy, you begin to love
this job.
politely /pəˈlaɪt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: politeness
Adverbs: politely
ADVERB
[B1] in a polite way
Dictionary example:
He thanked them politely.
Learner example:
I tried to control myself and started to speak politely and in a friendly way.
1655
politeness /pəˈlaɪt.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: politeness
Adverbs: politely
NOUN [U]
[B2] the state of being polite
Dictionary example:
We were impressed by their politeness.
Learner example:
Moreover, I have other qualities such as politeness, thus I am capable of looking after members of
the public.
political /pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: politician, politics
Adjectives: political
ADJECTIVE
[B1] relating to politics
political leaders/parties
Education is back at the top of the political agenda.
Learner example:
I'm very interested in Italian political life, and I want to get news [all the] time.
politically /pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
ADV
[C1] in a way that is connected with politics
Politically, she is very experienced.
a politically active group
1656
Learner example:
Nowadays most women have equal chances of education, are permitted to work, sign any
bur[eau]cratic papers with no need of their husbands' countersign[ature], are politically active and
have an important professional career.
politician /ˌpɒl.ɪˈtɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who works in politics, especially a member of the government
Dictionary example:
Churchill was a distinguished politician.
Learner example:
It was now the third month [since] the gangster had kidnapped her, because of her being the
daughter of an important politician.
politics /ˈpɒl.ə.tɪks/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B1] ideas and activities relating to how a country or area is governed
He has little interest in local politics.
She's planning to retire from politics next year.
Learner example:
But I'm very interested in politics, so I really enjoy political [programmes] and chat shows.
pollute /pəˈluːt/
Word family:
Nouns: pollution
Verbs: pollute
VERB [T]
[B2] to make water, air, soil, etc. dirty or harmful
1657
Dictionary example:
We need a fuel that won't pollute the environment.
Learner example:
Most of them don't pollute the environment, and they don't create traffic jams on the roads.
pollution /pəˈluː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: pollution
Verbs: pollute
NOUN [U]
[B1] damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste
air/water pollution
The book shows simple things you can do to reduce pollution from your car.
The manifesto includes tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental pollution.
Learner example:
There is less pollution than in the city and [it] is qui[e]ter too.
pond /pɒnd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an area of water smaller than a lake, often artificially made
Dictionary example:
a duck pond
Learner example:
After that, we'll visit "Suizenji-Park" which is a real Japanese Garden with a pond and many kinds
of flowers and trees.
pony /ˈpəʊ.ni/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a small horse
Dictionary example:
I have a pony.
Learner example:
The forest is inhabited by wild bears, wild ponies, golden eagles and non-poisonous snakes.
1658
pool /puːl/
NOUN
GAME
[B1] [U] a game in which two people use long, thin sticks to hit coloured balls into
holes around the edge of a table
Dictionary example:
We played pool all evening.
Learner example:
I had a pool table in my bedroom and I had a lot of videogames.
LIQUID
[B2] [C] a small area of water or a small amount of liquid on a surface
We dipped our feet in a shallow pool by the rocks.
a pool of blood
Learner example:
When I came into the kitchen, I saw a pool of blood [o]n the floor.
poor /pɔːr/
Word family:
Nouns: poor
Adjectives: poor, poorly
Adverbs: poorly
ADJECTIVE
BAD
[B2] of very low quality
poor health
Last year's exam results were poor.
a poor harvest
Learner example:
But the quality of [the] food was poor.
NO SKILL
[B2] not having much skill at a particular activity
1659
Her spelling has always been poor.
Sam's a poor swimmer.
Learner example:
Since I was a teenager, I've often drawn and painted but without any kind of teaching, so my
tec[h]nique is poor.
be poor in sth
[B2] If something is poor in a particular substance, it has very little of the
substance.
Dictionary example:
Avoid foods which are high in calories but poor in nutrients.
Learner example:
They couldn't avoid a diet poor in vitamins, because of the shortage of food.
NOUN
the poor
[C1] people who are poor
Dictionary example:
She spent her life working with the poor.
Learner example:
It is widely believed that under his management, Greece advanced economically and socially,
made steps forward concerning the relationships with other countries and people, (especially the
poor) loved him, for he made them feel important.
poorly /ˈpɔː.li/
Word family:
Nouns: poor
Adjectives: poor, poorly
Adverbs: poorly
ADVERB
[C1] badly
Dictionary example:
poorly educated
Learner example:
On the contrary, to my mind both issues were handled rather poorly.
ADJECTIVE
[C1] ill
1660
Dictionary example:
Rosie was feeling poorly so I put her to bed.
Learner example:
When a colle[a]gue is absent [due to] feeling poorly, I can automatically do the duties of that
person because we work as a group.
pop /pɒp/
VERB (-pp-)
pop in/out/over, etc.

[B2] INFORMAL to go to a particular place
Doug's just popped out for a few minutes.
I'll pop into the supermarket on my way home.
Why don't you pop in/over and see us this afternoon?
Learner example:
Who could imagine life without the telephone? Not being able to call your friend and ask if you
can pop in for a moment?
popular /ˈpɒp.jʊ.lər/
Word family:
Nouns: popularity
Adjectives: popular, unpopular
ADJECTIVE
GENERAL
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] for or involving ordinary people rather than specialists or
very educated people
popular entertainment/culture
The issue was given full coverage in the popular press.
Learner example:
Due to his studies in Persian folklore and popular culture, he is the progenitor of anthropology in
Iran.
1661
popularity /ˌpɒp.jʊˈlær.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: popularity
NOUN [U]
[B2] the quality of being liked by many people
Dictionary example:
the increasing popularity of organic food
Learner example:
We agreed that something had to be done to promote the popularity of local films.
populate /ˈpɒp.jə.leɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: population
Verbs: populate
VERB
be populated
[C1] If an area is populated by people or animals, they live in that area.
The countryside is densely/sparsely populated.
The forest was populated by rare and colourful birds.
Learner example:
Hong Kong is a densely populated city.
population /ˌpɒp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: population
Verbs: populate
NOUN
NUMBER
[B1] [C or U] the number of people living in a particular area
a growing/shrinking population
What's the population of Brazil?
1662
Learner example:
With a population [of] about 800 people, that town really surprised me!
PEOPLE
+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] all the people living in a particular area, or all the
[B2] [C
people or animals of a particular type
a 9% rise in the prison population
The dolphin population has been seriously affected by tuna fishing.
Learner example:
Their yellow and black stripe has a mysterious beauty (which is the main reason for the hug[e]
decrease [in the] tiger population).
pork /pɔːk/
NOUN [U]
[B1] ! meat from a pig
a pork chop
pork sausages
Learner example:
We ordered pork chops, boiled potatoes, [and] greens.
port /pɔːt/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a town by the sea or by a river which has a harbour, or the harbour itself
a fishing/container port
the Belgian port of Zeebrugge
We had a good view of all the ships coming into/leaving port.
Learner example:
The name is very interesting because the hotel is near the port.
portable /ˈpɔː.tə.bl
̩/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] able to be carried
1663
Dictionary example:
a portable computer
Learner example:
Laptops are indeed a portable office.
portion /ˈpɔː.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
FOOD
[B2] the amount of food served to one person, especially in a restaurant
Dictionary example:
The portions are very generous in this restaurant.
Learner example:
I think you should take [a] packed lunch with you, because the restaurant is far too expensive and
the portions are too small.
PART
[C1] a part or share of something larger
A large/major portion of the company's profit goes straight back into new projects.
I accept my portion of the blame.
Learner example:
Such an event will probably attract publicity (TV, radio, newspapers) and since we are a new
company, we will have the opportunity to become know[n] to a large portion of the population in a
short amount of time.
portrait /ˈpɔː.trət/
Word family:
Nouns: portrait, portrayal
Verbs: portray
NOUN [C]
[B2] a painting, drawing, or photograph of someone
a portrait painter
She's commissioned an artist to paint her portrait/paint a portrait of her.
Learner example:
Downstairs we can find pictures [by] old masters and a great portrait of the Spanish King Charles
the Third.
1664
pose /pəʊz/
VERB
pose a danger/problem/threat, etc.

[C1] to cause a problem
Dictionary example:
A lot of these chemicals pose very real threats to our health.
Learner example:
I hope everyone agrees with me that the new types of communication do not pose a threat to
face-to-face communication, but probably [reinforce] it.
BE STILL
[C1] [I] to stay in a particular position so that someone can paint or photograph you
Dictionary example:
The two leaders posed for photographs outside the White House.
Learner example:
The tourists are allowed to touch the seals, and the seals are willing to pose for the photographs.
posh /pɒʃ/
ADJECTIVE
EXPENSIVE
[B2] INFORMAL (of places and things) expensive and of high quality
a posh hotel
He takes her to some really posh restaurants.
Learner example:
First of all, the 'Kaya' is quite [a] big, posh restaurant [whose] interiors are like [a] traditional
Korean house.
position /pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
NOUN
SITUATION
[B1] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] the situation that someone is in
1665
Dictionary example:
In your position, I would probably resign.
Learner example:
She knows the person that owns the club, who decided to organize a private party for her 18th
birthday. I wish [I was] in her position.
PLACE
[B1] [C] the place where something or someone is, often in relation to other things
I've found our position on the map.
You've moved the furniture around - the sofa is in a different position.
Learner example:
I like [this restaurant] because of [its] position, the old town, and most of all because the owner is
a friend of mine so that the bill is not too expensive for me!
SITTING/STANDING
[B1] [C or U] the way someone is sitting, standing, or lying, or if something is

pointing up or down, etc.
a kneeling position
I go to sleep on my back but I always wake up in a different position.
Keep the bottles in an upright position.
Learner example:
Four hundred kms in that [un]comfortable position was terrible for us.
SPORT
[B1] [C] the part that someone plays in a game such as football
Dictionary example:
I didn't know you played hockey - what position do you play?
Learner example:
It's a basketball club and all those guys in the club are much bigger than me. At first we talked to
each other [about] which position we had to play.
RANK
[B2] [C] your level of importance in a company or society
the position of women in society
Whether or not you're given a car depends on your position in the company.
Learner example:
Perhaps the style of their dress will indicate their position in society too.
1666
JOB
[B2] [C] FORMAL a job
Dictionary example:
She applied for a position in the firm that I work for.
Learner example:
Dear Mr. Greenfield I am writing in response to the advertisement which I saw published in my
local newspaper, as I would like to apply for the position you offer.
be in a position to do sth
[C1] to be able to do something because of your situation
Dictionary example:
I'm not in a position to talk about this at the moment.
Learner example:
But no one is in a position to know about it yet, since now it is just an option.
be in position
[C1] If someone or something is in position, they are in the place that they should
be in.
Dictionary example:
The police were all in position.
Learner example:
Remember to stay calm when you are in the car with the instructor, wear your seatbelt and check
that all your mir[r]ors are in position.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
positive /ˈpɒz.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Adjectives: positive
Adverbs: positively
ADJECTIVE
HAPPY
[B1] feeling enthusiastic and happy about your life and your future
1667
a positive attitude
I'm feeling much more positive about things now.
We've shown people samples of the product and had a very positive reaction/response.
Learner example:
She is lovely and she [is] always positive.
GOOD
[B2] A positive effect is good and makes something better.
Dictionary example:
The improved diet has had a positive effect on his mood.
Learner example:
All the colours and the smell of fresh and dried flowers has such a positive effect on me that life
feels great.
YES
[B2] expressing the answer yes
Dictionary example:
We received a positive answer/response from the minister.
Learner example:
I am looking forward to your positive response.
CERTAIN
[B2] [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] certain that something is true
"Are you sure you saw him?" "Absolutely positive."
I'm positive that I switched it off.
Learner example:
I'm positive that my experience will be useful in another shop like yours.
positively /ˈpɒz.ə.tɪv.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: positive
Adverbs: positively
ADVERB
[B2] in a good or hopeful way
Dictionary example:
I don't respond very positively to being bossed around - it just makes me angry.
Learner example:
Modern technology also affects [my life] positively in the lab I work for.
1668
possess /pəˈzes/
Word family:
Nouns: possession
Verbs: possess
Adjectives: possessive
VERB
[C1] [T] FORMAL to have or own something
Dictionary example:
He was found guilty of possessing an illegal weapon.
Learner example:
She was lucky to possess a single nice-looking long dress for special occasions, so there was no
point in wasting time choosing the appropriate dress.
possession /pəˈzeʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: possession
Verbs: possess
NOUN
[B2] [C USUALLY PLURAL] something that you own or that you are carrying with you at
any time
Dictionary example:
Please remember to take all your personal possessions with you when you leave the aircraft.
Learner example:
Talking about using your possessions, can I use your electronic appliances such as computers
[and] CD players while you are away?
possessive /pəˈzes.ɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: possession
Verbs: possess
ADJECTIVE
GRAMMAR
[B1] in grammar, a possessive word or form of a word shows who or what

something belongs to
1669
Dictionary example:
'Mine' and 'yours' are possessive pronouns.
possibility /ˌpɒs.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Adverbs: possibly
NOUN
MAY HAPPEN/BE TRUE
[B1] [C or U] a chance that something may happen or be true
The forecast said that there's a possibility of snow tonight.
Is there any possibility (that) you could pick me up from the station?
There is a strong possibility that she was lying.
Learner example:
Then I remembered I had tried [on] some rings one hour before in a shop in the centre of the city.
Maybe I had taken it off while I was trying them. It was a possibility!
OPTION
[B2] [C] something that you can choose to do from a number of options
We could take on extra staff - that's one possibility.
"Have you decided what to do?" "No, I'm still considering the various possibilities."
Learner example:
Another possibility is to go to the London Transport Museum, which is very close and free for
students.
possible /ˈpɒs.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Adverbs: possibly
ADJECTIVE
NOT CERTAIN
[B1] If something is possible, it might or might not exist or be true.
1670
It's possible (that) Mira might turn up tonight.
"Do you think he'll end up in prison?" "It's very possible."
That's one possible solution to the problem.
Learner example:
I investigate the most urgent environmental problems in our world, and then I [suggest] possible
solutions to them.
whenever possible
[B2] every time it is possible
Dictionary example:
I try to use olive oil whenever possible.
Learner example:
My friends have always regarded me as a cheerful, active girl, who is glad to help out whenever
possible.
wherever possible
Wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar.
We try to sell local fruit and vegetables wherever possible.
Learner example:
We can work together [in a] number of ways, for e[xample], we can plant trees wherever possible
and we can place bins [i]n the necessary areas which will help the public to dispose [of] waste
items.
the best/cheapest/worst, etc. possible

[C1] the best/cheapest/worst, etc. that can happen or exist
Dictionary example:
We need to complete the work in the shortest possible time.
Learner example:
But I strongly believe that with good will and enough effort from both sides - our clubs members
and you - we will work everything out in the best possible way!
possibly /ˈpɒs.ə.bli/
Word family:
Adverbs: possibly
1671
ADVERB
QUESTIONS
[B1] used in polite questions
Dictionary example:
Could I possibly borrow your computer?
Learner example:
Could you possibly lend me your bike for one day?
EMPHASIS
[B2] used with 'can' or 'could' for emphasis
We'll do everything we possibly can to help.
I couldn't possibly ask you to do that.
Learner example:
My opinion is that everyone who possibly can go by bicycle should do that.
post /pəʊst/
Word family:
Nouns: post
Verbs: post
Adjectives: postal
NOUN
JOB
[B2] [C] a job in a company or organization
Teaching posts are advertised in Tuesday's edition of the paper.
She's held the post for thirteen years.
They have several vacant posts.
Learner example:
In addition, I have worked [in] a similar job so I have already gained the experience needed for the
post.
VERB [T]
WEBSITE
[B1] to leave a message on a website
Dictionary example:
I posted a query about a Chilean novelist.
1672
keep sb posted
[C1] to make certain that someone always knows what is happening
Dictionary example:
Keep me posted on anything that happens while I'm away.
Learner example:
We will keep our members posted on the best eating places in town.
postal /ˈpəʊst.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: post
Verbs: post
Adjectives: postal
[C1] relating to the system of sending letters and parcels
Dictionary example:
the postal service/system
Learner example:
It's just another strike that has affected our everyday life, and Polish postal services in particular.
postman /ˈpəʊst.mən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone whose job is to deliver and collect letters and parcels that are sent by
post
Dictionary example:
Our postman delivers everything in the morning.
Learner example:
I think a postman brought it.
postpone /pəʊstˈpəʊn/
VERB [T]
[B1] to arrange for something to happen at a later time
They decided to postpone their holiday until next year.
We've had to postpone going to France because the children are ill.
1673
Learner example:
I'm doing an experiment tomorrow which I can't postpone.
posture /ˈpɒs.tʃər/
NOUN [U]
[C1] the position of your back, shoulders, etc. when you are standing or sitting
Dictionary example:
She has very good posture.
Learner example:
As for the furniture, replacing old rickety chairs would result in better working conditions and
prevent fatigue, stress, incapa[c]ity for work due to bad posture, therefore speeding up
productivity and doing away with complaints about pain and poor health.
pot /pɒt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a round container, usually used for storing things or for cooking
a pot of face cream/jam/paint
a flower pot
There's plenty of cupboard space in the kitchen for all your pots and pans.
Fill a large pot with salted water and bring it to the boil.
Learner example:
By the right window there is [a] green plant in [a] pot.
potential /pəʊˈten.tʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: potential
Adjectives: potential
Adverbs: potentially
[B2] possible when the necessary conditions exist
A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the company.
Many potential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying.
The accident is a reminder of the potential dangers involved in oil production.
1674
Learner example:
As a potential customer, I need some further information.
NOUN [U]
[B2] someone's or something's ability to develop, achieve or succeed
The region has enormous potential for economic development.
I don't feel I'm achieving my full potential in my present job.
You have the potential to reach the top of your profession.
I think this room has got a lot of potential.
Learner example:
The sheer potential for communication it offers is overwhelming.
potentially /pəʊˈten.tʃəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: potential
Adjectives: potential
Adverbs: potentially
ADVERB
[B2] possibly
Hepatitis is a potentially fatal disease.
This crisis is potentially the most serious in the organization's history.
Learner example:
One must not ignore [the fact] that mobile phones are potentially harmful: scientific experiments
tend to show that microwaves produced by phones may cause cancers and tumo[u]rs.
pottery /ˈpɒt.ər.i/
NOUN [U]
OBJECTS
[B2] plates, bowls, etc. that are made from clay
Dictionary example:
They sell pottery and other handmade goods.
Learner example:
You can see very precious pottery and take pictures [of] old goods in antique shop[s].
1675
ACTIVITY
[B2] the activity or skill of making plates, bowls, etc. from clay
Dictionary example:
I am doing pottery evening classes.
Learner example:
So I suggest we should print new ones with the latest information, for example about our new
pottery courses.
pound /paʊnd/
NOUN [C]
WEIGHT
[B2] a unit for measuring weight
One pound is approximately equal to 454 grams.
One kilogram is roughly the same as 2.2 lbs.
There are 16 ounces in one pound.
Ann's baby weighed eight and a half pounds at birth.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to hit or beat repeatedly with a lot of force, or to crush something by hitting it
repeatedly
I could feel my heart pounding as I went on stage to collect the prize.
The city was pounded to rubble during the war.
He pounded on the door demanding to be let in.
Learner example:
Tina's heart began to pound when suddenly, she heard her name being called out loud!
pour /pɔːr/
VERB
LIQUID
[B1] [T] to make a liquid flow from or into a container
I poured the milk into a jug.
Can I pour you a drink?
1676
Learner example:
The look on his face stopped me cold, as if someone had just poured a freezing bucket [of water]
down my back.
RAIN
[B1] [I] to rain a lot
Dictionary example:
We can't go out in this weather - it's pouring!
Learner example:
I real[l]y enjoy shopping, special[l]y in winter time whe[n] the rain is pouring down.
pour into/out/from, etc.

[B2] to flow quickly and in large amounts
Dictionary example:
Blood was pouring from my leg.
Learner example:
He woke up and cleaned off the blood that poured from his injured eyebrow.
PHRASAL VERB
pour sth out or pour out sth PHRASAL VERB
[B2] If you pour out your feelings or thoughts, you talk very honestly about what is
making you sad.
Dictionary example:
She listened quietly while he poured out his troubles.
Learner example:
She let me pour out my feelings, a thing I did not do to anyone.
poverty /ˈpɒv.ə.ti/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the condition of being extremely poor
Two million people in the city live in poverty.
He emigrated to Australia to escape the poverty of his birthplace.
Learner example:
First of all, I think that our grandparents lived in poverty without amen[i]ties.
1677
powder /ˈpaʊ.dər/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a dry substance made of many small, loose grains
curry/chilli powder
A packet of white powder was found and police scientists are analysing it.
Why are there so many adverts for washing powders on TV?
Learner example:
At last I found a box. I put the wasted coffee powder into it and went back to the coffee machine.
power /paʊər/
Word family:
Nouns: power
Adjectives: powerful
Adverbs: powerfully
NOUN
ELECTRICITY
[B1] [U] energy, usually electricity, that is used to provide light, heat, etc.
power cables/lines
nuclear power
Turn off the power at the main switch.
Learner example:
From my parents, I found out that there was a power failure.
CONTROL
[B2] [U] control or influence over people and events
Dictionary example:
I've no power over him - he does what he wants to.
Learner example:
People can't be trusted [with] power. [T]hey will always reach for more.
POLITICS
[C1] [U] political control in a country
They have been in power too long.
When did this government come to power?
1678
Learner example:
It happened in the November of 1973 and it is the University students' rebellion against the
outlaw military goverment which had come to power in 1967 after a violent c[oup].
do everything in your power to do sth

[C1] to do everything that you are able and allowed to do in order to achieve
something
Dictionary example:
I've done everything in my power to help him.
Learner example:
I think of myself as an open-minded and cheerful person and if I get the job I will do everything in
my power to make sure your visitors will have a great time at the theme park.
COUNTRY
[C1] [C] a country that has a lot of influence over others
Dictionary example:
a major world power
Learner example:
Unfortunately this trend continues into adulthood and has become so bad that in a world power
like the United States, one in every three people are considered clinically obese.
STRENGTH
[C1] [U] strength or force
Dictionary example:
economic/military power
Learner example:
We have enough population and economic power to set up a complete city.
powerful /ˈpaʊə.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: power
Adverbs: powerfully
ADJECTIVE
CONTROL
[B1] A powerful person is able to control and influence people and events.
Dictionary example:
a powerful man/woman
1679
Learner example:
The man worked for a really powerful man, doing the 'dirty work', but, deep inside [he] was a
really good person with a sad childhood.
STRENGTH
[B1] having a lot of strength or force
Dictionary example:
a powerful computer/engine/weapon
Learner example:
The activity that I like best is surf[ing] the Web with a powerful personal computer.
EFFECT
[B2] having a strong effect on people
Dictionary example:
a powerful effect/influence
Learner example:
The importance of this invention is that the information transmitted on it reaches a lot of people
at the same time, so it's a very powerful [method] of co[m]munication in our society.
powerfully /ˈpaʊə.fəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: power
Adverbs: powerfully
ADVERB
[B2] in a powerful way
She kicked the ball so powerfully that it flew over the hedge.
Klaus is a very powerfully-built man .
Learner example:
Mary moved to her aunt's house, an inn, but she had got married to a strange, powerfully-built
man.
practical /ˈpræk.tɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Adjectives: practical
Adverbs: practically
1680
ADJECTIVE
REAL
[B2] relating to experience, real situations or actions rather than ideas or

imagination
Qualifications are important but practical experience is always an advantage.
The service offers young people practical advice on finding a job.
What's the use of theoretical knowledge that has no practical application?
Learner example:
Before making up my mind, I would like to gain some experience through practical activities.
POSSIBLE
[C1] able to be done successfully
a practical solution
The plan is simply not practical.
Learner example:
This is not a very practical solution for the employees.
SUITABLE
[C1] suitable or useful for a situation which may involve some difficulty
practical clothes/shoes
Pale carpets just aren't practical if you have kids.
Learner example:
Instead of being practical, our clothes need to be extravagant.
practically /ˈpræk.tɪk.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: practical
Adverbs: practically
ADVERB
[B2] almost or very nearly
She blamed me for practically every mistake in the report.
These changes would cost us practically nothing.
It's practically impossible for me to get home in less than an hour.
They used to argue all the time and now they've practically stopped talking to each other.
1681
Learner example:
Today it is used [in] practically all spheres and its influence on people is not unnotic[e]able.
practice /ˈpræk.tɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: practice
Verbs: practise
NOUN
be out of practice
[B2] to not do something well because you have not done it recently
Dictionary example:
I didn't play very well today - I'm out of practice.
Learner example:
I think playing in the club will be a great opportunity for me so as not to be out of practice.
in practice
[B2] in a real situation
Dictionary example:
In practice, the new laws have had little effect.
Learner example:
When you leave school, you have knowledge but you do not know how to use it in practice.
put something into practice

[C1] to do something in reality that has been planned or talked about
Next month we will have a chance to put these ideas into practice.
How do you intend to put these proposals into practice?
Learner example:
The doctors cannot really put all their skills into practice.
practise /ˈpræk.tɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: practice
Verbs: practise
VERB [I or T]
WORK
[C1] to work as a doctor or a lawyer
1682
Dictionary example:
to practise medicine/law
Learner example:
Many wom[e]n practise law and become judges.
praise /preɪz/
VERB [T]
[B2] to express admiration or approval about the achievements or characteristics of

a person or thing
He should be praised for his honesty.
My parents always praised me when I did well at school.
He was highly praised for his research on heart disease.
Learner example:
In fact, my grade was the best in the class and my Math[s] teacher praised me for being so careful
and correct.
NOUN [U]
[C1] words you say to show that you admire someone or something
They deserve praise for their achievements.
Her first novel won a lot of praise from the critics.
Learner example:
This may sound like glowing praise, but Michael really deserves it.
prawn /prɔːn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small sea animal which you can eat, and which has a shell and ten legs
Dictionary example:
a prawn sandwich
Learner example:
Li-Chuong's specialities are sweet and sour pork, prawns and .. rice!
1683
pray /preɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: prayer
Verbs: pray
VERB [I]
HOPE
[B2] to hope for something very much
Dictionary example:
We're praying for good weather for tomorrow's cricket match.
Learner example:
I am very di[sa]ppointed with this event and praying that it will happen again next year.
prayer /preər/
Word family:
Nouns: prayer
Verbs: pray
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! the words you say to a god
a prayer of thanks
She always says her prayers before she goes to sleep.
We thought he'd been killed, but our prayers were answered when he arrived home safely.
Learner example:
I am stopping this letter with lots of love and prayers.
precaution /prɪˈkɔː.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
[C1] something that you do to prevent bad things happening in the future
Driving alone at night can be dangerous, so always take precautions.
They called the doctor as a precaution.
He took the precaution of locking the door.
Learner example:
The dancing and the horse shows were indeed cancelled, as a precaution out of fear of the
weather becoming even worse.
1684
precious /ˈpreʃ.əs/
ADJECTIVE
VALUABLE
[B2] rare and very valuable
a precious vase
a precious gift
a precious metal/stone
Learner example:
I am so sorry because I broke a precious vase you had in your bedroom.
IMPORTANT
[B2] very important to you
a precious moment/memory
His books are his most precious possessions.
Time is precious - don't waste it.
Learner example:
Love is something precious which we all want to have.
precise /prɪˈsaɪs/
Word family:
Adjectives: precise
Adverbs: precisely
ADJECTIVE
EXACT
[B2] exact and accurate
The precise location of the house is a secret.
He caught me at the precise moment that I fainted.
Learner example:
I would appreciate [it] if you were more precise next time with your report.
to be precise
[B2] used to give exact details about something
1685
We met in 1994 - on October 1st to be precise.
There was a good turnout for the meeting - twelve of us to be precise.
Learner example:
It's in Central London, to be precise.
precisely /prɪˈsaɪ.sli/
Word family:
Adjectives: precise
Adverbs: precisely
ADVERB
EXACT
[B2] exactly
The fireworks begin at eight o'clock precisely.
What do you think the problem is, precisely?
Learner example:
He was born in the countryside, more precisely in Bourgogne, and he had always lived there.
FOR EMPHASIS
"You look tired - you should go home and rest." - "I'm going to do precisely that."
But it's precisely because of the noise that they're thinking of moving.
Learner example:
Books may not be interactive, but that's precisely where their advantage is.
AGREEMENT
[C1] used to agree with what someone else says
Dictionary example:
"It's not the shape I dislike, it's the colour." - "Precisely!"
predator /ˈpred.ə.tər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] an animal that kills and eats other animals
Dictionary example:
These animals have remarkably few predators.
1686
Learner example:
Ferocious animals, such as tigers, lions and snakes (anacondas) can be seen in these areas, but
for those who are not used to forests, these predators may only become visible once they are
attacked.
predict /prɪˈdɪkt/
Word family:
Nouns: prediction
Verbs: predict
Adjectives: predictable, unpredictable
VERB [T]
[B1] to say that an event or action will happen in the future, especially as a result of
knowledge or experience
It's still not possible to predict the occurrence of earthquakes accurately.
Who could have predicted that within ten years he'd be in charge of the whole company?
The hurricane is predicted to reach the coast tomorrow morning.
No one can predict when/where the disease will strike next.
Learner example:
Now, fully equipped and powerful computers can be so small and mobile that some specialists
predict that new devices will replace book[s].
predictable /prɪˈdɪk.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: prediction
Verbs: predict
ADJECTIVE
[B2] happening or behaving in a way you expect and not unusual or interesting
Dictionary example:
Comets appear at predictable times.
Learner example:
When I was younger I read many books. I prefer[r]ed m[y]stery stories, but now [they] are very
predictable for me.
1687
prediction /prɪˈdɪk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: prediction
Verbs: predict
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when you say what will happen in the future
Please don't ask me to make any predictions about tomorrow's meeting.
No one believed her prediction that the world would end on November 12.
Learner example:
But in case my predictions are right, maybe you should buy a new pair of shorts?
preferable /ˈpref.ər.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: preference
Verbs: prefer
Adjectives: preferable
Adverbs: preferably
ADJECTIVE
[B2] better or more suitable
Staying at home is preferable to going out with someone you don't like.
Surely a diplomatic solution is preferable to war.
Learner example:
I think it would be preferable to do it [i]n July, which is a holiday period.
preferably /ˈpref.ər.ə.bli/
Word family:
Nouns: preference
Verbs: prefer
Adverbs: preferably
ADVERB
[B2] if possible
1688
Dictionary example:
Water the plants twice a week, preferably in the morning.
Learner example:
I think you should spend more time with your friends, preferably in the fresh country air.
preference /ˈpref.ər.ənts/
Word family:
Nouns: preference
Verbs: prefer
Adverbs: preferably
NOUN
[B2] [C or U] when you like something or someone more than another person or thing
We have white and brown bread. Do you have a preference?
Her preference is for comfortable rather than stylish clothes.
I have a preference for sweet food over spicy.
Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference.
Learner example:
On the other hand, those who are in favour of keeping on with traditional education argue that no
free [choice] of preferences can be made until one has rec[e]ived a [basic education] involving the
study of different fields of knowledge.
prefix /ˈpriː.fɪks/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to make a new
word
Dictionary example:
In the word 'unimportant', 'un-' is a prefix.
pregnancy /ˈpreg.nən.si/
Word family:
Nouns: pregnancy
Adjectives: pregnant
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when a woman is pregnant
1689
Dictionary example:
a teenage pregnancy
Learner example:
The reduced risk of further pregnancies in conjunction with less remuneration for their work
makes these women seem more attractive to employers.
pregnant /ˈpreg.nənt/
Word family:
Nouns: pregnancy
Adjectives: pregnant
ADJECTIVE
[B1] A pregnant woman has a baby developing inside her uterus.
to get pregnant
She's five and a half months pregnant.
My mother stopped smoking when she became pregnant.
My sister is pregnant with twins.
Learner example:
She wrote me [the] really nice news that she is pregnant.
prejudice /ˈpredʒ.ʊ.dɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: prejudice
Adjectives: prejudiced
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without
enough thought or knowledge
Laws against racial prejudice must be strictly enforced.
He claims that prejudice against homosexuals would cease overnight if all the gay stars in the
country were honest about their sexuality.
Learner example:
What is really amazing is that Biko, who is banned but 'free' of any prejudice, who doesn't
discriminate [against] anybody, 'frees' Mr Woods (who is not banned) from his narrow-minded and
intolerant views and gives another aim to Woods' life.
1690
prejudiced /ˈpredʒ.ə.dɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: prejudice
Adjectives: prejudiced
ADJECTIVE
[C1] feeling dislike for a group of people or treating them unfairly because they are
a different race, sex, religion, etc.
Dictionary example:
Are the police prejudiced against black people?
Learner example:
Men have been very prejudiced a[gains]t women in this sector, so it has been hard to prove the
opposite.
preliminary /prɪˈlɪm.ɪ.nər.i/
[C1] done or happening in order to prepare for the main event or activity
Dictionary example:
a preliminary discussion/meeting
Learner example:
Picasso would start with a lot of preliminary sketches and then go on to paint his final picture,
where the main figures - a woman and a horse - are screaming in despair.
premises /ˈprem.ɪ.sɪz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[C1] the land and buildings owned by someone, especially by a company or

organization
The company is moving to new premises.
The ice cream is made on the premises.
The security guards escorted the protesters off the premises.
Learner example:
The staff will have more space to work in as our local branch is moving to larger premises, and
better work conditions will be provided to them.
1691
preparation /ˌprep.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: preparation
Verbs: prepare
Adjectives: prepared
NOUN
GETTING READY
[B1] [U] the things that you do or the time that you spend preparing for something
The teacher didn't seem to have done much preparation for the class.
The team blamed injuries and lack of preparation for their failure to win.
Yasmin assisted in the preparation of this article.
Learner example:
I felt that I improved a lot just in this class, so I think that my preparation for the exam will be
really good.
preparations
[B2] plans or arrangements that you make to prepare for something
wedding preparations
We are making preparations to fly Mr Goodall to the nearest hospital.
Preparations for the opening ceremony are well under way.
Learner example:
I would really like to help you with the preparations the day before but it's impossible for me to
come.
prepare /prəˈpeər/
Word family:
Nouns: preparation
Verbs: prepare
VERB [I or T]
prepare yourself
[B1] to make yourself ready to deal with a difficult situation
Prepare yourself for a shock.
You should prepare yourself for a long wait.
1692
Learner example:
So we bought tickets and prepared ourselves for a difficult [journey].
prepared /prəˈpeəd/
Word family:
Nouns: preparation
Verbs: prepare
ADJECTIVE
READY
[B1] ready to deal with a situation
When she called on me, I wasn't prepared.
They were prepared for the worst.
Learner example:
I want to be well prepared for my first [trip] to England.
be prepared to do sth
[B2] to be willing, or happy to agree to do something
Would you be prepared to help me get things ready for the party?
People are not really prepared to talk about these kinds of personal problems.
Learner example:
I'm prepared to offer quite a lot in order to give the animals a better life.
MADE EARLIER
[B2] done or made earlier
Dictionary example:
The spokesperson read a prepared statement.
Learner example:
More fast-food and prepared meals are available than a few years ago.
preposition /ˌprep.əˈzɪʃ.ən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] in grammar, a word which is used before a noun, a noun phrase or a pronoun,
connecting it to another word
1693
Dictionary example:
In the sentences 'We jumped in the lake', and 'She drove slowly down the track', 'in' and 'down' are
prepositions.
Learner example:
In my 1st lesson I learned about prepositions, and I think I'm going to continue the class next
week.
prescription /prɪˈskrɪp.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: prescription
Verbs: prescribe
NOUN
[B1] [C] a piece of paper on which a doctor writes the details of the medicine or
drugs that someone needs
a doctor's prescription
a prescription for sleeping pills
The doctor should give you a repeat prescription.
These drugs are only available on prescription.
Prescription charges are rising in June.
Learner example:
I won't be able to attend the English class tomorrow. But please, do excuse my presence by taking
a moment to read the medical prescription that I've attached [to] this note.
presence /ˈprez.ənts/
Word family:
Nouns: presence, present
Verbs: present
Adjectives: present
Adverbs: presently
NOUN
IN A PLACE
[B2] [NO PLURAL] when someone or something is in a place
She was anxious about the presence of so many people.
The presence of pollen in the atmosphere causes hay fever in some people.
He's usually quite polite in my presence.
The document was signed in the presence of two witnesses.
1694
Learner example:
Your presence here at the club would be really benefic[ial] for the students.
present
Word family:
Verbs: present
Adjectives: present
Adverbs: presently
NOUN /ˈprez.ənt/
the present
[B1] the period of time that is happening now
That's all for the present.
The play is set in the present.
Learner example:
For me, an idea[l] programme would be one that could include all kind[s] of music (from rock, pop
to soul, hip hop or dance), and a programme that could play music from all times, from the past
to the present.
at present
[B1] now
Dictionary example:
At present she's working abroad.
Learner example:
Firstly, I have to tell you that at present, I am studying journalism and I have a good knowledge of
computers.
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] /ˈprez.ənt/

[B1] in a particular place
The whole family was present.
There were no children present.
Learner example:
I'm sorry, tomorrow I can't be present at [your] English class.
VERB [T] /prɪˈzent/
GIVE
[B2] to give, provide or make known
1695
The winners were presented with medals.
The documentary presented us with a balanced view of the issue.
He presented the report to his colleagues at the meeting.
Learner example:
It had to be realistic, so when we finished we presented it to the directors of my school.
TV/RADIO
[B2] to introduce a television or radio show
Dictionary example:
She presents the late-night news.
PLAY/FILM
[B2] to show a new play or film
Dictionary example:
The school is presenting 'West Side Story' this term.
Learner example:
I am writing to complain about the organization of the musical show that the Circle Theatre
presented.
present a danger/difficulty/problem, etc.

[C1] to cause a danger/difficulty/problem, etc.
The interview didn't present her with any difficulty.
The final exam may present some problems.
Learner example:
Medical services do not present any serious problem at the moment.
presentation /ˌprez.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: present, presentation, presenter
Verbs: present
NOUN
EVENT
[B1] [C] a talk giving information about something
Dictionary example:
The speaker gave an interesting presentation on urban transport.
Learner example:
I'm going to prepare a presentation about London.
1696
CEREMONY
[B2] [C or U] an occasion when prizes, qualifications, etc. are formally given to those
who have won or achieved them or the act of giving them
Dictionary example:
The presentation of prizes and certificates will take place in the main hall.
presenter /prɪˈzen.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: present, presentation, presenter
Verbs: present
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who introduces a television or radio show
a news/sports presenter
children's television presenters
Learner example:
Suddenly, a news presenter came on with a unusual message.
presently /ˈprez.ənt.li/
Word family:
Verbs: present
Adjectives: present
Adverbs: presently
ADVERB
[C1] FORMAL now

Dictionary example:
He's presently living with his parents.
Learner example:
I am presently working as [a] sales assistant in "La Suze," a lingerie shop in the city.
preservation /ˌprez.əˈveɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: preservation
Verbs: preserve
1697
NOUN [U]
[C1] when you keep something the same or prevent it from being damaged or
destroyed
the preservation of peace
the preservation of wildlife
Learner example:
I was asked to investigate the current situation in my area, concerning the efforts to cut down on
the use of energy and natural resources, in order to contribute to the preservation of the
environment.
preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/
Word family:
Nouns: preservation
Verbs: preserve
VERB [T]
[B2] to keep something the same or prevent it from being damaged or destroyed
to preserve the environment
We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the facilities.
Learner example:
It is a fundamental necessity for everybody to try to do something in order to preserve the health
of our planet.
presidency /ˈprez.ɪ.dənt.si/
Word family:
Nouns: presidency, president
Adjectives: presidential
[B2] the job of being president, or the period when someone is a president
He has announced that he is running for the presidency.
She won the presidency by a wide margin.
Learner example:
His presidency finished in 1384 (2005), but Iranians will never forget him.
1698
president /ˈprez.ɪ.dənt/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B1] the highest political position in some countries, usually the leader of the
government
President Obama
the President of France
Thank you, Mr/Madam President.
Learner example:
[An]other attraction is our museum that is very famous because many paintings have been bought
by important pe[ople] like the President of the United States.
presidential /ˌprez.ɪˈden.tʃəl/
Word family:
[B2] relating to the president of a country
Dictionary example:
a presidential candidate
Learner example:
Anyway, now Laura was counting to 10 as her brother was putting a bomb in the presidential car.
press /pres/
VERB
PUSH
[B1] [I or T] to push something firmly, often without causing it to move permanently

further away from you
Press the button to start the machine.
He pressed his face against the window.
Press down firmly on the lever.
1699
Learner example:
When you press it, it will say: "Congratulations" to you.
NOUN
the press
[B2] newspapers and magazines, or the people who write them
the local/national press
press reports
Learner example:
I helped them with most of the practical arrangements, [such] as meetings with the press, dinners
and so on.
good/bad press
[C1] praise or criticism from newspapers, magazines, television, etc.
Dictionary example:
She's had a lot of bad press recently.
Learner example:
I also insist that you wr[i]te a note of apology to the organisers, for bad press won't help either the
charity or the hospital.
pressure /ˈpreʃ.ər/
NOUN
MAKE SOMEONE DO
[B2] [U] when someone tries to make someone else do something by arguing,
persuading, etc.
public/political pressure
Teachers are under pressure to work longer hours.
Pressure to abandon the new motorway is increasing.
The government is facing pressure from environmental campaigners.
He only asked her under pressure from his wife.
Learner example:
I understand that you must work a lot because of the pressure from your boss, but I will in spite
of that warn you and ask you to think over the situation.
put pressure on sb
[B2] to try to force someone to do something
1700
Dictionary example:
They're putting pressure on me to make a decision.
Learner example:
She puts a lot of pressure on me and beli[e]ves that I can do it in the same way as she did.
PROBLEMS
[B2] [C or U] a difficult situation that makes you feel worried or unhappy
She's got a lot of pressure on her at work just now.
Be nice to him - he's been under a lot of pressure recently.
Can you work well under pressure?
the pressures of work
Learner example:
I have two younger sisters so I think I can cope with the pressure [of] helping out in the summer
camps.
LIQUID/GAS
[C1] [C or U] the force that a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an area
Dictionary example:
water pressure
Learner example:
The process of hydro-electric power generation is using the water pressure from the reservoir to
generate the power, which is then transported to [a] transformer station through high voltage
cables.
prestige /presˈtiːʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: prestige
Adjectives: prestigious
NOUN [U]
[C1] when people feel respect and admiration for you, often because you are
successful
Dictionary example:
His company has gained international prestige.
Learner example:
Many companies nowadays are organising some cultural or sports events in order to strengthen
the company's prestige.
1701
prestigious /presˈtɪdʒ.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: prestige
Adjectives: prestigious
ADJECTIVE
[C1] respected and admired, usually because of being important
Dictionary example:
a prestigious award
Learner example:
The jobs that were prestigious in the past seem to be the opposite now.
presumably /prɪˈzjuː.mə.bli/
Word family:
Nouns: presumption
Verbs: presume
Adverbs: presumably
ADVERB
[B2] used to say what you think is the likely situation
They can presumably afford to buy a bigger apartment.
Presumably he just forgot to send the letter.
Learner example:
First of all, I would recommend depart[ing] at 8 o'clock because it will presumably be less crowded
than at 10 o'clock.
presume /prɪˈzjuːm/
Word family:
Nouns: presumption
Verbs: presume
Adverbs: presumably
VERB
[C1] [T] to believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are
not certain
1702
I presume (that) they're not coming, since they haven't replied to the invitation.
You are Dr Smith, I presume?
"Are we walking to the hotel?" "I presume not/so."
The universe is presumed to contain many other planets with some form of life.
Learner example:
I presume the students are keen on doing some exercise or even competitive sports.
pretend /prɪˈtend/
VERB [I]
[B2] to behave as if something is true when it is not
She's not really hurt - she's only pretending.
He pretended (that) he didn't mind, but I knew that he did.
Were you just pretending to be interested?
Of course I was angry - I can't pretend otherwise.
Learner example:
Be calm or at least pretend you are.
pretty /ˈprɪt.i/
ADJECTIVE
PLACE/OBJECT
[B1] If a place or an object is pretty, it is pleasant to look at.
That's a pretty hat you're wearing.
a pretty little village
Learner example:
Rabat is the capital of Morocco. There [are] a lot of attractions, like ancient historic sites, sandy
beaches, [and a] pretty Moroccan market.
ADVERB INFORMAL
QUITE
[B1] quite, but not extremely or not completely
The house has four bedrooms, so it's pretty big.
I'm pretty sure it was her.
I've got a pretty good idea of how to get there.
1703
Learner example:
The best thing about our club is the table tennis, which I'm getting pretty good at.
pretty much/well
[B2] almost
I've pretty much finished here.
She knows pretty well everything there is to know on the subject.
Learner example:
You can pretty much tell your mother any problem you have and she'll try her best to help you
out.
prevent /prɪˈvent/
Word family:
Nouns: prevention
Verbs: prevent
Adjectives: preventive
VERB [T]
[B1] to stop something from happening or someone from doing something
to prevent accidents/crime
Members of the public were prevented from entering the building.
Learner example:
As I told you once, I'd like to buy a bookshelf where I can organize my books and prevent them
from getting damaged.
prevention /prɪˈvent.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: prevention
Verbs: prevent
Adjectives: preventive
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you stop something from happening or stop someone from doing
something
crime prevention
The organization is committed to disease prevention and education.
1704
Learner example:
I think prevention is the best medicine.
previous /ˈpriː.vi.əs/
Word family:
Adjectives: previous
Adverbs: previously
[B1] existing or happening before something or someone else
the previous day/week/month/year
a previous attempt
Learner example:
I felt my previous class was not suitable for me any longer, [so] I decided to [ask] the
administrator to help me to change [to] a higher class.
previously /ˈpriː.vi.ə.sli/
Word family:
Adjectives: previous
Adverbs: previously
ADVERB
[B1] before the present time or the time referred to
She was previously employed as a tour guide.
I had posted the card two months previously.
Learner example:
Well, first of all I must tell you that I didn't know it previously.
price /praɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: price
Verbs: price
Adjectives: priceless
1705
NOUN
RESULT
[C1] [NO PLURAL] the unpleasant results that you must accept or experience for
getting or doing something
Dictionary example:
Suspension from the club was ahigh/small price to payfor his mistake.
Learner example:
What really characterizes Michael is his love for life, his continuous joy, which sometimes can
become rather annoying, but this is just a small price to pay for all his success.
[C1] to say what the price of something is
The car is priced at £28 000.
There is a lack of reasonably priced housing for rent.
Learner example:
Both games are priced at approximately £30.
priceless /ˈpraɪs.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: price
Verbs: price
Adjectives: priceless
ADJECTIVE
VALUABLE
[B2] very valuable
Dictionary example:
a priceless antique/painting
Learner example:
She had five unique paintings [by] Van Gogh which were priceless.
IMPORTANT
[C1] very important or useful
Dictionary example:
A trip round the world is a priceless opportunity.
Learner example:
It would [be] sad if not unfair for my friend to [miss] this unique and priceless opportunity.
1706
pride /praɪd/
NOUN [U]
SATISFACTION
[B2] a feeling of satisfaction at your achievements or the achievements of your

family or friends
She felt a great sense of pride as she watched him accept the award.
The whole community takes pride in the school.
Learner example:
I take pride in you and your patience.
RESPECT FOR YOURSELF
[B2] the respect that you feel for yourself
Dictionary example:
She has too much pride to accept any help.
Learner example:
Not only did I lose £50, but also some pride and self-respect.
priest /priːst/
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! someone who performs religious duties and ceremonies
a Roman Catholic priest
Many in the Anglican Church are still opposed to women priests.
Learner example:
I started to read one of the emails and I couldn't believe what I was reading. One of my best
friends had become a priest!
primarily /praɪˈmer.ə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: primary
Adverbs: primarily
ADVERB
[B2] mainly
1707
Dictionary example:
She's known primarily as a novelist but she also writes poetry.
Learner example:
"The Vagabond Dog" - one of his best short stories - is primarily naturalistic.
primary /ˈpraɪ.mə.ri/
Word family:
Adjectives: primary
Adverbs: primarily
[B2] most important
Dictionary example:
Her primary responsibility is to train new employees.
Learner example:
You can listen to music and generally use it for fun but the primary reason that computer[s] were
invented was for communication.
primary school /ˈpraɪ.mə.riˌskuːl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a school for children aged 5-11
Dictionary example:
My daughter is still at primary school.
Learner example:
We sat at a cafe and talked about our primary school.
prime minister /ˌpraɪmˈmɪn.ɪ.stər/
[B2] the leader of the government in some countries
Learner example:
Yesterday I heard that animal rights activists have met the prime minister: maybe the situation will
change.
1708
primitive /ˈprɪm.ɪ.tɪv/
ADJECTIVE
NOT DEVELOPED
[C1] relating to human society at a very early stage of development, with people
living in a simple way without machines or a writing system
primitive man
primitive societies
Learner example:
Young people nowadays are more exposed to the world news, whereas primitive societies were
rather isolated and ha[d] nothing to [do] with [the] outside world.
BASIC
[C1] DISAPPROVING very basic or old-fashioned

Dictionary example:
The conditions at the campsite were rather primitive.
Learner example:
Students will not appreciate their primitive meals at any cost, even a low one.
prince /prɪnts/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the son of a king or queen, or one of their close male relatives
Dictionary example:
Prince Edward
Learner example:
At last, the beast really changed back into a prince.
princess /prɪnˈses/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the daughter of a king or queen, or one of their close female relatives, or the
wife of a prince
Dictionary example:
He was married to a Spanish princess.
1709
Learner example:
My teacher told me that I have to wear a dress like a princess.
principal /ˈprɪnt.sɪ.pəl/
[B1] main, or most important
That was my principal reason for moving.
He was principal dancer at the Dance Theatre of Harlem.
Learner example:
This is its principal advantage.
NOUN [C]
[B2] the person in charge of a school or college
Dictionary example:
She is principal of a London school.
Learner example:
Another thing you need to be aware of is that the teachers, the Principal and the whole class will
be invited and we want this party to be a success because we deeply respect Mr Brown.
principle /ˈprɪnt.sɪ.pl
̩/
NOUN
IDEA
[C1] [C] a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or
works
the principles of the criminal justice system
The country is run on socialist principles.
The organization works on the principle that all members have the same rights.
Learner example:
Many laws in our legislation have been created according to his principles and beliefs.
1710
print /prɪnt/
Word family:
Nouns: printer, print
Verbs: print
NOUN
PICTURE
[C1] [C] a copy of a picture made using photography or by pressing paper onto a
design covered in ink
Dictionary example:
a print of Van Gogh's 'Sunflowers'
Learner example:
MI5 operates two computers, one for word processing and another for scanning and reproducing
prints, drawings and photos.
VERB [T]
BOOKS/NEWSPAPERS
[B2] to produce books, newspapers, magazines, etc., usually in large quantities,

using machines
Dictionary example:
Fifty thousand booklets have been printed for the exhibition.
Learner example:
We should also have a more efficient tourist service - it [is] years since we last printed brochures
of our town!
INCLUDE WRITING
[B2] to include a piece of writing in a newspaper or magazine
Dictionary example:
They printed his letter in Tuesday's paper.
Learner example:
Please take this into consideration and print a corrected version of the article.
prior /praɪər/
ADJECTIVE
BEFORE
[C1] existing or happening before something else
1711
Dictionary example:
The course requires no prior knowledge of Spanish.
Learner example:
Referring to our prior correspondence I would like to inform you that I accept your friendly offer
for being once again your interpreter on your one-week-tour through our country.
prior to sth
[C1] before a particular time or event
Dictionary example:
the weeks prior to her death
Learner example:
I'd like to tell you about my expectations prior to the conference.
priority /praɪˈɒr.ə.ti/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] something that is very important and must be dealt with before other things
The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority.
My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.
You have to learn to get your priorities right/straight.
Banks normally give priority to large businesses when deciding on loans.
Official business requirements obviously take/have priority over personal requests.
Learner example:
We need to show films [that are] enjoyable for all kinds of people, always giving priority to the
quality.
prison /ˈprɪz.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: imprison
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a building where criminals must live as a punishment
He's spent a lot of time in prison.
She went to/was sent to prison for six months.
They should put him in prison and throw away the key!
a prison cell/sentence
1712
Learner example:
About 3 weeks later, I tried to escape from the prison, but they c[aught] me.
prisoner /ˈprɪz.ən.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: imprison
NOUN [C]
PERSON IN PRISON
[B1] a person who is kept in prison as a punishment
Dictionary example:
Prisoners climbed onto the prison roof to protest at the conditions inside.
Learner example:
This film dealt with two prisoners that escape from their prison and start to take money from
banks (of course not legally!)
privacy /ˈprɪv.ə.si/
Word family:
Nouns: privacy
Verbs: privatize
Adjectives: private
Adverbs: privately
NOUN [U]
[B2] the right to be alone and do things without other people seeing or hearing you
I hate sharing a bedroom - I never get any privacy.
The new law is designed to protect people's privacy.
Learner example:
Well, it seems that a young, modern and successful man can have no privacy at all.
private /ˈpraɪ.vət/
Word family:
Nouns: privacy
Verbs: privatize
Adjectives: private
Adverbs: privately
1713
ADJECTIVE
NOT EVERYONE
[B1] only for one person or group and not for everyone
She has a small office which is used for private discussions.
I caught him looking through my private papers.
The sign on the gate said 'Private Property - No Admittance.'
Learner example:
I went there to see what's going on, and the band invited us to their private party.
SECRET
[B1] describes activities which involve personal matters or relationships and are not
connected with your work
Dictionary example:
Apparently in interviews he refuses to talk about his private life.
Learner example:
We talked about the film and also about our work and our private life.
NOT OFFICIAL
[B2] controlled or paid for by a person or company and not by the government
private education/healthcare
a private doctor/dentist
Learner example:
I have been working as an English teacher for small children at a private school for three years.
in private
[B2] in a place where nobody else can hear you or see what you are doing
Dictionary example:
The meeting was held in private.
Learner example:
I agree that th[is] should be in private.
privately /ˈpraɪ.vət.li/
Word family:
Nouns: privacy
Verbs: privatize
Adjectives: private
Adverbs: privately
1714
ADVERB
[B2] in secret, or with only one or two other people present
She spoke privately with the manager.
Despite his public support, privately he was worried.
Learner example:
I'll pick you up from the station so we will have the op[p]ortunity to chat privately.
privatize /ˈpraɪ.və.taɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: privacy
Verbs: privatize
Adjectives: private
Adverbs: privately
VERB [T] (ALSO UK privatise)

[C1] If an industry or organization owned by the government is privatized, it is sold
to private companies.
Dictionary example:
The government plans to privatize many aspects of health care.
Learner example:
The companies were privatised or closed down.
privilege /ˈprɪv.əl.ɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: privilege
Adjectives: privileged
NOUN
ADVANTAGE
[C1] [C or U] an advantage that only one person or group has, usually because of
their position or because they are rich
Dictionary example:
She was born into a life of privilege.
Learner example:
There are only a few things that have been worrying me a bit: firstly I would like to enjoy the
privilege of having my own parking [place].
1715
OPPORTUNITY
[C1] [C] an opportunity to do something special or enjoyable
Dictionary example:
I had the privilege of meeting the Queen.
Learner example:
I have attended several events in benefit of The Foundation but this one was particular[l]y special
and memorable as I had the pleasure and the privilege of meeting Elton again - it is really a great
privilege to be friendly with someone so special as he is.
privileged /ˈprɪv.əl.ɪdʒd/
Word family:
Nouns: privilege
Adjectives: privileged
ADJECTIVE
ADVANTAGE
[C1] having an advantage that only one person or group has, usually because of
their position or because they are rich
a privileged upbringing
As an ambassador, she enjoys a very privileged status.
Learner example:
Today we [are] so privileged, life has become so easy in many ways.
pro /prəʊ/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL pros)
the pros and cons

[B2] the advantages and disadvantages of something
Dictionary example:
We discussed the pros and cons of buying a bigger house.
Learner example:
But balancing the pros and cons, music is good.
1716
probability /ˌprɒb.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: probability
Adjectives: probable
Adverbs: probably
NOUN
[C1] [C or U] how likely it is that something will happen
What's the probability of winning?
There's a high probability that he'll get the job.
Learner example:
The statistics say that if one woman gets married to one man, the probability that they will get
divorced is 50 percent.
probable /ˈprɒb.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: probability
Adjectives: probable
Adverbs: probably
ADJECTIVE
[B2] likely to be true or likely to happen
The probable cause of death was heart failure.
An election in June seems increasingly probable.
It is probable that share prices will fall still further.
Learner example:
Surely the older you are, the less probable it is that you'll choose a bike.
problematic /ˌprɒb.ləˈmæt.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: problem
Adjectives: problematic
ADJECTIVE
[C1] full of problems or difficulties
Dictionary example:
He has a very problematic relationship with his father.
1717
Learner example:
On the other hand, there were some problematic issues.
procedure /prəʊˈsiː.dʒər/
Word family:
Nouns: procedure, process
Verbs: process
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the official or usual way of doing something
The company has new procedures for dealing with complaints.
You must follow correct procedure at all times.
Learner example:
Despite being [a] disorganised procedure, it was successful and many people wanted to attend
next year's festival.
proceed /prəʊˈsiːd/
Word family:
Nouns: proceedings
Verbs: proceed
VERB [I] FORMAL
CONTINUE
[C1] to continue to happen
Dictionary example:
His lawyers have decided not to proceed with the case.
Learner example:
I am not sure which is the best way to proceed with this problem.
process /ˈprəʊ.ses/
Word family:
Nouns: procedure, process
Verbs: process
1718
NOUN [C]
ACTIONS
[B2] a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result
the peace process
Increasing the number of women in top management jobs will be a slow process.
This decision may delay the process of European unification.
The party has begun the painful process of rethinking its policies and strategy.
Going to court to obtain compensation is a long process.
Learner example:
But the situation is getting worse because of the decisions of the European Union, which is trying
to unif[y] the education of Europe without respecting the wishes of the students who are trying to
stop this process.
CHANGES
[B2] a series of changes that happen naturally
the ageing process
It's all part of the learning process.
Learner example:
Th[ese] events are not only to entertain students, but they are also a part of the learning process,
as by communicating with each other students learn the language.
VERB [T]
[B2] to deal with documents in an official way
Dictionary example:
Visa applications take 28 days to process.
produce
Word family:
Nouns: producer, product, production, productivity, reproduction
Verbs: produce, reproduce
Adjectives: productive, unproductive
VERB [T] /prəˈdjuːs/
MAKE
[B1] to make or grow something
1719
The factory produces about 900 cars a year.
She works for a company that produces electrical goods.
This plant will produce small yellow flowers in the spring.
She's asked me to produce a report on the state of the project.
Learner example:
In this club we produce and design the school magazine "Freestyle."
CAUSE
[B2] to cause a reaction or result
The prime minister's speech produced an angry response from the opposition.
Her remarks produced an awkward silence.
If used on delicate skin, this cream may produce a stinging sensation.
Learner example:
I was fascinated by the perfection of the classic[al] sculptures: they were perfectly proportioned,
every part was functional to the beauty of the whole sculpture. It's really different [to] looking at
them in a book! I suggest everybody [should go and] look at them: it produces a magic effect!
SHOW
[C1] to show or offer something to someone
Dictionary example:
One of the men suddenly produced a gun from his pocket.
Learner example:
Robert had produced a bottle of champagne, which they had em[p]tied to the last drop.
producer /prəˈdjuː.sər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
FILM, ETC.
[B2] someone who controls how a film, play, programme, or musical recording is
made
Dictionary example:
a film/Hollywood/movie/record producer
Learner example:
I'm sure they are going to be very interested in your first steps as an actor, but also in your later
career as a film producer.
1720
GOODS/FOOD
[C1] a company, country, or person that makes goods or grows food
Dictionary example:
Australia is one of the world's main producers of wool.
Learner example:
For example, in several countries people who live in the countryside actually are the main
producers of wheat and also the meat that people need in their daily life.
product /ˈprɒd.ʌkt/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B1] something that is made or grown to be sold
They do a range of skin-care products.
The product is so good it sells itself.
I'm trying to cut down on dairy products.
Learner example:
You can buy leather products too.
production /prəˈdʌk.ʃən/
Word family:
NOUN
MAKING
[B2] [U] when you make or grow something
Sand is used in the production of glass.
The company's new model will be going into production early next year.
Learner example:
More people can enjoy music than before, because of [the] mass production of recorded music.
1721
AMOUNT
[B2] [U] the amount of something that is made or grown by a country or a company
We need to increase production by 20%.
Swedish industrial production has fallen steadily this year.
Wheat production has risen over the years.
Learner example:
He became famous because he did a lot of things in this country in a year, like giv[ing] them a
good education, [and] increas[ing] their production.
FILM/MUSIC
[B2] [C or U] when someone controls how a film, play, programme, or musical

recording is made
Dictionary example:
She's hoping to get into television production.
Learner example:
Indeed, Northwood cinema enables people to discover films from all over the world - from a small
Brazilian production to a 3 hour Bollywood movie.
productive /prəˈdʌk.tɪv/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
USEFUL
[B2] producing a good or useful result
Dictionary example:
We had a very productive meeting and sorted out a lot of problems.
Learner example:
Some people think that by keeping animals in [a] zoo we can observe them, and try to understand
the way they [live]; of course, you can learn things, but it would be more productive to observe
them when they are free.
LARGE AMOUNT
[B2] producing a large amount of goods, food, work, etc.
productive land
a productive worker
1722
Learner example:
When the weather is good, I am in the appropriate mood to be productive at work.
productivity /ˌprɒd.ʌkˈtɪv.ə.ti/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[C1] the rate at which goods are produced or work is done
Dictionary example:
We need to increase productivity by 50%.
Learner example:
Though time-consuming, these staff would need to undergo re-training to be able to achieve the
highest level of productivity, besides getting accustomed to the nick-nacks of the Production
Department.
profession /prəˈfeʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: profession, professional
Adjectives: professional, unprofessional
NOUN
WORK
[B1] [C] a type of work that needs special training or education
What's your profession?
He's a doctor by profession.
The report notes that forty per cent of lawyers entering the profession are women.
Learner example:
As I look back at my past, [the] most embarrassing moments in my life seem to have something to
do with my profession, which is an interpreter from Hungarian.
PEOPLE
[B2] [C + SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] the people who do a type of work considered as a
group
Dictionary example:
The medical profession has expressed concern about the new drug.
1723
Learner example:
One day, [when] I had an exam, the examiner asked me questions about the legal profession.
professional /prəˈfeʃ.ən.əl/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
EARNING MONEY
[B1] Someone is professional if they earn money for a sport or activity which most
people do as a hobby.
Dictionary example:
a professional footballer/athlete/musician
Learner example:
For example, I met a boy last week and at the end he told me that h[is] father is a professional
football player.
SKILL
[B1] showing skill and careful attention
a professional attitude
He looks very professional in that suit.
Learner example:
My teacher is English, her name is Bronye, she's very professional, and nice.
JOB
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] relating to a job that needs special training or education
Chris, you're a nurse, so can I ask your professional opinion on bandaging ankles?
You should get some professional advice about your finances.
Learner example:
I want to play safe by saying that I am not an architect, therefore I am not able to give
professional advice.
NOUN [C]
PAID
[B2] someone who earns money for doing a sport or activity which most other
people do as a hobby
1724
Dictionary example:
a rugby professional
Learner example:
Finally, I wondered whether it would be possible to explain how long it take[s] an amateur to
become a professional. Despite know[ing] almost nothing about tennis I would like to win a
championship in the future.
TRAINED
[C1] someone who does a job that needs special training or education
Dictionary example:
health professionals
Learner example:
Computer skills and knowledge are really important for researchers and media professionals.
professor /prəˈfes.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a teacher of the highest rank in a department of a British university, or a

teacher of high rank in an American university or college
Professor Stephen Hawking
a professor of sociology
a sociology professor
Learner example:
To put it in a nutshel[l] I was astonished [at] how they weren't able to get on using that assortment
of high ranked university professors of social science, and were requiring my help.
profile /ˈprəʊ.faɪl/
NOUN [C]
DESCRIPTION
[B2] a short description of a person, organization, etc., giving the main details
about them
He's updated his Facebook profile.
We include a photograph and short profile of all the candidates.
Learner example:
I hope [the] above information suits the profile of [the] person you are looking for [for] the job.
1725
PUBLIC IMAGE
[C1] the amount of public attention that someone or something receives
The firm has a high profile due to the recent media coverage.
The advertising campaign aims to raise the profile of the company.
Learner example:
I believe that this is a great idea, as it will help raise the profile of our club in our college, and
therefore may help increase interest in the club and possibly its membership.
keep a low profile

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
profit /ˈprɒf.ɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: profit
Adjectives: profitable
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] money that you get from selling goods or services for more than they cost to
produce or provide
She makes a big profit from selling waste material to textile companies.
Company profits are down on last year's figures.
He sold his house at a huge profit.
Learner example:
Also, supermarket owners have put in a vast amount of money to find out the best way to
[display] goods in order to get the most profit.
profitable /ˈprɒf.ɪ.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: profit
Adjectives: profitable
1726
ADJECTIVE
MONEY
[B2] resulting in or likely to result in a profit or an advantage
Dictionary example:
Over the years it has developed into a highly profitable business.
Learner example:
It is [a] very profitable business.
USEFUL
[C1] useful or likely to give you an advantage
a profitable discussion
I made profitable use of my time, mixing with a lot of different people and practising my Spanish.
Learner example:
The 'language-shower', as it is called, can sometimes be more productive, efficient and profitable
in terms of assimilating knowledge than any course given by highly est[eem]ed professors.
programme /ˈprəʊ.græm/
NOUN [C]
PLAN
[B2] a plan of events or activities with a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
The college offers an excellent social programme.
Learner example:
First of all I have to say that the school social programme was the best and I really enjoyed it.
programmer /ˈprəʊ.græ.mər/
Word family:
Nouns: program, programming, programmer
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who writes computer programs as a job
Dictionary example:
We employ six programmers on the project.
Learner example:
I'm a 35-year old programmer in a small company.
1727
programming /ˈprəʊ.græm.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: program, programming, programmer
NOUN [U]
[B2] when someone writes computer programs
Dictionary example:
We learned how to do programming.
Learner example:
I'm very keen on programming and I have made a lot of small utility programs for both Mac and
PC.
progress
Word family:
Nouns: progress, progression
Verbs: progress
Adjectives: progressive
NOUN [U] /ˈprəʊ.gres/
IMPROVEMENT
[B1] development and improvement of skills, knowledge, etc.
Technological progress has been so rapid over the last few years.
I'm not making much progress with my Spanish.
Learner example:
I will check new words, the[ir] meanings and pronunciations, to make progress for missed
sessions.
in progress
[B2] happening or being done now
Dictionary example:
Repair work is in progress on the south-bound lane of the motorway and will continue until June.
Learner example:
[In] the lower part of your advertisement, it also said there was a theatre restaurant, [but] in fact,
it was closed because internal decoration was in progress.
VERB [I] /prəˈgres/
IMPROVE
[B2] to improve or develop in skills, knowledge, etc.
1728
Dictionary example:
My Spanish never really progressed beyond the stage of being able to order drinks at the bar.
Learner example:
I have to warn you than I'm not an expert in terms of musical basics, but I'm eager to learn them
because I know no-one can progress without learning them; so the main job will be to do that.
progression /prəʊˈgreʃ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: progress
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when something or someone changes to the next stage of development
a logical/natural progression
Drugs can stop the progression of the disease.
Learner example:
Sharing information between people is a crucial point of peoples' education and it can help in
their career progression.
progressive /prəʊˈgres.ɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: progress
ADJECTIVE
MODERN
[B2] thinking or behaving in a new or modern way
progressive ideas/attitudes
a progressive school
Learner example:
I hear [that] some progressive companies don't really approve of company cars and are trying to
keep them to [a] minimum.
GRADUAL
[C1] developing or happening gradually
1729
There's been a progressive decline in the standard of living over the past few years.
a progressive disease
Learner example:
It was not a quick change, on the contrary it was a progressive change which was accelerated by
some factors during the last two decades.
prohibit /prəʊˈhɪb.ɪt/
[B2] to officially forbid something
Motor vehicles are prohibited from driving in the town centre.
The government introduced a law prohibiting tobacco advertisements on TV.
Parking is strictly prohibited between these gates.
Learner example:
Perhaps we should prohibit the traffic and create a new cheap bus service for the inhabitants and
the tourists.
project /ˈprɒdʒ.ekt/
NOUN [C]
WORK
[B2] a carefully planned piece of work that has a particular purpose
a scientific research project
My next project is decorating the kitchen.
Her latest project is a film based on the life of a nineteenth-century artist.
Learner example:
It is also related to my research project.
projection /prəʊˈdʒek.ʃən/
NOUN
CALCULATION
[C1] [C] a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have
1730
Dictionary example:
government projections of population growth
Learner example:
The line graph shows the Cinema attendance between 1990 and the present, with projections to
2010.
IMAGE
[C1] [U] when a film or an image is projected onto a screen or wall
Dictionary example:
the projection of moving images
Learner example:
Talks and slide projection could be interesting for [o]lder people but not so exciting for younger
people, who would prefer some more "active" entertainment like visits to discos, barbecues, quiz
night, karaoke nights, fancy-dress parties and other similar happenings.
prolong /prəʊˈlɒŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: prolong
Adjectives: prolonged
VERB [T]
[C1] to make something last longer
Dictionary example:
Eating a good diet can prolong your life.
Learner example:
However, nobody expects the strike to be prolonged for more than a week.
prolonged /prəʊˈlɒŋd/
Word family:
Verbs: prolong
Adjectives: prolonged
ADJECTIVE
[C1] continuing for a long time
a prolonged illness
Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun.
Learner example:
What surprised us was the prolonged delay we had to suffer during our departure from Heathrow.
1731
prominent /ˈprɒm.ɪ.nənt/
ADJECTIVE
IMPORTANT
[C1] important or famous
Dictionary example:
a prominent figure
Learner example:
It starts with two very important works of Albrecht Durer, one of the most prominent painters of
his time, not only in Germany.
promise /ˈprɒm.ɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: promise
Verbs: promise
Adjectives: promising
VERB
SAY
[B1] [I or T] to say that you will certainly do something or that something will
certainly happen
She promised to write to me every week.
He promised faithfully to call me every week.
Paul promised me that he'd cook dinner tonight.
"I'll come round and see you every day," she promised.
Learner example:
I promise that I will cover the work that you've done in class and I will send [it] to you the day
after.
GIVE
[B1] [T] to say that you will certainly give something to someone
They promised us a reward.
Grandma's ring was promised to me.
Her parents promised her a new car if she passed her exams.
Learner example:
And as a good friend, he has promised me a[n] invitation to [the] wedding.
1732
promise to be sth
[B2] If something promises to be good, exciting, etc., people expect that it will be
good, exciting, etc.
Dictionary example:
It promises to be a really exciting game.
Learner example:
I'm looking forward to start[ing] this trip with you and Chris. It promises to be very exciting!
NOUN [C]
SAY
[B1] when you say that you will certainly do something
I'll tidy my things away tonight - and that's a promise!
I'm not sure I can do it so I won't make any promises.
Learner example:
Don't forget your promise to not just visit but stay at my place.
keep/break a promise
[B2] to do/not do what you said that you would do
Dictionary example:
If I make a promise, I like to keep it.
Learner example:
In addition, you didn't keep your promise.
promising /ˈprɒm.ɪ.sɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: promise
Verbs: promise
Adjectives: promising
ADJECTIVE
[C1] likely to be very good or successful in the future
a promising student
a promising start to the game
Learner example:
Once a promising football player starts his career he becomes an attractive "thing" to sponsors
and football clubs.
1733
promote /prəˈməʊt/
Word family:
Nouns: promotion
Verbs: promote
VERB [T]
JOB
[B1] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to give someone a more important job in the same organization
If I'm not promoted within the next two years, I'm going to change jobs.
She's just been promoted to senior sales rep.
Learner example:
She invited me to a party because her husband had been promoted in his job.
ADVERTISE
[B2] to advertise something
Dictionary example:
The band is promoting their new album.
Learner example:
At that moment I and a large number of people behind me discovered that I was talking to a
person made out of wax. [It] was there to promote the museum.
ENCOURAGE
[C1] to encourage something to happen or develop
to promote peace
It has long been known that regular exercise promotes all-round good health.
Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers that threaten our planet today.
Learner example:
A notable exception is the advertising of so-called "slow-food" restaurants, which promote [a]
healthy lifestyle.
promotion /prəˈməʊ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: promotion
Verbs: promote
1734
NOUN
ADVERTISEMENT
[B2] [C or U] activities to advertise something
a sales promotion
They're giving away free T-shirts as a special promotion.
Obviously as sales manager he'll be very involved in the promotion and marketing of the product.
Learner example:
There are different kinds of jobs people do during the festival, e.g. some organisational work,
doing promotion for the different events or sell[ing] tickets for the concerts.
JOB
[B2] [C or U] when someone is given a more important job in the same organization
Did Steve get the promotion he wanted?
The job offers excellent promotion prospects.
Learner example:
I would like to congratulate you [o]n your promotion.
ENCOURAGE
[C1] [U NO PLURAL] when you encourage something to happen or develop
Dictionary example:
the promotion of a healthy lifestyle
Learner example:
I would like an education more based on the needs of the country, but not only on the economic
ones but also on the spiritual ones, such as the development of a cultural identity, the promotion
of the arts, and the encouragement of an ecologically friendly way of producing wealth for the
country as a whole.
prompt /prɒmpt/
Word family:
Adjectives: prompt
Adverbs: promptly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] done or acting quickly and without waiting, or arriving at the correct time
prompt payment
a prompt reply
His prompt action certainly saved my life.
1735
Learner example:
I look forward to your prompt reply.
promptly /ˈprɒmpt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: prompt
Adverbs: promptly
ADVERB
[B2] quickly, without delay, or at the arranged time
We'll have to leave fairly promptly if we want to catch that train.
We try to answer readers' letters as promptly as we can.
She promised she'd keep it secret and promptly went and told Ben!
Learner example:
It provides a business lunch which is not very expensive and is served promptly.
pronoun /ˈprəʊ.naʊn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a word which is used instead of a noun or a noun phrase
Pronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned.
'She', 'it' and 'who' are all examples of pronouns.
pronounce /prəˈnaʊnts/
Word family:
Nouns: pronunciation
Verbs: pronounce
VERB [T]
[B1] to make the sound of a letter or word
How do you pronounce your surname?
She pronounced his name so badly he didn't even recognise it.
Sade, pronounced shah-day, is a singer.
Learner example:
During the lesson many foreign students discover how to pronounce words in English.
1736
pronunciation /prəˌnʌnt.siˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: pronunciation
Verbs: pronounce
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] how words are pronounced
Mario's English pronunciation is excellent.
There are two different pronunciations of this word.
Learner example:
My teacher is a friendly young man called Peter. He comes from Scotland and this means that his
accent and pronunciation are quite different.
proof /pruːf/
Word family:
Nouns: proof
Verbs: prove
NOUN [U]
[B2] a fact or a piece of information that shows something exists or is true
She showed us her passport as proof of her identity.
Do they have any proof that it was Hampson who stole the goods?
Keep your receipt as proof of purchase.
Learner example:
The smile of a child is the best proof of the utility of zoos.
proper /ˈprɒp.ər/
Word family:
Adjectives: proper
Adverbs: properly
CORRECT
[B1] correct or suitable
1737
the proper way to do something
Please put those books back in the proper place.
If you're going to walk those sort of distances you need proper walking boots.
Learner example:
He is unable to speak proper English.
REAL
[B1] real and satisfactory
his first proper job
I've had sandwiches but I haven't eaten a proper meal.
Learner example:
I [had to] change my previous profession (civil engineer) as I couldn't find a proper job.
properly /ˈprɒp.əl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: proper
Adverbs: properly
ADVERB
[B1] correctly, or in a satisfactory way
It's still not working properly.
I'm not properly dressed for this sort of weather.
Come on, Evie, speak properly - you're not a baby any more!
Learner example:
Unfortunately my bicycle is not working properly, so I was just wondering if I could borrow
yours[?]
proper noun /ˈprɒp.əˌnaʊn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a word or group of words that is the name of a person or place and always
begins with a capital letter
Dictionary example:
'London' is a proper noun.
1738
property /ˈprɒp.ə.ti/
NOUN
THINGS OWNED
[B1] [U] objects that belong to someone
lost property
The club does not accept responsibility for loss of or damage to club members' personal property.
Children need to be taught to have respect for other people's property.
Learner example:
When I re[aliz]ed that I had lost it, I went to the lost property point in the shopping centre to ask
about it, but they couldn't do anything for m[e].
BUILDING
[B2] [C or U] a building or area of land
He owns a number of properties in the centre of London.
The notice said 'Private Property, Keep Off.'
Learner example:
Every shopkeeper and houseowner should ma[i]ntain their property, looking after gardens and
plants that s[u]rround it, trying to keep rub[b]ish out of sight.
proportion /prəˈpɔː.ʃən/
NOUN
PART OF TOTAL
[C1] [C] a part of a total number or amount
Children make up a large proportion of the world's population.
The class consists of men and women in roughly equal proportions.
Learner example:
A significant proportion of the respondents (80%) said that they are not pleased with dangerous
roads and the queues during the rush-hours and they also encounter difficulties in finding a safe
house to rent.
1739
proposal /prəˈpəʊ.zəl/
Word family:
Nouns: proposal, proposition
Verbs: propose
Adjectives: proposed
NOUN [C]
PLAN
[B2] a suggestion for a plan
a proposal to raise taxes
The proposal for a new sports hall has been rejected.
There has been an angry reaction to the government's proposal to reduce unemployment benefit.
There was anger at the proposal that a UN peacekeeping force should be sent to the area.
Learner example:
I would like you to consider my proposal [and] give me [your] response as soon as possible.
MARRY
[B2] when someone asks someone to marry them
Dictionary example:
As a young woman, she received several proposals.
Learner example:
After this, things went perfectly well, and Mary accepted his proposal to marry him.
propose /prəˈpəʊz/
Word family:
Verbs: propose
VERB
SUGGEST
[B2] [T] to suggest a plan or action
I propose that we delay our decision until we have more information.
proposed changes
Learner example:
I think [the] most important [thing] is that you understand our language. So I propose that you
[attend] a school for the first two month[s].
1740
propose to do sth
[B2] to intend to do something
Dictionary example:
They propose to cycle across Europe.
Learner example:
I propose to build a new hotel following the traditional architecture of the village.
MARRY
[B2] [I] to ask someone to marry you
Dictionary example:
He proposed to me on my birthday.
Learner example:
First he caught everybod[y's] attention and straightaway he proposed marriage to her.
proposed /prəˈpəʊzd/
Word family:
Verbs: propose
ADJECTIVE
[B2] suggested as an idea or plan
Dictionary example:
The proposed road would cut right through the forest.
Learner example:
I will need information about the price of the proposed vacation.
proposition /ˌprɒp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: propose
NOUN [C]
[C1] an offer or suggestion, usually in business
Dictionary example:
an attractive/interesting proposition
1741
Learner example:
If you will consider this proposition positively, then we w[ould] like to produce a deal for you to
become our only importer in Britain.
prospect /ˈprɒs.pekt/
Word family:
Nouns: prospect
Adjectives: prospective
NOUN
POSSIBILITY
[B2] [C or U] the possibility that something good might happen in the future
Is there any prospect of the weather improving?
Job prospects for graduates in the sciences are good.
We've been warned that there is a prospect of flooding due to the heavy rains.
Learner example:
With our effort, I am sure things will be realize[d] and the prospect is [bright].
sb's prospects
[B2] the possibility of being successful
Dictionary example:
The course will improve his career prospects.
Learner example:
I could learn many things from picking fruit and vegetables and improve my job prospects.
prospective /prəˈspek.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: prospect
Adjectives: prospective
ADJECTIVE
prospective buyers/employers/parents, etc.

[C1] Prospective buyers, employers, parents, etc., are not yet buyers, employers,
parents, etc., but are expected to be in the future.
Dictionary example:
We hold an open day for prospective students.
1742
Learner example:
The page is useful for prospective students as well as for people who are already studying and
plan to go abroad.
prosperity /prɒsˈper.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: prosperity
Verbs: prosper
Adjectives: prosperous
NOUN [U]
[C1] when a person or group of people is successful, usually by earning a lot of

money
Dictionary example:
Our nation's prosperity comes from oil.
Learner example:
It is a typical tradition and the rice means prosperity for the couple.
prosperous /ˈprɒs.pər.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: prosperity
Verbs: prosper
Adjectives: prosperous
ADJECTIVE
[C1] successful, usually by earning a lot of money
Dictionary example:
He is a prosperous car dealer.
Learner example:
Of course our employees will also benefit from the company becoming more prosperous.
prostitute /ˈprɒs.tɪ.tjuːt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] ! someone whose job is having sex with people
Dictionary example:
There were a lot of prostitutes working in the area.
1743
Learner example:
Some people say they are prostitutes while others deny it.
protect /prəˈtekt/
Word family:
Nouns: protection
Verbs: protect
Adjectives: protective
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to keep someone or something safe from something dangerous or bad
clothing that protects you against the cold
It's important to protect your skin from the harmful effects of the sun.
Public pressure to protect the environment is strong and growing.
Learner example:
Hats protect me from the sun (my skin is very sensitive to the sun) and they are also pretty cool.
protection /prəˈtek.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: protection
Verbs: protect
NOUN [U]
[B2] the act of protecting or state of being protected
This coat doesn't provide any protection against the rain.
Their tent gave/offered little protection against the severe storm.
New legislation still does not offer adequate protection for many endangered species.
Learner example:
I prefer to be accommodated in a log cabin because it gives better protection against the weather
and I can sleep much better in it.
protective /prəˈtek.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: protection
Verbs: protect
1744
ADJECTIVE
GIVING PROTECTION
[B2] giving protection
protective clothing
a protective mask
Learner example:
Besides, I don't want to wear any protective head-gear, which all the riders are obliged to wear.
WANTING TO PROTECT
[C1] wanting to protect someone from criticism, hurt, danger, etc. because you like
them
It's easy to be too protective towards/of your children.
She's fiercely protective of the man she married 29 years ago.
Learner example:
She is very protective with children [in] her custody and can get very aggressive to protect them
from strangers or dogs.
protein /ˈprəʊ.tiːn/
NOUN [U]
[C1] food such as meat, cheese, fish, or eggs that is necessary for the body to grow
and be strong
Dictionary example:
Nuts and fish both contain protein.
Learner example:
In miso soup, a lot of ingredients which have protein are used, and protein is a useful element to
keep our body healthy.
protest /ˈprəʊ.test/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when people show that they disagree with something by standing somewhere,
shouting, carrying signs, etc.
a public protest against the war
a peaceful/violent protest
1745
Learner example:
I believe that we could force the authorities to do something for us by joining [together] in a very
big protest.
VERB /prəˈtest/
protest (about/against/at sth)

[B2] to show that you disagree with something by standing somewhere, shouting,
carrying signs, etc.
They're on strike to protest against job losses.
Students were protesting about cuts to the education budget.
Learner example:
Undoubtedly, the human rights' defenders would protest.
COMPLAIN
[B2] [I or T] to say something forcefully or complain about something
A lot of people protested about the new working hours.
They protested bitterly to their employers, but they wouldn't listen.
A young girl was crying, protesting that she didn't want to leave her mother.
Learner example:
I'd also like to point out that although the service is pleasant, it's a bit slow, which often makes
the customers impatient and leads them to protest.
proud /praʊd/
Word family:
Adjectives: proud
Adverbs: proudly
ADJECTIVE
PLEASED
[B1] feeling very pleased about something you have done, something you own, or
someone you know
She was so proud of her son.
I'm very proud to be involved in this project.
Learner example:
Anyway I am so happy to hear that. I'm really proud of you.
1746
be too proud (to do sth)
[B2] to not be able to do something, especially ask for help, because you are too
embarrassed
Dictionary example:
He's too proud to ask you for any money.
Learner example:
She didn't want people to see her like this. She was too proud, too proud...
proudly /ˈpraʊd.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: proud
Adverbs: proudly
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that shows you are pleased about something you have done,
something you own, or someone you know
He proudly held out his trophy for us to admire.
There were photographs of all her children proudly displayed on the mantelpiece.
Learner example:
"Congratulations Alison!" her mum said proudly.
prove /pruːv/
Word family:
Nouns: proof
Verbs: prove
VERB [T]
SHOW TRUTH
[B1] to show that something is true
Can you prove that you weren't there?
They proved him innocent/guilty.
That theory was proved false.
He's so aggressive - it's as if he's always trying to prove something.
Learner example:
It was real[l]y stressful because I wanted to prove that the level of my English is high enough for
this class but I was too nervous to speak cor[r]ectly.
1747
RESULT
[B2] to show a particular result or quality after a period of time
The operation proved a complete success.
The new treatment has proved to be very effective.
Learner example:
John proved to be a good friend and I really thank him for what he did for me.
provide /prəˈvaɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: provider, provision
Verbs: provide
VERB [T]
[B1] to give someone something that they need
This booklet provides useful information/advice about local services.
All meals are provided throughout the course.
Learner example:
The restaurant provides excellent service.
provided (that) /prəˈvɑɪd.ɪd.ðət/ (ALSO providing (that))
CONJUNCTION
[B2] if, or only if
Dictionary example:
He's welcome to come along, provided that he behaves himself.
Learner example:
Finally, provided that you have some money to spend, you can always have a great time strolling
through shopping halls.
provider /prəˈvaɪ.dər/
Word family:
Verbs: provide
1748
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who provides something
an Internet service provider
The bank is now a major provider of financial services to industry.
Until her illness she was the main provider in the family.
Learner example:
I would like to complain a[bou]t my gas and electricity provider Energy Plus.
provision /prəˈvɪʒ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: provide
NOUN
[C1] [C or U] when something is provided
The provision of good public transport will be essential for developing the area.
Of course there's provision in the plan for population increase.
When designing buildings in this area, you have to make provision against earthquakes.
Learner example:
Following serious complaints from students, I have read through the three proposals given to me
regarding provision of food in the institute.
psychological /ˌsaɪ.kəlˈɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: psychologist, psychology
Adjectives: psychological
Adverbs: psychologically
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to the human mind and feelings
psychological problems
He claims that the constant aircraft noise has a bad psychological effect on the residents.
We are concerned with the physical and psychological well-being of our employees.
Learner example:
To sum up, taking up team sports [is important] for school children as they are provided with
important psychological and social [experiences] vital for their lives.
1749
psychologically /ˌsaɪ.kəlˈɒdʒ.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is connected to a person's psychological state
Dictionary example:
psychologically disturbed
Learner example:
It makes us like robots and [we] feel bad psychologically, because we want to be different and free
[to wear what we want].
psychologist /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒɪst/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who studies the human mind and human emotions and behaviour,
and how different situations have an effect on them
a child psychologist
an educational psychologist
Learner example:
Some psychologists claim that forcing pupils to study subjects they don't like can be frustrating
for them or even reduce their intellectual potential.
psychology /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B2] the scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences
behaviour, or the influence of a particular person's character on their behaviour
1750
She studied psychology at Harvard.
a lecturer in psychology
child psychology
the psychology of the soldier
Learner example:
I think it would be a nice experience for me because I am studying psychology.
public /ˈpʌb.lɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: publicity
Adjectives: public
Adverbs: publicly
ADJECTIVE
GOVERNMENT
[B1] provided by the government from taxes to be available to everyone
public funds/services/spending
a public library
Learner example:
I've found an advertisement on the noticeboard outside the public library that might interest you.
PEOPLE
[B2] relating to or involving people in general, rather than being limited to a

particular group of people
Public opinion has turned against him.
Is it really in the public interest to publish this information?
We need to increase public awareness of the disease.
The results will not be made public until tomorrow.
We will not go public with the results until tomorrow.
Learner example:
I would like to add that when it comes to public opinion there is a great variety of different points
of view - that is why this article, which asserts that ,"performers were second-rate'' seems to be
unfair.
NOUN
the public [+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB]
[B1] all ordinary people
1751
The public has a right to know about this.
The palace and its grounds are open to the public during the summer months.
When will the product be available to the general public?
Members of the public were asked about their shopping habits.
Learner example:
That is great, because [during] this season a lot of towns usually celebrate and have parties in
which you can dance, drink, eat and do one of the several activities that they offer to the public.
in public
[B2] in a place where other people, especially people you do not know, can hear
you and see what you are doing
Dictionary example:
He shouldn't behave like that in public.
Learner example:
This shyness makes it hard for me to speak in public, or even to go out with my friends as often
as I should.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
publication /ˌpʌb.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: publication, publisher
Verbs: publish
NOUN
BOOK, ETC.
[B2] [C] a book, magazine, newspaper or document in which information or stories

are published
Dictionary example:
Our latest publication is a magazine for surfers.
Learner example:
Dear Sir, I am taking the opportunity to write to you [as] I used your publication "The Student
Tourist Guidebook" during my last trip to Lampton.
1752
PRINTING
[B2] [U] the act of making information or stories available to people in a printed
form
The brochure will be ready for publication in September.
Will you arrange the publication of the names of the winners?
When is the publication date?
Learner example:
First, I would like to thank you for the publication of [this] article.
publicity /pʌbˈlɪs.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: publicity
Adjectives: public
Adverbs: publicly
NOUN [U]
[B2] advertising or information about someone or something in the newspaper, on

television, etc.
bad/good publicity
We've planned an exciting publicity campaign with our advertisers.
The pop group's arrival by hot-air balloon was just a publicity stunt.
Learner example:
We could also prepare a special publicity campaign because we want all the people in Britain [to]
know how wonderful our town is.
publicly /ˈpʌb.lɪ.kli/
Word family:
Nouns: publicity
Adjectives: public
Adverbs: publicly
ADVERB
[C1] If something is done publicly, it is done so that everyone can know about it
Dictionary example:
The company publicly apologized and agreed to contribute some money to charity.
1753
Learner example:
It would be a sound opportunity for our singers to perform their new albums and make their work
publicly known.
public transport /ˌpʌb.lɪkˈtræn.spɔːt/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a system of vehicles such as buses and trains which operate at regular times
on fixed routes and are used by the public
Dictionary example:
Greater investment in public transport would keep more cars off the roads.
Learner example:
I travelled by public transport.
publish /ˈpʌb.lɪʃ/
Word family:
Verbs: publish
[B1] to make information available to people, especially in a book, magazine or

newspaper, or to produce and sell a book, magazine or newspaper
She's just had an article published in their weekend supplement.
The Government publishes figures every six months showing how many people are unemployed.
The names of the winners of the competition will be published in June.
She was only 19 when her first novel was published.
Learner example:
My article was published and I rec[e]ived 500 pounds.
publisher /ˈpʌb.lɪ.ʃər/
Word family:
Verbs: publish
NOUN [C]
[B2] a company or person who prepares and prints books, newspapers, magazines,
etc.
1754
Dictionary example:
He works for a publisher in Edinburgh.
Learner example:
I suggest that the music publisher should organise more concerts for us and give us more
chances to listen [to] "real music" not just tapes.
pudding /ˈpʊd.ɪŋ/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a sweet dish that is usually eaten as the last part of a meal
We've got apple pie for pudding.
a sticky toffee pudding
Learner example:
The pudding was delicious.
pull /pʊl/
VERB
pull sth off/out/up

[B1] to take hold of something and use physical effort to remove it from
somewhere
I pulled the plug out.
He pulled off his sweater.
I spent the morning pulling up the weeds in the flowerbeds.
Learner example:
My tv is broken because of my little sister: she pulled out the cable.
pull yourself along/up, etc.

[B2] to take hold of something and use effort to move your body forwards or up
Dictionary example:
She pulled herself up the stairs, holding onto the rail.
Learner example:
Rollo and the police ran after him and then Rollo fired wounding Harry, who started to pull himself
up the stairs to a manhole above his head and then he died.
1755
pullover /ˈpʊl.əʊ.vər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a warm piece of clothing which covers the top of your body and is pulled on
over your head
Dictionary example:
a black woolly pullover
Learner example:
My favo[u]rite pullover is one with small hearts.
pulse /pʌls/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the regular movement of blood through your body when your heart is beating
She put her fingers on my wrist to take my pulse (=count the number of beats per minute).
My pulse rate is 70.
Learner example:
Nowadays, stressful things are all around you. They have bad effects on your work, private life or
education, as well as sometimes causing you health problems such as high blood pressure, an
irregular pulse, etc.
pump /pʌmp/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a piece of equipment which is used to cause liquid, air or gas to move from
one place to another
a water/bicycle pump
a fuel/petrol pump
Learner example:
You need to connect a[n] oxygen pump supplying oxygen [which is] require[d] by goldfish.
1756
punch /pʌntʃ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] when you hit someone or something with your fist
Dictionary example:
a punch on the nose
Learner example:
He gave me a punch and we started to fight.
VERB [T]
[B2] to hit someone or something with your fist
Dictionary example:
He punched him in the stomach.
Learner example:
She start[ed] crying and she punched me!
punctuation /ˌpʌŋk.tjuˈeɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the use of punctuation marks in writing so that people can see when a
sentence begins and finishes, that something is a question, etc.
Dictionary example:
His letter was completely without punctuation.
punish /ˈpʌn.ɪʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: punishment
Verbs: punish
VERB [T]
[B1] to make someone suffer because they have done something bad
Those responsible for these crimes must be brought to court and punished.
He punished the class by giving them extra work.
Learner example:
I'll be punished by my parents, because [I told them] a lie.
1757
punishment /ˈpʌn.ɪʃ.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: punishment
Verbs: punish
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when someone is punished
He had to stay in his bedroom as a punishment for fighting.
Many people think that the death penalty is too severe a punishment for any crime.
Learner example:
I was punished, nearly expel[led], but Pat didn't receive any punishment.
puppy /ˈpʌp.i/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a young dog
Dictionary example:
a litter of puppies
Learner example:
I was on the beach when my mobile phone rang. I knew that my mother was going to [tell] me that
my puppy [was] dead, [so] I didn't answer the call.
purchase /ˈpɜː.tʃəs/ FORMAL
VERB [T]
[B2] to buy
Tickets must be purchased two weeks in advance.
She purchased her first house with the money.
Learner example:
Of course I was able to purchase a second-hand one but I thought that it was a good investment
to have a new computer with up-to-date software.
NOUN
THING BOUGHT
[B2] [C] something that you buy
1758
How do you wish to pay for your purchases?
a major purchase
Learner example:
The other day I was standing in a large department store waiting to pay for a couple of films for
my camera when the assistant announced that the computer which controlled the till had stopped
working. So there we were: a shop full of customers, money at the ready, waiting to make our
purchases.
ACT OF BUYING
[B2] [C or U] the act of buying something
New restrictions have been placed on the purchase of guns.
A house is the most expensive purchase that most people ever make.
No purchase is necessary for you to enter this competition.
This product may be frozen. If required, freeze on day of purchase.
Learner example:
Report on the purchase of English videos
pure /pjʊər/
Word family:
Nouns: purity
Adjectives: pure
Adverbs: purely
ADJECTIVE
NOT MIXED
[B1] A pure substance is not mixed with anything else.
pure gold
a pure cotton shirt
Learner example:
Its domes are made of pure copper, inside there's a big bell called "Zygmunt".
CLEAN
[B1] clean and healthy
The mountain air was wonderfully pure.
Tap water is never chemically pure.
Learner example:
The weather is sunny, the gentle breeze is pure and fresh.
1759
EMPHASIS
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] used to emphasize that a feeling, quality, or state is
completely and only that thing
pure coincidence
Her face had a look of pure delight.
Learner example:
It switches your mind off and stre[t]ches all your muscles at the same time. It's pure refreshment!
purely /ˈpjʊə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: purity
Adjectives: pure
Adverbs: purely
ADVERB
[C1] only
Dictionary example:
She married him purely for his money.
Learner example:
And we had to arrange our social programme purely by ourselves.
purity /ˈpjʊə.rə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: purity
Adjectives: pure
Adverbs: purely
NOUN [U]
[C1] the quality of being pure
Dictionary example:
air purity
Learner example:
The beauty, purity and power of Chinese poems is hard to resist.
1760
purpose /ˈpɜː.pəs/
NOUN
REASON
[B1] [C] why you do something or why something exists
The main purpose of the meeting is to discuss the future of the company.
The drug may be legalized for medical purposes.
a multi-purpose kitchen knife
Learner example:
I think the purpose of it was to make the atmosphere more relax[ed].
on purpose
[B1] intentionally
Dictionary example:
I didn't do it on purpose, it was an accident.
Learner example:
I didn't do it on purpose; it was dark and I just walked into it.
pursue /pəˈsjuː/
Word family:
Nouns: pursuit
Verbs: pursue
VERB [T]
[C1] If you pursue a plan, activity, or situation, you try to do it or achieve it, usually
over a long period of time.
She decided to pursue a career in television.
We suspect that our boss is pursuing a hidden agenda.
Learner example:
I will be shortly pursuing a degree course in computing and I would like to obtain first the entry
qualification that is required for the degree course.
1761
push /pʊʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: push
Verbs: push
Adjectives: pushy
VERB
MOVE YOURSELF
[B1] [I or T] to move somewhere by moving someone or something away from you
I'm sorry - I didn't mean to push in front of you.
She pushed through the crowd.
He pushed past the waiting journalists, refusing to speak to them.
They pushed their way to the front of the queue.
PRESS
[B1] [T] to press something
Dictionary example:
If you push this button, the seat goes back.
Learner example:
I was feeling very angry when I pushed the answer button.
push (sb) for sth/to do sth

[B2] to try hard to achieve something or to make someone do something
Local residents are pushing for the road to be made wider.
We had to push them to accept our terms, but they finally agreed to the deal.
Learner example:
Governments should push young artists to get involve[d] in their work.
push yourself
[B2] to make yourself work very hard in order to achieve something
Dictionary example:
She really pushed herself when she was at school.
Learner example:
Don't push yourself too hard and remember to drink more water.
ENCOURAGE
[C1] [T] to try to make someone do something that they do not want to do
Dictionary example:
My mother pushed me into having ballet lessons.
1762
Learner example:
The biggest help though was my parents who were really understan[ding] and didn't push me too
hard into learning English and that why I succe[e]ded.
NOUN
PRESS
[B1] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] when you move someone or something by pressing them
with your hands or body
Get on the swing and I'll give you a push.
I gave the door a hard push, but it still wouldn't open.
Learner example:
The door was open, so I gave it a push.
ENCOURAGEMENT
[C1] [C] encouragement to make someone do something
Dictionary example:
I'm sure he'll go, he just needs a little push that's all.
Learner example:
I knew before what I was capable of doing but I really needed a push.
put /pʊt/
VERB [T] (putting, put, put)
CAUSE
[B2] to cause someone or something to be in a particular condition or situation
What's put you in such a bad mood?
I'm not prepared to put my children at risk.
I'm looking forward to putting my ideas into practice.
He's putting me under pressure to change my mind.
The terrorists were put on trial six years after the bombing.
Learner example:
If we put my plan into practice, we can help to resolve the city's financial problems and reduce
local taxes.
put an end to sth

[B2] to cause something to stop
Dictionary example:
We must put an end to this violence.
1763
Learner example:
That is all I can say about [what] I have seen [o]n my last visit to the zoo, and in my opinion the
authorities have to do something in order to put an end to it.
put pressure on sb
[B2] to try to force someone to do something
Dictionary example:
They're putting pressure on me to make a decision.
Learner example:
She puts a lot of pressure on me and beli[e]ves that I can do it in the same way as she did.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
put your mind to sth

[C1] to give your full attention to something and try very hard to do it
Dictionary example:
You could win if you put your mind to it.
Learner example:
With all the technology available, the task is actually quite simple if you put your mind to it.
put something into practice

[C1] to do something in reality that has been planned or talked about
Next month we will have a chance to put these ideas into practice.
How do you intend to put these proposals into practice?
Learner example:
The doctors cannot really put all their skills into practice.
put a stop to sth

[C1] to end something unpleasant
Dictionary example:
We must put a stop to the violence.
Learner example:
Maybe these new activities (video - videogames), which are quite distracti[ng], are at the same
time so addictive that youngsters find it hard to put a stop to it.
1764
puzzle /ˈpʌz.l
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: puzzle
Verbs: puzzle
Adjectives: puzzled
VERB
[C1] to make someone confused because they do not understand something
Dictionary example:
I was puzzled by what he said.
Learner example:
Dear Fiona, I was really touched by your concern regarding our daily life at the moment but I was
also quite puzzled.
puzzled /ˈpʌz.l
̩d/
Word family:
Nouns: puzzle
Verbs: puzzle
Adjectives: puzzled
ADJECTIVE
[B2] confused because you do not understand something
He had a puzzled look on his face.
I'm a bit puzzled that I haven't heard from Liz for so long.
Learner example:
To the editor, I am puzzled by the report which appeared on yesterday's page 2, concerning the
Westfield Music Festival.
pyjamas /pəˈdʒɑː.məz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] soft loose clothing which is worn in bed and consists of trousers and a type of
shirt
Dictionary example:
I need a new pair of pyjamas.
Learner example:
The horrible embarrassing moment was about to happen. Smiling, the clerk said :"Sorry madams,
you are in pyjamas"
1765
pyramid /ˈpɪr.ə.mɪd/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a shape with a square base and four triangular sides that meet to form a point
at the top
Dictionary example:
The stones were shaped into a pyramid.
Learner example:
The King was living in his great palace with a view [of] the biggest pyramid in the village, smaller
ones were [situated] around it.
1766
Q
qualification /ˌkwɒl.ɪ.fəˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: qualification
Verbs: qualify, disqualify
Adjectives: qualified, unqualified
NOUN
STUDY
[B1] [C OFTEN PLURAL] something that you get when you are successful in an exam or
course of study
You'll never get a good job if you don't have any qualifications.
Does he have any legal/teaching qualifications?
Requirements for the job include a qualification in nursing.
Learner example:
To improve my qualification[s], I joined the Cambridge Business class.
COMPETITION
[C1] [U] success in getting into a competition
Dictionary example:
England's qualification for the World Cup.
Learner example:
The video tells how particular national teams got through their qualification for finals and then
presents the most interesting games that took place in Italy '92.
qualified /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪd/
Word family:
1767
ADJECTIVE
PASSED EXAMS
[B1] having passed the exams needed for a particular job
a newly qualified teacher
Tim is now a qualified architect.
Learner example:
I'd like to inform you that the courses are very interesting because of the qualified teachers in this
college.
HAVING SKILLS
[B2] having the skills, qualities or experience that you need in order to do
something
John is really the best qualified to make that decision.
I'm not really qualified to give advice on the subject.
Learner example:
I don't think that anyone else in my country is qualified to take over his seat.
qualify /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪ/
Word family:
VERB
PASS EXAMS
[B2] [I or T] to pass the exams that allow you to do a particular job
She hopes to qualify as a lawyer at the end of the year.
He qualified in medicine in 1992.
This course qualifies you to teach in any secondary school.
BE ALLOWED
[B2] [I or T] If you qualify for something, you are allowed to do it or have it.
To qualify for the competition you need to be over 18.
She doesn't qualify for maternity leave because she hasn't been in her job long enough.
1768
Learner example:
If you think I qualify for the job, you can contact me [at] the a[d]dress written above.
SPORT
[B2] [I] to succeed in getting into a competition or in reaching a particular stage in a

competition
Nigeria were the first team to qualify for the World Cup.
Both sides failed to qualify.
Learner example:
I left the stadium disappointed, fear[ing] that Portugal would not qualify for the World
Championships once more.
quality /ˈkwɒl.ə.ti/
NOUN
GOOD OR BAD
[B1] [U NO PLURAL] how good or bad something is
good/high quality
poor/low quality
The air quality in this area is terrible.
All we are asking for is a decent quality of life.
Learner example:
It's good quality and can play any types of DVD.
GOOD
[B1] [U] when something is very good or well made
Dictionary example:
I was impressed by the quality of their clothes.
Learner example:
They're more expensive than I expected but I prefer quality to quantity.
CHARACTER
[B2] [C] a part of someone's character
leadership qualities
He has a lot of good qualities but being organized isn't one of them.
She's a woman of great personal qualities.
I don't think he has the right qualities to be a teacher.
1769
Learner example:
Moreover, I have other qualities such as politeness, [and] I feel pleased when helping people, thus
I am capable of looking after members of the public.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] very good
Dictionary example:
We only sell quality products in this store.
Learner example:
There are many good shops which sell quality products and they are not that expensive.
quantity /ˈkwɒn.tə.ti/
NOUN [C or U]
AMOUNT
[B1] the amount or number of something
Police found a large/small quantity of drugs in his possession.
We consume vast quantities of sugar in this country.
They are now developing ways to produce the vaccine in large quantities.
This recipe is only for four, so I usually do double the quantity if I'm cooking for my family.
Learner example:
They're more expensive than I expected but I prefer quality to quantity.
LARGE AMOUNT
[B2] a lot of something
Dictionary example:
I'm just amazed at the quantity of food that gets eaten.
Learner example:
What surprised me was the quantity of incorrect figures reported in your article.
quarrel /ˈkwɒr.əl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an argument
She had a quarrel with her neighbour.
They had a quarrel about/over money a few months back.
1770
Learner example:
Sometimes, we can have quarrels with our parents who refuse to support our ideas.
VERB [I]
[B2] to argue
Dictionary example:
I was always quarrelling with my brother.
Learner example:
In spite of that, I found it difficult to forgive her as she had hurt my feelings; that's why the only
thing I could tell her since we had quarrelled was: "It serves you right, I'll hate you for the rest of
your life!"
query /ˈkwɪə.ri/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a question
Dictionary example:
If you have any queries about your treatment, the doctor will answer them.
Learner example:
If you have any further queries, please contact me [on] 01-234567.
question /ˈkwes.tʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: question
Verbs: question
Adjectives: questionable
NOUN
PROBLEM
[B2] [C] a situation or problem that needs to be dealt with or considered
This raises the question of teacher pay.
Two important questions arise from this debate.
Learner example:
Then it raises an important question: "[Do] museums provide enough to interest young people?"
DOUBT
[B2] [U] doubt or uncertainty
1771
There's no question that this was an accidental fire.
There's no question about whose fault it is.
Whether children are reading fewer books is open to question.
This latest report calls into question the safety of the drug.
His ability has never been in question.
Learner example:
There's no question that it was absolutely great!
be a question of
[C1] used for saying what the most important issue is in a situation
Dictionary example:
Someone needs to be here - it's a question of who would be the best person.
Learner example:
The choice is a question of price.
ASK
[B2] to ask a person about something, especially officially
Several men were questioned by police yesterday about the burglary.
68% of those questioned in the survey thought noise levels had increased.
Learner example:
A total of 60 per cent of those questioned suggested that we should find sponsorship for all
activities. 30 per cent of those questioned said that there are not enough seats in the reception
area.
EXPRESS DOUBT
[B2] to feel or express doubt about something
I'm not for a moment questioning your decision.
I'm just questioning whether we need the extra staff.
Learner example:
It may sound funny, but mud, gravel and snow lying on the school's floors is not a nice sight, so
we change our shoes without questioning that rule.
question mark /ˈkwes.tʃənˌmɑːk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the ? punctuation mark that is put at the end of a phrase or sentence to show
that it is a question
1772
questionnaire /ˌkwes.tʃəˈneər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a set of questions asked of a large number of people to discover information

about a subject
Dictionary example:
Residents have been sent questionnaires about their homes and energy use.
Learner example:
I had to fill in [a] questionnaire about m[yself].
queue /kjuː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a line of people waiting for something, one behind the other
Are you in the queue?
There's a long queue for tickets.
There's a queue to get in.
There was a long queue of traffic stretching down the road.
If you want tickets you'll have to join the queue.
Learner example:
So we can buy the tickets and the popcorn [and] relax, without [having] to wait in a big queue.
VERB [I] (ALSO queue up)

[B2] to wait in a line of people, often to buy something
We had to queue for three hours to get in.
Dozens of people were queueing up to get tickets.
Learner example:
I queued for at least an hour because the ticket machine broke down.
quiet /kwaɪət/
Word family:
Nouns: quiet
Adjectives: quiet
Adverbs: quietly
1773
ADJECTIVE
NOT TALKING MUCH
[B1] If someone is quiet, they talk very little.
He was a shy, quiet man.
I was a bit worried about her - she seemed very quiet.
Learner example:
He's a quiet person but I'm [that] too.
NOUN [U]
[B2] when there is little or no noise
Dictionary example:
She needs a bit of peace and quiet.
Learner example:
At least if you were working in a museum, you would probably have some peace and quiet.
quietly /ˈkwaɪət.li/
Word family:
Nouns: quiet
Adjectives: quiet
Adverbs: quietly
ADVERB
WITHOUT NOISE
[B1] making little or no noise
Dictionary example:
"Don't worry," she said quietly.
Learner example:
They were talking quietly and just before [getting into] the car, they kissed.
WITHOUT ACTIVITY
[B1] doing something without much noise or activity
Dictionary example:
He sat quietly on the sofa, reading a book.
Learner example:
It was about eight o'clock in the evening, I was watching TV quietly in my living-room when the
phone rang.
1774
quit /kwɪt/ (quitting, quit, quit)
VERB
STOP WORK
[B1] [I or T] to leave a job
I hated the work so much that I quit.
Would you quit your job if you inherited lots of money?
Learner example:
Winning let me quit my job and I could afford [to] study more English than I used to do.
STOP SOMETHING
[B1] [T] to stop doing something
I'm going to quit smoking.
Quit wasting my time!
Press Q to quit the program.
Learner example:
And, last but not least, quit smoking!
quite /kwaɪt/
ADVERB
quite a bit
[B1] INFORMAL a lot
He does quite a bit of travelling.
She's quite a bit older than him.
Learner example:
We spent quite a bit of time [going] along the beach.
COMPLETELY
[B1] completely
Are you quite sure you want to go?
I'm quite happy to go myself if you'd prefer that.
The two situations are quite different.
1775
Learner example:
I'm quite sure you will love my country, especially the Amazon basins and the biggest rain-forest
[in] the world!
quite a while
[B1] a long time
I hadn’t seen Rebecca in quite a while.
It took quite a while to clean out the garage.
Learner example:
But although I have what you could call "simple" tastes, it takes me quite a while to decide what to
buy.
not quite
[B2] almost but not completely
I'm not quite sure that I understand this.
The colours almost match but not quite.
He didn't get quite enough votes to win.
Learner example:
The student cafe has a welcoming atmosphere and most people said it was nice to sit and to drink
coffee [there]. [T]he only problem is that there are not quite enough tables and chairs for everyone
at busy times.
quote /kwəʊt/
Word family:
Nouns: quotation, quote
Verbs: quote
VERB [I or T]
REPEAT
[C1] to repeat the words that someone else has said or written
I was quoting from Marx.
Can I quote you on that?
"If they're flexible, we're flexible", the official was quoted as saying.
Learner example:
Let me quote another sentence: "...carefully selected host families".
GIVE EXAMPLE
[C1] to give a fact or example to support what you are saying
1776
Dictionary example:
The minister quoted recent unemployment figures.
Learner example:
We would like to quote some facts to support our points of view.
1777
R
race /reɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: race, racism, racist
Adjectives: racial, racist
Adverbs: racially
NOUN
PEOPLE
[C1] [C or U] one of the groups that people are divided into according to physical
characteristics such as colour of skin
people of many different races
Discrimination on grounds of race will not be tolerated.
An increasing number of people in the country are of mixed race.
Learner example:
A student was taught how to lead negotiations with a business partner regardless of their age,
nationality, race and culture.
FOR POWER
[C1] [C] a situation in which people compete against each other for power, control
or success
Dictionary example:
the race for governor
Learner example:
The race for sponsors and TV-minutes has begun.
VERB
COMPETITION
[B1] [I or T] to compete in a race
He has been racing for over ten years.
I used to race against him when we were boys.
Learner example:
Cycling [has] also given me the op[p]ortunity to race as well as tra[in] in Europe and the U.S.
1778
race along/down/over, etc.
[C1] to move somewhere very quickly
Dictionary example:
I raced over to see what was the matter.
Learner example:
Crying, she raced back to William and together they went home.
racial /ˈreɪ.ʃəl/
Word family:
Adverbs: racially
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to people's race
a racial minority
racial discrimination/prejudice
racial conflict/tension
racial equality
Learner example:
It also prevent[s] us from pre-judging foreign people, which is very important in a community
where racial discrimination is common.
racially /ˈreɪ.ʃəl.i/
Word family:
Adverbs: racially
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is connected to someone's race
Dictionary example:
racially motivated attacks
Learner example:
He respects people's values and rights and can easily integrate and assert himself in a multi-
cultural or racially diversified environment.
1779
racism /ˈreɪ.sɪ.zəm/
Word family:
Adverbs: racially
NOUN [U]
[B2] the belief that other races of people are not as good as your own, or the unfair
treatment of people because they belong to a particular race
Dictionary example:
The authorities are taking steps to fight/tackle racism in schools.
Learner example:
If we were all tolerant, racial segregation wouldn't exist. Hopefully racism [is tending] to disappear
[now].
radiation /ˌreɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
[C1] a form of energy that comes from a nuclear reaction and that in large amounts
can be very dangerous
dangerously high levels of radiation
radiation sickness
Learner example:
It's true that in the last few years we have actually polluted much of our air with smoke or
radiation from power plants, but we're working on that.
radical /ˈræd.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: radical
Adjectives: radical
Adverbs: radically
ADJECTIVE
CHANGE
[C1] A radical change is very big and important.
Dictionary example:
radical reform
1780
Learner example:
Have you ever wondered if tourism can bring radical changes in an area?
radically /ˈræd.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Nouns: radical
Adjectives: radical
Adverbs: radically
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that shows radical change or beliefs
The company has changed radically in recent years.
Barker introduced some radically new ideas.
Learner example:
During the last decades our eating habits have changed radically in Sweden.
radio /ˈreɪ.di.əʊ/
NOUN (PLURAL radios)
SYSTEM
[B1] [U] a system of sending and receiving sound through the air
local radio
a radio station
Learner example:
I'm thinking [of] call[ing] the radio station to inform [them about] my situation.
rage /reɪdʒ/
NOUN [C or U]
ANGER
[B2] very strong anger that you cannot control
My main feeling was one of rage.
I was frightened because I had never seen him in such a rage before.
He flew into a rage over the smallest mistake.
1781
Learner example:
However, they flew into [a] rage when one of Paul's friends was poisoned by [the] food, after
having dinner in the hotel restaurant.
rail /reɪl/
NOUN
TRAINS
[B1] [U] trains as a method of transport
More goods should be transported by rail.
rail fares/passengers
rail travel
Learner example:
By rail: get off at York station and you can walk from the station. Turn left and the hotel is on your
left-hand side.
rainbow /ˈreɪn.bəʊ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a half circle of seven colours that you see in the sky when rain is falling and
the sun is shining
We could see a rainbow.
The butterfly's wings were shimmering with all the colours of the rainbow.
Learner example:
[In the future,] clothes design will be comfortable, practical, nice to look at and in all the colours
of the rainbow because people will move [around] a lot and be happy and therefore require
practical and colourful clothing.
rainforest /ˈreɪn.fɒr.ɪst/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a forest in a tropical area which receives a lot of rain
Dictionary example:
a tropical rainforest
1782
Learner example:
But the most be[a]utiful place was a rainforest full of exotic trees.
rainy /ˈreɪn.i/
Word family:
Nouns: rain
Verbs: rain
Adjectives: rainy
ADJECTIVE
[B1] raining a lot
Dictionary example:
a rainy afternoon
Learner example:
On a rainy night, I was walking down the street with an umbrella.
raise /reɪz/
VERB [T]
LIFT
[B1] to lift something to a higher position
Would all those in favour please raise their hands?
She raised the glass to her lips and took a sip.
Learner example:
Many students raised their hands.
INCREASE
[B1] to increase an amount or level
The government plan to raise taxes.
They've certainly raised standards at the school.
One solution would be to raise prices.
Learner example:
Another disa[d]vantage could be to raise cost[s], w[h]ich includes high taxes, etc.
raise a question/subject, etc.

[B2] to start talking about a subject that you want other people to consider
1783
I'd like to raise the subject of staffing levels.
I thought I'd raise the issue with Sally at the meeting.
Learner example:
Then it raises an important question: "[Do] museums provide enough to interest young people?"
MONEY
[B2] to collect money from different people in order to do a particular thing
Dictionary example:
They were raising money for charity.
Learner example:
What I liked the most about it is not the fact that we raised a lot of money, but that we enjoyed an
amazing show in which I took [an] active part.
CHILD
[B2] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to take care of a child until he or she is completely grown
Her parents died when she was a baby so she was raised by her grandparents.
She raised the family on her own.
Learner example:
I was born and raised on a Greek island called Evia.
raise your voice

[C1] to speak loudly and angrily to someone
Dictionary example:
He never raised his voice at the children.
Learner example:
Not every au-pair family is pleasant. And believe me, mine was giving me hell on earth. [...] After I
returned home I took some time to learn not to freak out when someone raised his voice and
eventually I started to see my time in Germany as a great [lesson in] life.
random /ˈræn.dəm/
Word family:
Adjectives: random
Adverbs: randomly
ADJECTIVE
CHANCE
[C1] happening, done or chosen by chance rather than according to a plan
1784
random checks/tests/attacks
We asked a random sample/selection of people what they thought.
Learner example:
I will put my remarks in random order.
at random
[C1] chosen by chance
Dictionary example:
Winners will be chosen at random.
Learner example:
The rooms suggested to be [filmed] have not been chosen at random.
randomly /ˈræn.dəm.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: random
Adverbs: randomly
ADVERB
[C1] in a random way
Dictionary example:
The books were randomly arranged on the shelves.
Learner example:
It is based on the survey of the Language Institute's students, who were randomly selected.
range /reɪndʒ/
NOUN
OF THINGS
[B1] [C] a group of different things of the same general type
a range of colours/patterns
We discussed a wide range of subjects.
We stock the full range of model railway accessories.
Learner example:
It's a bea[u]tiful place with a wide range of activities.
AMOUNT
[B2] [C] the amount or number between a particular set of limits
1785
The price range is from $100 to $200.
The product is aimed at young people in the 18-25 age range.
Learner example:
The age range of the club is from eighteen to thirty years old and our club has different
nationalities.
MOUNTAINS
[B2] [C] a line of hills or mountains
Dictionary example:
The country is divided by a huge mountain range.
Learner example:
I wish I knew more about the volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges all over the world.
VERB
range from sth to sth/between sth and sth

[B2] to have an upper and a lower limit in amount, number, etc.
Dress sizes range from petite to extra large.
Prices range between $50 and $250.
Learner example:
It offers lots of fabulous things ranging from drinks to modern music.
rank /ræŋk/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a position in an organization, such as the army, showing someone's

importance
senior/high/junior/low rank
He has just been promoted to the rank of captain.
Learner example:
Women were denied [a] higher rank and their job was limited to [mundane] tasks.
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to have a position in a list which shows things or people in order of

importance, or to give someone or something a position on such a list
He ranked number one in the world at the start of the competition.
The city's canals now rank among the world's dirtiest.
1786
Learner example:
From being [in] an amat[eu]r league to ranked top 3 in the world is a considerable achiev[e]ment.
rape /reɪp/
VERB [T]
[B2] ! to force someone to have sex when they do not want to
Dictionary example:
She was pulled from the car and raped.
Learner example:
I thought that they wanted to rape me.
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] ! the crime of forcing someone to have sex when they do not want to
He had committed several rapes.
He was convicted of rape.
Learner example:
Last month the police caught a man for rape and he confessed [to] several other crimes.
rapid /ˈræp.ɪd/
Word family:
Adjectives: rapid
Adverbs: rapidly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] fast or sudden
Dictionary example:
The 1990s were a period of rapid change/growth.
Learner example:
With the rapid development of technology, shopping [on] the Internet is becoming very popular.
rapidly /ˈræp.ɪd.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: rapid
Adverbs: rapidly
1787
ADVERB
[B2] quickly or suddenly
Dictionary example:
Prices have increased rapidly in the last few months.
rare /reər/
Word family:
Nouns: rarity
Adjectives: rare
Adverbs: rarely
ADJECTIVE
UNUSUAL
[B1] very unusual
a rare disease/species
a rare occasion/opportunity
It's very rare to see these birds in winter.
Learner example:
There are palms, rare birds, very good food and a wonderful beach.
MEAT
[C1] If meat is rare, it is still red because it has only been cooked for a short time.
Dictionary example:
a rare steak
rarely /ˈreə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: rarity
Adjectives: rare
Adverbs: rarely
ADVERB
[B1] not often
We rarely see each other now.
I rarely have time to read a newspaper.
Learner example:
I rarely go shopping for clothes.
1788
rarity /ˈreə.rə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: rarity
Adjectives: rare
Adverbs: rarely
NOUN
be a rarity
[C1] to be unusual
Dictionary example:
Genuine enthusiasm is a rarity.
Learner example:
Hot meals were a rarity.
[C1] [U] the fact that something is not common
Dictionary example:
Precious stones are valued for their rarity.
Learner example:
Another group of objects would be those that are valuable - or even priceless - because of their
rarity.
rate /reɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: rate, rating
NOUN [C]
HOW MANY
[B2] how often something happens, or how many people something happens to
the rate of unemployment
The birth rate has fallen.
The drug has a high success/failure rate.
Learner example:
The topic[s] we have in mind are - why people commit a crime, why the crime rate has risen in
Britain, [and] of course [some discussion] about your latest novel.
PAYMENT
[B2] a fixed amount of money given for something
1789
the interest rate
Rates of pay are very low.
Learner example:
I think it would be a good thing to help the [restaurant] by either giving them a subsidy or lending
[them] money at a low rate.
SPEED
[C1] the speed at which something happens
the patient's heart rate
Our rate of progress is too slow.
The disease was spreading at an alarming rate.
Learner example:
The actual rate of our company's growth demands increasing quality and productivity.
first-/second-/third-rate
[C1] very good, bad, or very bad
Dictionary example:
a first-rate hotel
Learner example:
For example, our town is famous for its first-rate tennis team, so he could continue his training in
tennis here and also do other sports like volleyball and baseketball.
VERB [T]
[C1] to judge the quality or ability of someone or something
Dictionary example:
How do you rate her as a singer?
Learner example:
We [did] a survey among our members that rated value for money, cost, staff, and the like.
rather /ˈrɑː.ðər/
ADVERB
SMALL AMOUNT
[B1] slightly or to a small degree
That's rather a difficult question to answer.
I thought he was rather nice.
It was rather strange to invite me and then not come himself.
She answered the telephone rather sleepily.
1790
Learner example:
I can't come because I feel rather sick.
rather than
[B1] instead of
Dictionary example:
I think I'd like coffee rather than tea, if that's okay?
Learner example:
When the weather is to[o] hot to wear jeans, I usually wear a swimsuit rather than shorts.
would rather
[B1] used to show that you prefer to have or do one thing more than another
I'd much rather go out for a meal than stay in and watch TV.
I would rather not tell him.
Learner example:
I'd rather watch something funny, like a sitcom.
MORE EXACTLY
[B2] used to change something you have just said and make it more correct
Dictionary example:
She'll go to London on Thursday, or rather, she will if she has to.
Learner example:
The food - or rather, leftovers - that she gave him was barely enough to feed a baby.
rating /ˈreɪ.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: rate, rating
NOUN
[C1] a measurement of how good or popular something or someone is
Dictionary example:
A high percentage of Americans gave the President a positive rating.
Learner example:
Overall your rating was excellent!
1791
ratio /ˈreɪ.ʃi.əʊ/ (PLURAL ratios)
NOUN [C]
[C1] the relationship between two groups or amounts, which expresses how much
bigger one is than the other
The ratio of men to women at the conference was ten to one/10:1.
The school is trying to improve its pupil-teacher ratio.
Learner example:
First, the ratio between cost and the per[ceived] value has become better since 2004, i.e., the
guests are more satisfied now and believe that your service is worth the money.
rational /ˈræʃ.ən.əl/
Word family:
Adjectives: irrational, rational
ADJECTIVE
[C1] showing clear thought and reason
He was too upset to be rational.
a rational argument/debate/explanation
Learner example:
Be as rational as you can and you will pass your driving test the first time.
raw /rɔː/
ADJECTIVE
NOT COOKED
[B1] not cooked
Dictionary example:
raw fish/meat/vegetables
Learner example:
My grandparents often tell me that they've never eaten anything while walking and they love
healthy food, especially raw fish and sushi.
NATURAL
[B2] in the natural state
1792
raw sugar
raw materials
Learner example:
Finally, I think the designers will make use of the raw materials and create an innovative look for
all of us.
ray /reɪ/
NOUN [C]
BEAM
[B2] a narrow beam of light, heat, etc. travelling in a straight line from its place of
origin
A ray of sunshine shone through a gap in the clouds.
Light rays bend as they pass from air to water.
Learner example:
She just couldn't see any way of finding her camping equipment in the basement, where there was
not even a single ray of light to guide her.
razor /ˈreɪ.zər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of equipment with a sharp blade used for removing hair from the face,
legs, etc.
Dictionary example:
Did you pack a razor?
Learner example:
Oh yes, she could vividly remember the last time he hurt her, only then it was with a razor.
reach /riːtʃ/
VERB
ARRIVE
[B1] [T] to arrive at a place, especially after spending a long time travelling
1793
We won't reach home till five or six o'clock.
They finally reached the coast after five weeks sailing.
Learner example:
In the evening, it got colder than it [had been], so we reached home shivering.
reach a decision/agreement/conclusion, etc.

[B2] to make a decision/agreement/conclusion, etc. about something
She reached the conclusion that there was no more she could do.
We'll inform you when a decision has been reached.
Learner example:
After having thought about this video, I reached the following conclusions: we must film the
lessons which are the most important and the activities which take a great part [of the] day at
school.
LEVEL
[B2] [T] to get to a particular level, situation, etc.
The temperature is expected to reach 30°C today.
He's just reached the grand age of 95.
They easily reached their target/goal of raising £100,000.
I've reached the point where I can't take any more.
Learner example:
My dad ha[s] already reached the age of 60.
STRETCH
[B2] [I or T] to stretch out your arm in order to get or touch something
He reached for the phone and knocked over a glass.
The child reached down/out/over and picked up the kitten.
He reached out and grabbed her arm.
Can you reach me (down) that book?
Learner example:
So when I reached out my hand, I suddenly felt another hand.
can/can't/could, etc. reach (sth)

[B2] to be able to touch or take something with your hand
Could you get that book down for me - I can't reach.
She's grown so tall that she can reach the door handle now.
1794
Learner example:
Then I looked around my car and saw my handbag. I could hardly reach it but after some effort I
got it.
TELEPHONE
[B2] [T] to speak to someone on the telephone
Dictionary example:
You can reach him at home.
Learner example:
I have been trying to reach him the whole day but I didn't get any answer.
NOUN [U]
DISTANCE
[B2] the distance that can be travelled, especially easily
Dictionary example:
We live (easy) reach of the station.
Learner example:
Our city, Sardab, is located just two kilometers from [the] Caspian Sea, [and] it is within easy reach
[of] the capital of our province.
TOUCH
[B2] Someone's reach is the distance within which they can stretch out their arm
and touch something.
I like to keep a notebook and pencil within reach.
The top shelf is out of reach.
Make sure that you keep all medicines out of the reach of children.
react /riˈækt/
Word family:
Nouns: reaction
Verbs: react
VERB [I]
SAY OR DO
[B2] to say, do, or feel something because of something else that has been said or
done
He reacted angrily to her comments.
She called him all sorts of names, but he didn't react.
1795
Learner example:
I reacted quickly and without panic.
BAD EFFECT
[C1] to become ill because something that you have eaten or used on your body
has had a bad effect on you
My skin reacts to most perfumes.
Many people react to penicillin.
Learner example:
One of her weaknesses is that she reacts [badly to] bird feathers, so it would be nice to find a
family without birds.
reaction /riˈæk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: reaction
Verbs: react
NOUN [C]
CAUSED BY SOMETHING
[B2] something you say, feel, or do because of something that has happened
What was his reaction to the news?
Reactions to the proposal have been mixed.
I love to watch people's reactions when I say who I am.
There has been a widespread reaction against the government's proposed tax increases.
Learner example:
Her reaction made it all worthwhile. She burst into tears and thanked us. That was an experience
that I'll never forget.
BAD EFFECT
[B2] an unpleasant effect resulting from eating particular things or taking particular
drugs
A number of people have had a bad reaction to this drug.
Some people have an allergic reaction to seafood.
Learner example:
There is one more thing that you have to note: two girls have [an] allergic reaction to nuts, so
please make sure that our lunch is nut-free!
1796
read /riːd/
Word family:
Nouns: reader, reading, read, readership
Verbs: read
VERB (read, read)
read out sth or read sth out PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to read something and say the words aloud so that other people can hear
Dictionary example:
He read out the names of all the winners.
Learner example:
Michael sat in his favourite chair while his wife read out what had happened.
read over/through sth or read sth over/through PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to read something from the beginning to the end, especially to find mistakes
Dictionary example:
I read over my essay to check for errors.
Learner example:
I thought my eyes were deceiving me [so] I read the letter over again.
read up on sth PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to read a lot about a particular subject in order to learn about it
Dictionary example:
I've been reading up on American history.
Learner example:
For a long time I have been reading up on ancient Greek philosophy and I have been intrigued by
the way they thought, their logic.
reader /ˈriː.dər/
Word family:
Verbs: read
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[B1] someone who reads
1797
He's a great reader.
Many readers of our magazine have contacted us about the last issue on climate change.
He's a very slow/fast reader.
Learner example:
It is a club of readers. Our motto is "READ AND YOU WILL FEEL FINE!"
BOOK
[B1] a book containing a simple story for people who are learning to read or
learning a language
Dictionary example:
There are readers at five different levels, from beginner to upper intermediate.
readership /ˈriː.də.ʃɪp/
Word family:
Verbs: read
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[C1] the number and type of people who read a particular newspaper, magazine,
etc
Dictionary example:
These magazines have a very young readership.
Learner example:
The first one is an issue that has become one of the main subjects of the last ten years and affects
the whole world, [so] it will interest your readership.
readily /ˈred.ə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: readiness
Adjectives: ready
Adverbs: readily
ADVERB
EASILY
[B2] quickly and easily
Dictionary example:
Information is readily available on the Internet.
1798
WILLINGLY
[B2] willingly and without stopping to think
He readily admits to having problems himself.
He readily agreed to help.
Learner example:
Drinking alcohol won't do you any good. There are a lot of friends who [would] readily help you if
you decided to give it up.
readiness /ˈred.ɪ.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: readiness
Adjectives: ready
Adverbs: readily
NOUN [U]
WILLING
[C1] when someone is willing to do something
Dictionary example:
They expressed a readiness to accept our demands.
Learner example:
Usually, the clients appreciate his readiness to use their language and this has often been a
significant factor in closing a deal.
readjust /ˌriː.əˈdʒʌst/
Word family:
Nouns: adjustment
VERB
SMALL CHANGE
[C1] [T] to move something slightly or make a small change to something
Dictionary example:
He readjusted his tie.
Learner example:
Because the air conditioning was not working properly or because your unfriendly coach driver
refused to readjust it, I got [a]cold [from] that day.
1799
real /rɪəl/
Word family:
Nouns: reality
Adjectives: real, realistic, unrealistic, unreal
Adverbs: really, realistically
ADJECTIVE
TRUE
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] true and not pretended
What was the real reason she didn't come?
Is that your real name?
Learner example:
That is the real reason why I'm going to stay in England longer.
IMPORTANT
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] being the most important or the main thing
The real problem, of course, is money.
The real difficulty was the language, because my children don't speak English.
Learner example:
Nowadays people work most of the time with their computers, [and] the internet give[s] them the
op[p]ortunity to download whatever they want, even books, but the real problem is that they do
not have the time to read them.
FOR EMPHASIS
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] used to emphasize a noun
She was a real help.
It's a real pain he's not available tomorrow.
Learner example:
In the advertisement it says "your perfect evening out", but it was a real disappointment.
for real
[B2] taken seriously, not pretended
Dictionary example:
I thought it was just a practice, but apparently it was for real.
Learner example:
You know I am a Casanova, but this time I know [it] is for real.
1800
realistic /ˌrɪəˈlɪs.tɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: reality
ADJECTIVE
SEEMING REAL
[B1] showing things and people as they really are, or making them seem to be real
Dictionary example:
The creatures were all computer-generated but so realistic.
Learner example:
I chose this film because I think it is very realistic.
ACCEPTING SITUATION
[B2] accepting the true facts of a situation and not basing decisions on things that
will not happen
Let's be realistic - we're not going to finish this by Friday.
We have to be realistic about how much we can afford to pay.
It isn't realistic to expect people to work for so little money.
Learner example:
We must be realistic, my friend. Eighty kilometres is a pretty long distance.
realistically /ˌrɪəˈlɪs.tɪk.li/
Word family:
Nouns: reality
ADVERB
SEEM REAL
[C1] in a way that shows things and people as they really are, or that makes them
seem real
Dictionary example:
The characters are portrayed very realistically.
Learner example:
It was realistically captured in the TV reports you have seen.
1801
reality /riˈæl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: reality
NOUN
FACTS
[B2] [U] the way things or situations really are and not the way you would like them
to be
Listening to music is my escape from reality.
Sooner or later you have to face up to reality.
He may seem charming but in reality he's actually an unpleasant person.
Learner example:
Finally, your report talks about an audience of less than 2,000 although we were in reality more
than 5,000.
the reality/realities of sth

[B2] the truth about an unpleasant situation
Dictionary example:
the harsh realities of life
Learner example:
Besides we all know the realities of the modern world.
become a reality
[B2] to start to happen or exist
Dictionary example:
New jobs could become a reality by next month.
Learner example:
You have made my dream become a reality.
realization /ˌrɪ.ə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: realization
Verbs: realize
1802
NOUN (ALSO UK realisation)
NOTICING
[C1] [NO PLURAL] when you notice or understand something that you did not notice or
understand before
Dictionary example:
There is a growing realization that education has benefits at many levels.
Learner example:
I suppose it is only when one starts to think about it that the realization comes about the fact that
fashion is part of our everyday life.
realize (ALSO UK realise) /ˈrɪə.laɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: realization
Verbs: realize
VERB [I or T]
UNDERSTAND
[B1] to notice or understand something that you did not notice or understand
before
I didn't realize how unhappy she was.
I suddenly realized I'd met her before.
They didn't realise the danger they were in.
Do you realise that this is the third time you've forgotten?
Learner example:
I suddenly realised he was my cousin, Alex.
realize an ambition/dream/goal, etc.

[C1] to achieve something that you have wanted for a long time
Dictionary example:
He had realized all his ambitions by the age of 30.
Learner example:
It's rather difficult for people to be able to realize their ambition.
1803
really /ˈrɪə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: reality
ADVERB
FACT
[B1] used when you are saying what is the truth of a situation
He isn't really angry - he's just pretending.
You don't really expect them to refuse, do you?
She said she was twenty eight, but really she's over thirty.
Learner example:
The first lesson was about the present tense and wasn't really difficult for us.
not really
[B1] used for replying that something is not true in a way that is less strong than
just 'no'
"So was the food good?" - "Not really."
"Did you like him?" - "Not really."
rear /rɪər/
[B2] at the back of something
Dictionary example:
There's a sticker on the rear door/window.
Learner example:
In his rear mirror he saw that all [the] lights on the airfield [were] on again.
NOUN
the rear
[C1] the back part of something
First class accommodation is towards the rear of the train.
We walked round to the rear of the house.
1804
Learner example:
The damage seems to be at the rear of the fridge where the motor is situated.
VERB
[C1] [T] If you rear children or young animals, you care for them until they are
adults.
Dictionary example:
In these waters they breed and rear their young.
Learner example:
But still the main role of the wom[a]n is to rear her children and be a good assistant to her
husband and take care of her home.
rearrange /ˌriː.əˈreɪndʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: arrangement
VERB [T]
[B2] to change the order or position of things
Dictionary example:
I've rearranged the furniture in my office.
Learner example:
Maybe you could rearrange the café to be more classical.
reason /ˈriː.zən/
Word family:
Nouns: reason, reasoning
Adjectives: reasonable, unreasonable
Adverbs: reasonably, unreasonably
NOUN
RIGHT
[B2] [U] something that makes it right for you to think or do something
I think we have reason to be concerned.
There is every reason to believe the project will be finished on time.
She suddenly hit him for no reason.
1805
Learner example:
Animals in zoos are in captivity and not in their natural habitat. They live captured there for no
reason, as we could learn about them from books or documentaries [instead].
reasonable /ˈriː.zən.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
CHEAP
[B1] quite cheap
reasonable prices
Tomatoes are very reasonable at this time of year.
Learner example:
If you are nature lovers, you should visit some small villages where you can find [a] peaceful
atmosphere, delicious, fresh food and everything [at a] reasonable price.
BIG ENOUGH
[B1] big enough or large enough in number or amount, although not big or not
many
There were a reasonable number of people there.
It's a reasonable salary for that job.
We have a reasonable chance of winning the game.
Learner example:
Some of them have good places for sightseeing and a reasonable [amount of] nightlife.
GOOD ENOUGH
[B1] good enough but not the best
The service at the hotel is reasonable but don't expect 5-star treatment.
I'd say her work is of a reasonable standard.
Learner example:
From my Certificates you can see that I speak English very well and that I have [a] reasonable
knowledge [of] Italian and Spanish.
FAIR
[B2] fair and showing good judgment
1806
It's not reasonable to expect people to work such long hours.
If you tell him what happened, I'm sure he'll understand - he's a reasonable man.
Learner example:
In my opinion, reasonable rules are important for us but be[ing] too strict will bring stress, w[hi]ch
causes kids [to] be afraid of many things.
BASED ON FACTS
[B2] based on facts that can be explained
Dictionary example:
There will be a reasonable explanation for all of this.
Learner example:
I hope you will be able to offer me [a] reasonable explanation [for] these mistakes and report
correct information in your newspaper.
reasonably /ˈriː.zən.ə.bli/
Word family:
ADVERB
reasonably priced
[B1] available at a good price
Dictionary example:
reasonably priced meals
Learner example:
Then in the evenings there are many reasonably priced restaurants, where you can get a nice tasty
meal with friends.
reasonably good/successful/well, etc.

[B2] good/successful/well, etc. enough but not very good or very well
Dictionary example:
I did reasonably well at school but not as well as my sister.
Learner example:
I noticed the sound system wasn't perfect, but it was reasonably good.
GOOD JUDGMENT
[B2] in a fair way, showing good judgment
Dictionary example:
Stop shouting and let's discuss this reasonably.
1807
reassure /ˌriː.əˈʃʊər/
Word family:
VERB [T]
[C1] to say something to stop someone from worrying
Dictionary example:
He reassured me that I would be paid soon.
Learner example:
Making my own decisions gives me much stress because I am always so scared of the results and I
need to be reassured that I am doing the right thing all the time.
reassuring /ˌriː.əˈʃʊə.rɪŋ/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] making you feel less worried
Dictionary example:
a reassuring smile/voice
Learner example:
It was a reassuring feeling.
rebel
Word family:
Nouns: rebel, rebellion
Verbs: rebel
Adjectives: rebellious
NOUN [C] /ˈreb.əl/

[B2] ! someone who fights against the government in their country, especially a
soldier
The rebels took over the capital and set up a new government.
Rebels seized control of the airport.
1808
Learner example:
Suddenly, the police came [o]nto [the train], and killed all [the] rebels.
VERB [I] /rɪˈbel/ (-ll-)

[B2] to refuse to obey rules that you disagree with or do not like
Dictionary example:
Children often rebel against eating certain foods - Rory won't eat vegetables.
Learner example:
His brother was never kind with her and she always wanted to rebel.
rebellion /rɪˈbel.i.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: rebel
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] ! when people fight against the government in their country
Dictionary example:
Government troops defeated an armed rebellion in the south.
Learner example:
The rebellion of the students not only led to the freedom of Greece but it also inspired the local
people and the people worldwide to fight for their freedom.
rebellious /rɪˈbel.i.əs/
Word family:
Verbs: rebel
ADJECTIVE
[C1] refusing to obey rules because you do not like authority
Dictionary example:
a rebellious teenager
Learner example:
"It was impossible for me to become submissive - I must have been rebellious from my very
birth", she recalls.
1809
rebuild /ˌriːˈbɪld/
Word family:
VERB [T] (rebuilt, rebuilt)
BUILD AGAIN
[B1] to build something again that has been damaged or destroyed
Dictionary example:
The cathedral was completely rebuilt in 1425 after it had been destroyed by fire.
Learner example:
It's [a] XIX century construction, but they rebuilt it.
IMPROVE
[B2] to make a situation succeed again after something bad caused it to fail
The country was still struggling to rebuild its economy after the war.
They had to rebuild their lives after the accident.
Learner example:
Since more and more people in our modern society have been living in a [highly] urbanized
environment and they are isolated from the rest of nature, I think it is vital to make every effort to
rebuild healthy relationships with nature.
recall /rɪˈkɔːl/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to remember something
I don't recall arranging a time to meet.
Can you recall what happened that night?
I recall that he promised to send the document.
Learner example:
Right now, I can't recall much of that phone call.
1810
receipt /rɪˈsiːt/
Word family:
Nouns: receipt, reception, receptionist
Verbs: receive
Adjectives: receptive
NOUN
RECEIVING
[B2] [U] FORMAL the act of receiving something
Dictionary example:
Items must be returned within fourteen days of receipt.
receive /rɪˈsiːv/
Word family:
Verbs: receive
VERB [T]
REACT
[C1] to react to a suggestion or piece of work in a particular way
Dictionary example:
His first book was not well received.
Learner example:
The English lessons in the mornings were well received but I wonder if it is possible to get more
variety?
recent /ˈriː.sənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: recent
Adverbs: recently
ADJECTIVE
[B1] happening or starting from a short time ago
Is that a recent photo?
Have you been following recent political events?
In recent years, sales have decreased quite markedly.
1811
Learner example:
Dear John, Thank you for your recent letter.
recently /ˈriː.sənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: recent
Adverbs: recently
ADVERB
[B1] not long ago, or at a time that started not long ago
Have you seen any good films recently?
Until very recently he worked as a teacher.
Recently, I've been feeling a bit depressed.
Learner example:
Recently I have been watching a lot of programmes [o]n television.
reception /rɪˈsep.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: receive
NOUN
HOTEL/OFFICE
[B1] [NO PLURAL] the place in a hotel or office building where people go when they
arrive
Ask for me at reception.
a reception area/desk
Learner example:
When I arrived [at] the hotel I asked the reception to find m[e] a taxi to see the city.
PARTY
[B2] [C] a formal party that is given to celebrate a special event or to welcome
someone
Dictionary example:
a wedding reception
1812
Learner example:
Next month, I have to fly to London to attend a friend's wedding reception.
REACTION
[C1] [NO PLURAL] the way people react to something or someone
Dictionary example:
We were given a very warm reception.
Learner example:
Although we were given a very nice reception, problems began to appear already at the start.
recession /rɪˈseʃ.ən/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a period when the economy of a country is not successful and conditions for
business are bad
The latest report confirms that the economy is in recession.
The country is now in the deepest recession for over 40 years.
Learner example:
Now in Japan the recession is getting worse and unemployment [is] increasing.
recharge /ˌriːˈtʃɑːdʒ/
VERB [T]
[C1] to fill a battery with electricity so that it can work again
Dictionary example:
You can recharge these batteries.
Learner example:
After buying your mobile phone, it is important to know that it can't be used for an unlimited
time. It will have to be recharged and, in the end, it will let you down when most needed.
recipe /ˈres.ə.pi/
NOUN [C]
FOOD
[B1] a list of foods and a set of instructions telling you how to cook something
1813
Do you know a good recipe for wholemeal bread?
For real South Asian food, just follow these recipes.
Learner example:
Actually I am going to bring with me some delicious recipes that you are going to be surprised
[by].
reckon /ˈrek.ən/
VERB [I or T]
THINK
[B2] to think that something is probably true
I reckon he's going to leave.
How much do you reckon it's going to cost?
He reckons that he earns more in a week than I do in a month.
Learner example:
What do you reckon about the idea?
recognize (ALSO UK recognise) /ˈrek.əg.naɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: recognition
Verbs: recognize
VERB [T]
KNOW
[B1] to know someone or something because you have seen, heard or experienced
them before
I hadn't seen her for 20 years, but I recognized her immediately.
I recognized her from her picture.
I recognised his voice.
Doctors are trained to recognise the symptoms of different diseases.
Learner example:
I still didn't recognise him and he said that he wanted to tell me something.
ACCEPT
[B2] to accept that something is legal, true or important
1814
She recognized that she had been partly to blame.
The international community has refused to recognize the newly independent nation state.
Smoking is recognised as a leading cause of lung cancer.
Learner example:
Martins hero-worshipped Lime until the moment when he was forced to recognize that his best
friend was the worst racketeer imaginable.
SHOW RESPECT
[C1] to officially show respect for someone for an achievement
Dictionary example:
He was recognized by the governor for his work with teenagers.
Learner example:
To sum up, Peter Smith deserves to be recognised for his efforts.
recommend /ˌrek.əˈmend/
Word family:
Nouns: recommendation
Verbs: recommend
VERB [T]
SUITABLE
[B1] to say that someone or something is good or suitable for a particular purpose
Can you recommend a good wine to go with this dish?
Peter had recommended a restaurant to us.
Learner example:
I recommend the city of Porto Alegre.
ADVISE
[B2] to advise someone that something should be done
The report recommended that tourists avoid the region.
I recommend writing your feelings down on paper.
She has been recommended for promotion.
Learner example:
I recommend that you apply to work [at the festival] and you will have a great time!
1815
recommendation /ˌrek.ə.menˈdeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: recommendation
Verbs: recommend
NOUN
ADVICE
[B2] [C] a piece of advice about what to do in a particular situation
The report makes the recommendation that more prisons should be built.
It's my recommendation that this factory be closed immediately.
Learner example:
I hope my recommendations are helpful, and I [hope] you have a great time!
SUITABLE
[B2] [C or U] a suggestion that someone or something is good or suitable for a

particular purpose
Dictionary example:
I bought this book on Andy's recommendation.
Learner example:
The Chef's recommendation is Bulgogi made by beef.
reconsider /ˌriː.kənˈsɪd.ər/
Word family:
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to think again about a decision or opinion and decide if you want to change it
Dictionary example:
We've been asked to reconsider the proposal.
Learner example:
We invite your newspaper to reconsider its position, hoping that the council will think about our
proposals.
1816
reconstruct /ˌriː.kənˈstrʌkt/
Word family:
VERB [T]
BUILD AGAIN
[C1] to build something again after it has been damaged or destroyed
Dictionary example:
They reconstructed the palace exactly as it had been.
Learner example:
Dear Sir, The student committee greatly appreciate your efforts to resolve our current problems,
in particular improving and reconstructing our sports centre.
reconstruction /ˌriː.kənˈstrʌk.ʃən/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
BUILD AGAIN
[C1] when you build something again after it has been damaged or destroyed
Dictionary example:
The reconstruction of the city took decades.
Learner example:
The classrooms are in need [of] immediate reconstruction.
record
Word family:
Nouns: record, recording
Verbs: record
1817
VERB /rɪˈkɔːd/
STORE INFORMATION
[B2] [T] to write down information or store it on a computer so that it can be used in
the future
Dictionary example:
He recorded details of their conversation in his diary.
Learner example:
Another way to [highlight] the importance of books is to consider them as the "depots" of wisdom
and knowledge that exist and ha[ve] been recorded since the beginning of History.
SHOW MEASUREMENT
[C1] [T] If a device records a measurement, it shows that measurement.
Dictionary example:
The thermometer recorded a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius.
NOUN /ˈrek.ɔːd/
SONG/MUSIC
[B1] [C] a song or music which has been recorded and which is available for the
public to buy, or the plastic disk that the music is recorded on
Dictionary example:
I like their new record.
Learner example:
My room is comfortable but a bit untidy around my stereo because in spite of [having] a lot of
records and CDs, I don't have any shelf for them so this is why I'm going to buy a new shelf.
BEST
[B1] [C] the best, biggest, longest, tallest, etc.
He ran the 100 metres in 9.79 seconds and broke the world record.
He holds the world record for 100 metres.
She set a new European record in the high jump.
Learner example:
[In track and field] he has broken the [current] world record of the 100 met[re] distance!
INFORMATION
[B2] [C or U] information that is written on paper or stored on computer so that it can

be used in the future
medical/dental records
My teacher keeps a record of my absences.
This summer has been the hottest on record.
1818
Learner example:
First of all, using [a] computer is most important for me because I can store my personal records
such as [my] diary or expenses and I [can] send e-mail[s] to my friends who live abroad.
put/set the record straight

[C1] to tell people the true facts about a situation
Dictionary example:
I know they thought Alex was lying, and I wanted to put the record straight.
Learner example:
I hope that my letter will set the record straight and that the public shall be informed about the
true events of that day.
off the record

[C1] If you say something off the record, you do not want the public to know about
it.
Dictionary example:
Off the record, ministers are saying the president must resign.
Learner example:
Off the record, how come that your reporter can print such lies when knowing they are perhaps
recording /rɪˈkɔː.dɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: record, recording
Verbs: record
NOUN
MUSIC/SPEECH
[B1] [C] a piece of music or a speech which has been recorded onto a disc, tape, etc.
Dictionary example:
I bought a recording of Maria Callas singing Verdi.
Learner example:
I've made some recordings for you to listen to.
PROCESS
[B2] [U] the process or business of putting sounds, especially music, onto a disc,
magnetic tape, etc., using electronic equipment
Dictionary example:
a recording studio
1819
Learner example:
I loved to sing and I decided to visit all the recording companies.
recover /rɪˈkʌv.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: recovery
Verbs: recover
VERB
HEALTH
[B1] [I] to become healthy or happy again after an illness, injury, or period of
sadness
It takes a long time to recover from surgery.
She never recovered from the death of her husband.
Learner example:
Dear Teacher, I'm sorry but I can't be [at] your next class because I'm recovering from [an illness]
and my doctor said that I should stay home.
SITUATION
[B2] [I] If a system or situation recovers, it returns to the way it was before
something bad happened.
Dictionary example:
The economy was quick to recover after the election.
Learner example:
Lots of effort ha[s] been put in and finally our economy [is] recover[ing].
GET BACK
[C1] [T] to get something back that has been lost or stolen
Dictionary example:
Police recovered the stolen money.
Learner example:
Moreover it might become virtually impossible to recover the money from that investment.
recovery /rɪˈkʌv.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: recovery
Verbs: recover
1820
NOUN
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] when you feel better or happier again after an illness, injury, or
period of sadness
Dictionary example:
She only had the operation last month but she's made a full recovery.
Learner example:
I was sorry to hear that you were ill, and my family and I send you our best wishes for a speedy
recovery.
SITUATION
[C1] [U NO PLURAL] when a system or situation returns to the way it was before
something bad happened
economic recovery
The housing industry has made a remarkable recovery.
Learner example:
We are still waiting for the recovery in our economy but the political transformation and economic
reforms are very painful for our society.
recreate /ˌriː.kriˈeɪt/
VERB [T]
[C1] to make something exist or happen again
Dictionary example:
They plan to recreate a typical English village in Japan.
Learner example:
We want people whose skills with a laser high-accuracy enamel paint brush could only be
surpassed by the skill of those men in our past who wielded the original weapons we are now
recreating.
recreation /ˌrek.riˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: recreation
Adjectives: recreational
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] activities that you do for enjoyment when you are not working
1821
Emma's only form of recreation seems to be shopping.
a recreation area/centre
Learner example:
[Is] there any gym or other recreation facilities available in [the] Magnet Hotel?
recruit /rɪˈkruːt/
Word family:
Nouns: recruit, recruitment
Verbs: recruit
VERB
[C1] to try to persuade someone to work for a company or to join an organization
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Secondly, the coach driver was quite a rude person and, as far as I am concerned, it would be a
good idea to pay more attention when recruiting your staff.
recruitment /rɪˈkruːt.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: recruit, recruitment
Verbs: recruit
NOUN [U]
[C1] the process of finding people to work for a company or become a new member
of an organization
Dictionary example:
The recession has forced a lot of companies to cut down on staff recruitment.
Learner example:
This is mainly due to the recent recruitment of office personn[e]l in our department.
rectangle /ˈrek.tæŋ.gl/
Word family:
Nouns: rectangle
Adjectives: rectangular
1822
NOUN [C]
[C1] a shape with four 90° angles and four sides, with opposite sides of equal
length and two sides longer than the other two
Dictionary example:
The garden is in the shape of a rectangle.
rectangular /rekˈtæŋ.gjʊ.lər/
Word family:
Nouns: rectangle
Adjectives: rectangular
ADJECTIVE
[B2] shaped like a rectangle
Dictionary example:
a rectangular patch of grass
Learner example:
Between Rossio and the river there [is] a commercial district laid out in a rectangular pattern,
where you can go shopping.
rectify /ˈrek.tɪ.faɪ/
VERB [T] FORMAL
[C1] to correct something or change it so that it is acceptable
Dictionary example:
The government has promised to rectify the situation.
Learner example:
I also hope as far as the article is con[c]erned that you will kindly rectify the defamatory
information revealed in the statement.
recycle /ˌriːˈsaɪ.kl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: recycling
Verbs: recycle
Adjectives: recycled
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to collect used paper, glass, plastic, etc., and put if through a process so that
it can be used again
1823
We recycle all our newspapers and bottles.
The Japanese recycle more than half their waste paper.
Learner example:
I realised that it is very important to recycle.
recycled /ˌriːˈsaɪ.kl
̩d/
Word family:
Nouns: recycling
Verbs: recycle
ADJECTIVE
[B1] Recycled paper, glass, plastic, etc. has been used before and put through a
process so that it can be used again.
Dictionary example:
recycled paper/plastic
Learner example:
Using recycled glass and paper not only saves resources, but also a lot of energy.
recycling /ˌriːˈsaɪ.klɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: recycling
Verbs: recycle
NOUN [U]
[B1] when paper, glass, plastic, etc. is put through a process so that it can be used
again
ways to encourage recycling
a recycling centre
Learner example:
In order to writ[e] this report, I interviewed 50 people in my town near the recycling centre and 50
people on the street.
1824
red /red/
ADJECTIVE (redder, reddest)
go red
[B2] If someone goes red, their face becomes red because they are embarrassed or
angry.
Dictionary example:
He kissed her on the cheek and she went bright red.
Learner example:
When Paul saw the girl who had blond hair and bluish eyes, his face suddenly went red.
redevelop /ˌriː.dɪˈvel.əp/
Word family:
VERB [T]
[C1] to make a place more modern by improving old buildings or building new
ones
Dictionary example:
There are plans to redevelop the city's waterfront area.
Learner example:
Most of the coastal villages lose their traditional element - their value - and they become
redeveloped in order to be in accord with the growing need to attract people.
redevelopment /ˌriː.dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when a place is made more modern by improving old buildings or building
new ones
Dictionary example:
There has been a lot of redevelopment in this area.
1825
Learner example:
I would like to invite other people to support this proposal and to try to explain [to] the opposition
how nice our city centre would be after the proposed redevelopment.
reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/
Word family:
Nouns: reduction
Verbs: reduce
VERB [T]
[B1] to make something less
to reduce air pollution
Prices have been reduced by almost 50 percent.
The number of employees was reduced from 500 to 300.
Do nuclear weapons really reduce the risk of war?
Learner example:
It is a bit smal[l], but the price was reduced.
reduction /rɪˈdʌk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: reduction
Verbs: reduce
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when something is reduced
a reduction in traffic
huge price reductions
Learner example:
As for the prices, they are reasonable and you can have a reduction if your group is over 16
pe[ople].
redundancy /rɪˈdʌn.dən.si/
Word family:
Nouns: redundancy
Adjectives: redundant
1826
NOUN
[C1] [C or U] when your employer makes you stop working because there is not
enough work
Dictionary example:
There have been a lot of redundancies in the mining industry.
Learner example:
Some people seems to be afraid of that prospect and reluctant to use the Net, because they think
it means the end of any relationship between people and it can lead to redundancies.
redundant /rɪˈdʌn.dənt/
Word family:
Nouns: redundancy
Adjectives: redundant
ADJECTIVE
JOB
[B2] having lost your job because your employer no longer needs you
Dictionary example:
Half the workforce has been made redundant because of the decline in sales.
Learner example:
She had been made redundant and now, she has no job, no money, no friends and no home.
refer /rɪˈfɜːr/
Word family:
Nouns: referee, reference
Verbs: refer
VERB (-rr-)
refer to sb/sth PHRASAL VERB
TALK OR WRITE
[B2] to talk or write about someone or something, especially briefly
She didn't once refer to her son.
He always referred to his father as 'the old man'.
Learner example:
In your book you refer to the 'Hotel Astrid' but they decided to close it last year.
1827
RELATE TO
[C1] If writing or information refers to someone or something, it relates to that

person or thing.
Dictionary example:
The sales figures refer to UK sales only.
Learner example:
Ancient Greece was divided into two groups. The contrast between those two groups was getting
bigger and bigger and it ended up [as] a destructive war - destructive doesn't refer only to deaths
and city damage but also to the corruption of morals.
referee /ˌref.əˈriː/
Word family:
Verbs: refer
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who is in charge of a sports game and who makes certain that the
rules are followed
Dictionary example:
I think the referee made the wrong decision.
Learner example:
Due to my back injur[y], I could not train and play with my team, so it would be a good idea to be
a referee.
reference /ˈref.ər.ənts/
Word family:
Verbs: refer
NOUN
with/in reference to sth

[B2] FORMAL relating to something
Dictionary example:
I am writing with reference to your letter of 15 March.
Learner example:
I'm writing with reference to the advertisement I saw on the college noticeboard concerning some
jobs during [the period] 18-23 March, when there is the International Sports Competition.
1828
NAME/BOOK TITLE
[B2] [C] a name or book title, etc. in a book or other piece of writing that tells you
where information came from
Dictionary example:
There's the usual list of references at the back of the book.
Learner example:
I have information, and historical reference[s] [in] my collection, and I will be glad to share it with
other members.
LETTER
[B2] [C] a letter that is written by someone who knows you, to say if you are suitable
for a job or course
Dictionary example:
My old headteacher said he would write/give me a reference.
Learner example:
I am enclosing references from my ex-managers.
MENTIONING
[C1] [C or U] when you briefly talk or write about someone or something
In his book, he makes several references to his time in France.
She made no reference to her marital problems.
Learner example:
Finally, your article makes reference to "a sudden downpour of rain" which was actually a small
shower which lasted no more than five minutes.
READING
[C1] [U] when you read something in order to get information
Dictionary example:
Please keep this handout for future reference.
Learner example:
Can you also provide us [with] the list [of all] 300 hotels for our reference.
reflect /rɪˈflekt/
Word family:
Nouns: reflection
Verbs: reflect
1829
VERB
IMAGE
[B2] [T] If a surface such as a mirror or water reflects something, you can see the
image of that thing in the mirror, water, etc.
Dictionary example:
He saw himself reflected in the shop window.
Learner example:
We could see a little from the light coming from the moon that [was] reflected in a mirror.
SHOW
[B2] [T] to show or be a sign of something
The statistics reflect a change in people's spending habits.
The town's economic success is reflected in its shiny new buildings.
Learner example:
Your description of the people, their everyday life, their characters and their friendliness reflects
that you really had an excellent time here.
THINK
[C1] [I] to think in a serious and careful way
In prison, he had plenty of time to reflect on the crimes he had committed.
I need some time to reflect.
Learner example:
As I mentioned, there were several points which you can reflect on.
reflection /rɪˈflek.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: reflection
Verbs: reflect
NOUN
IMAGE
[B2] [C] the image of something in a mirror, on a shiny surface, etc.
Dictionary example:
I saw my reflection in the window.
Learner example:
Have you seen your reflection in a mirror?
1830
a reflection of sth
[C1] something that is a sign or result of a particular situation
Dictionary example:
The fact that soldiers are on the streets is a reflection of how terrified the government is.
Learner example:
Is it really a reflection of the way we live?
refresh /rɪˈfreʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: refreshments
Verbs: refresh
Adjectives: refreshing
VERB
[C1] [T] to make you feel less hot or tired
Dictionary example:
A cool drink should refresh you.
Learner example:
The bar is open from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. When you are in my house, refresh yourself, help yourself
from the fridge, feel at your ease, and then call me by phone.
[C1] [I or T] to make something more up-to-date or to make it look newer or more
attractive
Old furniture can be refreshed with a coat of paint.
Wait a minute - I need to refresh my memory on this.
Learner example:
The magazine is totally up-to-date with extreme question papers in which the reader has the
opportunity to test or refresh his/her knowledge.
refreshing /rɪˈfreʃ.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: refreshments
Verbs: refresh
ADJECTIVE
DIFFERENT
[C1] different and interesting
1831
a refreshing change
It's refreshing to see a film that's so original.
Learner example:
Once you master the language quite well, listening to a news broadcast is a refreshing challenge
that may require some serious concentration on your behalf.
FEEL BETTER
[C1] making you feel less hot or tired
Dictionary example:
a refreshing shower/swim
Learner example:
Last summer, I got a chance to visit there, and my breath was taken away by its soft sand,
refreshing breeze, flocks of seagulls and poetic sunsets.
refreshments /rɪˈfreʃ.mənts/
Word family:
Nouns: refreshments
Verbs: refresh
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B1] food and drinks that are available at a meeting, event, on a journey, etc.
Dictionary example:
Refreshments are available in the lobby.
Learner example:
During the show, we had some refreshments and popcorn.
refugee /ˌref.jʊˈdʒiː/
NOUN [C]
[B2] ! someone who has been forced to leave their country, especially because of a
war
a refugee camp
Thousands of refugees fled across the border.
Learner example:
This year I think I'd rather go to a refugee camp to organise a program for children.
1832
refund
NOUN [C] /ˈriː.fʌnd/

[B1] an amount of money that is given back to you, especially because you are not
happy with something you have bought
Dictionary example:
The holiday company apologized and gave us a full refund.
Learner example:
I am expecting a full refund and compensation for the discomfort I have suffered.
VERB [T] /riːˈfʌnd/

[C1] to give back money that someone has paid to you
Dictionary example:
They refunded the cost of our tickets.
Learner example:
For all these reasons, I'm sure you realise that I deserve at the very minimum to be refunded all
the money I spent on the Trip and unless this is forthcoming I shall take the matter a step further.
refusal /rɪˈfjuː.zəl/
Word family:
Nouns: refusal
Verbs: refuse
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when someone refuses to do or accept something
Her refusal to cooperate didn't help her case.
What shocked me was his complete refusal to admit his mistake.
Learner example:
The refusal of students [to use] the college canteen led to a demonstration that was held at the
main entrance.
refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/
Word family:
Nouns: refusal
Verbs: refuse
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to say that you will not do or accept something
1833
I asked him to leave but he refused.
Cathy still refuses to admit that she was wrong.
She asked me to lend her some money but I refused.
He's in trouble but he's refused all my offers of help.
Learner example:
We have a competition for the cyclists next Friday and I need to practi[s]e. Unfortunately, I've lost
my bike and my Mum refuses to buy a new one.
regain /rɪˈgeɪn/
VERB [T]
[B2] to get something back again
The government has regained control of the capital.
It was several hours before he regained consciousness.
Learner example:
He regained his health in a month, and helped police to capture the loan gang.
regard /rɪˈgɑːd/
Word family:
Verbs: regard
Adverbs: regardless
CONSIDER
[B2] to think of someone or something in a particular way
She is generally regarded as one of the greatest singers this century.
The plans were regarded with deep suspicion.
Learner example:
Certainly, riding a bicycle is regarded as a healthy way of travel[l]ing and I do agree with it.
as regards sth
[B2] used to introduce a subject
Dictionary example:
As regards payment, you will receive £300 per week plus accommodation.
1834
Learner example:
As regards accommodation, we would like to stay in a hotel or a Bed and Breakfast, not at a
campsite.
NOUN [U] FORMAL
regards
[B1] SLIGHTLY FORMAL greetings
Kind/Best regards
Give my regards to your mother.
Learner example:
I hope this information help[s] you to make you[r] decision. Best regards,
in/with regard to sth

[B2] FORMAL relating to something
Dictionary example:
I am writing with regard to your letter of 24 June.
Learner example:
I am writing to you with regard to the International Arts Festival that was held recently.
RESPECT
[C1] respect or admiration for someone
Dictionary example:
I have the greatest regard for her.
Learner example:
She is held in high regard by other employees.
regarding /rɪˈgɑː.dɪŋ/ FORMAL
Word family:
Verbs: regard
Adverbs: regardless
PREPOSITION
[B1] about
Dictionary example:
The company is being questioned regarding its employment policy.
Learner example:
I apologise to you for missing tomorrow's class as I have to attend a meeting regarding the field
trip for our school with the Principal.
1835
regardless /rɪˈgɑːd.ləs/
Word family:
Verbs: regard
Adverbs: regardless
ADVERB
regardless of
[C1] without being affected or influenced by anything else that happens or exists
Dictionary example:
This job is open to all, regardless of previous experience.
Learner example:
People listen to music regardless of their age group or their social status.
region /ˈriː.dʒən/
Word family:
Nouns: region
Adjectives: regional
NOUN [C]
AREA
[B1] a particular area in a country or the world
the semi-desert regions of Australia
the South-west region
Learner example:
The Northeast region is famous for its white sandy beaches which are frin[g]ed with coconut trees.
in the region of sth

[C1] approximately
Dictionary example:
It probably cost somewhere in the region of £900.
Learner example:
I am willing [to] pay rent in the region of £1000 to £1200 monthly.
1836
regional /ˈriː.dʒən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: region
Adjectives: regional
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to a particular area in a country or the world
Dictionary example:
a regional accent/dialect
Learner example:
Among these events, you'll be able to visit the annual regional food festival, in which you'll enjoy
some delicious meals [and] stupendous cakes.
register /ˈredʒ.ɪ.stər/
Word family:
Nouns: registration, register
Verbs: register
VERB
ON A LIST
[B1] [I or T] to put information about someone or something, especially a name, on

an official list
Students have to register for the new course by the end of April.
Is he registered with the authorities to sell alcohol?
I registered the car in my name.
Learner example:
I registered for [a] "green card" six months ago.
NOUN
LANGUAGE STYLE
[C1] [C or U] the style of language, grammar, and words used in particular situations
Dictionary example:
a formal/informal register
1837
registration /ˌredʒ.ɪˈstreɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: registration, register
Verbs: register
NOUN [U]
[B1] when a name or information is recorded on an official list
Dictionary example:
voter registration
Learner example:
We had to pay some money for the registration in the first lesson.
regret /rɪˈgret/
VERB [T] (-tt-)
BAD DECISION
[B1] to feel sorry about a situation, especially something that you wish you had not
done
If you don't tell her the truth you'll regret it later.
I really regret leaving school so young.
He began to regret that he hadn't paid more attention in class.
Is there anything you've done in your life that you regret?
Learner example:
I'm glad to receive your letter and know about your intention to come to Brazil. I think you've
made a nice choice and you won't regret it.
SORRY TO SAY
[B2] FORMAL used to say that you are sorry that you have to tell someone about a
situation
We regret to inform you that the application has been refused.
The council regrets that the money is no longer available.
Learner example:
Dear editor, I regret to inform you about some untru[e] information which w[as] given in [the] last
issue of your magazine.
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a feeling of sadness about a situation, often something that you wish you had
not done
1838
I left school at 16, but I've had a great life and I have no regrets.
My only regret is that we didn't invite James.
The manager expressed regret at the number of staff reductions.
It is with deep/great regret that I announce Steve Adam's resignation.
Learner example:
Anyway, it was too late for regrets.
regular /ˈreg.jʊ.lər/
Word family:
Adverbs: regularly
ADJECTIVE
OFTEN
[B1] happening or doing something often, especially at the same time every week,
year, etc.
a regular customer
It's recommended that you take regular exercise.
Violence is a regular occurrence in this part of the city.
Learner example:
His girlfriend is a regular member of that new club which I have joined.
GRAMMAR
[B1] following the usual rules or patterns in grammar
Dictionary example:
'Talk' is a regular verb but 'go' is not.
SIZE
[B1] being a standard size
Dictionary example:
a burger and regular fries
SAME TIME/SPACE
[B2] repeated with the same amount of time or space between one thing and the
next
I suggested that we meet on a regular basis.
Plant the seedlings at regular intervals.
1839
Learner example:
I'm willing to take care of your telescopes and to carry out [a] service on them at regular intervals
so that they will work perfectly for many years.
regularly /ˈreg.jʊ.lə.li/
Word family:
Adverbs: regularly
ADVERB
OFTEN
[B1] often
Dictionary example:
Accidents regularly occur on this bend.
Learner example:
I know I promised to write to you regularly but I just hadn't [a] spare minu[te] until now.
SAME TIME
[B1] at the same time each day, week, month, etc.
Dictionary example:
They meet regularly - usually once a week.
Learner example:
I usually go out with my friends to buy a lot of clothes, regularly at weekends.
regulate /ˈreg.jə.leɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: regulation
Verbs: regulate
VERB [T]
ACTIVITY/PROCESS
[C1] to control an activity or process, especially by using rules
Dictionary example:
laws regulating advertising
Learner example:
I think in the near future we will find a way to regulate and control the internet and prevent
criminals from using it.
1840
SPEED/TEMPERATURE
[C1] to control the speed, temperature, etc. of something
Dictionary example:
Babies find it difficult to regulate their body temperature.
Learner example:
I expressed a wish to the driver to regulate the temperature, but he was extremely rude to me as
well as to other pass[e]ngers.
regulation /ˌreg.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: regulation
Verbs: regulate
NOUN
RULE
[B2] [C] an official rule that controls how something is done
building/safety/traffic regulations
There are various rules and regulations governing the procedure.
Learner example:
I would like the government to impose strict rules and regulations on capturing animals.
CONTROL
[C1] [U] when a process or activity is controlled
Dictionary example:
government regulation of interest rates
Learner example:
Proper regulation of program contents, monitoring children's time watching television and using
television as a media to promote other leisure activities are factors which could reduce but at the
same time make [more] efficient the time spent in front of the television.
rehearsal /rɪˈhɜː.səl/
Word family:
Nouns: rehearsal
Verbs: rehearse
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a time when all the people involved in a play, dance, etc. practise in order to
prepare for a performance
1841
Dictionary example:
We only had one rehearsal before the show.
Learner example:
I helped to organise the rehearsals of the different group[s] who were going to play in the concert.
rehearse /rɪˈhɜːs/
Word family:
Nouns: rehearsal
Verbs: rehearse
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to practise a play, dance, etc. in order to prepare for a performance
Dictionary example:
We usually rehearse on Wednesdays.
Learner example:
I can't count how many nights I spent studying and studying for difficult exams, rehearsing for
presentation[s] and so on.
reign /reɪn/
NOUN
[C1] [C] a period of time when a king or queen rules a country
Dictionary example:
the reign of Henry VIII
Learner example:
If I had the incredible opportunity to travel back in time and place, I would probably choose to go
to Egypt during the reign of the Pharaohs to gain an insight [into] how this magical place really
was so long ago.
reinforce /ˌriː.ɪnˈfɔːs/
VERB [T]
OPINION
[C1] to make an existing opinion, feeling or idea stronger
Dictionary example:
His behaviour merely reinforced my dislike of him.
1842
Learner example:
The first unfavourable impression was reinforced the moment we arrived at the hotel.
reject /rɪˈdʒekt/
Word family:
Nouns: rejection
Verbs: reject
VERB [T]
NOT ACCEPT
[B2] to refuse to accept or agree with something
The United States government rejected the proposal.
The appeal was rejected by the High Court.
The prime minister rejected the suggestion that it was time for him to resign.
Learner example:
[S]he rejected the proposal for a long, long time, [but] she finally married the Crown Prince 6 years
ago.
JOB/COURSE
[B2] to refuse to accept someone for a job, course, etc.
She applied to Cambridge University but was rejected.
He applied for a job as a chef, but he was rejected.
PERSON
[B2] to not give someone the love or attention they were expecting
Dictionary example:
She felt rejected by her husband.
Learner example:
"So you're Michael, the mis-understood artist, rejected by his family and friends," the man
growled.
relate /rɪˈleɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: relation, relationship, relative
Verbs: relate
Adjectives: related, relative, unrelated
Adverbs: relatively
1843
VERB
relate to sb/sth PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to be connected to, or to be about someone or something
Dictionary example:
Please provide all information relating to the claim.
Learner example:
And, finally, relating to your concern about the costs of the changes, we think that opening the
Centre to the public would surely provide the required funds without having to impose a fee on
the students, which would probably result in a radical decrease of their use of the facilities.
relate to sb PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to understand how someone feels
Dictionary example:
Most teenagers find it hard to relate to their parents.
Learner example:
A soap opera should always be dramatic and not produced too "polished" or "clean" because then
people would see it more as a movie, and people never relate as much to a character in a movie as
they do to a character played by a good, down-to-earth actor who is apparently struggling as
much as everybody [else].
related /rɪˈleɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: relate
Adverbs: relatively
ADJECTIVE
FAMILY
[B2] If people are related, they belong to the same family.
Of course Elise and Linda are related to each other – they’re cousins.
We're related by marriage only.
Learner example:
Although they're related to each other, they have rather different characters.
CONNECTED
[B2] connected
1844
We discussed unemployment and related issues.
There's been an increase in criminal activity related to drugs.
Learner example:
It is also related to my research project.
relation /rɪˈleɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: relate
Adverbs: relatively
NOUN
FAMILY MEMBER
[B1] [C] someone who belongs to the same family as you
The funeral was attended by friends and relations.
He's called Ken Russell, no relation to the film director.
Learner example:
I beg[a]n to play against my relations and friends but I soon found that I could [beat] them without
any difficulty.
relations
[B2] the way in which two people or groups of people feel and behave towards each
other
Relations between the couple are said to be strained.
Britain enjoys friendly relations with Canada.
Learner example:
The second [film] is 'Alice' directed by the world's most respected man within the movie bu[si]ness
- of course Woody Allen. Again the good old fellow is totally fascinated by people in general,
human relations and reactions.
CONNECTION
[B2] [C or U] a connection between two or more things
Dictionary example:
The relation between smoking and lung cancer is well established.
Learner example:
Another drawback is the relation between space and time.
1845
in relation to sth
[B2] when compared with something
Dictionary example:
Salaries are low in relation to the cost of living.
Learner example:
I think television has several advantages but also disadvantages in relation to books.
in relation to sth
[B2] about or relating to something
Dictionary example:
I'd like to ask you something in relation to what you said earlier.
Learner example:
In relation to last month's social program, the sightseeing tour of London was d[i]vine, although
we didn't get to see the entire city.
relationship /rɪˈleɪ.ʃən.ʃɪp/
Word family:
Verbs: relate
Adverbs: relatively
NOUN [C]
TWO PEOPLE/GROUPS
[B1] the way two people or groups feel about and behave towards each other
Dictionary example:
He has a very good relationship with his father.
Learner example:
Then we studied some phrasal verbs and I was supposed to read a text about feelings and
relationships.
ROMANTIC
[B1] a sexual or romantic friendship
Have you had any serious relationships in the past year?
Are you in a relationship at the moment?
Learner example:
He told me that he hope[s] that someday we could have a boyfriend-girlfriend relationship for
real.
1846
CONNECTION
[B2] the way in which two things are connected
Dictionary example:
the relationship between sunburn and skin cancer
Learner example:
The relationship between mind and body has been proved by scientists.
relative /ˈrel.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: relate
Adverbs: relatively
NOUN [C]
[B1] a member of your family
There was a party for friends and relatives.
I haven't got many blood relatives.
All her close/distant relatives came to the wedding.
Learner example:
After that there'll be a big party with all your relatives and friends.
ADJECTIVE FORMAL
MEASURED
[C1] being judged or measured in comparison with something else
the relative prosperity of the West
We weighed up the relative advantages of driving there or going by train.
Learner example:
In order to get myself clear let me tell you that as an individual, I consider myself a dreamer and
in the transition from my late teens to my relative maturity I've considered the words of Hesse in
his novel "Gertrude": "The difference between our youth and maturity is that in the first stage we
are selfish in all our feelings and actions, while in maturity our top priority is everyon[e] else but
[ourselves]..."
1847
relatively /ˈrel.ə.tɪv.li/
Word family:
Verbs: relate
Adverbs: relatively
ADVERB
relatively good/bad/cheap, etc.

[B2] quite good/bad/cheap, etc. when compared to other similar things
Eating out is relatively cheap.
Students will find the course relatively easy.
Learner example:
First of all, the most favo[u]rable time for me to travel is July, because I am in the final year of
University, so I have to attend classes for a thesis almost throughout the year apart from July,
when I can take a relatively long summer holiday.
relax /rɪˈlæks/
Word family:
Nouns: relaxation
Verbs: relax
Adjectives: relaxed, relaxing
VERB [I or T]
BECOME HAPPY
[B1] to become happy and comfortable because nothing is worrying you, or to

make someone do this
I find it difficult to relax.
After work I relax with a cup of tea and the newspaper.
The wine had relaxed him and he began to talk.
Learner example:
If you want to relax, Buenos Aires is near a lot of beautiful beaches.
LESS STIFF
[C1] If a part of your body relaxes, it becomes less stiff, and if you relax it, you
make it become less stiff.
Dictionary example:
Try these exercises to relax your neck muscles.
1848
relaxation /ˌriː.lækˈseɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: relaxation
Verbs: relax
NOUN [U]
[B1] the feeling of being relaxed
Dictionary example:
He plays the piano for relaxation.
Learner example:
Last week I decided [to] paint it in baby blue, you know I love that colour, in fact somebody told
me it was very good for relaxation.
relaxed /rɪˈlækst/
Word family:
Nouns: relaxation
Verbs: relax
ADJECTIVE
PERSON
[B1] feeling happy and calm because nothing is worrying you
She looked relaxed and happy walking along with her two boys.
He seemed perfectly relaxed and in control of the situation.
Learner example:
It makes me more relaxed.
SITUATION
[B2] A relaxed situation or place is comfortable and informal.
Dictionary example:
There was a very relaxed atmosphere at the party.
Learner example:
I love this place because [it] has a relaxed atmosp[h]ere and all the staff [are] very friendly.
1849
relaxing /rɪˈlæks.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: relaxation
Verbs: relax
ADJECTIVE
[B1] making you feel relaxed
Dictionary example:
a relaxing bath
Learner example:
Yoga is a very relaxing activity but not boring at all!
release /rɪˈliːs/
VERB [T]
MAKE FREE
[B2] to allow a prisoner to be free
Six hostages were released shortly before midday.
He was released from prison last week.
Learner example:
It all began when I was released from jail, after a two year conviction [for] jewel theft.
RECORD/FILM
[B2] to make a record or film available for people to buy or see
Dictionary example:
The band's latest album will be released next week.
Learner example:
He has recently released a new CD on which he spent a lot of time and real[l]y made an effort.
INFORMATION
[C1] to let the public have news or information about something
Police have not released the dead woman's name.
The minister has released a statement explaining the reasons for his resignation.
1850
Learner example:
The article made some valid points, such as the contradictory studies being released on a regular
basis being the foundation of much confusion and that we should eat what we want, with a little
commonsense of course,.
SUBSTANCE
[C1] to let a substance flow out from somewhere
Dictionary example:
Dangerous chemicals were accidentally released into the river.
Learner example:
The gases released encourage the greenhouse effect, and it is possible to see a heavy smog
floating over the city [on] some winter days.
NOUN
[B2] [C] a musical recording which is made available for the public to buy
Dictionary example:
Her latest release, a song about doomed love, she wrote herself.
Learner example:
[This department store] provide[s] the latest cds and dvds, so you are always up to date and never
miss new releases.
MAKING FREE
[C1] [U NO PLURAL] when someone is allowed to leave prison, etc.
Dictionary example:
Her early release from prison led to a demonstration.
AREA/ATMOSPHERE
[C1] [U] when a substance is allowed to spread into the area or atmosphere around
it
Dictionary example:
the release of toxic waste
Learner example:
In such a way we can minimise the impact of [the] deadly release of radio-active materials.
relevance /ˈrel.ə.vənts/
Word family:
Nouns: relevance
Adjectives: relevant
1851
NOUN [U]
[C1] the degree to which something is related or useful to what is happening or

being talked about
Dictionary example:
This point has no relevance to the discussion.
Learner example:
One may agree with what has been said or not, but nobody can deny the relevance of the issue, as
our future society depends on our present educational system.
relevant /ˈrel.ə.vənt/
Word family:
Nouns: relevance
Adjectives: relevant
ADJECTIVE
[B2] related or useful to what is happening or being talked about
relevant information
Education should be relevant to children's needs.
Learner example:
I had studied psychology but I couldn't find a job relevant to my studies.
reliability /rɪˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: reliability, reliance, self-reliance
Verbs: rely
Adjectives: reliable, unreliable, reliant, self-reliant
NOUN [U]
[C1] how reliable something is
Dictionary example:
I can't vouch for the reliability of these figures.
Learner example:
Our customers appreciate in particular the reliability of our products and most of them are
prepared to pay a premium price for a high-quality product.
1852
reliable /rɪˈlaɪə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: rely
ADJECTIVE
[B1] able to be trusted or believed
a reliable car
reliable information
Gideon is very reliable - if he says he'll do something, he'll do it.
Learner example:
I got a lot of prizes in school, so I consider myself a hardworking and reliable person.
relief /rɪˈliːf/
Word family:
Nouns: relief
Verbs: relieve
Adjectives: relieved
NOUN
GOOD FEELING
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] the good feeling that you have when something unpleasant stops
or does not happen
It'll be such a relief when these exams are over.
"James can come tonight." "Well, that's a relief!"
I felt such a sense of relief when we finished the project.
Learner example:
She heard a[n] ambulance siren [in] the distance and with a sigh of relief, she lost consciousness.
relieved /rɪˈliːvd/
Word family:
Nouns: relief
Verbs: relieve
Adjectives: relieved
1853
ADJECTIVE
[B2] happy that something unpleasant has not happened or has ended
I'm just relieved that she's safe and well.
I heard a noise and was relieved to find that it was only a cat.
Learner example:
She actually felt extremely relieved.
religion /rɪˈlɪdʒ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: religion
Adjectives: religious
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] the belief in a god or gods, or a particular system of belief in a god or gods
Dictionary example:
the Christian/Muslim/Buddhist religion
Learner example:
I think it's quite interesting for me, because I like [the] history of religion.
religious /rɪˈlɪdʒ.əs/
Word family:
Nouns: religion
Adjectives: religious
ADJECTIVE
OF RELIGION
[B2] relating to religion
religious education
religious paintings
Learner example:
Last but not least, I think people need religious and spiritual support and [the] family has to be
protected and preserved.
PERSON
[B2] having a strong belief in a religion
1854
He's a very religious man.
They are both deeply religious.
Learner example:
The majority of us are Catholics or very religious.
relocate /ˌriː.ləʊˈkeɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: location
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to move to another place
Dictionary example:
The company relocated to Tokyo.
Learner example:
Well, as you know I was looking for a new job and for that reason I had to relocate to London in
November.
reluctant /rɪˈlʌk.tənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: reluctant
Adverbs: reluctantly
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not wanting to do something
Dictionary example:
Many victims of crime are reluctant to go to the police.
Learner example:
However, Spanish husbands are very reluctant to share the housework.
reluctantly /rɪˈlʌk.tənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: reluctant
Adverbs: reluctantly
ADVERB
[C1] in a reluctant way
1855
Dictionary example:
She reluctantly agreed to step down as managing director.
Learner example:
Reluctantly I am forced to mention that my interpreter's fee should be at least doubled.
rely /rɪˈlaɪ/
Word family:
Verbs: rely
VERB
rely on/upon sb/sth PHRASAL VERB
NEED
[B2] to need someone or something in order to be successful, work correctly, etc.
Families rely more on womens' earnings than before.
The success of this project relies on everyone making an effort.
Learner example:
Another thing is that [people] rely on modern medicine more and more.
TRUST
[B2] to trust someone or something
I know I can rely on you to help me.
British weather can never be relied on.
Learner example:
People rely on me as I always keep m[y] promises.
remain /rɪˈmeɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: remains
Verbs: remain
Adjectives: remaining
VERB
remain calm/open, etc.

[B1] to continue to be in the same state
1856
Despite the chaos around him, he remained calm.
He remained silent.
The bank will remain open while building work is carried out.
Learner example:
I tried to remain calm but it was very difficult.
remain a secret/mystery, etc.

[B2] to continue to be a secret/ mystery, etc.
The exact date of the wedding remains a secret.
The true location of the treasure remains a mystery.
Learner example:
The tragic death of Pat Johnson was a fact..... Her secret remained a secret.
remain at/in/with, etc.

[B2] FORMAL to stay in the same place
She will remain at her mother's until I return.
The doctor ordered him to remain in bed for a few days.
Learner example:
Max went with me while the others remained in the room.
CONTINUE TO EXIST
[B2] [I] to continue to exist, especially after other things or people have gone
Only a few hundred of these animals remain today.
After the flood, nothing remained of the village.
Learner example:
Of course, India must have changed a lot since Jules Verne wrote his book, but I think that its
charm remains.
remaining /rɪˈmeɪ.nɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: remains
Verbs: remain
[B2] continuing to exist when other things or people have gone or been dealt with
1857
Dictionary example:
Mix in half the butter and keep the remaining 50g for later.
Learner example:
So I decided to do nothing for the remaining week. I stayed at the beach and spent time
swimming, reading and relaxing.
remains /rəˈmeɪnz/
Word family:
Nouns: remains
Verbs: remain
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] pieces or parts of something which continue to exist when most of it has been
used, destroyed or taken away
The remains of lunch were still on the table.
We visited the remains of a 12th-century monastery.
Learner example:
With old castles, historical remains, [and] wonderful views, it seems to be extremely interesting.
remark /rɪˈmɑːk/
Word family:
Nouns: remark
Verbs: remark
Adjectives: remarkable
Adverbs: remarkably
VERB [T]
[B2] to say something that shows your opinion or states a fact
He remarked that she was looking thin.
She remarked on how attractive he was.
Learner example:
Besides, as Chris remarked, this route may be very difficult.
NOUN [C]
[B2] something that you say, showing your opinion about something or stating a
fact
1858
He made a remark about her clothes.
Her remarks on the employment question led to a heated discussion.
Learner example:
The man was surprised at her remark and double-checked it reluctantly.
remarkable /rɪˈmɑː.kə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: remark
Verbs: remark
Adverbs: remarkably
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very unusual or noticeable in a way that you admire
He is a truly remarkable man.
He has a remarkable memory.
Learner example:
It is a remarkable piece of literature, which portrays deep feelings of love and hate, depicts strong
and unique characters, [and] reveals eternal concerns with good and bad, life and death.
remarkably /rɪˈmɑː.kəb.li/
Word family:
Nouns: remark
Verbs: remark
Adverbs: remarkably
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that makes you feel surprised
Dictionary example:
She has remarkably good skin for her age.
Learner example:
As for your flight attendants, who are always friendly and remarkably helpful, it would be
excellent if they were able to speak other languages apart from English.
1859
remedy /ˈrem.ə.di/
NOUN [C]
FOR AN ILLNESS
[B2] something that makes you better when you are ill
a flu remedy
an effective herbal remedy for headaches
Learner example:
But it is [debatable] [whether] animals are held to widen our human understanding and to create
new remedies to cure people from illnesses or if they are [kept] just to amuse people.
FOR A PROBLEM
[B2] something that solves a problem
Dictionary example:
The remedy for the traffic problem is to encourage people to use public transport.
Learner example:
You should give your deputy more work, and have more free time, which I think is the best
remedy in you[r] case.
remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/
Word family:
Nouns: reminder
Verbs: remind
VERB [T]
[B1] to make someone remember something, or remember to do something
Remind me to post this letter.
Could you remind Paul about dinner on Saturday?
I rang Jill and reminded her that the conference had been cancelled.
Learner example:
Dan I'm writing you this [email] to remind you that tonight we will be going to the cinema with
some of my friends.
1860
reminder /rɪˈmaɪn.dər/
Word family:
Nouns: reminder
Verbs: remind
NOUN [C]
[C1] something that makes you remember something else
Dictionary example:
If he forgot to pay his rent, his landlady would send him a reminder.
Learner example:
"Time is precious" is not interpreted as "carpe diem", but rather as a constant reminder of all our
duties, that should be done in as little time as possible to prove ourselves effective.
remote /rɪˈməʊt/
ADJECTIVE
FAR AWAY
[B2] far away
It was a remote mountain village with no electricity supply.
His voice sounded remote.
Learner example:
She grew up in a remote area in the North East of Thailand.
remote control /rɪˌməʊt.kənˈtrəʊl/ (ALSO remote)
NOUN [C]
[B1] a piece of equipment that is used to control something such as a television or

toy from a distance
Dictionary example:
Have you seen the remote control anywhere?
Learner example:
TV - a powerful force that keeps us glued for endless hours every day, unable to press the "Off"
button on the remote control.
1861
remove /rɪˈmuːv/
Word family:
Nouns: movement
Verbs: move, remove
Adjectives: moving
VERB [T]
TAKE AWAY
[B1] to take something away
The men came to remove the rubbish from the backyard.
An operation was needed to remove the bullets from his chest.
Learner example:
I'm going to remove the wardrobe and [get] a new one!!
TAKE OFF
[B2] to take something off
Liz removed her jacket and hung it on a chair.
Carefully remove the lid, then stir the paint.
Learner example:
After, I was drenched to the skin and I had to remove all my clothes before going [in]to the
restaurant, I let you imagine how ashamed I was when I went in[to] the restaurant completely
naked!
render /ˈren.dər/
VERB [T] FORMAL
GIVE
[C1] to give someone a decision, opinion, help, etc
Dictionary example:
payment for services rendered
Learner example:
Finally, the students have only a 5% discount for the services rendered by the arts centre in
contrast to the fact that we agreed initially that a 10% discount would be more adequate.
1862
renew /rɪˈnjuː/
Word family:
Nouns: renewal
Verbs: renew
Adjectives: renewable
VERB [T]
[B2] to arrange to continue an official agreement that was going to end soon
I've decided not to renew my membership of the tennis club this year.
I forgot to renew my season ticket.
Learner example:
As I had never been abroad before, I hurriedly went to an office where we can apply for a passport
or renew it.
renewable /rɪˈnjuː.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: renewal
Verbs: renew
ADJECTIVE
ENERGY
[C1] A renewable form of energy can be produced as quickly as it is used.
Dictionary example:
a renewable energy source such as wind power
Learner example:
But the use of renewable energy sources is always a challenge.
renewal /rɪˈnjuː.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: renewal
Verbs: renew
NOUN [C or U]
AGREEMENT
[C1] when you renew an agreement, contract, etc.
1863
Dictionary example:
Their licence is up for renewal.
Learner example:
I suggest we negotiate a new agreement next year, when the current agreement will be due for
renewal.
renovate /ˈren.ə.veɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: renovation
Verbs: renovate
VERB [T]
[C1] to repair and decorate a building that is old and in bad condition
Dictionary example:
He has a business renovating old buildings.
Learner example:
We should also renovate the library and extend the opening hours.
renovation /ˌren.əˈveɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: renovation
Verbs: renovate
NOUN [U]
[C1] the act of repairing and decorating a building that is old and in bad condition
Dictionary example:
They spent all their savings on the renovation of an old cottage.
Learner example:
Dear Principal, In response to your memo, I am writing to provide you with some suggestions
concerning the renovation of [the]Sports Centre, on behalf of the member of the student
committee.
rent /rent/
VERB
RECEIVE MONEY
[B1] [T] (ALSO rent out) to allow someone to pay you money to live in your building
1864
I rented out my house and went travelling for a year.
My Dad has a cottage which he rents (out) to tourists.
Learner example:
My uncle is trying to rent his house.
reorganize /ˌriːˈɔː.gən.aɪz/
VERB [I or T] (ALSO UK reorganise)

[C1] to organize something again in order to improve it
Dictionary example:
He's completely reorganized his schedule for the week.
Learner example:
We must focus our programme more [on] cultural exchange and less [o]n work; the students
gained very little in this six weeks [so] we must reorganise this to improve the experience.
repair /rɪˈpeər/
NOUN [C or U]
THING FIXED
[B1] something that you do to fix something that is broken or damaged
My car is in the garage for repairs.
The repairs to the roof will be expensive.
Learner example:
My father sent it to the workshop for repair.
repay /rɪˈpeɪ/ (repaid, repaid)
Word family:
Nouns: pay, payment
Verbs: pay, repay
VERB [T]
MONEY
[B2] to pay back money that you have borrowed
1865
Dictionary example:
He had to sell his car to repay the loan.
Learner example:
We could make a deal, so that I could repay my debts.
KINDNESS
[B2] to do something kind for someone who has done something to help you
Dictionary example:
What can I do to repay you for your kindness?
Learner example:
It's always a ple[a]sure to see you and I hope I'll be able to repay your hospitality if you ever come
to visit us in Cambridge.
repeat /rəˈpiːt/
Word family:
Nouns: repetition
Verbs: repeat
Adjectives: repeated, repetitive
Adverbs: repeatedly
VERB [T]
TELL
[B1] to tell someone something that someone else has told you
Dictionary example:
Please don't repeat what I've just told you to anyone else.
Learner example:
He had written he was sorry, he should not have done it, he wished he had not repeated what I
told him, he would never do something like that again...
repeatedly /rɪˈpiː.tɪd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: repetition
Verbs: repeat
Adverbs: repeatedly
ADVERB
[C1] many times
1866
He telephoned repeatedly, begging her to return.
The European Union has repeatedly stressed the importance of language learning.
Learner example:
Once you pick up the new words and learn something, you need to say it repeatedly otherwise you
will easily forget [it].
repetitive /rɪˈpet.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: repetition
Verbs: repeat
Adverbs: repeatedly
ADJECTIVE
[C1] doing or saying the same thing several times, especially in a way that is boring
Dictionary example:
a repetitive job
Learner example:
My grandparents used to say to my mum: "How can you wear it?! It hardly covers your b[o]ttom!
When I was young..." (This is the beginning of a sentence when it starts to be little bit boring and
extremely repetitive!)
replace /rɪˈpleɪs/
Word family:
VERB [T]
USE INSTEAD
[B1] to start using another thing or person instead of the one that you are using
now
We're thinking of replacing our old TV with a new one.
The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.
Learner example:
And I'm going to replace the desk, because I [don't] have enough [sp]ace to put a computer onto
it.
1867
GET SOMETHING NEW
[B1] to get something new because the one you had before has been lost or
damaged
We'll have to replace this carpet soon.
I promised to replace the plate that I'd dropped.
Learner example:
I'm very sorry about it [but] don't worry because I bought another one to replace it.
BE USED INSTEAD
[B2] to start to be used instead of the thing or person that is being used now
This system will replace the old one.
Tourism has replaced agriculture as the nation's main industry.
Learner example:
We felt very disappointed when we discovered that Danny had been replaced by an unknown and
really bad actor.
replacement /rɪˈpleɪs.mənt/
Word family:
NOUN
THING OR PERSON
[B2] [C] the thing or person that replaces something or someone
The agency sent a replacement for the secretary who resigned.
It's not going to be easy to find a replacement for you.
Learner example:
But the people responsible for the concert did their best to find [a] replacement.
PROCESS
[C1] [U] the process of replacing something with something else
the replacement of existing computer equipment
replacement windows
Learner example:
But by using much larger desks, we will be able to use the equipment more efficiently and this will
reduce the cost for the replacement of broken equipment.
1868
reply /rɪˈplaɪ/
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to answer
"Where are you going?" I asked. "Home," he replied.
"I don't understand," she replied.
I replied that it was 12 o'clock.
He didn't reply to my email.
Learner example:
Please reply as soon as possible.
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] an answer
Her reply was short and unfriendly.
Have you had a reply to your email?
In reply to their questions, she just shrugged.
She sent me an email in reply.
I asked why, but he made/gave no reply.
Learner example:
I'm waiting for your reply to tell me when [you] will come.
report /rɪˈpɔːt/
Word family:
Nouns: reporter
Verbs: report
Adverbs: reportedly
VERB
DESCRIBE
[B1] [I or T] to describe a recent event or situation, especially on television, radio, or

in a newspaper
Jo Smith reports on recent developments.
She reported that the situation had changed dramatically.
A woman outside the shop reported seeing the gun.
The assassination was reported in all the newspapers.
Learner example:
You reported that other performers were second-rate.
1869
TELL
[B1] [T] to tell someone in authority that something has happened, especially an
accident or crime
He should have reported the accident immediately.
Have you reported the fault to a technician?
Learner example:
Of course I reported it at the train station, but they couldn't find it [when] they s[ea]rched the
train.
NOUN [C]
[B1] a description of an event or situation
a news/weather report
a company's financial report
a report on climate change
I gave a report of the theft to the insurance company.
Learner example:
I'll be handing you a report [on] Chapter 7 the next day.
reporter /rɪˈpɔː.tər/
Word family:
Nouns: reporter
Verbs: report
Adverbs: reportedly
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone whose job is to discover information about news events and describe
them on television, radio, the Internet, or in a newspaper
Dictionary example:
He's a reporter for the local newspaper.
Learner example:
The reporters t[alke]d about her life, where she was born, [and] who her parents [are].
represent /ˌrep.rɪˈzent/
Word family:
Nouns: representative, representation
Verbs: represent
1870
VERB [T]
BE
[B2] to be equal to something
In practice the figure represents a 10% pay cut.
The cancellation of the new road project represents a victory for protesters.
Learner example:
It [means] rec[y]cling 90% of the office material that we usually use. This represents a profit to the
company which [would be] given to the employees, so they are motivated.
COMPETITION
[B2] to be the person from a country, school, etc. that is in a competition
Dictionary example:
He was chosen to represent France at the Olympics.
Learner example:
I was very fond o[f] swimming so I was glad that I was the one to be picked to represent my
swimming team at that particular comp[e]tition.
BE SYMBOL
[B2] to be a sign or symbol of something
Dictionary example:
The crosses on the map represent churches.
Learner example:
I think the sea represents life and the sacrifice[s] we [make].
representative /ˌrep.rɪˈzen.tə.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: representative, representation
Verbs: represent
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who speaks or does something officially for another person or group
of people
Dictionary example:
The firm has two representatives in every European city.
Learner example:
Dear Mr Robertson, My name is ... and I am a student representative.
1871
reproduce /ˌriːprəˈdjuːs/
Word family:
VERB
COPY
[C1] to make a copy of something
Dictionary example:
The diagram is reproduced by permission of the original author.
Learner example:
MI5 operates two computers, one for word processing and another for scanning and reproducing
prints, drawings and photos.
REPEAT
[C1] to repeat something so that it is the same as before
The new design unfortunately reproduced some of the problems of the earlier model.
We were unable to reproduce the results of our earlier research.
Learner example:
I overcame this by listening to tapes and by trying to reproduce the native speaker's sounds and
stresses.
reproduction /ˌriː.prəˈdʌk.ʃən/
Word family:
NOUN
COPY
[C1] a copy of something, especially a painting
Dictionary example:
The picture is a reproduction of a Manet.
Learner example:
It would be great if the park provided some flight simulators and a reproduction of a space shuttle
(so that people get a feeling of how it is to be an astronaut).
1872
reptile /ˈrep.taɪl/
NOUN [C]
[C1] an animal which produces eggs and uses the heat of the sun to keep its blood
warm
Dictionary example:
Tom liked the reptiles, especially the snakes and the lizards.
Learner example:
Even though the northern part of Italy has undergone rapid industrialisation, there remain large
areas of wild uninhabited ground where a great number of wild animals (birds, reptiles, large
mammals) can live.
republic /rɪˈpʌb.lɪk/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a country with no king or queen but with an elected government
Dictionary example:
France is a republic.
Learner example:
Unfortunately in ancient Greece, although the notion of the republic and democracy were invented
and quite successfully developed there, not being a noble citizen could be cruelly disappointing
and painful.
reputable /ˈrep.jə.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: reputation
Adjectives: reputable
ADJECTIVE
[C1] known to be good and honest
Dictionary example:
a reputable organization
Learner example:
I believe such a reputable company [as] you[rs] will not refuse to accept the responsibilities and
prompt action will be taken in due course.
1873
reputation /ˌrep.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: reputation
Adjectives: reputable
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the opinion that people have about someone or something based on their
behaviour or character in the past
The company has a worldwide reputation for quality.
Both hotels have a good reputation.
He quickly earned a reputation as an entertaining speaker.
Learner example:
My country has a great reputation for food.
request /rɪˈkwest/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] when you politely or officially ask for something
They received hundreds of requests for more information.
His doctor made an urgent request for a copy of the report.
An application form is available on request.
The clause was added to the contract at her request.
The manager refused their request to leave work early.
Learner example:
I decided to reply [to] your request as soon as possible.
VERB [T]
[B1] to politely or officially ask for something
We've requested a further two computers.
They requested that no photographs be taken in the church.
Visitors are requested not to walk on the grass.
Learner example:
I have to rent a car [at the] Hertz agency and request information about where the hotel [i]s.
1874
require /rɪˈkwaɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: requirement
Verbs: require
VERB [T]
NEED
[B1] to need or demand something
Training to be a doctor requires a lot of hard work.
Please telephone this number if you require any further information.
Skiing down a steep slope requires total concentration.
Learner example:
Weddings are very different in our country and require a lot of [prepara]tion.
require sb to do sth
[B2] FORMAL to officially demand that someone does something
Dictionary example:
You are required by law to produce a valid passport.
Learner example:
It may occur in the future that they are required to posses[s] knowledge of something they didn't
study at school in order to get a job.
requirement /rɪˈkwaɪə.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: requirement
Verbs: require
NOUN [C]
[B2] something that you must do, or something you need
A good degree is a minimum requirement for many jobs.
Valid insurance is a legal requirement.
Students who fail to meet the requirements of the course will fail.
college entrance requirements
Learner example:
If you have any more requirements, please don't hesitate to contact me.
1875
rescue /ˈres.kjuː/
VERB [T]
[B1] to save someone from a dangerous or unpleasant situation
Fifty passengers had to be rescued from a sinking ship.
The government has refused to rescue the company from bankruptcy.
Learner example:
NOUN [C or U]
SAVE
[B1] when someone is saved from a dangerous or unpleasant situation
Lifeboats carry out many rescues every month.
an unsuccessful rescue attempt
Learner example:
Last Friday I saw one that was about two guys who were lost in the jungle for nine days, and the
rescue team found them alive.
research
Word family:
Nouns: research, researcher
Verbs: research
NOUN [U] /ˈriː.sɜːtʃ/

[B1] when someone studies a subject in detail or tries to find information about a
subject
scientific/medical research
a research program/laboratory
research into language development
They are conducting research into plant genetics.
I've done some research into the best beaches to visit.
Learner example:
I have been doing research about how well people dress, and I think I dress with care.
VERB [I or T] /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
[B2] to study a subject in detail or to try to find information about a subject
1876
He spent several years researching a rare African dialect.
She's researching possible cures for malaria.
He went online to research flights and hotels.
Learner example:
I had to write an article [called] Protect our Environment so I researched and studied a lot about it
using [the] Internet and [the] library to find suitable details.
researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃ.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: research, researcher
Verbs: research
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who does research as a job
Dictionary example:
Researchers uncovered new facts about his family.
Learner example:
As researchers find out more about animals, we learn more about them and because of this we
learn more about the world.
resemble /rɪˈzem.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: resemblance
Verbs: resemble
VERB [T]
[C1] to look like or be like someone or something
She resembles her father.
After the earthquake, the city resembled a battlefield.
Learner example:
However, the most representative Romanian resorts resemble the ones in the Alps and maybe
even exceed them in the respect of popularity among all walks of life and affordability.
1877
reservation /ˌrez.əˈveɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: reservation
Verbs: reserve
NOUN
BOOKING
[B1] [C] an arrangement that you make to have a seat on an aircraft, a room in a
hotel, etc.
I'd like to make a table reservation for two people for 9 o'clock.
Please confirm your reservation in writing by Friday.
Learner example:
I can make a reservation if you want.
reserve /rɪˈzɜːv/
Word family:
Nouns: reservation
Verbs: reserve
VERB [T]
ARRANGE TO HAVE
[B1] to arrange to have a seat on an aircraft, a room in a hotel, etc.
I'd like to reserve two seats on the 9:15 to Birmingham.
I reserved a double room at the Lamb Hotel.
Learner example:
I must go [to] the bus station to reserve seats for the bus [at] 17:30 pm.
KEEP
[B1] [OFTEN PASSIVE] to not allow people to use something because it is only for a
particular person or for a particular purpose
This space is reserved for ambulances only.
These seats are reserved for the elderly and women with babies.
Learner example:
We will have free tent accom[m]odation in an area reserved for the staff.
1878
NOUN
AREA
[B2] [C] an area of land where animals and plants are protected
Dictionary example:
We visited a huge reserve in Kenya.
Learner example:
As soon as we reached Nakuru two days later, we entered the game reserve to have a look around
before it got dark.
resident /ˈrez.ɪ.dənt/
Word family:
Nouns: resident, residence
Adjectives: residential, resident
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who lives in a particular place
a resident of the UK/Australia
Local residents were angry at the lack of parking spaces.
Learner example:
We will have less anxious residents in cities, who will not hurry to go to work or will not be late
home or at the office.
ADJECTIVE
[C1] living in a place
Dictionary example:
She has been resident in Britain for most of her life.
Learner example:
My name is ANA AMURRIO, born in Spain (Madrid) twenty four years ago, and resident in your
country since July of [this] year.
residential /ˌrez.ɪˈden.tʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: resident, residence
Adjectives: residential, resident
1879
ADJECTIVE
WHERE PEOPLE LIVE
[B2] A residential area has only houses and not offices or factories.
Dictionary example:
It's a largely residential area with one or two shops.
Learner example:
'Varta' is situated in a quiet residential area and could be called 'a family restaurant'.
resign /rɪˈzaɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: resignation
Verbs: resign
VERB [I or T]
LEAVE JOB
[B2] to officially tell your employer that you are leaving your job
She resigned as headteacher.
Two directors have resigned from the company.
Learner example:
So Laura stepped into her boss'[s] office, wished him a Merry Christmas and resigned.
resist /rɪˈzɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: resistance
Verbs: resist
Adjectives: irresistible
VERB
NOT DO
[B2] [I or T] to stop yourself from doing something that you want to do
I can't resist chocolate.
I just can't resist reading other people's mail.
Learner example:
How do we resist all these nice snacks, and stay slim?
1880
FIGHT
[C1] [T] to fight against something or someone that is attacking you
Dictionary example:
British troops resisted the attack for two days.
Learner example:
The Turkish ci[v]ilization was poorer than [the] Greek ci[v]ilisation and that is one more reason
why [the] Greeks had to resist and fight their enemies.
resolve /rɪˈzɒlv/
Word family:
Nouns: resolution, resolve
Verbs: resolve
VERB [T]
[C1] to solve or end a problem or difficulty
Dictionary example:
an attempt to resolve the dispute
Learner example:
The student committee greatly appreciate your efforts to resolve our current problems, in
particular improving and reconstructing our sports centre.
resort /rɪˈzɔːt/
NOUN [C]
HOLIDAY
[B1] a place where many people go for a holiday
a seaside resort
a ski resort
Learner example:
I am in Kajdussdoset which is a famous holiday resort in Hungary, my country.
resource /rɪˈzɔːs/
Word family:
Nouns: resource
Adjectives: resourceful
1881
NOUN [C]
[B2] something useful that a country, person, or organization has which they can
use
natural resources
Britain's mineral resources include oil, coal and gas deposits.
Learner example:
With all the resources on the Net, I don't need to go to the library as often as I used to.
respect /rɪˈspekt/
Word family:
Verbs: respect
NOUN
ADMIRATION
[B1] [U] when you admire someone because of their knowledge, skill, or
achievements
She's an excellent teacher and I have the greatest respect for her.
New teachers have to earn the respect of their students.
Learner example:
I have met some fantastic players, especially George N, an experienced footballer who teaches me
a lot about getting respect on and off the field, and he's been of great help to me.
POLITENESS
[B1] [U] when you are polite to someone, especially because they are older or more
important than you
You should show more respect for your parents.
Teachers should be treated with respect.
She has no respect for her boss.
Learner example:
As for people who attend weddings, it's important for them to wear formal clothes to show their
respect [for] the new couple.
in this respect/in many respects

[B2] in a particular way, or in many ways
1882
Dictionary example:
The school has changed in many respects.
Learner example:
How's your friend Mike? He is in many respects better than [a] computer, isn't he? (Teasing you
again, sorry).
with respect to sth FORMAL
[B2] relating to a particular thing
Dictionary example:
I am writing with respect to your letter of 24 June.
Learner example:
With respect to the ages of the members, they are between fifteen and twenty years old.
in respect of sth FORMAL
[C1] relating to a particular thing
Dictionary example:
I include payment in respect of your invoice of May 13th.
Learner example:
Instead of that, we should have more English grammar lessons - some of our English students are
very interested in them, especially in respect of their exam this year.
VERB [T]
ADMIRE
[B1] to admire someone because of their knowledge, achievements, etc
I respect him for his honesty.
I deeply respect David for what he has achieved.
Learner example:
It's nice to have a friend who respects you and who you respect too.
ACCEPT IMPORTANCE
[B2] If you respect someone's rights, customs, wishes, etc. you accept their
importance and are careful not to do anything they would not want.
Dictionary example:
If you decide to do otherwise we will, of course, respect your wishes.
Learner example:
But the situation is getting worse because of the decisions of the European Union, which is trying
to unif[y] Europe[an] education without respecting the wishes of the students, who are trying to
stop this process.
1883
respectable /rɪˈspek.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: respect
ADJECTIVE
GOOD BEHAVIOUR
[B2] behaving in a socially acceptable way or looking socially acceptable
a respectable family
a respectable hotel
Learner example:
But no [o]ne could think of a respectable doctor poisoning two of his patients, which is what he
actually did.
respected /rɪˈspek.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: respect
ADJECTIVE
[B2] admired by people because of your knowledge, achievements, etc.
a highly respected doctor/politician
He is very well respected in the business world.
Learner example:
Looking at Pele's life, we discover that he was a respected man who did his [be]st to help others
and his country.
respectful /rɪˈspekt.fəl/
Word family:
Verbs: respect
1884
ADJECTIVE
[C1] showing respect for someone or something
Dictionary example:
They treated us in a very respectful manner.
Learner example:
Were I not respectful of your work, I would say that your reporter did not attend this event and
just imagined it.
respective /rɪˈspek.tɪv/
Word family:
Adjectives: respective
Adverbs: irrespective, respectively
[C1] relating to each of the people or things that you have just talked about
Dictionary example:
members of staff and their respective partners
Learner example:
Relatives and friends of the respective families were very successful in being guides for some
hours.
respectively /rɪˈspek.tɪv.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: respective
Adverbs: irrespective, respectively
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that relates to each of the people or things that you have just talked
about
Dictionary example:
They scored 10 and 17 points, respectively.
Learner example:
Not only [did] we reach our target figure but also, 85% of the revenue generated went to the
hospital, and only 10% and 5% were for entertainment costs and administration costs,
respectively.
1885
respond /rɪˈspɒnd/
Word family:
Nouns: response
Verbs: respond
VERB [I]
[B2] to say or do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done
To every question, he responded "I don't know."
I asked her what the time was, but she didn't respond.
The government has responded by sending food and medical supplies to the region.
How did she respond to the news?
The police respond to emergencies in just a few minutes.
Learner example:
The two men didn't respond so David closed the door.
response /rɪˈspɒnts/
Word family:
Nouns: response
Verbs: respond
NOUN [C or U]
ANSWER
[B2] an answer or reaction to something that has been said or done
Responses to our advertisement have been disappointing.
The President's comments provoked an angry response from students.
Her proposals met with an enthusiastic response.
Learner example:
[The telephone] is an easy way to contact others, better than writing a letter and waiting for a
response.
in response to
[B2] as an answer to
Dictionary example:
I'm writing in response to your letter of 14 February.
Learner example:
I am writing in response to your advertisement, which appeared in the newspaper on November
the 23rd, looking for a person to work at weekends in your cafe.
1886
responsibility /rɪˌspɒnt.səˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
DUTY
[B2] something that it is your job or duty to deal with
The head of the department has various additional responsibilities.
It is your responsibility to make sure that your homework is done on time.
She takes her responsibilities as a nurse very seriously.
Jenny, you have responsibility for clearing up the room after the class.
Learner example:
It is the country's responsibility to supply the schools with everything needed.
take/accept/claim responsibility for sth

[B2] to say that you have done something or caused something to happen,
especially something bad
Dictionary example:
No one has yet claimed responsibility for yesterday's bomb attack.
Learner example:
Sometimes he just take[s] all the responsibility for the projects, which he should not do, at least
not alone.
responsible /rɪˈspɒnt.sə.bl
̩/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
be responsible for sb/sth/doing sth

[B1] to be the person whose duty is to deal with someone or something
I'm responsible for looking after the children during the lunch break.
Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office.
Learner example:
The woman who is responsible for this club is very beautiful.
1887
be responsible for sth/doing sth
[B2] to be the person who caused something to happen, especially something bad
Dictionary example:
Who was responsible for the accident?
Learner example:
Sometimes walkers are also responsible for accidents, mainly when they are in a hurry.
GOOD JUDGMENT
[B2] showing good judgment and able to be trusted
a hardworking and responsible employee
Let's stay calm and try to behave like responsible adults.
Many big companies are now becoming more responsible about the way they operate.
Learner example:
I know it is a great responsibility looking after them but I think I am reliable and responsible.
IMPORTANT
[B2] A responsible job is important because you have to make decisions that affect
other people.
Dictionary example:
It's a very responsible job, being a teacher.
Learner example:
[The] people who I admire in today's world are journalists. In my opinion, they have a very
responsible job.
rest /rest/
Word family:
Nouns: rest
Verbs: rest
Adjectives: restless
VERB
RELAX/SLEEP
[B1] [I] to relax or sleep because you are tired after an activity or because you are ill
The doctor told him that he should rest for a few days.
Pete's resting after his long drive.
Learner example:
The weather was particularly sunny there, so we decided to eat an ice-cream and to rest a little.
1888
rest your eyes/feet/legs, etc.
[B2] to stop using your eyes/feet/legs, etc. for a while because they are tired
Dictionary example:
He looked away from the computer screen to rest his eyes.
restart /ˌriːˈstɑːt/
Word family:
Nouns: start
Verbs: start, restart
VERB [T]
[C1] to start something again that had stopped
Dictionary example:
They want to restart the talks.
Learner example:
On the other hand, acco[r]ding to our recent survey, the company is getting [into a] better
situation than it was beginning of this year and wants to restart trading with us.
[C1] If you restart a computer, you turn it off and then on again.
Dictionary example:
Try restarting your computer.
restless /ˈrest.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: rest
Verbs: rest
Adjectives: restless
ADJECTIVE
NOT STILL
[C1] unable to be still or relax because you are bored or nervous
Dictionary example:
The audience was getting restless.
Learner example:
The children that travel become very restless when they cannot see any movies or are not offered
any games or any other entertainment from the staff.
1889
restore /rɪˈstɔːr/
VERB [T]
REPAIR
[B2] to repair and clean something old
The badly neglected paintings have all been carefully restored.
He restores antique furniture.
Learner example:
For example, the old church could be restored, to be as beautiful as it used to be.
MAKE EXIST
[C1] to make something good exist again
Three wins in a row helped restore the team's confidence.
Peace has now been restored in the region.
Learner example:
It would also restore our confidence in our paper if the correct version of events were printed,
together with your statement of apology.
restrain /rɪˈstreɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: restraint
Verbs: restrain
VERB [T]
[C1] to stop someone doing something, sometimes by using force
He became violent and had to be physically restrained.
I had to restrain myself from shouting at him.
Learner example:
Were the people aware of the variety of our social programme, they would have undoubtedly
restrained themselves from belittling our college.
1890
restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/
Word family:
Nouns: restriction
Verbs: restrict
Adjectives: restricted, restrictive
VERB [T]
[C1] to limit something
They've brought in new laws to restrict the sale of cigarettes.
The government has restricted freedom of movement into and out of the country.
I restrict myself to one cup of coffee a day.
Learner example:
We must try to restrict the use of water in agriculture.
restricted /rɪˈstrɪk.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: restriction
Verbs: restrict
ADJECTIVE
[C1] controlled or limited
Dictionary example:
They do good food but the choice is fairly restricted.
Learner example:
The main problem with buses and the underground is their restricted opening hours and also the
fact they don't [go] absolutely everywhere in the city.
restriction /rɪˈstrɪk.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: restriction
Verbs: restrict
NOUN [C or U]
LIMIT
[C1] a situation or event that limits what people can do
1891
Dictionary example:
For the first time, I could do exactly what I wanted, without any restrictions.
Learner example:
When people travel on their own, they can do what they want, without restrictions or limitations
from their family.
result /rɪˈzʌlt/
NOUN
HAPPEN
[B1] [C or U] something that happens or exists because something else has happened
Most accidents are the result of human error.
Unemployment has risen as a direct result of new economic policies.
Learner example:
As a result, I am a bit cold now.
INFORMATION
[B1] [C] information that you get from something such as an exam, a scientific
experiment, or a medical test
She's waiting for the results of a blood test.
the results of a survey
Learner example:
I joined this English class because of my bad exam result.
COMPETITION
[B1] [C] the score or number of votes at the end of a competition or election
The election results will be known by Sunday.
What was the result of this afternoon's match?
Learner example:
The[y] were all so surprised about the result of [the] game Germany against Saudi Arabia that they
welcom[ed me] in a very friendly way.
VERB
result in sth PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to cause a particular situation to happen
1892
Dictionary example:
The fire resulted in damage to their property.
Learner example:
It has resulted in a lack of repair services.
resume /rɪˈzjuːm/ FORMAL
VERB [I or T]
[C1] If an activity resumes, or if you resume it, it starts again after a pause.
The talks are due to resume today.
Normal services will be resumed in the spring.
He stopped to take a sip of water and then resumed speaking.
Learner example:
I hope our two companies can resume their excellent cooperation in the future and I am looking
forward to using one of your aircraft again.
retail /ˈriː.teɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: retail, retailer
NOUN [U]
[C1] when products are sold to customers from shops
Dictionary example:
jobs in retail
Learner example:
Multinational companies like Walmart, Tesco, GSK, etc. have their retail outlets and manufacturing
capacity all over the globe.
rethink /ˌriːˈθɪŋk/
Word family:
Nouns: thinker
Verbs: think, rethink
Adjectives: unthinkable
VERB [I or T] (rethought)
[C1] to change what you think about something or what you plan to do
1893
Dictionary example:
We need to rethink our strategy.
Learner example:
The first time I failed due to my nervousness. After this first failure I started to rethink my
strategy.
retire /rɪˈtaɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: retirement
Verbs: retire
Adjectives: retired
VERB [I]
[B1] to leave your job and stop working, usually because you are old
She retired from the company in 1990.
He is due to retire as chief executive next year.
Learner example:
Nowadays I'm free because I retired recently.
retired /rɪˈtaɪəd/
Word family:
Nouns: retirement
Verbs: retire
Adjectives: retired
ADJECTIVE
[B2] having stopped working, often because you are old
Both my parents are retired.
He is a retired airline pilot.
Learner example:
This person is a retired soldier who fought during World War II.
1894
retirement /rɪˈtaɪə.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: retirement
Verbs: retire
Adjectives: retired
NOUN [C or U]
LEAVING JOB
[B2] when you leave your job and stop working, usually because you are old
Many teachers over the age of 50 are taking early retirement.
What is the normal retirement age in this country?
Learner example:
Dear Pamela, I really like you and am happy [about] our sharing the same office but I'm afraid
that, because of your way of life, you will never reach the age of retirement.
LIFE PERIOD
[B2] the period of your life after you have stopped working
Dictionary example:
We wish you a long and happy retirement.
Learner example:
Before my retirement, I spent some 11 years in the U.S., Germany and Switzerland where I
learn[ed] a lot about the different culture[s] and people's customs and manners.
return /rɪˈtɜːn/
VERB
return to sth
[B2] to start doing an activity again or talking about something again
I returned to work three months after Susie was born.
We keep returning to the same subject.
Learner example:
[In] August I must return to school, so I can only go to California in July.
HAPPEN AGAIN
[B2] [I] to happen again or start to exist again
Dictionary example:
You must go to the doctor if the pain returns.
1895
Learner example:
This made her calm down all of a sudden, and her voice returned.
DO THE SAME
[C1] [T] to react to something that someone does or says by doing or saying the
same
I returned his smile.
I must return Michael's call.
Learner example:
I still can't understand why she never returned my calls.
return to normal
[C1] to go back to a previous condition
Dictionary example:
Life has begun to return to normal now that the war is over.
Learner example:
After exactly ten minutes the electricity was switched on again and our life returned to normal -
what a relief!
NOUN
GOING BACK
[B1] [NO PLURAL] when someone goes or comes back to a place where they were
before
The whole town came out to celebrate his return from the war.
On his return to Sydney, he started up a business.
Learner example:
But on the return from Zurich we had a[n] accident and the car has been destroyed.
TICKET
[B1] [C] a ticket that lets you travel to a place and back again, for example on a train
Dictionary example:
Could I have two returns to Birmingham?
COMPUTER
[B1] [U] a key on a computer keyboard that is used to make the computer accept
information or to start a new line in a document
Dictionary example:
Type in the password and press return.
1896
in return
[B2] in exchange for something or as a reaction to something
Dictionary example:
I'd like to give them something in return for everything they've done for us.
Learner example:
I had a great time and in return I'd love to invite you to live at my house, while you are in Poland.
reveal /rɪˈviːl/
Word family:
Nouns: revelation
Verbs: reveal
VERB [T]
TELL
[B2] to give someone a piece of information that is surprising or that was

previously secret
He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians.
It was revealed in this morning's papers that the couple intend to marry.
Learner example:
I immediately knew that something was wrong so I had a word with Pat. She denied having
revealed my secret.
revenge /rɪˈvendʒ/
NOUN [U]
[B2] something that you do to punish someone who has done something bad to
you
He's made life very difficult for me but I'll get/take my revenge.
He was looking for revenge against those who had helped oust him from his leadership position.
Learner example:
Lew Kuan Yee had sworn revenge against Michael, the detective who had sent him behind bars.
1897
revenue /ˈrev.ən.juː/
NOUN [U] (ALSO revenues)

[C1] large amounts of money received by a government as tax, or by a company
Dictionary example:
Revenue was up in the last quarter.
Learner example:
People like them need to compete for time as travelling via public transport may mean a loss of
revenue.
reverse /rɪˈvɜːs/
Word family:
Nouns: reversal, reverse
Verbs: reverse
Adjectives: irreversible, reversible
VERB
DRIVE BACKWARDS
[B2] [I or T] to drive a vehicle backwards
I hate reversing into parking spaces.
She reversed the car into the parking space.
Learner example:
Inch by inch, I reversed and went forward, reversed and went forward... too far!
CHANGE
[C1] [T] to change a situation or change the order of things so that it becomes the
opposite
Now that you have a job and I don't, our situations are reversed.
It is unlikely that the judge will reverse his decision.
Let's reverse the order - I'll give the first talk and you go second.
Learner example:
This trend should be reversed in the near future.
NOUN [U]
in reverse
[C1] in the opposite order or way
1898
Dictionary example:
Do the same steps but this time in reverse.
Learner example:
They want to see what they are not like, how they would not react and this, in reverse, helps them
[to] find themselves.
review /rɪˈvjuː/
VERB [T]
GIVE OPINION
[B2] to give your opinion in a report about a book, film, television programme, etc.
Dictionary example:
He reviews films for the Times.
CONSIDER
[C1] to consider something again in order to decide if changes should be made
The courts will review her case.
The committee is reviewing the current arrangement.
Learner example:
On the other hand I would like to ask you kindly to review my conditions of employment and to
take in consideration my expenses, which I think would be more than correct.
NOUN
[B1] [C] a report in a newspaper, magazine, or programme that gives an opinion

about a new book, film, etc.
He writes film/theatre/book reviews for the newspapers.
Her latest novel has had/received excellent reviews.
The film has had mixed reviews.
Learner example:
I was thinking we should see "Show Bar", the review is good!
revise /rɪˈvaɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: revision
Verbs: revise
1899
VERB
STUDY
[B1] [I or T] to study a subject before you take a test
Dictionary example:
She's revising for her English exam.
Learner example:
Well, I have to leave it here because I have a History exam tomorrow and I haven't revised, yet.
CHANGE
[B2] [T] to change something so that it is more accurate or better than before
Dictionary example:
His publishers made him revise his manuscript three times.
Learner example:
I advi[s]e you to revise your schedule.
revision /rɪˈvɪʒ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: revision
Verbs: revise
NOUN [U]
[B1] when you study a subject before taking a test
Dictionary example:
She did lots of revision for her French exam.
Learner example:
Dear Pete, Although I received your letter last week, I haven't been able to answer until [now] as I
am busy with revision for my English exams.
revolution /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: revolution
Verbs: revolt
Adjectives: revolutionary
NOUN
POLITICS
[B2] [C or U] a change in the way a country is governed, usually to a different political

system and often involving violence or war
1900
Dictionary example:
The French Revolution changed France from a monarchy to a republic.
Learner example:
It's supposed to be read as a study [of] the Soviet dictatorship during the October revolution and
beyond into the Cold War era.
CHANGE
[B2] [C] a very important change in the way that people do things
a technological revolution
Penicillin produced a revolution in medicine.
Learner example:
The technological revolution taking place today can be directly linked to the amazing evolution of
our communication abilities throughout th[e]se last years.
revolutionary /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: revolution
Verbs: revolt
Adjectives: revolutionary
ADJECTIVE
CHANGE
[B2] completely different from what was done before
Dictionary example:
The twentieth century brought about revolutionary changes in our lifestyles.
Learner example:
Maybe my ideas are too revolutionary but ... I think in this way Torino would be NICER!
POLITICS
[B2] involved in or relating to a revolution
Dictionary example:
a revolutionary leader/movement
reward /rɪˈwɔːd/
Word family:
Nouns: reward
Verbs: reward
Adjectives: rewarding
1901
NOUN [C]
SOMETHING GOOD
[B1] something good that you get or experience because you have worked hard,
behaved well, etc.
There'll be a reward for whoever finishes first.
I told her she could choose a toy as a reward for her good behaviour.
Learner example:
Things improved even more in the evening, when dad let me go to the cinema with my friends, as
a reward for getting such good results at Maths.
MONEY
[B1] an amount of money given to someone for helping to find something or for
helping the police to return stolen property
Dictionary example:
The police offered a reward for any information about the robbery.
Learner example:
And as a reward, my father took out RM500 and gave it to the bystander.
VERB [T]
[B2] to give someone a reward
She was rewarded for her bravery.
The company rewarded him for his years of service with a gold watch.
Learner example:
She was so happy afterwards and was even rewarded with a medal.
rewarding /rɪˈwɔːd.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: reward
Verbs: reward
Adjectives: rewarding
ADJECTIVE
[C1] making you feel satisfied that you have done something well or done
something helpful
a rewarding experience
Teaching is hard work but it's very rewarding.
1902
Learner example:
I led a workshop with children, which was a very rewarding experience, and performed for people
of all ages and backgrounds.
rewrite /riːˈraɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: writer, writing
Verbs: rewrite, write
Adjectives: written
VERB [T]
[B2] to write something again in order to improve it
Dictionary example:
I had to rewrite my essay.
Learner example:
I trust you will give this matter your immediate atten[t]ion and rewrite your report using the
information given.
rhythm /ˈrɪð.əm/
Word family:
Nouns: rhythm, rhyme
Verbs: rhyme
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a regular, repeating pattern of sound or movement
He beat out a jazz rhythm on the drums.
I've got no sense of rhythm, so I'm a terrible dancer.
She lay back in the boat, feeling the gentle rhythm of the waves.
Learner example:
From then on I have been suffering from high blood pressure and disturbances of the rhythm of
the heart-beat.
rib /rɪb/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of the curved bones in the chest
1903
Dictionary example:
He cracked a rib in the accident.
Learner example:
I stayed there for 2 weeks with a broken leg, sore ribs and a couple of scars.
rich /rɪtʃ/
Word family:
Verbs: enrich
Adjectives: rich
ADJECTIVE
FOOD
[B2] Rich food has a lot of fat, oil or eggs in it.
Dictionary example:
a rich sauce
Learner example:
The cooking [is] bas[ed] on traditional recipes of Westfalian origin and it is tasty but often very
rich!
CONTAINING A LOT
[B2] containing a lot of something that is important or valuable
The region is rich in minerals and coal deposits.
Both foods are rich in Vitamin C.
The country has vast oil reserves and rich deposits of other minerals.
Learner example:
Their lessons are valuable, rich in knowledge and fun[n]y.
NOUN
the rich
[C1] people who are rich
Dictionary example:
These ski resorts are for the rich.
Learner example:
What did the rich do all day?
1904
richness /ˈrɪtʃ.nəs/
Word family:
Verbs: enrich
Adjectives: rich
NOUN [U]
[C1] the interesting or impressive quality of something that shows how strong or
varied it is
Dictionary example:
I was amazed by the richness of their traditions.
Learner example:
Cultures of Mexico: You will be able to discover the richness and variety of Mexican ancient
cultures: - Mexica - Maya - Olmeca - Tolteca - Zapoteca - Chichimeca.
rid /rɪd/
ADJECTIVE
get rid of sth

[B1] to throw something away or give something to someone because you no
longer want it
Dictionary example:
We must get rid of some of those old books.
Learner example:
Do you think I'd better get rid of the sofa and place the bookshelf [there]?
get rid of sth

[B2] to end something unpleasant
Dictionary example:
I can't seem to get rid of this headache.
Learner example:
[The] first step is to get rid of smoking.
get rid of sb
[C1] to make someone leave
Dictionary example:
We finally got rid of my little sister by telling her scary stories.
Learner example:
Improving your English on your own (or a self-guide [on] how to get rid of your English teacher!)
1905
ride /raɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: ride, rider
Verbs: ride
NOUN [C]
VEHICLE
[B1] a journey in a vehicle or train
It's a short bus ride to the airport.
Can I give you a ride to the station?
He asked me for a ride into town.
Learner example:
On the next day, I went swimming in the lake early in the morning and took a bus ride home after
that.
BICYCLE
[B1] a journey riding a bicycle, motorcycle, or horse
He's gone out for a ride on his bike.
Do you want to come for a ride on my motorbike?
Learner example:
I swam in the sea, sunba[th]ed on the golden beach and had a ride on [a] scooter.
PLAYING
[B1] a machine at a fair which moves people up and down, round in circles, etc. as
they sit in it
Dictionary example:
She wanted me to go on a ride with her.
Learner example:
I really enjoyed myself a lot. Although I was scared on the rides, in my op[i]nion that funfair we
visited was fantastic!
rider /ˈraɪ.dər/
Word family:
Nouns: ride, rider
Verbs: ride
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who rides a horse, bicycle, or motorcycle
1906
Dictionary example:
One of the riders was thrown off his horse.
Learner example:
A lot of good riders will come with their horses to take p[art] in a competition.
ridiculous /rɪˈdɪk.jʊ.ləs/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very silly
I've never heard anything so ridiculous.
I'd look ridiculous in a hat like that.
It's a ridiculous idea/suggestion.
Learner example:
So, it is just ridiculous to hear that there were fewer than 2000 people there.
right /raɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: right
Adjectives: right
Adverbs: right, rightly
ADJECTIVE
SUITABLE
[B1] suitable or best in a particular situation
I'm not sure she's the right person for the job.
Are we going in the right direction?
Learner example:
I know that you will make the right choice!
MORALLY ACCEPTABLE
[B2] fair or morally acceptable
It's not right to criticize him behind his back.
Someone had to tell him - I think you did the right thing.
Learner example:
Was he doing the right thing or he was just making matters worse?
1907
ADVERB
EXACTLY
[B1] exactly in a place or time
He's right here with me.
I fell asleep right in the middle of her speech.
They live right in the centre of the city.
Learner example:
That's me, right here.
right away/now/after
[B1] immediately
Dictionary example:
Do you want to start right away?
Learner example:
I [would] love to see your new trousers but I'm busy right now.
CORRECTLY
[B2] correctly
Dictionary example:
He guessed right most of the time.
NOUN
BEHAVIOUR
[B2] [U] morally correct behaviour
Dictionary example:
I've tried to teach them the difference between right and wrong.
Learner example:
He was raised not knowing the difference between right and wrong.
LAW
[B2] [C] something that the law allows you to do
the right to free speech
the right to vote
Learner example:
To sum up, famous people are the same as we are, and we all have the right to lead a private life
and no right to break into their privacy.
have a/no right to do sth

[C1] to have, or not have, a good reason for something
1908
He has a right to be angry.
She had no right to speak to me like that.
Learner example:
Finally, you have no right to say that we "did not reach our target figure" since the whole event
was considered to be a success by many people.
rightly /ˈraɪt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: right
Adjectives: right
Adverbs: right, rightly
ADVERB
[B2] in a correct way
He is rightly concerned about the situation.
They quite rightly complained to the manager.
Learner example:
If I remember rightly, there were over 5,000.
ring /rɪŋ/
NOUN [C]
CIRCLE
[B2] something that is the shape of a circle
Dictionary example:
The children sat in a ring around the teacher.
Learner example:
It is forced to jump into a ring of fire, if it does not want to do it, it will be hit.
SOUND
[B2] the sound a bell makes
Dictionary example:
The ring of the doorbell woke him up.
Learner example:
Walking down the street, he heard a noise: just the ring of the clock tower.
1909
VERB [I or T]
SOUND
[B1] If something rings, it makes the sound of a bell, and if you ring a bell, you
cause it to make a sound.
The phone's ringing.
I rang the doorbell.
Learner example:
Me and a few of my friends were having a day off school so we went to a lovely beach by the
Danube river, when my phone rang.
riot /raɪət/
NOUN [C]
[C1] angry, violent behaviour by a crowd of people
a race riot
Riots started in several cities.
Learner example:
A riot started in the city but the police managed to stop it before anyone got seriously hurt.
rip /rɪp/ (-pp-)
VERB [I or T]
TEAR
[B2] to tear quickly and suddenly, or to tear something quickly and suddenly
His new trousers ripped when he bent down.
She ripped her dress getting off her bike.
He excitedly ripped open the parcel.
Learner example:
While I was walking I step[p]ed on my dress and ripped it.
rip sth out/off/from, etc.

[C1] to remove something by pulling it away quickly
Dictionary example:
Hedges had been ripped out to make larger fields.
1910
Learner example:
One leg was completely ripped off, while the other is just managing to hold on.
ripe /raɪp/
ADJECTIVE
FRUIT, ETC.
[B2] developed enough and ready to be eaten
ripe fruit
Those bananas aren't ripe yet - they're still green.
Learner example:
There w[ere] a lot of beautiful, ripe, red strawberries [and] I couldn't resist pick[ing] one of them.
rip-off /ˈrɪp.ɒf/
NOUN [C] INFORMAL
[C1] when someone is cheated by being made to pay too much for something
Dictionary example:
The food there is a real rip-off.
Learner example:
What is more, I am sure students won't feel like it is a rip-off because prices are really reasonable.
rise /raɪz/
VERB [I] (rose, risen)
SUN/MOON
[B1] When the sun or moon rises, it appears in the sky.
Dictionary example:
The sun rises in the East.
Learner example:
It was very beautiful, especially in the morning when the sun was rising.
MOVE UP
[B1] to move up
1911
Dictionary example:
The balloon rose gently up into the air.
INCREASE
[B2] to increase in level
rising temperatures
Prices rose by 10 percent.
Inflation is rising by 2.1% a month.
Learner example:
NOUN [C]
INCREASE
[B2] an increase in the level of something
a sudden temperature rise
a 5% rise in inflation
August has seen a large rise in the number of unemployed.
Learner example:
There is also a steady rise in underweight [girls] among young girls of today.
PAY
[C1] an increase in the amount of money you earn
Dictionary example:
a pay rise
Learner example:
The reason is not only that we cannot manage to affor[d] a pay rise for each of you but also we
would like to organise two language courses in the USA.
risk /rɪsk/
Word family:
Nouns: risk
Verbs: risk
Adjectives: risky
NOUN
BAD POSSIBILITY
[B2] [C or U] the possibility of something bad happening
1912
the risk of heart disease
There is a slight risk that the blood could have become infected.
We want clean rivers and lakes, where you can swim without risk to your health.
It's a low/high-risk strategy.
Learner example:
Nowadays, everything is a risk, even at home we are in danger.
at risk
[B2] being in a situation where something bad is likely to happen
All houses within 100 metres of the seas are at risk of flooding.
Releasing these prisoners puts the public at risk.
Learner example:
Lives are at risk!
take a risk
[B2] to do something although something bad might happen because of it
Dictionary example:
This time I'm not taking any risks - I'm going to get insured.
Learner example:
He had to take a risk if he wanted to save his love, Anne.
SOMETHING BAD
[C1] [C] something bad that might happen
Dictionary example:
There are more health risks when older women get pregnant.
Learner example:
Personally, I will continue using my mobile phone, no matter what the health risks are, and I will
probably encourage my children to have one with them when they go places [further] away than
our home or garden, in case something happens.
VERB [T]
DO SOMETHING
[B2] If you risk something bad, you do something although that bad thing might
happen.
Dictionary example:
"It's dangerous to cross here." "I'll just have to risk it."
Learner example:
You shouldn't risk damaging your health.
1913
POSSIBLY LOSE
[B2] If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation

where you might lose it.
He risked his life to save me.
She risked her job by giving me that information.
Learner example:
If she had gone home by taxi, she would have not risked her life.
risky /ˈrɪs.ki/
Word family:
Nouns: risk
Verbs: risk
Adjectives: risky
ADJECTIVE
[B2] dangerous because something bad might happen
It's risky to buy a car without some good advice.
Investing in shares is always a risky business.
Learner example:
[Cycling on] this road is a bit risky and demanding so I would agree with Chris [o]n that point.
rival /ˈraɪ.vəl/
Word family:
Nouns: rival, rivalry
Verbs: rival
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone or something that is competing with another person or thing
Dictionary example:
business/political rivals
Learner example:
Around 60% of our international rivals had their stands there, usually with 2-3 staff members
always kept busy by [the] public.
1914
river /ˈrɪv.ər/
NOUN [C]
mouth of a river
[C1] where a river goes into the sea
Dictionary example:
It is a small village, by the mouth of a river.
Learner example:
The mouth of the river with a [narrow] exit to the sea, provided an extra ex[c]itement because of
the pressure of the water when joining the sea.
road /rəʊd/
NOUN [C or U]
on the road
[C1] driving or travelling, usually over a long distance
Dictionary example:
We'd been on the road for 48 hours.
Learner example:
I have experienced sitting behind a steering wheel on the road for many years.
rob /rɒb/
Word family:
Nouns: robbery
Verbs: rob
VERB [T] (-bb-)
STEAL
[B1] to steal from someone or somewhere, often using violence
to rob a bank
Two tourists were robbed at gunpoint in the city centre last night.
They robbed the company of £2 million.
Learner example:
About twenty tourists were robbed.
1915
robbery /ˈrɒb.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: robbery
Verbs: rob
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] ! the crime of stealing from somewhere or someone
a bank robbery
The gang admitted they had committed four recent robberies.
He is in prison for armed robbery.
Learner example:
We were fed up with our lives and all the problems we had [so] one of us decided to organize a
bank robbery. [At] first we laughed at him because it was such a silly idea but finally it was the
only solution for us to become rich.
robot /ˈrəʊ.bɒt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a machine controlled by a computer, which can move and do other things that
people can do
Dictionary example:
They use robots to spray the cars.
Learner example:
I think there will be tall buildings and [the] population will rise a lot. I think there will be robots
too.
rock /rɒk/
Word family:
Nouns: rock
Adjectives: rocky
NOUN
HARD SUBSTANCE
[B1] [C or U] the hard, natural substance which forms part of the Earth's surface, or
an area of this substance sticking out of the sea or ground
1916
a layer of rock
Mountains and cliffs are formed from rock.
The boat struck a rock outside the bay and sank.
We climbed over the rocks and reached the sea.
Learner example:
There are many wonderful hills, mountains, lakes, caves and rocks.
rocket /ˈrɒk.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
VEHICLE
[B2] a tube-shaped device containing fuel and an engine that pushes a vehicle into
space
Dictionary example:
They launched a rocket yesterday.
Learner example:
[With] computers, you can control machines [or] a rocket [or] a satellite.
rocky /ˈrɒk.i/
Word family:
Nouns: rock
Adjectives: rocky
ADJECTIVE
WITH ROCKS
[C1] with lots of rocks
Dictionary example:
a rocky beach
Learner example:
The walk around the lake is an extraordinary experience - seeing the majesty of the rocky
mountains around the blue surface, which reflects the lights as a mirror, is unforget[t]able.
1917
role /rəʊl/
NOUN [C]
ACTING
[B1] an actor's part in a film or play
She's got a leading/supporting role in the school play.
He plays the role of a violent criminal.
Learner example:
Jack Nicholson, my favourite actor, plays the main role.
PURPOSE
[B2] the job someone or something has in a particular situation
What is his role in this project?
This part of the brain plays an important role in learning.
Six people have been put on trial for their role in the demonstrations.
Learner example:
In fact, computers play an important role in the office.
role model /ˈrəʊlˌmɒd.əl/
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone you try to behave like because you admire them
Dictionary example:
Jane is such a good role model for her younger sister.
Learner example:
Pele was voted Athlete of the Century for his outstanding performance and for being such a
positive role model for other athletes and youth in general.
roll /rəʊl/
VERB
roll (sth) across/around/over, etc.

[B2] to move somewhere by turning in a circular direction, or to make something
move this way
1918
The ball rolled through the goalkeeper's legs.
She rolled over onto her side.
The vase rolled off the edge of the table and smashed.
TURN OVER
[B2] [T] to turn something around itself to make the shape of a ball or tube
He was rolling a cigarette.
He rolled the clay into a ball in his hands.
As I got closer, the hedgehog rolled itself up into a ball.
roll down/in/off, etc.

[B2] to move somewhere smoothly
Tears rolled down her face.
His car started rolling down the drive.
Learner example:
By this time, the rest of us were laughing so [hard that] tears were rolling down our cheeks.
NOUN [C]
BREAD
[B1] a small loaf of bread for one person
Dictionary example:
I had a roll with my soup.
Learner example:
We eat ham, cheese, butter and paprika, with [a] roll or bread.
TUBE
[B2] a piece of film, paper or cloth that is rolled into the shape of a tube
a roll of carpet
a toilet roll
romance /rəʊˈmænts/
Word family:
Nouns: romance
Adjectives: romantic
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] an exciting relationship of love between two people, often a short one
1919
It was just a holiday romance.
Office romances are usually a bad idea.
Learner example:
I like it very much because it has romance and action, and cats of cours[e].
romantic /rəʊˈmæn.tɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: romance
Adjectives: romantic
ADJECTIVE
LOVE
[B1] relating to feelings of love and affection
Dictionary example:
a romantic dinner for two
Learner example:
And the atmosphere in the evening is so romantic!
STORY
[B1] relating to a story about love
romantic fiction
a romantic comedy
Learner example:
It was interesting but romantic novels are my favourite books!
room /ruːm/
NOUN
SPACE
[B1] [U] space for things to fit into
Is there enough room for me in the car?
That sofa would take up too much room in the flat.
James took the books off the little table to make room for the television.
Learner example:
In the wardrobe there is no[t] enough room to put all my stuff away.
1920
room for improvement
[C1] If there is room for improvement, something can be made better.
Dictionary example:
His work isn't bad but there's still some room for improvement.
Learner example:
She is Polish, aged 29 and can speak English pretty well, but there is still room for improvement,
that's why she wants to spend a year in England, looking after children in an English-speaking
family.
roommate /ˈruːm.meɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who you share a room, apartment, etc. with
Dictionary example:
He was my roommate while we were at college.
Learner example:
I was a student and lived together in a flat with my roommate Claudia.
root /ruːt/
NOUN [C]
PLANT PART
[B2] the part of a plant that grows under the ground and gets water and food from
the soil
Dictionary example:
These plants have really deep roots.
Learner example:
I have gathered over three hundred species: flowers, roots, leaves and others.
roots
[B2] where someone or something originally comes from
Dictionary example:
the roots of modern jazz
Learner example:
I think people should know where our European pop and rock music has its roots.
the root of sth

[C1] the cause of something, usually something bad
1921
We must get to the root of this problem.
Money is said to be the root of all evil.
Learner example:
Unfortunately none of us has ever tried to find the root of this problem but the influences that it
has on the environment are obvious.
rope /rəʊp/
NOUN [C or U]
FOR TYING
[B2] very thick string made from twisted thread
We tied the boat to a post with a length of rope.
a coil of rope
Learner example:
A few moments later she took out a rope from her backpack.
rose /rəʊz/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a flower with a pleasant smell and thorns, that grows on a bush
a rose bush
She sent him a bunch of red roses.
Learner example:
He brought me to a posh restaurant and he gave me a bunch of roses.
rotten /ˈrɒt.ən/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] Rotten vegetable or animal substances are decaying.
Dictionary example:
rotten eggs/fruit
Learner example:
I'll tell you something - my freezer still smells of rotten fish.
1922
rough /rʌf/
Word family:
Adjectives: rough
Adverbs: roughly
ADJECTIVE
NOT SMOOTH
[B1] A rough surface is not smooth.
rough ground
It was a rough mountain road, covered in stones and huge holes.
Learner example:
I went with some people I kn[ew] from bike competitions, and I [was] impressed with how well
they can ride a bike on a rough terrain, w[hereas] I had to go carefully in some tracks.
NOT EXACT
[B1] approximate and not exact
Write a rough copy first and check the grammar.
Can you give me a rough idea of the numbers?
Learner example:
I lost my personal note-pad where I used to write all my job tasks, my arrangements and the
records of my students. I have [even] written the rough copy of some personal letters [there].
SEA/WEATHER
[B2] If the sea or weather is rough, there is a lot of strong wind and sometimes
rain.
Dictionary example:
The boat sank in rough seas off the Swedish coast.
Learner example:
I went to the seaside but I was not allowed to bathe for they said that the sea was too rough.
DIFFICULT
[B2] difficult or unpleasant
Dictionary example:
She's having a rough time at work.
Learner example:
He did the mountain-route last year and he says that even he had a rough time.
DANGEROUS
[C1] dangerous or violent
1923
a rough part of town
Hockey can be quite a rough game.
Learner example:
I like him as a football player because he plays fair, not rough.
roughly /ˈrʌf.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: rough
Adverbs: roughly
ADVERB
NOT EXACTLY
[B2] approximately
There has been an increase of roughly 2.25 million.
Roughly speaking, it's 2.25 million.
We have roughly the same tastes.
Learner example:
These are very special cases and roughly speaking, confined to one thing.
round /raʊnd/
PREPOSITION
TO OR IN A PLACE
[B1] to or in different parts of a place
The landlord showed me round the house.
I had to go all round town to find a hotel that was open.
Learner example:
Well, she showed me round her hometown and we did some sight-seeing.
ADVERB
CIRCULAR MOVEMENT
[B1] with a circular movement
Dictionary example:
This switch makes the wheels go round.
1924
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
[B1] to the opposite direction
She looked round.
Turn the car round and let's go home.
Learner example:
I turned round and I saw that the one who was calling me was the singer!!
TO SEVERAL PLACES
[B1] from one place or person to another
Dictionary example:
Could you pass these forms round, please?
round and round

[B2] moving in a circle without stopping
Dictionary example:
We drove round and round trying to find the hotel.
Learner example:
It's not fun to look at an animal who is bored and only walks round and round.
NOUN [C]
first/second/third/final, etc., round

[B2] the first/second/third/final, etc. stage in a competition
Dictionary example:
He was beaten in the first round.
Learner example:
At five o'clock in the afternoon, the second round of the games [will begin].
route /ruːt/
NOUN [C]
ROADS
[B1] the roads or paths you follow to get from one place to another place
an escape route
I'm just planning my route.
What's the best route to the station?
Crowds gathered all along the route to watch the race.
1925
Learner example:
Each cycle route [is] shown in a different colour, so we didn't lose our way.
routine /ruːˈtiːn/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] the things you regularly do and how and when you do them
a daily routine
He longed to escape the routine of an office job.
There's no set/fixed routine at work - every day is different.
Learner example:
Usually we speak about our daily routine, [and] our plan[s] for the future.
row1 /rəʊ/
NOUN [C]
LINE
[B1] a straight line of people or things
a row of chairs/houses
My students sit at desks in rows for most of the time.
Learner example:
Two rows of serv[a]nts stood beside the path which was in front of him with [a] red carpet on it.
SEATS
[B1] a line of seats
to sit on the back/front row
Isn't that Sophie sitting in the row behind us?
Learner example:
It is great in my class, there are so many people and they are all nice. I'm sitting in the first row
next to Nicole.
in a row
[B2] one after another without a break
Dictionary example:
He's just won the tournament for the fifth year in a row.
1926
Learner example:
Maradona was the captain of the team, and since he arrived, the team won three championships in
a row.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to move a boat or move someone in a boat through the water using oars
Dictionary example:
We rowed to the other side of the lake.
Learner example:
In the end, they had to row all the way back to the beach and it was very late when they got home.
row2 /raʊ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a loud, angry argument
My parents often have rows.
a blazing row
Learner example:
The sun was shining, the birds w[ere] singing and all the people were happy, but I was very angry
because I [had] had a row with my husband.
royal /ˈrɔɪ.əl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to a queen or king and their family
the royal family
a royal visit
Learner example:
Chris, Anne and I wanted to visit the royal palace.
rub /rʌb/
VERB [T] (-bb-)
PRESS WITH HANDS
[B2] to press your hand or a cloth on a surface and move it backwards and forwards
1927
She rubbed her hands together to warm them.
He rubbed himself dry with a towel.
Rub the stain with a damp cloth.
Learner example:
Paul suddenly saw something. A kind of shadow. He rubbed his eyes but there was nothing.
rub sth into/on, etc.

[B2] to move a substance backwards and forwards over a surface so that it covers it
and goes into it
I rubbed some suntan oil on her back.
Rub the butter into the flour.
rubber /ˈrʌb.ər/
NOUN
SUBSTANCE
[B2] [U] a strong material that bends easily, originally produced from the juice of a
tropical tree, and used to make tyres, boots, etc.
Dictionary example:
shoes with rubber soles
Learner example:
Worst [of] all it seems to me is the way some zoos are regarded as places of entertainment like [a]
circus, where the people are encouraged to laugh at animals whe[n] they 'perform their funny
tricks' like eating bananas, swinging from rubber tyres and so on.
rubbish /ˈrʌb.ɪʃ/
NOUN [U]
WASTE
[B1] things that you throw away because you do not want them
Our rubbish gets collected on Thursdays.
Put the empty box in the rubbish bin.
I took some old furniture to the rubbish dump.
1928
Learner example:
While I [was] walking in the rain along the dark and quiet alleys, I heard a weak cry that sound[ed]
like a baby [coming] from a corner with rubbish scattered everywhere.
BAD QUALITY
[B2] INFORMAL something that is of bad quality

Dictionary example:
There's so much rubbish on TV.
Learner example:
I was t[aught] to believe that recorded music was rubbish compar[ed] to live music.
NONSENSE
[C1] something that is nonsense or wrong
Dictionary example:
Ignore him, he's talking rubbish.
Learner example:
For example, the advertisement where the worker eats only "Mars" and can work hard after it. It's
rubbish.
rude /ruːd/
Word family:
Nouns: rudeness
Adjectives: rude
Adverbs: rudely
ADJECTIVE
NOT POLITE
[B1] behaving in a way which is not polite and upsets other people
a rude comment/remark
He complained that a member of staff had been rude to him.
It would be rude to leave without saying goodbye.
Learner example:
I thought he [wa]s such a rude man.
WORDS/JOKES
[B2] Rude words or jokes relate to sex or going to the toilet.
Dictionary example:
He taught his little sister a lot of rude words.
1929
Learner example:
She just wanted to shout rude words when finally she recognised her father... standing in front of
her.
rudely /ˈruːd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: rudeness
Adjectives: rude
Adverbs: rudely
ADVERB
[C1] in a rude way
Dictionary example:
He rudely pushed past us.
Learner example:
When I made a[n] attempt to speak to the conductor, I was rudely told off and told to stay seated
for the rest of the journey.
rudeness /ˈruːd.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: rudeness
Adjectives: rude
Adverbs: rudely
NOUN [U]
[C1] the quality of being rude
Dictionary example:
I was shocked by her rudeness.
Learner example:
Many complaints were made about the rudeness of the reception [staff].
rug /rʌg/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a soft piece of material used to cover the floor
Dictionary example:
My dog loves lying on the rug in front of the fire.
1930
Learner example:
There is [a] green rug in the middle of the floor.
ruin /ˈruː.ɪn/
NOUN
OLD PARTS
[B1] [C] the broken parts that are left from an old building after it has been
destroyed
Dictionary example:
Thousands of tourists wander around these ancient ruins every year.
Learner example:
After that I'm going to travel to Luxor and see [the] ruins.
be/lie in ruins
[C1] to be in a very bad state
Dictionary example:
The war left one million people dead and the country in ruins.
Learner example:
When my grandparents were young, Germany lay in ruins.
VERB [T]
[B2] to spoil or destroy something completely
They were late and the dinner was ruined.
Her injury ruined her chances of winning the race.
Huge modern hotels have ruined this once unspoilt coastline.
Learner example:
But she didn't keep her promise and she ruined my life.
rule /ruːl/
Word family:
Nouns: rule, ruler, ruling
Verbs: rule
NOUN
INSTRUCTION
[B1] [C] an official instruction about what you must or must not do
1931
to break the rules
to obey/follow the rules
You can't smoke at school, it's against the rules.
Learner example:
There're plenty of rules in my high school.
PRINCIPLE
[B1] [C] a principle of a system, such as a language or science
Dictionary example:
the rules of grammar
Learner example:
We did a little exam about tenses and grammar rules.
USUAL WAY
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the usual way something is
an exception to the rule
I visit my parents on Sunday, as a rule.
Learner example:
As a rule, children who ride bikes change their bike[s] for cars [when they are older] and are
pre[pa]red a little [for] how to behave on the road.
a rule of thumb
[C1] a way of calculating something, which is not exact but which will help you to
be correct enough
Dictionary example:
As a rule of thumb, you need one egg for every 125g flour.
Learner example:
As a rule of thumb, one third of the people working in central Copenhagen [go] by car, one third
by public transport, and one third by bike.
VERB
CONTROL SOMEWHERE
[B2] [I or T] to be in control of somewhere, usually a country
Dictionary example:
They were ruled for many years by a dictator.
Learner example:
In the late 60s when Greece was ruled by a military government, many young students fled abroad
to escape its cruelty.
1932
INFLUENCE SOMEONE
[B2] [T] to influence someone's thoughts or actions
Dictionary example:
His life is ruled by the demands of his job.
Learner example:
Our Earth has grown overcrowded and every inch of our life is ruled by computers.
CONTROL
[C1] to be in control of somewhere, usually a country
They were ruled for many years by a dictator.
the ruling party
Learner example:
Cleopatra was the seventh queen of Egypt and ruled until 63 B.C. whe[n] she died.
ruler /ˈruː.lər/
Word family:
Nouns: rule, ruler, ruling
Verbs: rule
NOUN [C]
LEADER
[C1] the leader of a country
Dictionary example:
He was the ruler of the country for over 20 years.
Learner example:
Versailles in France and the time of Louis XIV as the ruler would be my place and time I would
choose to visit.
rumour /ˈruː.mər/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a fact that a lot of people are talking about although they do not know if it is
true
Rumours are going round the school about Mr Mason and his assistant.
Someone has been spreading rumours about me.
I heard a rumour that you were leaving.
1933
Learner example:
However, the press shouldn't create rumours and hunt those people like animals.
run /rʌn/
Word family:
Nouns: run, runner, running
Verbs: run
VERB (running, ran, run)
ORGANIZE
[B1] [T] to organize or control something
She ran her own restaurant for five years.
The social group is run by the residents themselves.
Learner example:
My aunt is always working. She runs her own business.
TRAVEL
[B2] [I] If trains or buses are running, they are available to travel on.
Trains are still running, despite the snow.
A bus runs three times a day into town.
Buses are running an hour late, because of an earlier accident.
Learner example:
There is an easy way to get to the college: a service bus runs every 15 minutes, [and] the journey
takes only 20 minutes.
LIQUID
[B2] [I] If liquid runs somewhere, it flows.
Tears ran down her face.
Have you got a tissue? My nose is running.
Learner example:
The warm urine ran through my underwear, [down] my legs and white socks, into my shoes and
floated out on the floor.
USE COMPUTER
[B2] [T] If you run a computer program, you use it on your computer.
Dictionary example:
Did you run a virus check this morning?
1934
Learner example:
At this point the computer is unable to run any program.
WORKING
[C1] [I or T] If a piece of equipment is running, it is switched on and working, and if

you run it, you switch it on and make it work.
Dictionary example:
The engine is running more smoothly now.
Learner example:
We could start a campaign where people are reminded not to leave their car, lorry or bus engines
running for more than one minute if stationary.
PUBLISH
[C1] [T] to publish something in a newspaper or magazine
Dictionary example:
All the papers are running this story on the front page.
Learner example:
If we run a story on "HIV Symptoms" we could have a very succes[s]ful first issue.
NOUN [C]
MOVE FAST
[B1] when you move on your feet at a speed faster than walking, especially for
exercise
We go for/do a three-mile run every evening after work.
If you set off at a run, you'll be exhausted later.
Learner example:
Walking is recognized [as] good exercise, or going for a run.
SPORT
[B2] in cricket or baseball, a single point
Dictionary example:
to score a run
Learner example:
I liked the competition because both the teams played well and they scored good runs
in the long run

[B2] at a time that is far away in the future
Dictionary example:
It seems a lot of effort but I'm sure it's the best solution in the long run.
1935
Learner example:
It costs a lot of money, but in the long run, it [is] worth [it].
running /ˈrʌn.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: run, runner, running
Verbs: run
ADJECTIVE
running water
[C1] If a place has running water, it has a working water system.
Dictionary example:
They bought an old house with no electricity or running water.
Learner example:
It is hilarious to think that at the same time people in [the] north of Europe were still living a
primitive and uncivilized life not even able to invent an axe, the Romans managed to install
running water in their huge houses.
runway /ˈrʌn.weɪ/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a large road that aircraft use to land on or to start flying from
Dictionary example:
The runway was covered with snow.
Learner example:
The problem hit the headlines when a small Soviet aircraft missed the runway and touched down
on a road exploding in two pieces and damaging many cars and the people sitting inside.
rural /ˈrʊə.rəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to the countryside and not to towns
Dictionary example:
The area is still very rural and undeveloped.
Learner example:
I live in a rural area far from any village, town, or city.
1936
rush /rʌʃ/
VERB
HURRY
[B2] [I or T] to hurry or move quickly somewhere, or to make someone or something

hurry or move quickly somewhere
We had to rush to catch the bus.
We rushed out into the street to see what all the noise was.
The UN has rushed medical supplies to the disaster area.
Learner example:
I rushed to Tom's house, and when I reached it, he received me with a weird smile on his face.
rush to do sth
[B2] to do something quickly and enthusiastically
Dictionary example:
His friends rushed to congratulate him after the ceremony.
Learner example:
I was very happy and rushed to talk to them.
FORCE ACTION
[C1] [T] to make someone do something more quickly than they want to do it
I refuse to be rushed into making a decision.
Don't try to rush him - he needs time to think about it.
Learner example:
It has always been very busy but these days people seem to have a harder time facing the fact that
not everything can be rushed.
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
HURRY
[B2] when you have to hurry or move somewhere quickly
Slow down! What's the rush?
Why is it always such a rush to get ready in the mornings?
Everyone seemed to be in a rush.
He was in a rush to get home.
Learner example:
That's because we are always stressed and always in a rush.
1937
rush hour /ˈrʌʃ.aʊər/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the time when a lot of people are travelling to or from work and so roads and
trains are very busy
the morning/evening rush hour
I always try to travel outside the rush hours.
Learner example:
During rush hours, you often see cars lined up with just one person inside, each car polluting the
environment.
rusty /ˈrʌs.ti/
ADJECTIVE
METAL
[B2] Rusty metal has rust on its surface.
Dictionary example:
a rusty car/nail
Learner example:
It was very rusty but I repainted it and now it looks like a new bike.
SKILL
[B2] If a skill you had is now rusty, it is no longer good because you have forgotten
it.
Dictionary example:
My French is a bit rusty.
Learner example:
However, I am rather "rusty" [at] using the morse code as well as using the codes of
communication.
1938
S
sack /sæk/
VERB [T]
[B2] to tell someone to leave their job, usually because they have done something
wrong
They sacked her for being late.
He got sacked from his last job.
Learner example:
What's more, I was sacked from my workplace.
NOUN
the sack
[B2] When someone gets the sack or is given the sack, they are told to leave their
job.
Dictionary example:
He got the sack from his last job.
Learner example:
My sister was working in a very good company in Rio and she got the sack, so she decided to go
to Spain.
BAG
[C1] [C] a large bag made of paper, plastic, or cloth and used to carry or store
things
Dictionary example:
sacks of coal
Learner example:
The worst thing was with rubbish which wasn't collected. People in estates, special groups, used
big bags and sacks to gather it.
1939
sacred /ˈseɪ.krɪd/
ADJECTIVE
HOLY
[C1] relating to a religion or considered to be holy
sacred music
a sacred object
Learner example:
It is a volcanic island which has been enshrined as a sacred place.
sacrifice /ˈsæk.rɪ.faɪs/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] something valuable that you give up in order to achieve something or help
someone, or the act of giving it up
We had to make sacrifices in order to pay for our children's education.
They cared for their disabled son for 27 years, at great personal sacrifice.
Learner example:
It's a small sacrifice but I think that it will serve him [well] in the long run.
VERB
[C1] [T] to give up something that is valuable to you in order to achieve something
or help someone
Dictionary example:
Many women sacrifice interesting careers for their family.
Learner example:
We are very proud of our low costs [...], a pleasing fact primarily based upon a large number of
volunteers who sacrifice their spare time in our organisation.
sadly /ˈsæd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: sadness
Verbs: sadden
Adjectives: sad
Adverbs: sadly
1940
ADVERB
NOT HAPPY
[B2] in an unhappy way
Dictionary example:
"He's gone away for six months," she said sadly.
Learner example:
Alice quickly got in the car and waved sadly at her parents while Natalie drove off.
NOT SATISFACTORY
[B2] in a way that is not satisfactory
Sadly, the treatment doesn't work for all patients.
If you think she'll let you do that, you're sadly mistaken.
Learner example:
Some forms of entertainment which were popular decades ago have, sadly, disappeared.
sadness /ˈsæd.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: sadness
Verbs: sadden
Adjectives: sad
Adverbs: sadly
NOUN [U]
[B2] being sad
Dictionary example:
Her sadness at her grandfather's death was obvious.
Learner example:
What can be more real that when your lover is gone or taken away, your own soul is also alone,
bitter and dark and there is nothing else than feelings of rev[e]nge, anger, frustration and
sadness?
safe /seɪf/
Word family:
Nouns: safety
Adjectives: safe, unsafe
Adverbs: safely
1941
ADJECTIVE
NOT HARMED
[B1] not harmed or damaged
Dictionary example:
She said that all the hostages were safe.
Learner example:
Suddenly I felt something strange near me, I turn[ed] back quickly and two men were there. They
showed me their weapons. Then, I woke up safe in my bed.
WITHOUT RISK
[C1] not involving much risk
Salmon is a safe option - most people like it.
He told us that these shares were a safe investment.
Learner example:
On the other hand, I could have chosen to stay in my town and start [at] the University. It would be
the recommended and most appropriate choice. I would get my degree and start a normal and
safe career.
safe to say
[C1] If it is safe to say something, you are sure it is correct.
Dictionary example:
I think it's safe to say that he'll be the next president.
Learner example:
It is probably safe to say that there are no good books about engineering written in Portuguese so
my teachers always use books written in English.
a safe place; somewhere safe

[C1] a place where something will not be lost or stolen
Dictionary example:
It's very valuable so put it somewhere safe.
Learner example:
Don't show off your money but keep it in a safe place.
in safe hands
[C1] being cared for or dealt with by someone skilled
Dictionary example:
The project is in safe hands - Jan has lots of experience.
Learner example:
He has also been trained as a lifeguard so the residents of your hotel would probably be in safe
hands.
1942
safely /ˈseɪ.fli/
Word family:
Nouns: safety
Adverbs: safely
ADVERB
[B1] in a safe way
We all arrived safely.
Drive safely!
Are the children safely fastened into their car seats?
I think we can safely say they won't find us now.
Learner example:
My friend has come back safely and now a new life [starts for him].
safety /ˈseɪf.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: safety
Adverbs: safely
NOUN [U]
BEING SAFE
[B2] the state of being safe, or a place or situation where someone or something is
safe
food/road safety
The hostages were led to safety.
For your (comfort and) safety, we recommend you keep your seat belt loosely fastened during the
flight.
Journalists may enter the danger zone but unfortunately we cannot guarantee their safety.
As the gunman opened fire, they all ran/dived for safety behind trees.
Police are concerned for the safety of the five-year-old.
He was led to a place of safety.
Learner example:
In my opinion, using a centre for shopping is a better idea because we [are safer there] and
nowadays safety is important for many reasons.
HOW SAFE
[C1] how safe something is
1943
Dictionary example:
Safety at the factory has been improved.
Learner example:
Safety regulations: Ten years ago, regulations on working did not exist.
sail /seɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: sailing, sailor
Verbs: sail
VERB
CONTROL BOAT
[B1] [I or T] to control a boat that has no engine and is pushed by the wind
He sailed the dinghy up the river.
She sailed around the world single-handed in her yacht.
Learner example:
First of all, we are going to the beach where some sail[o]rs are going to teach us how to sail.
TRAVEL ON BOAT
[B1] [I] to travel somewhere on a boat or a ship
Dictionary example:
We sailed to New York.
Learner example:
You know, I've got a boat and if you want, we will be able to spend five days on it. We will sail to
the Channel Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Sark...) .
MOVE ON WATER
[B2] [I] When a boat or a ship sails, it travels on the water.
The ship was sailing to China.
The boat sailed along/down the coast.
As the battleship sailed by/past, everyone on deck waved.
Learner example:
I started the film and we could all see a ship sailing towards the camera.
1944
sailor /ˈseɪ.lər/
Word family:
Nouns: sailing, sailor
Verbs: sail
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who sails ships or boats as their job or as a sport
Dictionary example:
Over 100 sailors took part in the race.
Learner example:
He is a sailor.
saint /seɪnt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a dead person who has been officially respected by the Christian church for
living their life in a holy way
Dictionary example:
Catherine of Siena was made a saint in 1461.
Learner example:
They were originally a mixture of a pagan and a religious feast related to [the] worshipping of two
saints: St Antony in Lisbon and St. John in Porto.
sake /seɪk/
NOUN
for the sake of sb/sth; for sb's/sth's sake

[B2] in order to help or bring advantage to someone or something
Please do it, for David's sake.
Their parents only stayed together for the sake of the children.
I hope for both our sakes that you're right!
You should act on his advice, for your own sake.
For the sake of convenience, they combined the two departments.
For safety's sake, you shouldn't swim alone.
Learner example:
You should let your hair down once in a while, for your own sake, and for the sake of your family.
1945
salary /ˈsæl.ər.i/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a fixed amount of money that you receive from your employer, usually every
month
an annual salary of £20 000
His net monthly salary is £1500.
She's on quite a good/decent salary in her present job.
He took a drop in salary when he changed jobs.
a 10% salary increase
Learner example:
I was on the beach when my mobile phone rang. It was my boss [who] said "I'm in Australia, and I
can't read my e-mail, the server at work crashed. Please repair it today and I will double your
salary."
sale /seɪl/
NOUN
on sale
[B1] available to buy in a shop, on the Internet, etc.
Dictionary example:
The video and book are now on sale.
Learner example:
I went window shopping with my friends yesterday and I saw this beautiful skirt on sale.
SELL
[B2] [C or U] the act of selling something, or the time when something is sold
The sale of alcohol is now banned.
The building company gets 10% commission on each house sale.
I haven't made a sale all morning.
Learner example:
We had arranged to meet him at the Ritz restaurant in order to deal [with] the sale of some
products.
sales
[B2] the number of items sold
Dictionary example:
Our sales have doubled this year.
1946
Learner example:
You should know that they are getting a marked increase in sales.
salesman /ˈseɪlz.mən/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL salesmen)

[B1] someone whose job is selling things
Dictionary example:
I asked the salesman for advice.
Learner example:
Sad to say, I have not applied for it again but I did apply for another job as a salesman.
saleswoman /ˈseɪlzˌwʊm.ən/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL saleswomen)

[B1] someone whose job is selling things
Dictionary example:
The saleswoman showed me the car.
Learner example:
Many years ago, when I was seventeen, I was working as a saleswoman [for] a print[er].
salmon /ˈsæm.ən/ (PLURAL salmon)
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a large, silver fish, or the pink meat of this fish
fresh/smoked/tinned salmon
salmon fishing
Learner example:
My favo[u]rite restaurant is Pampa Grill. My favo[u]rite food [there] is the salmon, it's delicious.
salon /ˈsæ.lɒn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a place where women have their hair cut and put in a style
1947
Dictionary example:
My hairdresser opened her own salon.
Learner example:
I had an appointment at my hairdresser's and late as usual I parked outside the salon on a narrow
dead-end-street where it was forbidden to park.
salty /ˈsɔːl.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: salt
Adjectives: salty
ADJECTIVE
[B2] tasting of or containing salt
Dictionary example:
Is the soup too salty?
Learner example:
On the other hand, [the] Western one gave [good] service but [the] food was oily and salty.
same /seɪm/
ADJECTIVE
at the same time

[B1] If two things happen or are true at the same time, they happen or are true
together.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
the same old arguments/face/story, etc.

[C1] INFORMAL something or someone you have seen or heard many times before
Every day I see the same old faces.
Politicians repeat the same old arguments time and time again.
Learner example:
I think that it is the same old story with media all over the world that they tend to present the
news in [an] exaggerated manner.
1948
in the same way
[C1] similarly
Dictionary example:
In the same way, there are many citizens who feel unprotected by the police.
Learner example:
In the same way, grandmothers may be shocked when seeing their little children wearing
extravagant clothes or really short skirts.
PRONOUN
the same
[B1] not another different thing or situation
I'm hopeless at physics, and it's the same with chemistry - I get it all wrong.
I'd do the same if I was in your situation.
Learner example:
I will write [to] you again soon and I hope you will do the same.
the same
[B2] not changed
After all these years you look exactly the same - you haven't changed a bit.
Charles is just the same as always.
Learner example:
Prices are the same as in the golden days, but the atmosphere is friendlier and the linen-draped
white tables look inviting.
all/just the same

[C1] despite what has just been said
Dictionary example:
He doesn't earn much. All the same, he ought to pay for some of his own drinks.
Learner example:
I'm afraid 300 parking spaces will not suffice. All the same, I would recommend parking in the city
centre, for commercial reasons.
ADVERB
the same
[B2] in the same way
We treat all our children the same.
I need some time to myself, the same as anybody else.
1949
sample /ˈsɑːm.pl
̩/
NOUN [C]
PART OF GROUP
[B2] a small number of people from a larger group that is being tested or
considered
a random sample of voters
a nationally representative sample of 200 schools
Learner example:
This report is based on a sample of over 50 students.
SMALL AMOUNT
[B2] a small amount of something that shows you what it is like
a free sample of chocolate
She brought in some samples of her work.
samples of carpet/curtain material
sand /sænd/
Word family:
Nouns: sand
Adjectives: sandy
NOUN [U]
[B1] a substance that is found on beaches and in deserts, which is made from very
small grains of rock
a grain of sand
The children played all day in/on the sand.
coarse/fine sand
Learner example:
We got to a bea[uti]ful beach. The sand looked like gold.
sandal /ˈsæn.dəl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a light shoe with straps that you wear in warm weather
1950
Dictionary example:
a pair of sandals
Learner example:
In summer, I wear skirts and sandals.
sandy /ˈsænd.i/
Word family:
Nouns: sand
Adjectives: sandy
ADJECTIVE
[B1] covered with or containing sand
Dictionary example:
a sandy beach
Learner example:
We have no mountains in Lithuania, but we have sandy beaches at [the] seaside.
satellite /ˈsæt.əl.aɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of equipment that is sent into space around the Earth to receive and
send signals or to collect information
The World Cup was transmitted around the world by satellite.
satellite television/TV
a TV/weather satellite
Learner example:
To balance this, technology has developed a lot in the last decades and now people can have wild
animal[s] inside their homes, [even though] they may be locked up on a CD-Rom or coming in a
wave format through the satellite dish.
satisfaction /ˌsæt.ɪsˈfæk.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: satisfy
1951
NOUN [U]
FEELING
[B2] a pleasant feeling which you get when you receive something you wanted, or
when you have done something you wanted to do
She looked at the finished painting with satisfaction.
She got/obtained great satisfaction from/out of helping other people.
For me, job satisfaction is more important than the money.
She had the satisfaction of knowing that she'd done everything she could.
Learner example:
Whatever it [is], it must give us satisfaction.
satisfactorily /ˌsæt.ɪsˈfæk.tər.əl.i/
Word family:
Verbs: satisfy
ADVERB
[C1] in a satisfactory way
Dictionary example:
I'm sure these problems can be satisfactorily resolved.
Learner example:
The main problem is finding the most accurate meaning of some words, phrasal verbs, idioms etc.
Dictionaries can do the job satisfactorily but the problem inside is left unsolved.
satisfactory /ˌsæt.ɪsˈfæk.tər.i/
Word family:
Verbs: satisfy
ADJECTIVE
[B2] good enough
We hope very much to find a satisfactory solution to the problem.
The teachers seem to think his work is satisfactory.
1952
Learner example:
The service is satisfactory.
satisfied /ˈsæt.ɪs.faɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: satisfy
ADJECTIVE
PLEASED
[B1] pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something has
happened in the way that you wanted
Some people are never satisfied!
a satisfied smile
Are you satisfied with the new arrangement?
Learner example:
I must say that I'm very satisfied with [the club].
be satisfied that
[C1] If you are satisfied that something is true, you believe it.
Dictionary example:
The judge was satisfied that she was telling the truth.
Learner example:
I suppose that is only because they are satisfied that other nations than the British can strike.
satisfy /ˈsæt.ɪs.faɪ/
Word family:
Verbs: satisfy
VERB [T]
PLEASE
[B2] to please someone by giving them what they want or need
1953
They have 31 flavours of ice-cream - enough to satisfy everyone!
Come on, satisfy my curiosity, what happened last night?
Learner example:
But how can anyone satisfy a wealthy woman like her without giving her an expensive present?
satisfy conditions/needs/requirements, etc.

[C1] to have or provide something that is needed or wanted
Dictionary example:
She satisfies all the requirements for the job.
Learner example:
In general, the conference satisfied my needs.
saucepan /ˈsɔː.spən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a deep, metal pan, usually with a long handle and a lid, that is used to cook
food in
Dictionary example:
Put the potatoes in a saucepan of boiling water.
Learner example:
The waiters are very polite and the food is so good, specially the fish. You can can see the [chef]
with his saucepan, it's very funny!
saucer /ˈsɔː.sər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small plate that you put under a cup
a cup and saucer
She gave the cat a saucer of milk.
save /seɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: savings, saving
Verbs: save
1954
VERB
NOT WASTE
[B1] [T] to prevent time, money or effort being wasted or spent
You'll save time if you take the car.
Thanks for your help - it saved me a lot of work.
Learner example:
More and more people choose to travel by car, because it saves a lot of time comp[ared] to
travelling by public transport.
MAKE SAFE
[B1] [T] to stop someone or something from being killed, injured or destroyed
Wearing seat belts has saved many lives.
He fell in the river but his friend saved him from drowning.
He had to borrow money to save his business.
He was desperately trying to save their failing marriage.
We all need to do our bit to save the planet.
Learner example:
We watched a movie called "Men in Black II" and it was about two guys that save the world from
alien attacks.
save a goal
[B2] to prevent a player from scoring a goal
Dictionary example:
He saved two goals in the last minute of the game.
save sb (from) doing sth

[C1] to help someone avoid having to do something
Dictionary example:
We'll eat in a restaurant - it'll save you having to cook.
Learner example:
Building a new supermarket along with a multi-storey car park will save city dwellers from having
to travel to the sub[u]rbs to buy what they need.
saving /ˈseɪ.vɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: save
1955
NOUN [C]
LESS MONEY
[C1] when you use or spend less money than you would usually have to
Dictionary example:
a saving of £20.
Learner example:
I know that it sounds as if the company had to spend a lot of money on retraining, but in the long
term this will be a saving.
savings /ˈseɪ.vɪŋz/
Word family:
Verbs: save
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] the money which you keep in an account in a bank or similar financial
organization
Dictionary example:
He spent all his savings on an expensive car.
Learner example:
I also spent all my savings [o]n executive-looking clothes.
say /seɪ/
VERB [T] (said, said)
TELL
[B1] to tell someone about a fact, thought, or opinion
Did she say where she was going?
Officials refused to say what had happened.
What did they say about the house?
The doctors say (that) it will take him a few weeks to recover.
She didn't say whether she was coming or not.
"Who do you think will get the job?" "I'd rather not say."
What are you saying, exactly ?
Learner example:
Dear Mary, You asked me in your last letter about my bedroom. There aren't a lot of things to say
about it, it is quite small but nice.
1956
GIVE INFORMATION
[B1] to give information in writing, numbers or signs
My watch says 3 o'clock.
Can you read what that notice says?
It says in the paper (that) they've found the man who did it.
It says on the bottle to take three tablets a day.
Learner example:
Well yesterday I was reading a new fashion magazine. It says that this summer the best clothes to
wear are skirts with different colours!
THINK
[B1] to think or believe
People/They say (that) he's over 100.
"It's going to be a very hot summer." "So they say."
She is a firm leader, too firm, some might say.
Learner example:
People say that it never rains here.
be said to be
[B2] used to show that many people believe something about something
Dictionary example:
Drinking plenty of water is said to be good for your skin.
Learner example:
On our way around the lake we would have [the] possibility of visiting a huge medieval castle
which is said to be haunted.
it goes without saying

[B2] If something goes without saying, it is obvious or generally accepted.
Dictionary example:
It goes without saying that smoking is harmful to your health.
Learner example:
It goes without saying that I will participate!
say sth to yourself

[C1] to think something but not speak
Dictionary example:
"I hope she likes me," he said to himself.
Learner example:
I remember saying to myself that "this little boy will survive" and after that I felt totally cool and
calm and did what had to be done.
1957
easier said than done
[C1] used to say that something seems like a good idea but it would be difficult to
do
Dictionary example:
I want to ask her out, but it's easier said than done.
Learner example:
I know it's easier said than done but you have to try.
to say the least

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
needless to say
[C1] as you would expect
Dictionary example:
Needless to say, it rained the whole time we were there.
Learner example:
Needless to say, bribes are a frequent occur[r]ence.
safe to say
[C1] If it is safe to say something, you are sure it is correct.
Dictionary example:
I think it's safe to say that he'll be the next president.
Learner example:
It is probably safe to say that there are no good books about engineering written in Portuguese so
my teachers always use books written in English.
scale /skeɪl/
NOUN
SIZE
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the size or level of something
We don't yet know the scale of the problem.
Nuclear weapons cause destruction on a massive scale.
My parents used to entertain friends on a large/small scale.
1958
Learner example:
He leads an evil trade: they [carry out] smuggling on a grand scale and use the inn as a store.
MEASURE
[B2] [C] a set of numbers, amounts etc., used to measure or compare the level of
something
the Centigrade/Fahrenheit scale
How would you rate his work on a scale of 1 to 5?
Learner example:
In brief, I think it would be a very good idea to create a new scale of [salaries] based on our needs,
in which doctors would be [higher] than professional footballers.
COMPARISON
[B2] [C or U] how the size of things on a map, model, etc. relates to the same things
in real life
a scale of 1:50 000
This map is large scale.
Is the bridge drawn to scale?
He was building a scale model of Concorde.
Learner example:
My f[ri]end gave me a 1/72 scale kit of "Supermarine Spitfire" for my birthday.
scales
[B2] a piece of equipment for measuring weight
Dictionary example:
kitchen/bathroom scales
scan /skæn/
VERB [T] (scanning, scanned)
COMPUTER
[C1] to use a piece of equipment that copies words or pictures from paper into a
computer
Dictionary example:
to scan photos into a computer
Learner example:
Instead of drawing some of our customers document[s] we will just scan them.
1959
READ
[C1] (ALSO scan through) to quickly read a piece of writing to understand the main
meaning or to find a particular piece of information
Dictionary example:
I scanned the travel brochures looking for a cheap holiday.
Learner example:
So, I suggest that you buy a newspaper called "The Loot", sit down with a strong cup of coffee and
scan it.
scandal /ˈskæn.dəl/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] something that shocks people because they think it is morally wrong
a financial/political scandal
Their affair caused/created a scandal in the office.
If there is the slightest suggestion/hint of scandal, the public will no longer trust us.
It's a scandal (that) children could be treated in this way.
Learner example:
scandal.
scar /skɑːr/
NOUN [C]
ON SKIN
[B2] a permanent mark left on the body from a cut or other injury
an ugly scar
That burn will leave a nasty scar.
Learner example:
David is a tall man with black curly hair, black eyes, a big nose, [a] beard and a scar on his neck.
MIND
[C1] damage done to a person's mind by a very unpleasant event or situation
Dictionary example:
a psychological scar
1960
Learner example:
A person who [has been] affluent since childhood might be said to not have the emotional scars of
experiencing poverty during childhood and might be able to look at the world, and to the life as
an adult, in a positive and constructive way.
scarce /skeəs/
Word family:
Nouns: scarcity
Adjectives: scarce
Adverbs: scarcely
ADJECTIVE
[C1] rare or not available in large amounts
Dictionary example:
scarce resources
Learner example:
In the context of Singapore, where land is scarce and widening or building of more roads is just
not feasible, we have no choice but to choose what is best for everyone.
scare /skeər/
Word family:
Verbs: scare
Adjectives: scared, scary
VERB [T]
FRIGHTEN
[C1] to frighten a person or animal
Dictionary example:
Sudden, loud noises scare me.
Learner example:
You may think that Universal Video has gone mad: re-editing those old-fashioned horror movies
that couldn't even scare your 6-year-old sister!
scared /skeəd/
Word family:
Verbs: scare
1961
ADJECTIVE
[B1] frightened or worried
He's scared of spiders.
He's scared to tell her what really happened.
I was scared (that) you might not be there.
I was scared stiff.
She had a scared look on her face.
Learner example:
When I came for [the] first time to my new English class I was a little bit scared.
scary /ˈskeə.ri/
Word family:
Verbs: scare
ADJECTIVE
[B1] INFORMAL frightening

Dictionary example:
a scary movie/story
Learner example:
It was quite exciting but a little scary.
scene /siːn/
Word family:
Nouns: scene, scenery
Adjectives: scenic
NOUN
FILM/BOOK, ETC.
[B1] [C] a short part of a film, play, or book in which the events happen in one place
the funeral/wedding scene
Juliet dies in Act IV, Scene iii.
Learner example:
If you haven't seen any of th[ese] three "Star Wars" movies, I suggest you do see them tonight or
tomorrow. They are great, with [a] lot of action scenes.
1962
VIEW
[B2] [C] a view or picture of a place, event, or activity
Lowry painted street scenes.
scenes of everyday life
There were scenes of great joy as the hostages were re-united with their families.
Learner example:
I like especially the scene of the garden with snow in winter.
PLACE
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] a place where an unpleasant event has happened
The police arrived to find a scene of horrifying destruction.
Evidence was found at the scene of the crime.
Learner example:
She managed to recreate the scene of the crime, saying that she had swallowed a fish bone.
the club/gay/music, etc. scene

[B2] all the things connected with a particular way of life or activity
Dictionary example:
She's well known on the jazz scene.
Learner example:
Both of them are about the gay and lesbian scene.
scenery /ˈsiː.nər.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: scenic
NOUN [U]
[B1] the attractive, natural things that you see in the countryside
beautiful/breathtaking/spectacular scenery
They stopped at the top of the hill to admire the scenery.
Learner example:
If I were you, I'[d] go [to] the countryside because it's peaceful, quiet, and the scenery is
wonderful.
1963
scenic /ˈsiː.nɪk/
Word family:
Adjectives: scenic
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having views of the attractive, natural things in the countryside
a scenic route
an area of great scenic beauty
Learner example:
France is an area of great scenic beauty, famous for its excellent cooking and wine.
scent /sent/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a pleasant smell
Dictionary example:
the sweet scent of orange blossom
Learner example:
Flowers are in bloom and their scent triggers my romantic mood.
schedule /ˈʃed.juːl/
Word family:
Nouns: schedule
Verbs: schedule
Adjectives: scheduled
NOUN [C]
[B2] a plan that gives events or activities and the times that they will happen or be
done
I have a very busy schedule today.
Will the work be completed on schedule?
Everything went according to schedule.
Learner example:
Firstly, the programme beg[a]n exactly on schedule and the first group were KING CUP, not
TORRENTS.
1964
[B2] to arrange that an event or activity will happen at a particular time
The meeting has been scheduled for tomorrow afternoon.
The train is scheduled to arrive at 8.45, but it's running twenty minutes late.
Learner example:
My flight is scheduled to arrive at the airport at 10 o'clock in the morning.
scheduled /ˈʃed.juːld/
Word family:
Nouns: schedule
Verbs: schedule
Adjectives: scheduled
ADJECTIVE
PLANNED
[B2] planned to happen at a particular time or on a particular date
Dictionary example:
This programme will be broadcast half an hour later than the scheduled time.
Learner example:
The scheduled time for the arrival is 5.15 pm.
FLIGHT
[B2] travelling at a regular time each day or week
Dictionary example:
a scheduled flight
scheme /skiːm/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an official plan or system
a training/housing/play scheme
a pension/savings scheme
There's a new scheme in our town for recycling plastic bottles.
Class sizes will increase under the new scheme.
1965
Learner example:
I reject any other possibilities like building a tunnel or a by-Pass, because compared to the Park
and Ride scheme, they would be much too expensive.
scholar /ˈskɒl.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: scholar, scholarship
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who has studied a subject and knows a lot about it
a classics/history scholar
Dr Miles was a distinguished scholar of Russian history.
Learner example:
In the old days a scholar could spend years of his life in search of specific information, which now
can be easily and inexpensi[ve]ly found at the click of a button!
scholarship /ˈskɒl.ə.ʃɪp/
Word family:
Nouns: scholar, scholarship
NOUN
[C1] [C] an amount of money given to a person by an organization to pay for their
education, usually at a college or university
Dictionary example:
She got a scholarship to the college.
Learner example:
In addition, is there any scholarship or financial support provided for students to apply [for]?
science /saɪənts/
Word family:
Nouns: science, scientist
Adjectives: scientific
Adverbs: scientifically
NOUN
TYPE
[B1] [C or U] a particular type of science
1966
computer science
Chemistry, physics, and biology are all sciences.
advances in medical science
Learner example:
In my class, there were 15 girls and 15 boys, who were studying computer science with me, so I
knew everybody.
science fiction /ˌsaɪəntsˈfɪk.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
[B1] stories about life in the future or in other parts of the universe
Dictionary example:
She is a well-known science fiction writer.
Learner example:
Also, I like to watch fantasy and science fiction films.
scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪf.ɪk/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B1] relating to science, or using the organized methods of science
a scientific discovery/experiment/theory
scientific evidence/research
The project has attracted considerable criticism from the scientific community.
Learner example:
I like programmes about sport and scientific discover[ie]s.
scientifically /ˌsaɪənˈtɪf.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
1967
ADVERB
[B2] using scientific methods
Dictionary example:
scientifically proven
Learner example:
It is scientifically pro[v]en and well-known that the gas [releas]ed by cars is toxic and quite
dangerous to the environment - specially to the ozone layer.
scientist /ˈsaɪən.tɪst/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who studies science or works in science
Dictionary example:
Scientists are working to create a vaccine for the disease.
Learner example:
NASA admitted yesterday they will send a group of highly trained scientists to Mars in the next
two years.
scope /skəʊp/
NOUN [U]
AMOUNT
[C1] how much a subject or situation relates to
Dictionary example:
Do we know the full scope of the problem yet?
Learner example:
The scope of this article exceeds the problem of the abuse of females.
score /skɔːr/
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to get points in a game or test
1968
He scored just before half-time to put Liverpool 2-1 ahead.
In American football, a touchdown scores six points.
She scored 18 out of 20 in the spelling test.
Learner example:
I almost scored an own goal.
NOUN [C]
[B1] the number of points someone gets in a game or test
a high/low score
What's the score?
At half time, the score stood at two all.
The final score was 3-0.
Learner example:
We took 4 or 5 exams that day and my friend, Erick and I studied all night to get the best scores.
scratch /skrætʃ/
VERB
RUB SKIN
[B2] [I or T] to rub your skin with your nails, often to stop it itching
My skin was so itchy, I was scratching all night.
He was scratching (at) his mosquito bites.
Hannah scratched her head thoughtfully.
HURT/DAMAGE
[B2] [T] to make a slight cut or long, thin mark with a sharp object on a surface or
on your skin
I scratched myself on the roses.
We scratched the paintwork trying to get the bed into Martha's room.
People have been scratching their names on this rock for years.
Learner example:
How can this ridiculous man accuse me of scratching his new car, thought Laura.
RUB SURFACE
[B2] [I] to rub a hard surface with a sharp object, often making a noise
Dictionary example:
The dog's scratching at the door - he wants to be let in.
1969
Learner example:
Something scratched at the door.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a slight cut or a long, thin mark made with a sharp object
Dictionary example:
I've got all these scratches on my arm from the cat.
Learner example:
I should like to join one of those courses to become more 'professional' in how to repair a scratch
on the side [of the boat] or a hole in the sail.
from scratch
[C1] If you do something from scratch, you do it from the beginning.
Dictionary example:
We didn't have any furniture of our own so we had to start from scratch.
Learner example:
That means you don't have to start from scratch with your teacher.
scream /skriːm/
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to make a loud, high noise with your voice, or to shout something in a loud,
high voice because you are afraid, hurt, or angry
A spider landed on her pillow and she screamed.
Through the smoke, the rescuers could hear people screaming for help.
He was screaming in/with pain and begging for anaesthetic.
They screamed with laughter at her jokes.
Ken screamed (out) a warning telling people to get out of the way.
I've never found screaming at my staff to be very effective.
"I wish you were dead!" she screamed.
Learner example:
I opened the door and screamed - in front of me was a man standing with [his] hands covered in
blood.
NOUN [C]
[B1] when someone screams
Dictionary example:
We heard screams coming from their apartment.
Learner example:
Last night, I was cooking and dad was watching tv when, suddenly I heard a scream.
1970
script /skrɪpt/
NOUN
WORDS
[B2] [C] the words written for and spoken in a film, play, broadcast or speech
Dictionary example:
Bruce Robinson wrote the script for 'The Killing Fields'.
Learner example:
I didn't get involved that much in writing a script because it was very hard and the director wrote
most of it but the main idea of the background of the stage was m[ine], and I am very proud of it.
sculpture /ˈskʌlp.tʃər/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a piece of art that is made from stone, wood, clay, etc., or the process of
making objects like this
a wooden sculpture
modern sculpture
Tom teaches sculpture at the local art school.
The museum has several life-sized sculptures of people and animals.
Learner example:
But if you have time, you must visit some cities, like Rome or Florence, because there are many
historical buildings and museums, with the most important sculptures and pictures [by] famous
artist[s] like Michelangelo or Raffaello.
seal /siːl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an animal with smooth fur that eats fish and lives near the sea
Dictionary example:
We could see seals swimming near the coast.
Learner example:
After leaving the Orkney Islands, we went by boat to [the] Shetland Islands, because we wanted to
observe the grey seals with their pups that were [o]n the northwest coast.
1971
search /sɜːtʃ/
VERB
TRY TO FIND
[B1] [I or T] to try to find someone or something
I've searched my bedroom but I can't find my watch.
He searched in his pockets for some change.
Police are still searching the woods for the missing girl.
He searched (in/through) his pockets for some change.
I've searched high and low , but I can't find my birth certificate.
The detectives searched the house from top to bottom, but they found no sign of the stolen
goods.
Learner example:
He searched the whole bank but could not find it.
USE COMPUTER
[B1] [I or T] to use a computer to find information, especially on the Internet
Dictionary example:
I searched the Internet to find the best prices for flights to Barcelona.
Learner example:
Before you had to go to a lib[r]ary to finish [your] homework. Now, we just search on the internet.
POLICE
[B2] [T] If the police search a place or a person, they look to see if they are hiding
anything illegal, such as drugs.
They were searched at the airport.
The men were searched for drugs and then released.
Learner example:
The undercover [patrol] searched our car rather roughly, looking for drugs.
FIND ANSWER
[C1] [I] to try to find an answer to a problem
Dictionary example:
Doctors are still searching for a cure.
Learner example:
The governments are therefore searching for solutions to compensate [for] the lack of financial
resources.
1972
NOUN
TRY TO FIND
[B1] [C] when you try to find someone or something
After a long search, they eventually found the missing papers.
The police carried out/conducted/made a thorough search of the house, but they failed to find
any drugs.
Learner example:
Joshua instantly thought it could be a bomb, so he organized a search all over the airport.
USE COMPUTER
[B1] [C] when you use a computer to find information, especially on the Internet
Why not do a search on Google for hotels in the area?
We're doing a computer search for all words beginning with 'high'.
Learner example:
But I think you shouldn't ask me, the best thing is [a] search on the internet, so you can see the
photos and choose the option you like mo[st].
FIND ANSWER
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] when you try to find an answer to a problem
Dictionary example:
the search for happiness
Learner example:
Hemingway fought in the Spanish Civil war and in World War II, always [i]n the search for answers
to questions like "... what defines a man", or "... what happens to us in critical situations".
season /ˈsiː.zən/
Word family:
Nouns: season
Adjectives: seasonal
NOUN [C]
PART OF YEAR
[B1] one of the four periods of the year: spring, summer, autumn or winter
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
But summer in Poland is as wonderful [a] season as winter!
1973
FOR PARTICULAR EVENT
[B1] a period of the year when a particular thing happens
How long does the dry/hurricane/wet season last?
The British football season begins in August and ends in May.
Learner example:
Once they had finished, Peter kissed his parents and started his journey [on] foot heading towards
the stadium, to play the first game of the season.
in season
[B2] If vegetables or fruit are in season, they are available and ready to eat.
Dictionary example:
Asparagus is in season at the moment.
Learner example:
They celebrate Halloween in October when pumpkins are in season, that's why in the decorations
they include them very often; most of the people carve the pumpkins and put some lights inside.
out of season
[C1] If vegetables or fruit are out of season, they are not usually available at that
time.
Dictionary example:
Strawberries are out of season at the moment.
Learner example:
As our place was famous for fresh sea food, I bought crabs and salmon although they were out of
season and expensive.
seasonal /ˈsiː.zən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: season
Adjectives: seasonal
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to or happening during a particular period in the year
seasonal vegetables
seasonal farm work
Learner example:
I am a student and during my summer holiday I prefer to do some seasonal work.
1974
seat /siːt/
VERB
be seated
[B2] to be sitting down
Dictionary example:
The director was seated on his right.
Learner example:
A big pink elephant was seated near me.
second /ˈsek.ənd/
Word family:
Adjectives: secondary
Adverbs: secondly
ORDINAL NUMBER; DETERMINER
ANOTHER
[B1] another
She is often described as the second Marilyn Monroe.
You really ought to make the most of the opportunity, because you won't get a second chance.
Richard and Liz have a second home in France.
Pay attention to what she's saying because she won't explain it a second time.
Learner example:
I started my new English class last week. I had just finish[ed] my course and that was [a] second
chance for me to pick up words so I gave it a go.
ONLY ONE BETTER/BIGGER, ETC.
[B1] Second is used to show that only one thing is better, bigger, etc. than the
thing mentioned.
St Petersburg is Russia's second (biggest/largest) city.
Iraq's oil reserves are second only to Saudi Arabia's.
The conditions that these prisoners are kept in are second to none.
Learner example:
Joao Pessoa is the second green[est] city in the world.
1975
ADVERB
IN ORDER
[B1] after one other person or thing in order or importance
Dictionary example:
She didn't win the race, but she did come second.
Learner example:
[O]n the other hand, New Zealand came second [for] senior government.
IN LIST
[B2] used to talk about the second in a series of things
Dictionary example:
Second, they failed to send written warning.
Learner example:
Second, the pedestrian area in the commercial centre has to grow, wh[ich] would make this part of
the town more pleasant for walking and would improve the opportunities [for] the shops.
NOUN [C]
VERY SHORT PERIOD
[B1] INFORMAL a very short period of time

"Come on, hurry up!" "I'll just/only be a second - I've got to lock the back door."
Have you got a second, Paul? I'd like to have a word with you.
It won't take a second .
Wait a couple of/a few seconds before trying again.
Learner example:
A few seconds later, a huge tree beside my house fell down and destroyed most of my house.
secondary /ˈsek.ən.dri/
Word family:
Adverbs: secondly
[B1] relating to the education of children approximately between the ages of 11

and 18 years old
secondary education
Marcus has just started at secondary school.
1976
Learner example:
He is studying at secondary school.
secondary school /ˈsek.ən.dər.iˌskuːl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a school for students aged between 11 and 18
Dictionary example:
My children are both at secondary school now.
Learner example:
They said they chose our school because we are one of the best secondary schools [in] Mexico
City. Can you believe that!?
second-hand /ˌsek.əndˈhænd/
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
[B1] If something is second-hand, someone else owned or used it before you.
second-hand books/clothes
She buys a lot of clothes second-hand.
Learner example:
Personally, I only buy second-hand clothes because in second-hand shops, I really like
discover[ing] rare things and funny clothes from the 60s or 70s.
secondly /ˈsek.ənd.li/
Word family:
Adverbs: secondly
ADVERB
[B2] used for introducing the second reason, idea, etc.
Dictionary example:
I want two things: firstly, more money, and secondly, better working hours.
Learner example:
Secondly, I didn't know that you were working in [an] organization which [is] trying to save
wildlife, but it sounds very ex[c]iting.
1977
secret /ˈsiː.krət/
Word family:
Nouns: secret
Adjectives: secret
Adverbs: secretly
NOUN
NOT TELL
[B1] [C] something that you tell no one about or only a few people
I'm having a party for him but it's a secret.
Can you keep a secret?
A close couple should have no secrets from each other.
Aren't you going to let me in on the secret?
She makes no secret of her dislike of her father.
That restaurant is one of the best-kept secrets in London.
Learner example:
I told her everything, she knew all my secrets but she never told me her secrets.
the secret
[B2] the best way of achieving something
That's the secret to making a good cocktail.
So what's the secret of your success?
Learner example:
The secret of this diet is that you have to be very optimist[ic].
in secret
[B2] without telling other people
Dictionary example:
For years they met in secret.
Learner example:
We met in secret when Mary was busy.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] If something is secret, other people are not allowed to know about it.
The President escaped through a secret passage underneath the parliament building.
This is top secret information.
Do you think we'll manage to keep the surprise party secret from Mum until her birthday?
1978
Learner example:
The secret admirer was the guy I liked!
secretary /ˈsek.rə.tri/
NOUN [C]
COMMITTEE
[C1] the member of a committee who keeps records of meetings and deals with
correspondence
Dictionary example:
I'm secretary of the tennis club this year.
Learner example:
From: Secretary of the Social Club To: Mr. Ford, Museum Director
secretly /ˈsiː.krət.li/
Word family:
Nouns: secret
Adjectives: secret
Adverbs: secretly
ADVERB
[B1] without allowing other people to know
She said she didn't care about it, but I believe she was secretly delighted.
He was convicted on the evidence of secretly recorded telephone conversations.
Learner example:
Then in the evening we'll come to her house secretly. Of course, we should tell her mom
everything about this plan.
section /ˈsek.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] one of the parts that something is divided into
1979
a non-smoking section in a restaurant
the sports section of the newspaper
the tail section of an aircraft
The poorest sections of the community have much worse health.
Learner example:
It has two floor[s] and is divided into sections, one that is a [general] restaurant and one for
vegetarian people.
sector /ˈsek.tər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] one part of a country's economy
In the financial sector, banks and insurance companies have both lost a lot of money.
The new government's policy is to transfer state industries from the public sector to the private
sector.
Learner example:
Our software solutions are oriented towards the corporate sector where we are recognized as
market leaders in this field.
secure /sɪˈkjʊər/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
SAFE
[B2] safe from danger or harm or not likely to end
I don't feel that the house is secure.
Her promotion has made her position in the company more secure.
The museum has been promised £22 million by the government, so its future is relatively secure.
Learner example:
I think homes in the future will be more secure.
CONFIDENT
[B2] confident about yourself and the situation that you are in
1980
Dictionary example:
I need to feel secure in a relationship.
Learner example:
First of all, you feel secure because you know that all the members of the family love you.
COMPUTER
[C1] designed to make sure that only the person who knows it can get onto a
computer system, website, etc.
Dictionary example:
You will be issued with a secure password.
Learner example:
If you decided to work with our superb Direct Net, you would get a secure password which you
have to change at your first log in and an electronic card which produces every minute a new
combination.
security /sɪˈkjʊə.rə.ti/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
PROTECTION
[B1] protection of a person, building, organization or country against threats such

as crime or attacks by foreign countries
The station was closed for two hours because of a security alert.
Thirty demonstrators were killed in clashes with the security forces over the weekend.
The tighter security measures/precautions include video cameras in the city centre.
The students were deported because they posed a threat to national security.
The proposed national identity card system would help to tighten security against fraud.
The most dangerous criminals are held in maximum-security prisons.
Learner example:
It's about a man that is cloned by a computer and he has to escape from a maximum security jail,
it's an action [film].
SAFE SITUATION
[C1] when something is not likely to fail or be lost
If it's a choice between higher pay and job security, I'd prefer to keep my job.
I'm on a temporary contract and have little financial security.
1981
Learner example:
They are the people who are already regarded as high class, but the reason for this prediction is
that they have job security which has become a big issue in Korea after IMF, as well as [a] high
salary.
see /siː/ (seeing, saw, seen)
VERB
UNDERSTAND
[B1] [I or T] to understand something
I see (that) the social club is organising a theatre trip next month.
I see what you mean.
They didn't see the need/any need to notify their members of the changes in writing.
I was surprised that they couldn't see my point of view.
Learner example:
Do you see what I mean?
INFORMATION
[B2] [T] to find out information
I'll just see what time the train gets in.
Let's see whether there is an early performance on Saturday.
Learner example:
I have looked in my calendar to see what time would be the best for you to come here.
CONSIDER
[B2] [T] to imagine or think about something or someone in a particular way
She didn't see herself as brave.
It was easy to see the gift as a sort of bribe.
As I see it/things/the situation, we'll have to get extra help.
Learner example:
If I compare the members of my family with these qualities, then I have to say that I don't see
them as my best friends.
I'll/we'll see
[C1] used to say that you will make a decision about something later
Dictionary example:
"Dad, can I have a guitar?" "We'll see."
1982
Learner example:
I'm sure I'd love to have four of them, but there's always the financial aspect. I'm just nineteen, I'll
see...
HAPPEN
[C1] [T] to be the time or place where something happens
Dictionary example:
This decade has seen huge technological advances.
Learner example:
But the reason which has driven the strike is [that] the whole country has seen a cut in the
subsidies give[n] to unemployed people.
you see
[C1] used when you are giving an explanation about something
I didn't know she was Welsh, you see.
You see, it was already late by that time.
Learner example:
Family matters had to stay in the family, you see.
wait and see

[C1] to wait to discover what will happen
Dictionary example:
We'll wait and see what she says.
Learner example:
seed /siːd/
NOUN
PLANT
[B2] [C] a small round or oval object produced by a plant that a new plant can grow
from
Sow the seeds about 3 cm deep.
This chemical will stop the seeds from sprouting.
Learner example:
[For] several years, I have been very interested in flowers, fresh, dried and artificial and also
different kinds of seeds.
1983
seek /siːk/ FORMAL (sought, sought)
VERB [T]
TRY TO FIND
[B2] to try to find or get something
"Are you actively seeking jobs?" she asked.
Hundreds of dissidents are seeking refuge/asylum in the US embassy.
Legal advice should be sought before you take any further action.
Learner example:
I am seeking employment and [am] interested in your offer.
seem /siːm/
Word family:
Verbs: seem
Adverbs: seemingly
VERB
seem happy/a nice person, etc.

[B1] to appear to be a particular thing or to have a particular quality
She seemed happy enough.
My new boss seems like a really nice person.
Learner example:
She seemed very friendly.
seem like/as if/to, etc.

[B1] to appear to be a particular thing or to have a particular quality
It seemed like a good idea at the time.
The graphics were so good that the people seemed as if they were real.
There doesn't seem to be any real solution.
I seem to know more about him than anyone else.
Learner example:
I spent four cold days in the mountain[s] and it seemed like winter despite being summer!
It seems...
[B2] used for saying that something appears to exist or be true
1984
It seems that the restaurants close early here.
It seems to me that she's in the wrong job.
Learner example:
It seems to me that you are wrong again.
seemingly /ˈsiː.mɪŋ.li/
Word family:
Verbs: seem
Adverbs: seemingly
ADVERB
[C1] appearing to be something without really being that thing
Dictionary example:
a seemingly harmless comment
Learner example:
You also claim that we did not reach our target figure - a statement seemingly based on pure
assumption - which is completely incorrect.
seize /siːz/
VERB [T]
HOLD
[B2] to take hold of something quickly and firmly
Dictionary example:
I seized his arm and made him turn to look at me.
Learner example:
Besides, I think that the wild beasts have the right to live free and seize their prey in order to feed
themselves.
seize a chance/opportunity
[B2] to do something quickly in order to use an opportunity
Dictionary example:
You need to seize every opportunity.
Learner example:
So we seize the opportunity to go to the sea.
1985
seldom /ˈsel.dəm/
ADVERB
[B2] not often
Dictionary example:
We seldom go out in the evenings.
Learner example:
Alice was a quiet girl, she seldom talked, but he just couldn't stop talking.
select /səˈlekt/
Word family:
Nouns: selection
Verbs: select
Adjectives: selective
VERB [T]
[B1] to choose someone or something from a group
There was a choice of four prizes, and the winner could select one of them.
A mouse is a device which makes it easier to select different options from computer menus.
How do you select people for promotion?
He was selected to play for Australia at the age of only 18.
The supermarket's policy is to select out the best fruit and discard the rest.
Learner example:
I've been selected to play on the school football team and we've got a match tomorrow.
selection /səˈlek.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: selection
Verbs: select
NOUN
ACT OF CHOOSING
[B2] [U] when someone or something is chosen
1986
the selection process
We need to make a selection from these applicants.
Success is achieved by the careful selection of projects.
Learner example:
The selection of films and plays was well made, but I would have appreciate[d] [it] if there had
been more.
THINGS CHOSEN
[B2] [C] a group of people or things that has been chosen
Most schools would have a good selection of these books in their libraries.
The larger shops are able to stock a wide selection of goods.
Learner example:
There is a good selection of bar food.
selective /səˈlek.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: selection
Verbs: select
ADJECTIVE
[C1] intentionally choosing some things or people and not others
As a teacher she was very selective, accepting only a small number of highly talented pupils.
He seemed to have a very selective recall of past events.
Learner example:
At the same time, this makes us extremely selective when it comes to the people we want working
with us.
self /self/
NOUN [C or U] (PLURAL selves)

[C1] your characteristics, including your personality, your abilities, etc.
our sense of self
his real/true self
1987
Learner example:
True recognition and happiness can't be derived from television or front covers but only from
one's true self.
self-catering /ˌselfˈkeɪ.tər.ɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] describes a holiday or place in which you have a kitchen so that you can cook
meals for yourself
Dictionary example:
We decided to stay in self-catering accommodation rather than in a hotel.
Learner example:
It is situated in London so it seems to me that it would give you the opportunity to learn more
about everyday English life. Moreover, the accommodation is top quality, as there are single
rooms, and self-catering facilities.
self-centred /ˌselfˈsen.təd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] interested only in yourself
Dictionary example:
Stop being so self-centred!
Learner example:
This way of thinking is very important because a person who spends a lot of time alone can
become self-centred and insensitive to others.
self-confidence /ˌself ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənts/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B2] being self-confident
Dictionary example:
Since she left home, her self-confidence has grown.
1988
Learner example:
In my opinion, the reason for it is that not many people know how to prepare for [an] interview
and gain self-confidence.
self-confident /ˌself ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] feeling sure about yourself and your abilities
Dictionary example:
He's a very self-confident young man.
Learner example:
So when the day c[a]me, she felt much more self-confident and determined than before.
self-conscious /ˌselfˈkɒn.ʃəs/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] nervous or uncomfortably aware of yourself and what people think about you
or your actions
Dictionary example:
He looked uncomfortable, like a self-conscious adolescent who's gone to the wrong party.
Learner example:
Video equipment however is something we have been wanting for a long time, for the following
reasons: [...] - to enhance interpretation of body language as well as spoken language; this aspect
is often neglected but of major importance; - to record and play back the students while speaking
a monologue or discussing among a group: this enhances their fluency and makes them less self-
conscious and thus more confident while expressing themselves in a foreign language; - last but
not least: to make learning more fun and thus attract more students.
1989
self-esteem /ˌself.ɪˈstiːm/
NOUN [U]
[C1] confidence in yourself and a belief in your qualities and abilities
Dictionary example:
She suffers from low self-esteem.
Learner example:
I think that the lack of self-esteem among men underlies the whole situation.
selfish /ˈsel.fɪʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: selfishness
Adjectives: selfish
ADJECTIVE DISAPPROVING
[B1] caring only about yourself and not other people
It's very selfish of him to go away every weekend.
The judge told him: "Your attitude shows a selfish disregard for others."
Learner example:
I found this sport very interesting, because you have to play in a team so you must not be selfish,
you have to change your spirit.
selfishness /ˈsel.fɪʃ.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: selfishness
Adjectives: selfish
NOUN [U]
[C1] the quality of being selfish
Dictionary example:
I was appalled by his selfishness.
Learner example:
It seems to me that everywhere in the world, people are not necessarily aware of the fact that
planet Earth is [the] most precious gift we have. Greed and selfishness are also very common in
Switzerland, even if this country might be already a few steps further [forward] than others.
1990
self-service /ˌselfˈsɜː.vɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: servant, service
Verbs: serve
Adjectives: self-service
ADJECTIVE
[B1] A self-service restaurant or shop is one in which you serve yourself and are
not served by the people who work there.
Dictionary example:
It was a cheap, self-service restaurant.
Learner example:
I went to have lunch in a self-service restaurant and in the afternoon I continued my visit.
sell /sel/ (sold, sold)
Word family:
Nouns: seller
Verbs: sell
VERB
A LOT
[B2] [I or T] to be bought in large numbers
Dictionary example:
His last book sold eight million copies.
Learner example:
The single with her new song sold more than 15 million copies, now she was a powerfull star.
seller /ˈsel.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: seller
Verbs: sell
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who sells something
flower/newspaper/souvenir sellers
Do you think the seller will accept £96 000 for the house?
1991
Learner example:
It was then my mother remembered a toy seller had been selling toys in the place where we had
been waiting in the station and that our suitcase[s] must have got mixed up.
semicolon /ˌsem.iˈkəʊ.lɒn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a mark (;) used to separate parts of a sentence, or items in a list which already
has commas
Dictionary example:
Use a semicolon to separate the groups of items in your list.
semi-detached /ˌsem.ɪ.dɪˈtætʃt/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] A semi-detached house has one wall that is joined to another house.
Dictionary example:
We live in a semi-detached house.
Learner example:
When I was in London I lived in a semi-detached house as well.
semi-final /ˌsem.iˈfaɪ.nəl/
[B2] one of the two games in a sports competition that are played to decide who
will play in the final game
Who's in the semi-finals?
She's the youngest player ever to get through to a semi-final.
Learner example:
One Sunday morning we had to play the cup semi-final against [our] great rival.
1992
seminar /ˈsem.ɪ.nɑːr/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a meeting of a group of people with a teacher or expert for training,

discussion, or study of a subject
I attended practically every lecture and seminar when I was a student.
I'm giving a seminar on the latest developments in genetic engineering next week.
a seminar room
Learner example:
I also need this job because I need money to attend some seminars.
send /send/ (sent, sent)
VERB [T]
MAKE GO
[B2] to make someone go somewhere
We're sending the children to stay with my parents for a couple of weeks.
The commander has asked us to send reinforcements.
They've sent their son (away) to school in Scotland.
He was trying to explain but she became impatient and sent him away.
Learner example:
We should buil[d] more schools because we only have one, so we have to send our children away
and none of us like that.
senior /ˈsiː.ni.ər/
ADJECTIVE
MORE IMPORTANT
[B2] having a more important job or position than someone else
a senior executive
We work in the same team but she's senior to me.
a senior government minister
1993
Learner example:
She is also extrao[r]dinary in that she graduated from Harvard University and Tokyo University and
used to work for the Ministry of the Foreign Affairs as a senior civil servant.
OLDER
[B2] relating to people who are older
Dictionary example:
You can't use a senior ticket during the rush hour - you have to pay full fare.
Learner example:
When I got to the tickets desk before the show to buy my ticket I asked for a senior discount, and
the woman told me there were no discounts available as I read on the advertising.
sensation /senˈseɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: sensation
Adjectives: sensational
NOUN
PHYSICAL
[B2] [C or U] a physical feeling, or the ability to physically feel things
a burning sensation
I had no sensation of pain whatsoever.
The disease causes a loss of sensation in the fingers.
Learner example:
When I fel[l] into the water, I was shocked. I couldn't move my right leg, the sensation was
horrible.
FEELING/IDEA
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] a strange feeling or idea that you cannot explain
Dictionary example:
I had the odd sensation (that) someone was following me.
Learner example:
Suddenly I had the sensation that something was wrong.
EXCITEMENT
[B2] [NO PLURAL] a lot of excitement, surprise or interest
Dictionary example:
Their marriage caused a sensation.
1994
Learner example:
In the poetry, she expressed her sad feeling, thinking of her brother who was in China as a
soldier. It caused a sensation.
sensational /senˈseɪ.ʃən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: sensation
Adjectives: sensational
ADJECTIVE
SHOCKING
[C1] done in a way that is intended to shock people
Dictionary example:
sensational journalism
Learner example:
I think that the journalists desired sensational news far too much and they exaggerated.
sense /sents/
Word family:
Verbs: sense
Adverbs: sensibly
NOUN
FEELING
[B1] [NO PLURAL] a feeling or understanding about yourself or about a situation
Did you get any sense of what they might do?
Living out in the country gave us a great sense of freedom.
Learner example:
I like to see how people fight for the pri[z]e. I like this sense of compet[it]ion that only sport
give[s]!
a sense of humour
[B1] the ability to understand funny things and to be funny yourself
Dictionary example:
Carol has a wicked sense of humour.
1995
Learner example:
Most of them have an incredible sense of humour so we laugh a lot when we go there.
GOOD JUDGMENT
[B2] [U] good judgment, especially about practical things
I hope they'll have the (good) sense/have enough sense to shut the windows before they leave.
There's no sense in waiting - the next train isn't for two hours.
Learner example:
People should have the sense to dispose [of] all the waste properly.
ABILITY
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the ability to do something
He's got a good sense of direction and hardly ever uses a map.
good business sense
Learner example:
Animals are part of nature so they must be free [to] go where their sense of direction [leads them].
NATURAL ABILITY
[B2] [C] one of the five natural abilities of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste
With her keen sense of smell, she could tell if you were a smoker from the other side of the room.
My cold is so bad I've lost my sense of smell/taste.
Learner example:
You can enjoy a flight with all your five senses.
make sense
[B2] to have a meaning or reason that you can understand
Dictionary example:
He's written me this note but it doesn't make any sense.
Learner example:
Eighty kilometres in the mountains just to [look at] views doesn't make any sense to me.
make sense
[B2] to be a good thing to do
Dictionary example:
It makes sense to buy now while prices are low.
Learner example:
Therefore it make[s] sense to use the innovation[s].
1996
MEANING
[B2] [C] one of the possible meanings of a word or phrase
They are not immigrants, at least not in any sense that I understand.
The packaging is green - in both senses of the word.
Security defined in the broad/broadest sense of the term means getting at the root causes of
trouble and helping to reduce regional conflicts.
Learner example:
The Empress was an ideal lady in every sense of the word.
in a sense
[C1] thinking about something in a particular way
Dictionary example:
In a sense, he's right.
Learner example:
In a sense this is correct, since you have to leave your natural environment to visit a place where
no human being is meant to survive.
sensible /ˈsent.sə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: sense
Adverbs: sensibly
ADJECTIVE
[B1] showing good judgment
a sensible answer/approach/choice/option
a sensible person
I think the sensible thing to do is phone before you go and ask for directions.
It would be sensible to take an umbrella.
Learner example:
I know it sounds strange but there's a sensible reason: money talks.
1997
sensibly /ˈsent.sə.bli/
Word family:
Verbs: sense
Adverbs: sensibly
ADVERB
[C1] in a sensible way
She behaved very sensibly about it.
They very sensibly decided to stay at home.
Learner example:
As time goes [by], these kids quite don't understand the importance of using money sensibly and
saving money.
sensitive /ˈsent.sɪ.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: sensitivity
ADJECTIVE
UPSET
[B2] easily upset by the things people say or do
Her reply showed that she was very sensitive to criticism.
He was very sensitive about his scar and thought everyone was staring at him.
Learner example:
Nowadays we are not so sensitive.
REACTING
[B2] able to react very quickly and easily
These scales are very sensitive.
He has a very sensitive nose.
Learner example:
I am very sensitive to noise, especially at night, and tend to catch a cold even in summer.
EASILY DAMAGED
[B2] easy to damage and needing to be protected
1998
Dictionary example:
I have very sensitive skin.
SUBJECT
[B2] A sensitive subject or situation needs to be dealt with carefully in order to

avoid upsetting people.
Sex education and birth control are sensitive issues.
The stolen car contained military documents described as very sensitive.
Learner example:
I knew that I could not cry and shout because it was too important and sensitive [a] problem for
us.
KIND
[B2] able to understand what people are feeling and deal with them in a way that
does not upset them
I want a man who's kind and sensitive.
Representatives of the company claim their plan will be sensitive to local needs.
In the movie, he plays a concerned and sensitive father trying to bring up two teenage children on
his own.
Learner example:
One thing Bobby is good at is that he is bright and sensitive enough to protect you.
sensitivity /ˌsent.sɪˈtɪv.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: sensitivity
NOUN [C]
KIND
[C1] the ability to understand how other people are feeling and to be helpful and
kind to them
Dictionary example:
The police showed great sensitivity in their handling of the case.
Learner example:
It is written with sensitivity, honest[y], sincerity and objectiveness.
EASILY UPSET
[C1] the quality of being easily upset by things that people say or do
1999
Dictionary example:
I should have warned you about her sensitivity to criticism.
Learner example:
One of her weaknesses would be her great sensitivity.
sentence /ˈsen.tənts/
NOUN [C]
PUNISHMENT
[B2] a punishment that a judge gives to someone who has committed a crime
He got a heavy/light sentence.
The offence carries a jail/prison/life/5-year sentence.
Learner example:
This is even worse th[a]n a real life sentence.
VERB [T]
[B2] to give a punishment to someone who has committed a crime
Dictionary example:
He was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Learner example:
Soon afterwards he gets imprisoned again and is sentenced to death. Sydney takes his place and
is executed instead of him.
separate
Word family:
Nouns: separation
Verbs: separate
Adjectives: separate, inseparable
Adverbs: separately
ADJECTIVE /ˈsep.ər.ət/
NOT JOINED
[B1] not joined or touching anything else
a separate compartment
I try to keep meat separate from other food in the fridge.
2000
Learner example:
But there was no choice, as all my friends that did go were already in separate rooms.
DIFFERENT
[B1] different or new
Use a separate sheet of paper.
The art department and the main college are in two separate buildings.
Learner example:
Yesterday I bought a lot [of] presents, so I needed a separate suitcase.
NOT RELATED
[B2] not affecting or related to each other
I've asked him to turn his music down on three separate occasions.
I have my professional life and my private life and I try to keep them separate.
Three youths have been shot and killed in separate incidents this month.
Learner example:
She went to Lisbon, and we [ended up] living separate li[v]es.
VERB /ˈsep.ər.eɪt/
DIVIDE
[B2] [I or T] to divide into parts, or to make something divide into parts
I separated the class into three groups.
The north and south of the country are separated by a mountain range.
You can get a special device for separating egg whites from yolks.
The top and bottom sections are quite difficult to separate.
Learner example:
On the other hand, more bins ought to be put in the centre [to] encour[a]ge people to separate
their rubbish more carefully.
MOVE APART
[B2] [I or T] to move apart, or to make people move apart
I shall separate you two if you don't stop talking.
Somehow, in the rush to get out of the building, I got separated from my mother.
Perhaps we should separate now and meet up later.
Learner example:
I noticed that there w[ere] some [people] fighting, and we tried to separate them.
2001
HUSBAND/WIFE
[B2] [I] to start to live in a different place from your husband or wife because the
relationship has ended
Dictionary example:
My parents separated when I was four.
Learner example:
But his parents separated and John didn't see h[is] mother again, as well as his sister, after that
day.
separately /ˈsep.ər.ət.li/
Word family:
Nouns: separation
Verbs: separate
Adverbs: separately
ADVERB
[B2] not together
Detectives interviewed the men separately.
I tend to wear the jacket and skirt separately rather than as a suit.
I think we'd better deal with these two points separately.
Learner example:
They were living separately and missing each other.
separation /ˌsep.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: separation
Verbs: separate
Adverbs: separately
NOUN [C or U]
APART
[B2] when two or more people or things are separated
During the war, many couples had to face long periods of separation.
After many years, the government finally abandoned its apartheid system of racial separation.
2002
Learner example:
One of the most important project[s] is the separation of the rubbish and I think that it has
worked, but it could work better.
NOT LIVE TOGETHER
[B2] the decision of two people who were married or living together to stop living
together
Dictionary example:
They decided on a trial separation.
Learner example:
We lived for a time in peace but our happiness ceased because of his jealousy and fear [of losing]
me, which was the cause of our daylong quarrels. There was no solution apart from separation.
sequence /ˈsiː.kwəns/
NOUN
FILM
[C1] a part of a film or video game that shows one thing that happens
Dictionary example:
I particularly enjoyed the dream sequence.
Learner example:
However, the rest of the game is not as [polished] as the opening sequence: indeed, it seems that
the developers simply re-used the graphical engine of the prequel, without even revamping it: the
result is truly disappointing.
serial /ˈsɪə.ri.əl/
[C1] ! describes a person who repeatedly commits the same serious crime, often
using the same method, or a serious crime that is committed repeatedly by one
person
She wrote a thriller about a brutal serial killer.
a serial rapist
serial murders/killings
Learner example:
These pictures have never been broadcast because too many important people are involved in
these serial killings.
2003
NOUN [C]
[C1] a story in a magazine or on television or radio that is told in separate parts

over a period of time
Dictionary example:
I'm watching a serial set in Yorkshire.
Learner example:
As I have already mentioned the quality of the English language used is exceptional and I would
like to congratulate all the pe[ople] that take part in the serial.
series /ˈsɪə.riz/ (PLURAL series)
NOUN [C]
BROADCASTS
[B1] a group of television or radio programmes that have the same main characters
or deal with the same subject
The footballer Paul Gascoigne is to host a Channel 4 television series on soccer skills.
a comedy series
I missed the second episode of the series so I don't know what's going on now.
Learner example:
I like television series like Smallville.
THINGS
[B2] several things or events of the same type that come one after the other
He's had a series of tests at the hospital but they can't find anything wrong.
She gave a series of lectures at Warwick University last year on contemporary British writers.
Learner example:
The aim of this report is [to] make a series of suggestions on which lessons and other activities
should be filmed.
BOOKS
[B2] a set of books published by the same company which deal with the same
subject
Dictionary example:
They do a series on architecture throughout the ages.
Learner example:
We read all of Poirot and [the] [Miss] Marple series.
2004
serious /ˈsɪə.ri.əs/
Word family:
Adjectives: serious
Adverbs: seriously
ADJECTIVE
BAD
[B1] A serious problem or situation is bad and makes people worry.
a serious illness
There were no reports of serious injuries.
The new tax regulations have landed some of the smaller companies in serious trouble.
A shortage of space has become a serious problem in a lot of schools.
He's been taken to hospital where his condition is described as serious but stable.
Learner example:
As you know I have got [a] serious problem [with] my eyes.
NOT JOKING
[B1] not joking or intended to be funny
Please don't laugh - I'm being serious.
He was wearing a very serious expression and I knew something was wrong.
On the surface it's a very funny novel but it does have a more serious underlying theme.
Is she serious about going to live abroad?
Learner example:
We are taught how to act in both comic and serious parts.
PERSON
[B1] A serious person does not laugh often.
Dictionary example:
I remember her as a very serious child.
Learner example:
Well, the new teacher is very serious, but this is ok.
NEEDING ATTENTION
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] needing or deserving your complete attention
That's an interesting job offer - I'd give it some serious consideration if I were you.
We've got some serious talking to do, you and me.
Learner example:
I think it would be worthwhile to give serious thought to these animals.
2005
seriously /ˈsɪə.ri.ə.sli/
Word family:
Adjectives: serious
Adverbs: seriously
ADVERB
BADLY
[B1] badly or severely
seriously ill/worried
He wasn't seriously injured - he just got a few cuts and bruises.
Learner example:
She is seriously ill with cancer.
NOT JOKING
[B2] in a way that shows that you are not joking
Seriously now, did he really say that or are you just being silly?
You're not seriously thinking of leaving, are you?
Learner example:
Seriously, Tom, I have noticed that you get angry very easily since your examinations started.
take sb/sth seriously

[B2] to consider a person, subject or situation to be important or dangerous and
worth your attention or respect
The police have to take any terrorist threat seriously.
You don't take anything seriously, do you? It's all one big joke to you.
She wants to be taken seriously as an actress.
These young actors take themselves so seriously!
Learner example:
I hope you take my suggestions seriously.
servant /ˈsɜː.vənt/
Word family:
Verbs: serve
2006
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who works and lives in someone else's house doing their cooking
and cleaning, especially in the past
Dictionary example:
They employed more than 50 servants.
Learner example:
In this book, the author [includ]es a detailed description of [the] two main characters: the rich
English master PHILEAS FOGG and his French servant PASSEPARTOUT.
serve /sɜːv/
Word family:
Verbs: serve
VERB
SHOP
[B1] [T] to help customers and sell things to them in a shop
Dictionary example:
Are you being served?
Learner example:
I also learnt a lot about how to serve c[u]st[o]mers and how to use a till.
BE USEFUL
[C1] [I] to be useful as something
It's a very entertaining film but it also serves an educational purpose.
The spare bedroom also serves as a study.
He hopes his son's death will serve to warn others about the dangers of owning a gun.
Nothing serves to explain the violent fighting we have seen recently.
Learner example:
As for replanting, it will serve to rejuvenate our forests around Agrinio.
WORK
[C1] [I or T] to do work that helps society, for example in an organization such as the
army or the government
2007
to serve in the army
to serve on a committee/jury
He served as mayor for 5 years.
He always wanted to serve his country.
Learner example:
Women in the former GDR [ha]d the same rights and had to fulfill nearly the same duties (except
the duty to serve in the army) as men.
server /ˈsɜː.vər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] SPECIALIZED a central computer from which other computers get information
Dictionary example:
a network/file server
Learner example:
It was my boss, [who] said "I'm in Australia, and I can't read my e-mail, the server at work crashed.
service /ˈsɜː.vɪs/
Word family:
Verbs: serve
NOUN
PUBLIC NEED
[B1] [C or U] a system or organization that provides something that people need
the ambulance/health/postal/prison service
They provide a free bus service from the station.
We hope to be operating a normal service as soon as possible.
Learner example:
I told him to phone the after-sales service.
DEALING WITH CUSTOMER
[B1] [U] when people help you and bring you things in a place such as a shop,
restaurant, or hotel
Dictionary example:
The only trouble with this café is that the service is so slow.
2008
Learner example:
I think the Cinemark is the best cinema because it has good service and it is cheap.
EXTRA MONEY
[B2] [U] an amount of money charged for serving a customer in a restaurant, which
is often paid directly to the waiter
There is a 10% service charge included in the bill.
Does the bill include service?
Learner example:
The thing which annoyed me the most was [that] they have a 20% service charge, but I refused to
pay it because there w[as] no service.
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT
[B2] [C] a government department that is responsible for a particular area of activity
the diplomatic service
the security services
Learner example:
I was employed in the security service.
ARMED FORCES
[B2] [C or U] the armed forces, or work done in the armed forces
He joined the air force in 1964 and spent ten years in the service.
Most of my family were in the services.
All men under thirty-five were told to report for military service within three days.
Service personnel are subject to the Official Secrets Act.
Learner example:
He finished his military service, and now he was on his way to his family, who had been waiting
for him for a long time.
WORK
[C1] [U] the time you spend working for an organization
Dictionary example:
He retired last week after 25 years' service.
Learner example:
In my mind he is the perfect candidate, because due to his long service in the U.S. Army, where
superiors are obliged to take care of their subordinates, he was in contact with young people from
all kinds of ethnic [backgrounds] and social classes.
2009
session /ˈseʃ.ən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a period of time or a meeting arranged for a particular activity
The 21-year-old runner twisted his ankle in a training session last Friday.
As the heads of state gathered, the press were allowed in for a photo session.
Learner example:
Last week we had the normal two training sessions and a game against another club.
set /set/
Word family:
Nouns: setting
Verbs: set
VERB (setting, set, set)
STORY/FILM
[B1] [T USUALLY PASSIVE] If a story, film, etc. is set in a particular time or place, the
action in it happens in that time or place.
Dictionary example:
'West Side Story' is set in New York in the late 1950s.
Learner example:
It was an adventure story and I liked it a lot because it was set in Australia.
set a date/time (for sth)

[B1] [T] to fix a date or time for something
Juan and Maria have set a date for their wedding - it's going to be on August 31.
Has a time been set for the meeting yet?
Learner example:
I'm going to miss your class tomor[r]ow, but we can set a date to cover the work on.
SUN
[B1] [I] When the sun sets, it moves down in the sky until it cannot be seen.
Dictionary example:
The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
Learner example:
I loved the thin fog before the sun set.
2010
EQUIPMENT
[B2] [T] to make a piece of equipment ready to be used
The heating is set to come on at 5.00 p.m.
Have you set the video recorder?
I usually set my watch by the time signal on the radio.
He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.
Learner example:
I had forgotten to set the alarm clock the previous night and by the time I got up it was already 9
o'clock.
BE IN PLACE
[B2] [T USUALLY PASSIVE] if something is set somewhere, it is in that place or position
The campsite is set in the middle of a pine forest.
Our house is set back from the road.
Learner example:
The camp is set in a beautiful place in the heart of nature, with lots of opportunities to get out of
the camp if you want to.
CONDITION
[B2] [T] to cause something or someone to be in the stated condition or situation
It is believed that the building was set on fire deliberately.
She set fire to her neighbour's house.
After years in prison, the men who had wrongfully been found guilty of the bombing were finally
set free.
Learner example:
A modern zoo must be [like] a forest, without cages, and the animals must be set free.
ACHIEVE
[B2] to give someone something to do or achieve
Our teacher has set us a lot of homework.
He's set himself the goal/target of making his first million by the time he's 30.
Learner example:
I suggest it [would] be a good idea to set more projections next year.
set an example
[B2] to do something in a good way so that other people might try to copy you
Dictionary example:
2011
Learner example:
It sets a good example for other museums.
set a record
[B2] to establish the best achievement so far in a sport or competition
Dictionary example:
Bolt has set a new world record.
LEVEL
[C1] to decide the level of something
Dictionary example:
The interest rate has been set at 5%.
Learner example:
In addition to all this, I must point out that our agreement regarding the student discount on all
tickets was set at 10%, not 5%, as you mentioned on your handout.
set foot in/on sth

[C1] to go into a place or onto a piece of land
Dictionary example:
He told me never to set foot in his house again.
Learner example:
NOUN [C]
TENNIS
[B2] a part of a game of tennis
Dictionary example:
They won in straight sets.
Learner example:
Finally we managed to win the [second] set so we were equal.
FILM/PLAY
[B2] the place where a film or play is performed or recorded, and the pictures,
furniture, etc. that are used
a film set
a stage set
a set designer
They first met on the set of 'Star Wars'.
2012
Learner example:
Her father, John, was a stuntperson and he died in an unfortunate accident while he was
perform[ing] [o]n a film set.
ADJECTIVE
be all set
[C1] to be ready
Dictionary example:
We were all set to go when the phone rang.
Learner example:
So, there you go. I'm all set!
setback /ˈset.bæk/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a problem that makes something happen later or more slowly than it should
Dictionary example:
The project has suffered a series of setbacks this year.
Learner example:
A strong bond between you and your friends, with whom you can have discussions about personal
setbacks, is another very vital point.
setting /ˈset.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: setting
Verbs: set
POSITION
[B2] the position of a house or other building
Dictionary example:
Their cottage is in a beautiful rural setting.
Learner example:
[It is] a beautiful setting with old architecture, trees and glittering water.
BOOK/FILM, ETC.
[B2] the time and the place in which the action of a book, movie, play, etc. happens
2013
Dictionary example:
The play has its setting in a wartime prison camp.
Learner example:
The setting of "The Third Man" is Vienna after the Second World War.
settle /ˈset.l
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: settlement
Verbs: settle
VERB
LIVE
[B2] [I] to start living somewhere that you are going to live for a long time
After they got married, they settled in Brighton.
He travelled around Europe before finally settling in Rome.
Learner example:
I can understand why you have decided to settle near the Loire Valley, which is one of the greatest
part[s] of France.
DECIDE
[B2] [T] to decide or arrange something
Right, that's settled. We're going to Spain.
They haven't yet settled when the wedding is going to be.
"The tickets are £40 each." "Well, that settles that then - I can't afford that much."
I'd like to get this matter settled once and for all.
The details of the contract have not yet been settled.
Learner example:
I really hope it will not take you long to settle the matter.
ARGUMENT
[C1] [T] If you settle an argument, you solve the problem and stop arguing.
My father and I have agreed finally to settle our differences.
It took months to settle the dispute/strike.
Learner example:
Caroline and her husband had had an argument last week, but as he was going to be away for a
few days, they had finally settled their differences.
2014
SNOW/DUST, ETC.
[C1] [I] to move to a lower level and stay there
The house had been empty for years, and dust had settled on all the surfaces.
Do you think the snow will settle?
The contents of this packet may settle.
Learner example:
Whenever I have cleaned my shel[ve]s you can just watch the dust settle on [them].
settlement /ˈset.l.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: settlement
Verbs: settle
NOUN [C]
AGREEMENT
[C1] an official agreement that finishes an argument
Dictionary example:
a peace settlement
Learner example:
All employees working for the public transport went on strike a week ago, and there is no
settlement in sight.
seventy /ˈsev.ən.ti/
NUMBER
(be) in your seventies

Dictionary example:
Both my parents are in their seventies.
Learner example:
After some minutes, an old man in his late seventies opened the door and told us in his trembling
voice that Daisy wasn't at home.
the seventies
Dictionary example:
I grew up in the seventies.
2015
Learner example:
The nineties is, indeed, a reverse of the seventies.
severe /səˈvɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: severity
Adjectives: severe
Adverbs: severely
ADJECTIVE
BAD
[B2] extremely bad
a severe chest infection/leg injury/toothache
This is a school for children with severe learning difficulties.
In parts of Africa there is a severe food/water shortage.
There is expected to be a severe frost tonight.
Learner example:
Their life was a severe financial struggle, and Tom's dream was to run somewhere far away.
STRICT
[B2] a severe person is unfriendly or very strict
She had her hair tied back in a severe style.
The teacher was a small, severe man.
Learner example:
Jane Eyre is sen[t] away to [a] school for orphans. [...] The atmosphere in school is no better, with
little food and severe teachers.
severely /səˈvɪə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: severity
Adjectives: severe
Adverbs: severely
ADVERB
[B2] very seriously
2016
Their daughter was severely injured in a car accident.
severely disabled
Job opportunities are severely limited/restricted at the moment.
Learner example:
In spite of trying to repair it, it is still severely damaged.
sew /səʊ/ (sewed, sewn or sewed)
Word family:
Nouns: sewing
Verbs: sew
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to make or repair clothes by joining pieces of cloth using a needle and thread
My grandmother taught me to sew.
I made this skirt just by sewing two pieces of material together.
She sews all her children's clothes.
He sewed the badge neatly onto his uniform.
Learner example:
Well, I used to sew my clothes on my own.
sewing /ˈsəʊ.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: sewing
Verbs: sew
NOUN [U]
[C1] the activity of joining pieces of cloth together or repairing them with a needle
and thread
Dictionary example:
I'm not very good at sewing.
Learner example:
I especially cherish the idea of finding myself in Camelot being a lady in waiting [to] Queen
Guinevere - to spend my days reading, sewing, embroidering, learning about far off places and
discoveries, adventures and the latest gossip from the court.
2017
sex /seks/
Word family:
Nouns: sex
Adjectives: sexual, sexy
NOUN [U]
ACTIVITY
[B1] ! sexual activity between people
Sex before/outside marriage is strongly disapproved of in some cultures.
She was complaining about all the sex and violence on television.
She'd been having sex with a colleague at work for years.
Most young people now receive sex education at school.
unprotected sex
Learner example:
I hate watching soap operas and t[h]rillers, because they contain too much violence and sex.
MALE OR FEMALE
[B1] the state of being either male or female
What sex is your cat?
Some tests enable you to find out the sex of your baby before it's born.
Learner example:
The teacher gave me the application form about my name, age, sex, nationality and address.
the opposite sex

[C1] people who are the other sex from you
Dictionary example:
He would never dare to speak to a member of the opposite sex.
Learner example:
This is not only about trying to impress (preferably) a person of the opposite sex, but fashion also
gives you a great chance to express yourself.
sexual /ˈsek.ʃʊ.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: sex
2018
ADJECTIVE
SEX
[B2] ! relating to the activity of sex
a sexual relationship
Most people remember their first sexual experience.
Learner example:
Before continuing with the story I would like to remind [you] that having sexual relationships was
common to everybody in Brave New World.
MALE OR FEMALE
[C1] ! relating to being male or female
Sexual equality will not be achieved until there is more provision for childcare.
Some steps have been taken towards ending sexual discrimination.
Learner example:
But we must not forget that there is still sexual discrimination when women apply for jobs higher
up in [a] hierarchy.
sexy /ˈsek.si/
Word family:
Nouns: sex
ADJECTIVE
[B2] attractive or exciting in a sexual way
sexy underwear
He's very sexy.
Learner example:
Richard was only wearing Levis Jean[s] and a white T shirt but looked so sexy and handsome.
shabby /ˈʃæb.i/
ADJECTIVE
UNTIDY
[C1] looking untidy and in bad condition
2019
Dictionary example:
shabby clothes/furniture
Learner example:
With neither lift nor room service provided our guests had to stay in dirty and shabby rooms on
the 4th floor.
shade /ʃeɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: shade, shadow
NOUN
NO SUN
[B1] [U] an area where there is no light from the sun and so it is darker and not as
hot
I'd prefer to sit in the shade.
The sun was hot, and there were no trees to offer us shade.
The children played in/under the shade of a large beach umbrella.
Learner example:
The shade from huge trees kept me cool and fresh.
COLOUR
[B2] [C] a colour, especially when referring to how dark or light it is
Dictionary example:
a pale/dark shade of grey
Learner example:
Not only was it a beautiful day but the sky was a magnificent shade of blue as well.
a shade
[C1] a small amount
Dictionary example:
He's perhaps a shade taller.
Learner example:
Their salaries are, even when the same job is done, mostly a shade under a man's salary.
shadow /ˈʃæd.əʊ/
Word family:
Nouns: shade, shadow
2020
NOUN [C or U]
NO LIGHT
[B1] a dark area made by something that is stopping the light
The tree had cast a long shadow.
The children were playing, jumping on each other's shadows.
Jamie followed his mother around all day like a shadow.
This corner of the room is always in shadow.
Learner example:
Suddenly I saw a shadow and as I turned over I noticed that something was moving in the trees.
shake /ʃeɪk/
Word family:
Verbs: shake
Adjectives: shaken
VERB (shook, shaken)
SMALL MOVEMENTS
[B1] [I or T] to move backwards and forwards or up and down in quick, short

movements, or to make something or someone do this
A young boy climbed into the apple tree and shook the branches so that the fruit fell down.
Babies like toys that make a noise when they're shaken.
The explosion shook buildings for miles around.
She shook her hair loose from its ribbon.
Every time one of these big trucks goes through the village, all the houses shake.
Learner example:
Every time I got closer to her, my body started to shake a lot.
shake hands
[B1] to hold someone's hand and move it up and down when you meet them for the
first time, or when you make an agreement with them
The two leaders smiled and shook hands for the photographers.
I shook hands with him.
Learner example:
I felt embarras[s]ed when all my friends thought they were my friends, so [they] all sh[ook] hands
with them ex[c]ept me.
2021
FEAR
[B2] [I] If you are shaking, your body makes quick short movements, or you feel as
if it is doing so, because you are frightened or nervous.
She was shaking as she opened the letter.
Her voice shook as she spoke about the person who attacked her.
I was shaking in my shoes/boots about having to tell Dad what I'd done.
I was shaking like a leaf before my exam.
Learner example:
She understood that it was absolutely foolish of her to stand [t]here shaking with fear.
shake your head

[B2] to move your head from side to side to mean 'no'
Dictionary example:
I asked him if he wanted to come and he just shook his head.
Learner example:
He just looked at me shaking his head and got into his car and drove off.
shall /ʃæl/
MODAL VERB
I/we shall...
[B1] FORMAL used to say what you are going to do in the future
I shall be talking to her tomorrow.
I shan't forget to tell them.
I shall look forward to meeting you next week.
So we'll see you at the weekend, shall we?
Learner example:
I shall make sure that the work I miss is completed by borrowing my friend's notes.
shallow /ˈʃæl.əʊ/
ADJECTIVE
NOT DEEP
[B2] not deep
2022
The stream was quite shallow so we were able to walk across it.
She told her children to stay in the shallow end (of the swimming pool).
Fry the onions in a shallow pan.
These beech trees have shallow roots.
Learner example:
A heavy body plunged into the shallow water of harbo[r] No 14.
shame /ʃeɪm/
Word family:
Nouns: shame
NOUN
BAD FEELING
[C1] [U] when you feel embarrassed and guilty about something bad that you have
done
He said he felt no shame for what he had done.
The children hung their heads in shame.
You can't go dressed like that - have you no shame ?
In some societies, if a woman leaves her husband, it brings shame on her and her family.
Learner example:
It destroys the individual, brings shame to his family, and [is] a liability instead of an asset to his
society.
shameful /ˈʃeɪm.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: shame
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Something shameful is bad and should make you feel embarrassed and guilty.
Dictionary example:
shameful scenes
Learner example:
What a shameful way of wasting natural resources!
2023
shape /ʃeɪp/
NOUN [C or U]
PHYSICAL FORM
[B1] the physical form of something made by the line around its outer edge
a circular/rectangular shape
You can recognize trees by the shape of their leaves.
Very few people are really happy with their body shape.
These bricks are all different shapes.
Kim's birthday cake was in the shape of a train.
My bicycle wheel has got bent out of shape.
This T-shirt has been washed so many times that it's lost its shape.
A triangle is a shape with three sides.
Learner example:
Well, it looks like yours, you know, the same size and shape.
in good/bad, etc. shape

[B2] in good/bad, etc. health or condition
Dictionary example:
She runs every day so she's in great shape.
Learner example:
I am of the opinion that if you are in good shape and the distance is not too much, you should
leave the car at home and use the bike.
keep in shape
[B2] to stay healthy and physically strong
Dictionary example:
It's important to keep in shape.
Learner example:
We want to keep in shape, and we are interested in a gym - do you have one or is there one close
to there?
share /ʃeər/
VERB [I or T]
FEELING/EXPERIENCE, ETC.
[B1] If two or more people or things share a feeling, quality or experience, they
both or all have the same feeling, quality or experience.
2024
We share an interest in sailing.
All hospitals share some common characteristics.
I don't share your views/beliefs.
Management and the union both share in the responsibility for the crisis.
She knew that he was the person she wanted to share her life with.
Learner example:
Her name is Gulia and I met her at the University. She is very nice, and we share many interests, so
we gave each other our phone numbers.
DO TOGETHER
[B2] If two or more people share an activity, they each do some of it
Shall we share the driving?
We shared the preparation for the party between us, so it wasn't too much work.
Learner example:
Ask your employer and other colle[a]gues to share the work.
share your problems/thoughts/ideas, etc.

[C1] to tell someone your problems/thoughts, etc.
Dictionary example:
Would you like to share your thoughts with the group, Donald?
Learner example:
I have received your letter asking for my opinion about the Conference and have decided to write
and share some of my thoughts.
NOUN [C]
PART
[B2] a part of something that has been divided
The total bill comes to £80, so our share is £20.
We must make sure that everyone gets equal shares of the food.
The party's share of the vote fell from 39% to 24%.
She's not doing her share of the work.
We must all accept some share of the responsibility.
shark /ʃɑːk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large fish with very sharp teeth
2025
a great white shark
The movie 'Jaws' is about a man-eating shark.
Learner example:
By the way, this ocean was full of sharks, our guide said.
sharp /ʃɑːp/
Word family:
Verbs: sharpen
Adjectives: sharp
Adverbs: sharply, sharp
ADJECTIVE
ABLE TO CUT
[B1] having a very thin or pointed edge that can cut things
a sharp knife
sharp teeth/claws/fingernails
The point of this pencil isn't sharp enough.
Learner example:
My heart was broken by a knife, a sharp, hot knife, but I don't feel pain, I don't feel anything, I just
want to die and forget about everything.
a sharp rise/increase/drop, etc.

[B2] a sudden and very large increase or reduction in something
a sharp drop in temperature
a sharp decline in the standard of living
There was a sharp rise/increase in the number of flu cases.
Learner example:
If you have in mind my recommendations you will see a sharp increase in the number of students.
MIND
[B2] quick to notice and understand things
Dictionary example:
a sharp mind
Learner example:
She is an elderly woman who seems to be very weak but with an extrem[e]ly sharp mind.
CLEAR
[C1] A sharp image is very clear.
2026
Dictionary example:
a photograph in sharp focus
Learner example:
Quite the opposite, FFIX features beautiful pre-rendered 3D landscapes, along with real time
characters: words are useless for describing such an achievement: the colo[u]rs are vivid, sharp,
the animations are smooth...
ADVERB
SUDDENLY
[C1] suddenly or immediately
Dictionary example:
After the library, turn sharp left/right.
Learner example:
At the bus-stop you have to go straight on through the one-way street, then turn sharp left until
you reach the staggered junction, [w]here you will see a taxi [rank].
EXACTLY
[C1] exactly at the stated time
Dictionary example:
The performance will begin at 7.30 sharp.
Learner example:
You have to wake him up at 8.00 AM sharp.
sharply /ˈʃɑː.pli/
Word family:
Verbs: sharpen
Adjectives: sharp
Adverbs: sharply, sharp
ADVERB
[B2] quickly and suddenly
Inflation has risen/fallen sharply.
His health improved/deteriorated sharply this week.
Learner example:
In the last few years, the trend of owning a mobile phone has increased sharply.
2027
shave /ʃeɪv/
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to cut hair off your face or body with a razor
John has to shave twice a day.
I always shave my legs in the bath.
Do you shave under your arms?
When my dad shaved his beard (off), he looked ten years younger.
Learner example:
The other men shave the man who is getting married.
shed /ʃed/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small building, usually made of wood, used for storing things
a garden shed
a tool/bicycle shed
Learner example:
It was hidden in a shed that hardly anybody ever entered.
VERB (shedding, shed, shed)
shed tears
[C1] to cry
Dictionary example:
I shed a few tears when he left.
Learner example:
She was too preoc[c]upied to talk to anybody and she had shed so many tears that she could cry
no more.
sheer /ʃɪər/
ADJECTIVE
EXTREME
[C1] used to emphasize how strong a feeling or quality is
2028
a look of sheer delight/joy
sheer determination/hard work
Learner example:
My mind was filled with nothing else but the sheer joy about soon becom[ing] a[c]quainted with
something entirely new and completely unfamiliar plus the eager anti[c]ipation about meeting my
host-family.
LARGE
[C1] used to emphasize the large size or amount of something
Dictionary example:
The delays are due to the sheer volume of traffic.
Learner example:
Allow me to start by saying that one day, which may not [lie] so far off in the future, people will
visit the buildings which were formerly known as "Educational Institutions" like we visit museums
[today] to gape at the sheer size of the Dinosaurs...
sheet /ʃiːt/
NOUN [C]
FOR BED
[B1] a large piece of cloth put on a bed to lie on or under
Dictionary example:
I've put clean sheets on the bed.
Learner example:
I have a big bed with silk sheets.
shell /ʃel/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the hard outer covering of some creatures and of eggs, nuts, or seeds
Brazil nuts have very hard shells.
A piece of shell fell into the cake mixture.
the shell of a snail/crab/tortoise
a shell necklace
Learner example:
Mainly I collect books, postcards, dolls, silver bracelets and sea shells.
2029
shelter /ˈʃel.tər/
NOUN
PLACE
[B2] [C] a place that protects you from bad weather or danger
Dictionary example:
an bomb shelter
Learner example:
We all ran to hide [in] the little shelter we had built.
PROTECTION
[B2] [U] protection from bad weather or danger
Dictionary example:
We took shelter from the rain in a doorway.
Learner example:
John told me it was a [place] where we could find shelter.
shield /ʃiːld/
VERB [T]
[C1] to protect someone or something from something dangerous or unpleasant
Dictionary example:
to shield your eyes from the sun
Learner example:
On the other hand, children raised by wealthy families are believed to be so "well-pampered" that
they are shielded from the harshness of real problems - such as poverty or malnutrition.
shift /ʃɪft/
VERB
CHANGE
[C1] [I or T] to change an idea, attitude, etc.
We are trying to shift the emphasis from curing illness to preventing it.
Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues.
2030
Learner example:
Since the 1990s, though, the situation has shifted.
MOVE STH
[C1] [T] to move something to another place
Dictionary example:
We need to shift all these boxes into the other room.
Learner example:
We are very pleased with the idea of shifting the changing rooms and sauna [to] by the pool and
having the coffee bar extended where the changing rooms and sauna are at present.
NOUN
WORK
+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] a period of work in a place such as a factory or

[B2] [C
hospital, or the people who do that work
As the night shift leave/leaves, the day shift arrive/arrives.
Are you on the night shift or the day shift ?
Learner example:
I worked there in two shifts, in the mornings and in the evenings, for approximately 8-10 hours a
day.
CHANGE
[C1] a change in something
Dictionary example:
There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion on this matter.
Learner example:
Proposal: Improving Zurich's transport and housing facilities Census results of the last three
decades have shown a shift in families' preferences on where to live.
shine /ʃaɪn/
Word family:
Verbs: shine
Adjectives: shiny
VERB (shone or shined, shone or shined)
PRODUCE LIGHT
[B1] [I] to produce bright light
2031
The sun was shining brightly through the window.
Is that light shining in your eyes?
Learner example:
The weather was good and the sun was shining.
REFLECT
[C1] [I or T] If a surface shines, it reflects light, and if you shine it, you make it reflect
light.
Dictionary example:
She polished her shoes until they shone.
Learner example:
I was so glad to see that little key shining in that box.
shiny /ˈʃaɪ.ni/
Word family:
Verbs: shine
Adjectives: shiny
ADJECTIVE
[B1] A shiny surface is bright because it reflects light.
beautiful shiny hair
shiny black shoes
a shiny silver dollar
Learner example:
I prefer shiny tops and blue trousers.
shiver /ˈʃɪv.ər/
VERB [I]
[B2] to shake because you are cold or frightened
She shivered with cold.
The poor dog - it's shivering!
Learner example:
She was shivering not only because of the cold, but also because she had no idea what she was
going to tell him.
2032
shock /ʃɒk/
Word family:
Nouns: shock
Verbs: shock
Adjectives: shocked, shocking
NOUN
SURPRISE
[B1] [C or U] a big, unpleasant surprise
We got a nasty shock when he gave us the bill.
Her death came as a terrible shock to him.
They are still in shock from the accident.
Learner example:
I was in shock. I read the letter again and again, the last part of the text said 'Don't forget'.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to surprise and upset someone
The advertisements were designed to shock - that was the whole point of the campaign.
I think it shocks him to hear women talking about sex.
The news of the accident shocked the family deeply.
Learner example:
They hardly could believe it, although that American woman always wants to shock them...
shocked /ʃɒkt/
Word family:
Nouns: shock
Verbs: shock
ADJECTIVE
[B1] very surprised and upset
After his announcement, there was shocked silence.
We were shocked to see smoke pouring out of the roof.
Learner example:
I was surprised and shocked.
2033
shocking /ˈʃɒk.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: shock
Verbs: shock
ADJECTIVE
[B1] offensive, upsetting or immoral
The sex scenes in the book were considered very shocking at the time when it was published.
There are few crimes more truly shocking than the murder or abuse of children.
Learner example:
The news was shocking but at the same time this fact will change our life.
shoot /ʃuːt/
Word family:
Nouns: shooting
Verbs: shoot
VERB (shot, shot)
WEAPON
[B1] ! [I or T] to injure or kill a person or animal by firing a bullet from a gun at them
If he's not armed, don't shoot.
The kids were shooting arrows at a target.
She was shot three times in the head.
A policeman was shot dead in the city centre last night.
The troops were told to shoot to kill.
Learner example:
We really had a good time, but when we were coming back home a man, whose a face I couldn't
see, shot Ana and she fell down on the street.
SPORT
[B1] [I] to try to score points in sports such as football by hitting, kicking, or
throwing the ball towards the goal
Dictionary example:
He shot from the middle of the field and still managed to score.
Learner example:
A[fter] I shot my first goal for this team they started to talk to me.
2034
FILM
[C1] [T] to use a camera to record a film or take a photograph
We shot four reels of film in Egypt.
The film was shot on location in Southern India.
Learner example:
Britney's was shot in a studio and she, hypothetically, was [o]n Mars.
shooting /ˈʃuː.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: shooting
Verbs: shoot
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] ! when a gun is fired, or when someone is injured or killed by a bullet from a
gun
We heard some shooting in the night.
There have been a number of shootings in the capital this week.
Learner example:
He liked shooting very much and once [he went] [in]to the forest he didn't come back.
shop /ʃɒp/
Word family:
Nouns: shop, shopping
Verbs: shop
VERB [I] (-pp-)

[B1] to buy things in shops
I like to shop at Harrods for clothes.
If I'm just shopping for food, I tend to go to the local supermarket.
Learner example:
I'd like to go out with you to shop [for] clothes.
2035
shopkeeper /ˈʃɒpˌkiː.pər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who owns or manages a small shop
Dictionary example:
Local shopkeepers say business is good at the moment.
Learner example:
One of the major disadvantages is that the shopkeepers would have to work [until] midnight or
perhaps on bank holidays.
shore /ʃɔːr/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] the area of land along the edge of the sea or a lake
You can walk for miles along the shore.
The boat was about a mile from/off (the) shore when the engine suddenly died.
Learner example:
We were on the fourth floor, where you can see the se[a] shore and also the mountains behind.
short /ʃɔːt/
Word family:
Nouns: shortage, short
Verbs: shorten
Adjectives: short
Adverbs: shortly, short
ADJECTIVE
be short of sth
[B1] to not have enough of something
to be short of space/time
We're a bit short of coffee - I must get some more.
Learner example:
Because I was short of money, I [said] yes.
NAME
[B2] describes a name that is used as a shorter form of a name
2036
Her name's Jo - it's short for Josephine.
Her name's Josephine, or Jo for short.
Learner example:
There is even a strange disease called Chronic Fatigue Syndrom[e] (CFS for short).
at short notice UK
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
NOUN
in short
[C1] in a few words
Dictionary example:
In short, we need more staff.
Learner example:
In short, ancient Chinese poems, mainly [from the] Jang D[yna]sty, constitute [the] background for
Chinese culture and set a touchstone for judgement in our life.
ADVERB

details
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
shortage /ˈʃɔː.tɪdʒ/
Word family:
Verbs: shorten
Adjectives: short
NOUN [C]
[B2] when there is not enough of something
2037
There's a shortage of food and shelter in the refugee camps.
The long hot summer has led to serious water shortages.
Learner example:
Due to a shortage of teachers in summer I can [only] take holiday in July.
shortcoming /ˈʃɔːtˌkʌm.ɪŋ/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a fault
Dictionary example:
I like him despite his shortcomings.
Learner example:
However, there were a few shortcomings I would like to mention.
shorten /ˈʃɔː.tən/
Word family:
Verbs: shorten
Adjectives: short
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to become shorter or to make something shorter
Dictionary example:
Smoking shortens your life.
Learner example:
Maybe we could shorten the free day to half a day and make use of the other half to bring them
out for some sightseeing and familiarisation.
shortly /ˈʃɔːt.li/
Word family:
Verbs: shorten
Adjectives: short
2038
ADVERB
shortly afterwards; shortly after/before sth

[B1] a short time after or before something
I got home at midnight and James arrived shortly afterwards.
Shortly after you left, a man came into the office looking for you.
Learner example:
Shortly afterwards, the door bell rang.
SOON
[B2] soon
Dictionary example:
We will shortly be arriving in King's Cross Station.
Learner example:
I look forward to hear[ing] from you shortly.
short-term /ˌʃɔːtˈtɜːm/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] lasting a short time, or relating to a short period of time
short-term memory
a short-term weather forecast
Learner example:
Setting up restricted areas for animals is a nice idea, but due to the overall pol[l]ution, [it is] only a
short-term solution.
short term /ˈʃɔːtˌtɜːm/
NOUN
in the short term

[B2] over a period of time that only continues for a short way into the future
Dictionary example:
We need to save money in the short term.
Learner example:
You should think in the long term and you shouldn't try to [achieve] all your goals in the short
term.
2039
shot /ʃɒt/
NOUN [C]
WEAPON
[B2] ! when a bullet is fired from a gun
Dictionary example:
He fired four shots at the car as it drove off.
Learner example:
Suddenly he heard a shot and the lights went out.
SPORT
[B2] when someone tries to score points in sports such as football by hitting or
throwing the ball
And that was a great shot by Lineker!
Nadal's forehand shot down the line won him the match.
Learner example:
I enjoy this sport because it forces me to improve my self control when playing: if I miss a shot, I
have to stay very calm because it's the best way to achieve the next shot.
FILM
[B2] a photograph
Dictionary example:
I got/took some really good shots of the harbour at sunset.
Learner example:
[A] few months ago I had [the] chance to work abroad and see some of the Middle Eastern
countries, where I took a lot of good shots.
should /ʃʊd/
MODAL VERB
BEST
[B1] used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do
"Should I apologize to him?"
Where should we meet tonight?
There should be an investigation into the cause of the disaster.
I should have written to her but I haven't had any time.
It's getting cold in here. Should I turn the heat up?
2040
Learner example:
Should I call the police?
PROBABLE
[B1] used to say that you expect something to be true or that you expect
something to happen
My dry cleaning should be ready this afternoon.
If you follow these directions, you shouldn’t have any trouble finding our house.
I wonder what's happened to Annie. She should be here by now.
That should be enough food for five people.
Learner example:
I have invite[d] all his friends, [so] we should be 28 people.
why should/shouldn't...?
[B2] used to ask or give the reason for something, especially when you are
surprised or angry about it
He wants me to give him my old car, but why should I?
Why shouldn't she get a new car if she wants one?
Learner example:
And personally I say "why should I read something in a book which I can watch on TV?"
shoulder /ˈʃəʊl.dər/
NOUN [C]
BODY
[B1] one of the two parts of your body where your arms join your neck
I rested my head on her shoulder.
Then she put her arm round my shoulder and gave me a kiss.
She glanced nervously over her shoulder to make sure no one else was listening.
Learner example:
The name of the movie was Ghost ship. It was a horror movie but it was so boring [that] she slept
on my shoulder.
2041
shout /ʃaʊt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] when you say something very loudly or make a very loud sound with your voice
He heard an angry shout.
shouts of anger
Learner example:
The only noise we could hear was the shouts of the hero[e]s fighting with terrible monsters
coming from space...
show /ʃəʊ/
VERB (showed, shown)
GIVE INFORMATION
[B1] [T] to give information in a book, on a website, on a piece of equipment, etc.
The pictures show two types of holiday. Talk to your partner about which you would prefer and
why.
The right-hand dial shows the temperature, and the left-hand one shows the air pressure.
On this map, urban areas are shown in grey.
The latest crime figures show a sharp rise in burglaries.
Learner example:
Secondly, I'd like to tell you that the website is good, but it does not provide all the information
we need, [as] it only shows the times of the films for that day and they usually change at the
weekends.
show sb what to do/how to do sth

[B1] to teach someone how to do something by explaining it or by doing it yourself
while they watch
She showed me how to use the new computer system.
Have you shown him what to do?
Learner example:
Before the performance I introduced the spectators to their seats and then a[n] instructor showed
me how to [operate] the spotlights.
PROVE
[B2] [T] If numbers, results, facts, etc. show something, they prove that it is true.
2042
Research shows that 40% of the programme's viewers are aged over 55.
Sales figures showed a significant increase last month.
She has shown herself (to be) a highly competent manager.
His diaries show him to have been an extremely insecure person.
The diaries show (that) he was very insecure.
Our research has shown (us) how little we know about this disease.
Learner example:
Experiments have even shown some astonishing results, that apes for example have the same
abilities as humans.
EXPRESS
[B2] [T] to express a feeling so that other people are able to notice it
He finds it difficult to show affection.
She showed enormous courage when she rescued him from the fire.
You should show your parents more respect/show more respect to your parents.
Learner example:
I think a face can show so much and some day I [hope] I could be[come] a photographer.
EASY TO SEE
[C1] [I or T] to be easy or possible to see, or to make something easy or possible to

see
The sadness really shows on her face.
Light-coloured carpets show the dirt.
Learner example:
Their hair was turning grey and their faces showed [the] first wrinkles.
NOUN [C]
PUBLIC EVENT
[B2] an event at which a group of similar things are brought together for the public
to see
a fashion/flower show
There were some amazing new cars at the motor show.
They put on a show of his work at the National Museum of American Art.
Learner example:
I do not know if it is possible to make any change[s], but we saw an ad in "Time Out" magazine
last week about a fashion show which we would like to see.
on show
[C1] being shown to the public
2043
Dictionary example:
Her designs are currently on show at the Museum of Modern Art.
Learner example:
One of the facilit[ies] that really make[s] a difference is the Art Gallery, with its great exhibition on
show, as well as the Art Library.
shower /ʃaʊər/
NOUN [C]
RAIN
[B1] a short period of rain
You're soaked! Did you get caught in the shower?
There will be thundery/wintry showers over many parts of the country.
Learner example:
Well the weather was really good during the morning [but] [there were] some showers during the
afternoon.
VERB
WASH
[B2] to wash standing under a shower
Dictionary example:
We all showered before breakfast.
Learner example:
Singing is a hobby of mine but unfortunately I can only do it when I'm showering or cleaning up
my flat.
shrink /ʃrɪŋk/
VERB [I or T] (shrank, shrunk)

[B2] to become smaller, or to make something smaller
Your sweater will shrink if you wash it at too high a temperature.
The company's profits have shrunk from £5.5 million to £1.25 million.
Learner example:
After 5 seconds I started shrinking until I was as small as the smallest toe on my foot.
2044
shut /ʃʌt/
VERB [I or T] (shutting, shut, shut)
shut (sth) down or shut down (sth) PHRASAL VERB
[B1] If a computer or machine shuts down or someone shuts it down, it stops

operating.
Make sure you shut down your computer before you leave.
The crew shut down the right-hand engine of the aircraft.
Learner example:
I was as happy as a lark. I shut down the computer and I called my m[u]m to tell her about the
good news.
[B2] If a business or organization shuts down or someone shuts it down, it closes.
Dictionary example:
The company plans to shut down four factories and cut 10 000 jobs.
Learner example:
A great [number] of zoos ought to be shut down.
shut (sb) up PHRASAL VERB INFORMAL
[B2] to stop talking or making a noise, or to make someone do this
I wish you'd shut up for a moment and listen to what the rest of us have to say.
Just shut up and get on with your work!
My dad never stops talking. It's impossible to shut him up!
Learner example:
You must still remember that time we walked along the street, singing blues and rock, it's
incredible the way that people shouted at us to shut up.
CLOSED
[B1] closed
Dictionary example:
I suspected something was wrong when I noticed her curtains were still shut at lunchtime.
NOT SERVING
[B1] (closed) When a shop, restaurant, etc. is shut, it has stopped serving customers
and does not allow people to enter it.
Dictionary example:
The post office will be shut now.
2045
Learner example:
On the advertis[e]ment it also said you could visit [the] restaurant after the show, and that is what
I did, but when I got there it was shut for no reason.
keep your mouth shut

[B2] INFORMAL to not talk about something
Dictionary example:
If you don't keep your mouth shut, there'll be trouble.
Learner example:
She made every effort to keep her mouth shut but it disturbed her to be the only one to know the
truth, apart from her brother.
shuttle /ˈʃʌt.l/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a bus, train, plane, etc. which travels regularly between two places, usually a
short distance
the London-Glasgow shuttle
There's a shuttle service between the airport and the city centre.
Learner example:
I am convinced that a centre with less traffic and more pedestrianised areas will attract more other
people. Especially if there is a parking opportunity outside of the centre with well-o[r]ganised
shuttle buses to the centre.
shy /ʃaɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: shyness
Adjectives: shy
ADJECTIVE (shyer, shyest)

[B1] not confident, especially about meeting or talking to new people
He was too shy to ask her to dance with him.
She gave a shy smile.
Children are often shy of/with people they don't know.
The deer were shy and hid behind some trees.
Learner example:
I was a little shy at first, but I ended up talking too much!
2046
shyness /ˈʃaɪ.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: shyness
Adjectives: shy
NOUN [U]
[C1] the state of being shy
Dictionary example:
When I met the Queen, I was overcome with shyness.
Learner example:
Some of them were encouraged by their work-fellows to overcome their initial shyness.
sick /sɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: sickness
Adjectives: sick
ADJECTIVE
be sick
[B1] to vomit
Dictionary example:
She was sick after she ate too much chocolate.
Learner example:
I feel a little sick and I don't want to be sick in your lesson.
be sick of sth
[B2] INFORMAL to be bored with or annoyed about something that has been happening
for a long time
Dictionary example:
I'm sick of people telling me how to run my life.
Learner example:
Michael was sick of seeing the same story happen all over again.
sickness /ˈsɪk.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: sickness
Adjectives: sick
2047
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you are ill
There's a lot of sickness around this winter.
She's had three weeks off for sickness this year.
Learner example:
The simpl[e] joy and happiness will help you to feel in good shape and keep away any sickness.
side /saɪd/
NOUN
NEXT TO
[B1] [U] the area next to something
I have a small table at/by the side of my bed.
He stood at/by her side as she welcomed the guests one by one.
Learner example:
Linda is by my side right now and she asks [me to] send you a warm hug.
PART OF SITUATION
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] part of a situation that can be considered or dealt with
separately
Dictionary example:
She looks after the financial side of things.
Learner example:
Finally, I think for me the most important [thing] is to enjoy life - don't be worried [about] little
things and always find the funny side of each situation.
CHARACTER
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] a part of someone's character
Dictionary example:
She has a very practical side.
Learner example:
In fact the film describes the actions of this politi[c]ian, also saying something not very "Politically
Correct", but true: he reveals that no one is always good, everyone has a dark hidden side.
side by side
[B2] If two things or people are side by side, they are next to each other.
2048
Dictionary example:
We sat side by side on the sofa.
Learner example:
It is not rare to see two people walking side by side, both talking on the phone.
from side to side

[B2] If something moves from side to side, it moves from left to right and back
again repeatedly.
Dictionary example:
swinging from side to side
Learner example:
I began to understand it when I went [to] Kenya in 1986, because I had the wonderful chance to
look at the animals in their natural [surroundings], without being in a cage, walking nervously
from side to side.
OPPOSING GROUP
[B2] [C+ SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] one of the people or groups who are arguing,
fighting, or competing
Whose side is he on?
Whenever we argue he always takes Alice's side .
This is a war which neither side can win.
Don't be angry with me - I'm on your side.
Learner example:
I hope you'll be on my side.
OPINION
[B2] [C] a way of considering something, especially when there is disagreement

about it
There are at least two sides to every question.
I've listened to your side of the story, but I still think you were wrong to do what you did.
Learner example:
This shows the other side of technology.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
thoughts.
2049
side effect /ˈsaɪd.ɪ.fekt/
NOUN [C]
MEDICINE
[C1] another effect that a drug has on your body in addition to the main effect for
which the doctor has given you the drug
Dictionary example:
Headaches are one side effect of this drug.
Learner example:
Now, we have come up with something called Phyto essence that is designed to overcome skin
problems effectively without causing any harmful side effects.
sigh /saɪ/
VERB [I]
[B2] to breathe out slowly and noisily, often because you are annoyed or unhappy
She sighed deeply and sat down.
"I wish he was here," she sighed.
Learner example:
Having solid ground beneath her feet again she sighed with relief for having survived this
adventure.
NOUN [C]
[B2] the sound that is made when someone sighs
Dictionary example:
He read the letter and gave a deep sigh.
Learner example:
I entered the house with a deep sigh!
sight /saɪt/
NOUN
ABILITY TO SEE
[B1] [U] the ability to see
2050
If your sight is poor, you should not drive a car.
The old woman has lost her sight.
Learner example:
She had lost her sight although doctors didn't know if it was forever.
the sights
[B1] places of interest, especially to visitors
Dictionary example:
We spent a fortnight in Rome looking at all the sights.
Learner example:
I have many plans, I want to show you all [the] remarkable sights in Georgia.
the sight of sb/sth

[B2] when you see someone or something
The sight of so much blood had shocked him.
The child laughed at the sight of the clockwork toy.
She hated/loathed the sight of her former husband.
Learner example:
Just think; drinking our cold beers against the sight of the pounding waves and feeling the wind
on our faces.
AREA SEEN
[B2] [U] the area that it is possible for you to see
You should always keep sight of your bags while you're at the airport.
I dare not let the children out of my sight in this park.
The police officer was hidden out of sight behind a tree.
The castle came into sight as we went round a bend in the road.
We're looking for a house which is within sight of the mountains.
Learner example:
Dear Editor, This morning when I opened my newspaper, my eyes caught sight of an article called
"Failure of festival", and I read it.
at first sight
[B2] when you first see or hear about something or someone
It may, at first sight, seem a surprising choice.
Learner example:
Nowadays shopping is considered one of the most enjoyable activities, especially if you are a
woman and you are out to buy clothes. At first sight it is, but shopping is not always enjoyable.
2051
sign /saɪn/
NOUN [C]
SHOWING
[B1] something which shows that something is happening or that it exists or is true
Flowers are the first sign of Spring.
His inability to handle the situation is a sure sign of weakness.
The fact that he's eating more is a sign that he's feeling better.
There's no sign of progress with the building work.
Billy's work at school has shown signs of improvement this year.
There is every sign that the worst is over.
Learner example:
The bride and the groom meet at the church because it's a bad sign if the groom sees the bride
before the ceremony.
BODY MOVEMENT
[B1] a movement you make to give someone information or tell them what to do
She pointed to her watch as a sign that it was getting late and she wanted to leave.
She made/gave a sign to her husband to stop talking.
The priest made the sign of the cross when he entered the church.
Learner example:
She looked at Paul and made a strange sign with her fingers.
MARK
[B2] a written or printed mark which has a standard meaning
+ and - are mathematical signs.
£ is the sign for the British pound.
no sign of sb/sth
[B2] If there is no sign of someone or something, you cannot see them.
By eight o'clock, there was still no sign of Janne.
She said she'd left the book on the table, but there's no sign of it.
Learner example:
He was supposed to come on Wednesday just like you told me but there was no sign of him.
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to write your name on something to show that you wrote/painted, etc. it or to
show that you agree to it
2052
to sign a letter/form/cheque/contract/agreement
Sign here, please.
He signed his name at the end of the letter.
He signed himself 'Mark Taylor'.
She said the painting was by Picasso, but it wasn't signed.
Learner example:
It was signed "Fat Boy".
signal /ˈsɪg.nəl/
NOUN [C]
ACTION
[B2] a movement, light, or sound which gives information, or tells people what to
do
At a signal from their teacher, the children all held up their flags.
Don't move until I give the signal.
The firework was a signal that the festival had started.
The police officer gave us a signal to stop.
The signal for a race to start is often the firing of a gun.
Learner example:
The signal was given. We started side by side but soon I overtook him.
WAVE
[B2] a series of light waves or sound waves which are sent to a radio, television,
mobile phone, etc.
Dictionary example:
I can't get a phone signal here.
Learner example:
On the other hand you can face problems with signal transmission.
signature /ˈsɪg.nə.tʃər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] your name written by yourself, always in the same way, usually to show that
something has been written or agreed by you
Dictionary example:
Please put your signature in this box.
2053
Learner example:
I thought it was a joke but when I saw the signature I knew it was for real.
significance /sɪgˈnɪf.ɪ.kənts/
Word family:
Nouns: significance
NOUN [U]
[C1] the importance or meaning of something
I still don't understand the significance of his remark.
This is a development which has great economic significance for the region.
Learner example:
In spite of the progress achieved in promoting the social status of women, one should not
overestimate the significance of these achievements to ordinary women's careers.
significant /sɪgˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/
Word family:
Nouns: significance
ADJECTIVE
[B2] important or noticeable
There has been a significant increase in the number of women students in recent years.
These measures will save a significant amount of money.
The talks between the USA and Russia were very significant for the relationship between the two
countries.
Learner example:
One of the most significant invention[s] is [the] computer.
significantly /sɪgˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: significance
2054
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is easy to see or by a large amount
Dictionary example:
My piano playing has improved significantly since I've had a new teacher.
Learner example:
Also, with today's machines, factories have significantly increased their production.
signpost /ˈsaɪn.pəʊst/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a sign by the side of the road that gives information about routes and
distances
Dictionary example:
Look out for the signpost to the airport.
Learner example:
There were no signposts and there was no one to ask where he could find a place to stay.
silence /ˈsaɪ.lənts/
Word family:
Nouns: silence
Adjectives: silent
Adverbs: silently
NOUN
NO SOUND
[B1] [U] when there is no sound
The three men ate in silence.
A loud crash of thunder broke the silence of the night.
Learner example:
I suppose that you want to relax [o]n your holiday and so I suggest you visit the Alps - [some]
beautiful countryside where you can relax, walk and enjoy the silence and nature.
PERIOD OF TIME
[B2] [C or U] a period of time in which there is complete quiet or no speaking
Dictionary example:
There were long silences during the discussion.
2055
Learner example:
The progress of the story is very slow, but the author is descri[b]ing hard conditions, hard
characters [and] long silences, which is quite t[y]pical of his way [of writing].
silent /ˈsaɪ.lənt/
Word family:
Nouns: silence
Adjectives: silent
Adverbs: silently
ADJECTIVE
QUIET
[B1] without any sound
Dictionary example:
The empty house was completely silent.
Learner example:
The countryside, like Chianti, is peaceful and silent.
NO SPEAKING
[B2] without talking
She whispered a silent prayer that her wounded brother would not die.
The police officer told the criminal that he had the right to remain silent.
The minister was silent on/about his plans for the future.
Arthur has always been the strong, silent type.
Learner example:
When they were there, Aunt Patience was obliged by her husband to go to her room and remain
silent.
silently /ˈsɑɪ.lənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: silence
Adjectives: silent
Adverbs: silently
ADVERB
[B2] without making any noise
She wept silently as she read the letter.
He silently vowed to take revenge.
2056
Learner example:
After waiting silently for two minutes, she dropped the phone.
silk /sɪlk/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a type of cloth which is light and smooth
a silk dress
a silk shirt
Learner example:
Normally, I would prefer my blouses to be made of cotton or silk, as these materials make me
[feel] comfortable.
silly /ˈsɪl.i/
ADJECTIVE
LITTLE THOUGHT
[B1] showing little thought or judgment
Don't do that, you silly boy!
a silly mistake
It was silly of you to go out in the sun without a hat.
I feel silly in this dress.
Learner example:
They had some very silly games.
UNIMPORTANT
[B1] small and not important
Dictionary example:
She gets upset over such silly things.
Learner example:
Pe[o]ple are so worried about silly things, about how to make money or how to be popular and
they forget about what really matters.
2057
similar /ˈsɪm.ɪ.lər/
Word family:
Nouns: similarity
Adjectives: similar
Adverbs: similarly
ADJECTIVE
[B1] If something or someone is similar to another thing or person, they have many
things the same, although they are not exactly the same.
My father and I have similar views on politics.
I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
Paul is very similar in appearance to his brother.
Learner example:
I can understand how you are feeling because at our age, every teenager has similar problems.
similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlær.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: similarity
Adjectives: similar
Adverbs: similarly
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when two things or people are similar, or a way in which they are similar
I can see the similarity between you and your mother.
The book bears several striking similarities to last year's bestseller.
Learner example:
Another similarity between the two was their appearance.
similarly /ˈsɪm.ɪ.lə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: similarity
Adjectives: similar
Adverbs: similarly
ADVERB
[C1] in a similar way
2058
The children were similarly dressed.
Cars must stop at red traffic lights; similarly, bicycles should stop too.
Learner example:
Business people would like to have a car park in the city cent[re], whereas most residents are
against it, mainly because of the horrible noise made by cars. Similarly, some students, who are
concerned about pollution, prefer the car park to be [o]n the outskirts of the city.
simple /ˈsɪm.pl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: simplicity, simplification
Verbs: simplify
Adjectives: simple
Adverbs: simply
ADJECTIVE
NOT COMPLICATED
[B1] plain or not complicated
a simple life
a simple black dress
We had a simple meal of bread and cheese.
Learner example:
You can eat simple food and drink good local wine.
IMPORTANT
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] used to describe the one important fact, truth, etc.
Dictionary example:
We didn't go swimming for the simple reason that the water was too cold.
Learner example:
I'm very fond of working with animals, and the simple reason is that I'm plan[n]ing to become a
vet.
simplicity /sɪmˈplɪs.ɪ.ti/
Word family:
Verbs: simplify
Adjectives: simple
Adverbs: simply
2059
NOUN [U]
[C1] the quality of being simple
The advantage of the plan is its simplicity.
The examination was simplicity itself.
I admire the simplicity of her designs.
Learner example:
Video facilities are rated as quite good [by] the students, and computer programmes have gained
almost everybody's compl[i]ments for their simplicity and efficacy.
simplify /ˈsɪm.plɪ.faɪ/
Word family:
Verbs: simplify
Adjectives: simple
Adverbs: simply
VERB [T]
[C1] to make something less complicated and therefore easier to do or understand
the new, simplified tax system
He tried to simplify the story for the younger audience.
Learner example:
The technology has probably simplified life [i]n a way that no one could beli[e]ve was possible
about 20 years ago.
simply /ˈsɪm.pli/
Word family:
Verbs: simplify
Adjectives: simple
Adverbs: simply
ADVERB
EMPHASIS
2060
We simply don't have the time.
You look simply beautiful in that dress.
The hunger in parts of Africa is terrible - there's (quite) simply no other word for it.
Learner example:
It's said that most of the centre's sports facilities are very expensive, [but] that is simply not true.
ONLY
[B2] only
Dictionary example:
A lot of people miss out on this opportunity simply because they don't know about it.
Learner example:
I am very interested in fashion, simply because it is a style, an attitude, a way of life.
NOT COMPLICATED
[B2] in a way which is not complicated or difficult to understand
Dictionary example:
He explained it as simply as he could, but the class still didn't understand.
Learner example:
Try to organize your work as simply as possible.
simulation /ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a model of something that can be used to teach someone how to do

something, or the process of making such a model
Dictionary example:
Students can study a computer simulation of these atomic processes.
Learner example:
Civilisation is one of the best-selling simulation games of all time.
simultaneous /ˌsɪm.əlˈteɪn.i.əs/
Word family:
Adjectives: simultaneous
Adverbs: simultaneously
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If two or more things are simultaneous, they happen or exist at the same time.
2061
Dictionary example:
simultaneous translation
Learner example:
The people I most admire are simultaneous interpreter[s].
simultaneously /ˌsɪm.əlˈteɪ.ni.əs.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: simultaneous
Adverbs: simultaneously
ADVERB
[B2] at the same time
Dictionary example:
Two children answered the teacher's question simultaneously.
Learner example:
The floods of information pour towards you and go through your brain simultaneously.
since /sɪnts/
CONJUNCTION
TIME
[B1] from a time in the past until a later time or until now
He's been much happier since he started his new job.
I've known Tim since he was seven.
Learner example:
I was really surprised when I read the e-mail because I haven't heard from you since I visited you
last year.
BECAUSE
[B1] because
Dictionary example:
Since we've got a few minutes to wait for the train, let's have a cup of coffee.
Learner example:
Since my mother has surgery tomorrow, I will not [be able to] come to your class.
ADVERB
[B2] from a time in the past until a later time or until now
2062
Emma went to work in New York a year ago, and we haven't seen her since.
He started working for the company when he left school, and has been there ever since.
I've long since forgotten any Latin I ever learned.
Learner example:
It was my grandmother who introduced me to teddy bears and she wanted me to love them as she
did. When she died, I got all her bears and have been taking care of them ever since.
sincere /sɪnˈsɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: sincerity
Adjectives: sincere
Adverbs: sincerely
ADJECTIVE
HONEST
[C1] honest and saying or showing what you really feel or believe
Dictionary example:
He seems to be sincere.
Learner example:
During these years I have also found her to be honest, sincere, hard-working and imagin[a]tive.
sincere apologies/thanks, etc. FORMAL
[C1] used to add emphasis when you are expressing a feeling
Dictionary example:
The family wishes to express their sincere thanks to all the staff at the hospital.
Learner example:
Again, sincere gratitude for your kind work.
sincerely /sɪnˈsɪə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: sincerity
Adjectives: sincere
Adverbs: sincerely
ADVERB
Yours sincerely
[B1] FORMAL used at the end of formal letters where you know the name of the person
you are writing to
2063
Dictionary example:
Yours sincerely, Emma Clarke.
Learner example:
I'm going to ask Tom for the [work] I will miss. Yours sincerely,
EMPHASIS
[C1] in a sincere way
Dictionary example:
I sincerely hope that this never happens again.
Learner example:
I sincerely hope that you improve your services.
single /ˈsɪŋ.gl
̩/
ADJECTIVE
single ticket
[B1] a single ticket takes you to a place, but not back again
Dictionary example:
I've only got a single ticket.
Learner example:
Suddenly I was asked to show my single ticket.
single parent
[B1] someone who has a child or children, but no wife, husband or partner living
with them
Many single parents find it difficult to get a job.
The number of single-parent families dependent on the state has risen enormously in recent
years.
Learner example:
She's a single parent, with 3 children from Australia but she's gorgeous.
every single
[B1] used to emphasize that you are talking about each one of a group or series
I call him every single day.
The decision affected every single one of them.
Learner example:
But we used to play together every single day!
2064
ONE
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] only one
There was a single light in the corner of the room.
Not a single person offered to help her.
You haven't been listening to a single word I've been saying.
Learner example:
The night was calm and not a single sound was disturbing her.
NOUN [C]
[B1] a ticket for a journey that is from one place to another but not back again
Dictionary example:
Could I have a single to Edinburgh, please?
sink /sɪŋk/
VERB (sank, sunk)
GO DOWN BELOW
[B1] [I or T] to go down or make something go down below the surface of water or a

soft substance and not come back up
The Titanic was a passenger ship which sank to the bottom of the ocean in 1912.
The legs of the garden chair sank into the soft ground.
Enemy aircraft sank two battleships.
The dog sank its teeth into the ball and ran off with it.
Learner example:
They w[ere] travelling on the very big ship called "Titanic", [and] the ship sank.
FALL
[B2] [I] to move or make something move to a lower position or level
The sun glowed red as it sank slowly below the horizon.
Student numbers have sunk considerably this year.
Learner example:
Dora's face grew pale and she sank [into] a chair.
2065
sip /sɪp/
VERB [I or T] (sipping, sipped)

[C1] to drink, taking only a small amount at a time
Dictionary example:
She sipped her champagne.
Learner example:
The reasons for my choice are far from being profound: maybe it is only the desire of going back
to a time when wom[e]n [...] could spend all the time brushing their hair or sipping tea, without
feeling guilty for wasting their time.
sir /sɜːr/ FORMAL
NOUN
FORM OF ADDRESS
[B1] used as a formal and polite way of speaking to a man, especially one who you
are providing a service to or who is in a position of authority
Would you like to see the menu, sir?
"Did you hear what I said?" "Yes, sir."
Learner example:
Suddenly, the man with the hat, sunglasses, and mask came to me and sa[id] "sir, what is your
name?"
Dear Sir
[B2] a way of beginning a formal letter to a man whose name you do not know
Dictionary example:
Dear Sir, I am writing to...
Learner example:
Dear Sir or Madam, With reference to your advertisement in the Wall Street Journal [...]
sister-in-law /ˈsɪs.tər.ɪn.lɔː/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL sisters-in-law)

[B2] a woman married to your brother, or the sister of your husband or wife
Dictionary example:
My sister-in-law is a great cook.
2066
Learner example:
So, I and a sister-in-law had to stay with our little sons without any entertainment at the hotel.
sit /sɪt/ (sitting, sat, sat)
VERB [I]
TEST/EXAM
[B2] to take a test or exam
Dictionary example:
I had to sit an exam the next day.
Learner example:
Visiting you in July is just perfect because schools will have closed and I will have already sat my
exams at the English school.
site /saɪt/
NOUN [C]
PLACE
[B1] a place where something is, was, or will be built, or where something
happened, is happening, or will happen
a building site
The council haven't yet chosen the site for the new hospital.
This is the site of the accident.
Learner example:
I work as a civil engineer on a site.
on site
[C1] inside a factory, office building, etc.
There are two restaurants on site.
They provide on-site childcare facilities for employees.
Learner example:
A small period of training on site is required a few days before the beginning of the job itself and
how many interesting people you will meet!
2067
situated /ˈsɪt.ju.eɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: situation
Adjectives: situated
ADJECTIVE
be situated in/on/by, etc.

[B1] to be in a particular place
Dictionary example:
The hotel is situated by Lake Garda.
Learner example:
The restaurant is situated beside a river to make it even more wonderful.
situation /ˌsɪt.juˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: situation
Adjectives: situated
NOUN [C]
[B1] the set of things that are happening and the conditions that exist at a
particular time and place
the economic/political situation
Her news put me in a difficult situation.
"Would you get involved in a fight?" "It would depend on the situation."
I'll worry about it if/when/as the situation arises.
Learner example:
It was a weird situation.
sixty /ˈsɪk.sti/
NUMBER
(be) in your sixties

Dictionary example:
I took up yoga in my sixties.
2068
Learner example:
She is in her middle sixties, but still very active and lively.
the sixties
[B2] the years from 1960 through 1969
Dictionary example:
I still love all that music from the sixties.
Learner example:
Another problem is the demoli[t]ion of old houses that took place during the sixties.
skate /skeɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: skate, skating
Verbs: skate
VERB [I]
[B1] to move using skates
Dictionary example:
The ice on the river is thick enough to skate on/across/over.
Learner example:
We skated [for] two or three hours.
skeleton /ˈskel.ə.tən/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the structure made of all the bones in the body of a person or animal
We found an old sheep skeleton up on the cliffs.
Her long illness reduced her to a skeleton.
Learner example:
In the USA, they enjoy dressing up in costumes, most of the time as skeletons, wi[t]ches or
ghosts.
a skeleton crew/staff/service
[C1] the smallest number of people that you need to keep an organization working
Dictionary example:
The Red Cross has withdrawn all but a skeleton staff from the country.
Learner example:
The life-rescuing services are on call and a skeleton staff remains in all hospitals.
2069
sketch /sketʃ/
NOUN [C]
PICTURE
[C1] a picture that you draw quickly and with few details
Dictionary example:
He did a quick sketch of the cat.
Learner example:
Picasso would start with a lot of preliminary sketches and then go on to paint his final picture
where the main figures - a woman and a horse - are screaming in despair.
ACTING
[C1] a short piece of acting about a funny situation
Dictionary example:
They wrote most of their sketches themselves.
Learner example:
It's a partly live show, but it also contains earlier recorded "sketches", often with funny stunts.
ski /skiː/
Word family:
Nouns: ski, skiing
Verbs: ski
NOUN [C] (PLURAL skis)

[B1] one of a pair of long, thin pieces of wood or plastic that you wear on the
bottom of boots to move over snow
a pair of skis
ski boots
a ski club/resort
Learner example:
We stayed one week in a chalet near the ski resort.
VERB [I] (skiing, skied)

[B1] to move over snow on skis
Dictionary example:
He skied down the hill.
Learner example:
There're two very good places where we can ski, and they aren't crowded!
2070
skilful /ˈskɪl.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: skill
Adjectives: skilful, skilled
ADJECTIVE
GOOD AT
[B2] good at doing something
a skilful artist
Police officers have to be skilful drivers.
Learner example:
Indeed they were very popular, because five very skilful and talen[t]ed teachers did the courses.
DONE WELL
[C1] done or made very well
Dictionary example:
skilful use of language
Learner example:
I do hope that my skilful and smart notes will help you to judge the situation properly.
skill /skɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: skill
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] an ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you have practised it
Ruth had/possessed great writing skills.
I have no skill at/in sewing.
Learner example:
I want to improve my listening and speaking skills.
skilled /skɪld/
Word family:
Nouns: skill
2071
ADJECTIVE
[B2] having the abilities needed to do an activity or job well
a highly skilled photographer
My mother is very skilled at/in dressmaking.
Learner example:
I know you [need] some skilled people to build the boat and therefore I hope I can join your club
to help you.
skin /skɪn/
NOUN [C or U]
BODY
[B1] the outer layer of a person or animal's body
dark/fair skin
skin cancer
Babies have soft skins.
Learner example:
She's got blue eyes and fair skin.
FRUIT
[B2] the outer layer of a fruit or vegetable
Dictionary example:
a banana/potato skin
Learner example:
Unfortunately, I didn't notice the banana skin, which was lying on the pavement next to me.
skip /skɪp/
VERB [T]
NOT DO
[B2] to not do something that you usually do or that you should do
Dictionary example:
I think I'll skip lunch today - I'm not very hungry.
Learner example:
He felt a bit sick and so he skipped the meal.
2072
AVOID
[C1] to avoid reading or talking about something by starting to read or talk about
the next thing instead
Dictionary example:
I usually skip the boring bits.
Learner example:
This sharpen[s] your translating skills and your vocabulary (since you can't just skip words you
don't understand even if you get the general idea).
slam /slæm/
VERB (-mm-)
CLOSE
[B2] [I or T] to close with great force, or to make something close with great force
The wind made the door/window slam (shut).
Close the door carefully, don't slam it.
Learner example:
Once the door slammed behind her, the tears came...
slam sth down/onto/into, etc.

[B2] to put something somewhere or to hit something with great force
She slammed the phone down.
He slammed the on when a child ran in front of his car.
He stopped suddenly, and the car behind slammed into him.
Learner example:
Then he slammed down the receiver.
slang /slæŋ/
NOUN [U]
[C1] informal language, often language that is only used by people who belong to a
particular group
Dictionary example:
prison slang
2073
Learner example:
That's because communication with natives and not experienced English teachers will probably
make you enrich your idiomatic and slang vocabulary [rather] than your academic vocabulary.
slap /slæp/
VERB [T] (-pp-)

[B2] to hit someone with the flat, inside part of your hand
She slapped his face.
She slapped him across the face.
His friends slapped him on the back when he said he was getting married .
Learner example:
She shouted and slapped my face.
slash /slæʃ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a mark (/) used in writing to separate words or numbers, often to show a
choice of connection
Dictionary example:
Visit our website, bbc.co.uk/radio4.
slave /sleɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: slave, slavery
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who is owned by someone else and has to work for them
Dictionary example:
I'm tired of being treated like a slave!
Learner example:
I know you're lazy sometimes but don't worry you don't have to work [like] a slave.
2074
slavery /ˈsleɪ.vər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: slave, slavery
NOUN [U]
[C1] the system of owning slaves, or the condition of being a slave
Dictionary example:
They campaigned for the abolition of slavery.
Learner example:
From the condition of slavery, the Greeks passed to life in a fully developed and democratic
country.
sleep /sliːp/
Word family:
Nouns: sleep
Verbs: sleep
NOUN
NOT AWAKE
[B1] [U] the resting state in which the body is not active and the mind is
unconscious
Dictionary example:
I must get some sleep - I'm exhausted.
Learner example:
After that, I was very tired and went home to get some sleep.
get/go to sleep
[B1] to succeed in sleeping
I couldn't get to sleep at all last night for worrying.
You'll find that your baby usually goes to sleep after a feed.
Learner example:
Since it's quite hot here I bought a fan, I have to use it at night otherwise I can't get to sleep.
PERIOD OF SLEEPING
[B1] [C] a period of sleeping
You must be tired after all that driving - why don't you have a little sleep?
He fell into a deep sleep.
2075
Learner example:
I didn't knew what to do, so I went for a sleep.
sleepless /ˈsliːp.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: sleep
Verbs: sleep
ADJECTIVE
a sleepless night
[C1] a night when you are not able to sleep
Dictionary example:
He'd spent a sleepless night worrying about his exam.
Learner example:
nights to the majority of us due to the intense heat.
sleepy /ˈsliːp.i/
Word family:
Nouns: sleep
Verbs: sleep
ADJECTIVE
TIRED
[B1] feeling tired and wanting to go to sleep
Dictionary example:
The heat had made me sleepy.
Learner example:
I felt sleepy [during] the film, but Yoshie enjoyed [it].
PLACE
[C1] quiet and with little activity
Dictionary example:
a sleepy little town
Learner example:
I don't know much about it because it never got into my remote, sleepy village.
2076
sleeve /sliːv/
NOUN [C]
CLOTHING
[B1] the part of a jacket, shirt, etc. that covers your arm
short/long sleeves
The sleeves are too long for me.
You'd better roll your sleeves up or you'll get them dirty.
Learner example:
I like the rap trousers and T-shirts with long sleeves.
slice /slaɪs/
VERB [T]
[B2] to cut something into thin, flat pieces
Slice the mushrooms thinly and fry in butter.
Could you slice me a very thin piece of cake/slice a very thin piece of cake for me?
slide /slaɪd/
VERB (slid, slid)
slide (sth) across/down/along, etc.

[B2] to move smoothly over a surface, or to make something move smoothly over a
surface
He likes sliding on the ice.
He slid the letter into his pocket.
We've got one of those doors in the kitchen that slides open.
Learner example:
I slid down the slope and when trying to brake, the brakes locked.
2077
slight /slaɪt/
Word family:
Adjectives: slight
Adverbs: slightly
ADJECTIVE
a slight improvement
We're having a slight problem with our computer system.
I haven't the slightest idea what he's talking about.
Learner example:
To conclude, today's way of eating is not really healthy, but we can notice a slight improvement.
slightly /ˈslaɪt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: slight
Adverbs: slightly
ADVERB
[B2] a little
She's slightly taller than her sister.
I'm slightly upset she forgot my birthday.
Learner example:
Even at night, it will take you only slightly longer to get from A to B, provided you are near the city
centre.
slip /slɪp/
Word family:
Verbs: slip
Adjectives: slippery
VERB (-pp-)
SLIDE
[B1] [I] to slide by accident and fall or almost fall
2078
She slipped on the ice.
Careful you don't slip - there's water on the floor.
The razor slipped while he was shaving and he cut himself.
Learner example:
But then I slipped and fel[l] down.
slippery /ˈslɪp.ər.i/
Word family:
Verbs: slip
Adjectives: slippery
ADJECTIVE
[C1] smooth and wet and difficult to hold or walk on
Dictionary example:
Be careful - the floor's slippery.
Learner example:
We arrived at the mountain at seven o'clock [in] the morning and because the previous night it
[had been] raining, the rocks were slippery.
slogan /ˈsləʊ.gən/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a short phrase that is easy to remember and is used to make people notice
something
Dictionary example:
an advertising slogan
Learner example:
Our slogan is "BE CREATIVE".
slope /sləʊp/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a surface or piece of land that is high at one end and low at the other
There's a steep slope to climb before we're at the top.
a mountain/ski slope
2079
Learner example:
During [the] daytime, we all went up to the slopes for skiing.
slot /slɒt/
NOUN [C]
HOLE
[C1] a long, narrow hole that you put something into, especially money
Dictionary example:
Put the coin in the slot.
Learner example:
Instead of inserting a coin, you put your card in a slot and then dial the number.
TIME
[C1] a period of time that you allow for something in a plan
Dictionary example:
The programme is being moved to a later slot.
Learner example:
Customers will also be able to choose the date and even the time slot for the delivery.
slow /sləʊ/
Word family:
Verbs: slow
Adjectives: slow
Adverbs: slowly
ADJECTIVE
NOT EXCITING
[B2] not exciting
Dictionary example:
I find his films very slow.
Learner example:
The begin[n]ing of the movie is slow, but the last hour is incredible.
VERB [I or T]
slow (sb/sth) down/up or slow down/up (sb/sth) PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to become slower, or to make someone or something become slower
2080
Slow down, you two, you're walking too fast!
If I run with Christina she tends to slow me down.
We slowed up when we saw the police.
Learner example:
Suddenly a car slowed down not far from him.
slow down PHRASAL VERB
[B2] If someone slows down, they become less active.
Dictionary example:
The doctor told me I should slow down and not work so hard.
Learner example:
First of all, you must slow down at work or better yet, take a holiday for a week or two.
smart /smɑːt/
ADJECTIVE
STYLISH
[B1] having a clean, tidy and stylish appearance
Guy looks very smart in his new suit, doesn't he?
I need a smart jacket for my interview.
She works in a very smart new office overlooking the River Cam.
Learner example:
I don't like smart clothes, but for special days I have [a] very nice long black skirt.
CLEVER
[B1] intelligent
Gemma's teacher says she's one of the smartest kids in the class.
Why don't you fix it if you're so smart?
I'm not smart enough to understand computers.
He's smart enough to know he can't run the business without her.
Quitting that job was the smartest move I ever made.
Learner example:
He is [a] very kind, smart, and good person, besides, [he] is a good son.
TECHNOLOGY
[C1] using computers or information stored in electronic form
2081
a smart phone
smart bombs
Learner example:
Some telephones are only operated by "smart cards".
smash /smæʃ/
VERB
[B2] [I or T] to break into a lot of pieces with a loud noise, or to make something
break into a lot of pieces with a loud noise
Rioters ran through the city centre smashing windows and looting shops.
She dropped her cup and watched it smash to pieces on the stone floor.
Learner example:
Then the two men tried to smash the door [down].
smell /smel/
VERB (smelled or smelt, smelled or smelt)
smell of/like; smell delicious/horrible, etc.

[B1] to have a particular quality that people notice by using their nose
I've been cooking, so my hands smell of garlic.
That soup smells delicious - what's in it?
Learner example:
When [the rain stops,] you can see the trees and flowers with water on their leaves. And they smell
so good!
USE NOSE
[B1] [T] to notice something by using your nose
Come and smell these flowers!
Can you smell something burning?
Learner example:
You can smell the salt of the sea when you arrive.
UNPLEASANT
[B1] [I] to have an unpleasant smell
2082
Dictionary example:
Your running shoes really smell!
Learner example:
Just be car[e]ful, in some places in the countryside it smells really bad.
ABILITY
[B2] [I] to have the ability to notice or discover that a substance is present by using
your nose
Humans can't smell as well as dogs.
What I hate most about having a cold is not being able to smell.
NOUN
CHARACTERISTIC
[B1] [C] the quality that something has which you notice by using your nose
What's your favourite smell?
I love the smell of orange blossom.
The marketplace was filled with delightful smells.
There's a delicious smell in here.
Learner example:
The garlic bread is lovely with the smell of garlic.
ABILITY
[B2] [U] the ability to notice smells
Smell is one of the five senses.
Dogs have a very good sense of smell.
UNPLEASANT
[B2] [C] an unpleasant smell
Dictionary example:
I wish I could get rid of that smell in the bathroom.
Learner example:
People who were on the bus wondered where that smell came from.
2083
smile /smaɪl/
VERB
[B1] [I or T] to make a happy or friendly expression in which the corners of your

mouth curve up
He smiled and shook my hand.
When he smiled at me I knew everything was all right.
I couldn't help smiling when I thought of how pleased she was going to be.
He smiled politely as Mary apologized for her drunken friends.
He smiled to himself as he thought about his new girlfriend.
Learner example:
But he began to smile and explained what [had] happen[e]d to him.
NOUN [C]
[B1] a happy or friendly expression in which the corners of your mouth curve up
Amy had a big/broad smile on her face.
She has a nice smile.
He gave me a smile.
It's nice to be able to bring a smile to people's faces.
Learner example:
He has short dark brown hair, green eyes and [a] wonderful smile.
smog /smɒg/
NOUN [U]
[C1] air pollution in a city that is a mixture of smoke, gases, and chemicals
Dictionary example:
Smog hung over the city.
Learner example:
This will reduce smog and pollution, which has become an increasing problem for Castlecross.
smoke /sməʊk/
Word family:
2084
NOUN [U]
[B1] the grey or black gas that is produced when something burns
cigarette smoke
a tiny smoke-filled pub
She leaned back thoughtfully and blew a puff of smoke into the air.
Learner example:
The boys I met were smoking a lot!! I hate smoke!
smoker /ˈsməʊ.kər/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who smokes tobacco regularly
Dictionary example:
a cigarette/pipe smoker
Learner example:
You can go for a walk, (which is good for you), eat well-balanced food and try not to smoke (if you
are a heavy smoker).
smooth /smuːð/
Word family:
Adjectives: smooth
Adverbs: smoothly
ADJECTIVE
REGULAR SURFACE
[B1] having a regular surface that has no holes or lumps in it
soft, smooth skin
a smooth wooden table
Mix together the butter and sugar until smooth.
The road ahead was flat and smooth.
This cream will help to keep your skin smooth.
Learner example:
The sand is so smooth and the water is so clean!
2085
PROCESS
[C1] happening without problems or difficulties
Dictionary example:
Her job is to help students make a smooth transition from high school to college.
Learner example:
As far as I am concerned, not only will this create a bad public reputation but it will also disturb
the smooth running of both the hospital and our charity organisation.
smoothly /ˈsmuːð.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: smooth
Adverbs: smoothly
ADVERB
WITHOUT PROBLEMS
[B2] without any problems or difficulties
Everything was going smoothly before Darren arrived.
All the machinery was running smoothly.
Learner example:
I hope everything goes smoothly.
smuggle /ˈsmʌg.l/
VERB [T]
[C1] to take something into or out of a place in an illegal or secret way
Dictionary example:
He was arrested for smuggling cocaine into Britain.
Learner example:
Somehow they manage to get themselves trapped in a vicious circle of crime, under the influence
of a magician who forces them to smuggle jewels for him.
sneeze /sniːz/
VERB [I]
[B2] When you sneeze, air and often small drops of liquid suddenly come out of
your nose and mouth in a way you cannot control.
2086
Dictionary example:
Cats make him sneeze - I think he's allergic to them.
Learner example:
We were sneezing all the time and had a fever.
snore /snɔːr/
VERB [I]
[B2] to breathe in a very noisy way while you are sleeping
Dictionary example:
He was snoring so much it kept me awake.
Learner example:
You know, we can live together as long as you don't snore like you did last time.
snowboard /ˈsnəʊ.bɔːd/
Word family:
Nouns: snowboard, snowboarding
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large board that you stand on to move over snow
Dictionary example:
I hired a snowboard for the day.
Learner example:
Moreover, I missed my snowboard, so the surfboard, the waves, the sand and the sun were filling
this empty place in me.
so /səʊ/
ADVERB
so did we/so have I/so is mine, etc.

[B1] used to say that someone else also does something or that the same thing is
true about someone or something else
Dictionary example:
"We saw the new Star Trek movie last night." "Oh, so did we."
Learner example:
My eyes went watery and so did hers but then we laughed at each other.
2087
so far
[B1] until now
Dictionary example:
So far we've made thirty-two thousand pounds.
Learner example:
So far I like it here very much.
or so INFORMAL
[B1] approximately
Dictionary example:
"How many people were at the party?" "Fifty or so, I guess."
Learner example:
After an hour or so they changed the flight and new people came, the he realised that his suitcase
was lost.
if so
[B2] if this is the case
Dictionary example:
It might rain this afternoon. If so, we'll have to have the party indoors.
Learner example:
Will you be in time for dinner? If so, I'll cook your favourite dish.
so as to
[B2] in order to
Dictionary example:
I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to keep insects off it.
Learner example:
I could come on 8th July so as to be there on Tim's birthday.
to do so
[C1] if you do this, or if this is done
They want to build a completely new school, but to do so would cost far too much.
I would strongly advise you against taking out a loan of this size. To do so would be a great risk
to your business.
Learner example:
It is generally believed that if [a] better education is provided, children are better prepared for
adult life. To do so, money is essential.
even so
[C1] used to emphasize that something surprising is true despite what you have
just said
2088
Dictionary example:
Car prices have gone down a lot, but even so, we couldn't afford to buy one.
Learner example:
I'm sure many of [these things] happened due to bad luck, but even so, there are some
arrangements that, I bel[ie]ve, can easily be improved.
so as not to do sth
[C1] used for saying what the purpose of an action is
Dictionary example:
He went in very quietly so as not to wake the baby.
Learner example:
Secondly, I think we should plan some other kind of activities in case of bad weather and we
should have more than one bus with us so as not to waste time in case it breaks down.
CONJUNCTION
so (that)
[B1] in order to make something happen or be possible
He put his glasses on so that he could see the television better.
I deliberately didn't have lunch so (that) I would be hungry tonight.
Leave the keys out so (that) I remember to take them with me.
Learner example:
Could you please give me some extra exercises so that I can cover the work I missed?
soak /səʊk/
Word family:
Verbs: soak
Adjectives: soaked, soaking
VERB [I or T]
PUT IN LIQUID
[B2] If you soak something, or let it soak, you put it in a liquid for a period of time.
Soak the bread in the milk.
He left the pan in the sink to soak.
Learner example:
I was just enjoying [the] warm sand, soaking my feet in cold water, when his shadow obscured the
sun.
2089
MAKE WET
[C1] If liquid soaks somewhere or soaks something, it makes something very wet.
The rain soaked my clothes.
The ink soaked through the paper onto the table.
Learner example:
The fish tank had been upended causing the fish to drop dead and the water [had] soaked the
fitted carpet.
PHRASAL VERB
soak up sth or soak sth up PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to enjoy the effects of an experience
We arrived early at the festival to soak up the atmosphere.
I spent two weeks in Greece soaking up the sun.
Learner example:
I like a lazy rest, so I took advantage of [the] sunny weather and sandy beach and soaked up the
sun all day long.
soaked /səʊkt/
Word family:
Verbs: soak
ADJECTIVE
[B2] completely wet
Dictionary example:
My shirt was soaked.
Learner example:
Now it is a pleasure to drive in a warm and dry car, looking at the soaked bicycle riders as you
quickly drive by them.
soaking /ˈsəʊk.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: soak
ADJECTIVE
[B2] completely wet
2090
You're soaking - why didn't you take an umbrella?
The dog was soaking wet.
Learner example:
Then we arrived at the camp, and we were soaking wet.
soap /səʊp/
NOUN
TELEVISION PROGRAMME
[B1] [C] (ALSO soap opera) a series of television or radio programmes that continues
over a long period and is about the lives of a group of characters
Dictionary example:
I watch all the soaps.
Learner example:
But when I'm watching TV, I prefer soaps.
soap opera /ˈsəʊpˌɒp.ər.ə/ (INFORMAL soap)
NOUN [C]
[B1] a series of television or radio programmes that continues over a long period
and is about the lives of a group of characters
Dictionary example:
She enjoys watching soap operas.
Learner example:
Do you like soap operas?
soaring /ˈsɔːr.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: soar
Adjectives: soaring
ADJECTIVE
[C1] increasing very quickly
Dictionary example:
soaring property prices
2091
Learner example:
This is due to soaring house prices, especially in urban areas.
sob /sɒb/
VERB [I] (-bb-)

[B2] to cry in a noisy way
Dictionary example:
We found her sobbing in a corner.
Learner example:
Suddenly one of our group member[s] started to sob.
so-called /ˌsəʊˈkɔːld/
NOT AS NAMED
[B2] used to show that you think a word that is used to describe someone or
something is wrong
Dictionary example:
It was one of his so-called friends who supplied him with the drugs that killed him.
Learner example:
This so-called "Perfect Evening" was so disappointing, as well as discouraging [us from] coming to
your Circle Theatre again.
KNOWN AS
[B2] used to show that this is an informal, little known, or new name that
something or someone is know as
Dictionary example:
Married taxpayers are hit hard by the so-called marriage penalty.
Learner example:
There are lots of so-called workaholics who suffer from heart-attacks, high-blood-pressure or
general nervousness.
2092
sociable /ˈsəʊ.ʃə.bl
̩/ APPROVING
Word family:
Verbs: socialize
ADJECTIVE
[B1] Someone who is sociable enjoys being with people and meeting new people.
Rob's very sociable - he likes his parties.
I had a headache and I wasn't feeling very sociable.
Learner example:
They are all friendly, cool, outgoing, [and] sociable.
social /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl/
Word family:
Verbs: socialize
ADJECTIVE
GOING OUT
[B1] relating to the things you do with other people for enjoyment when you are
not working
I had an active social life when I was at college.
Most British schools organize social events for the students.
I've just become a member of the company's sports and social club.
Learner example:
I recommend [this] because there [is] more social life, nightlife, more fun and face[-to-face]
experiences.
SOCIETY
[B2] relating to society and the way people live
social classes/groups
social trends/change/equality/justice/differences
Learner example:
There are ecological, technical, and social problems.
2093
socialist /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl.ɪst/
Word family:
Verbs: socialize
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who supports socialism
Dictionary example:
My parents are socialists.
Learner example:
It was the first time in history that socialists were a majority in the government.
socialize (ALSO UK socialise) /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl.aɪz/
Word family:
Verbs: socialize
VERB [I]
[B2] to spend time enjoying yourself with other people
I tend not to socialize with my colleagues.
I hope Adrian's actually doing some work at college - he seems to spend all his time socializing!
Learner example:
With reference to the accom[m]odation I would rather stay in [a] tent because I think it is the best
way to socialize.
social networking /ˌsəʊ.ʃəlˈnet.wɜːk.ɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B1] using websites to meet people and talk to them
Dictionary example:
He spends a lot of time on social networking sites.
Learner example:
They tend to subscribe [to] different social-networking websites to communicate with people from
all around the world and discuss different issues.
2094
society /səˈsaɪ.ə.ti/
Word family:
Verbs: socialize
NOUN
PEOPLE
[B1] [C or U] a large group of people who live in the same country or area and have
the same laws, traditions, etc.
a civilized/multicultural society
These changes strike at the heart of British/American/modern society.
There's a danger that we will end up blaming innocent children for society's problems.
We must also consider the needs of the younger/older members of society.
Learner example:
My favourite are Dr. House and CSI, but I also enjoy a good document[a]ry about the rights and
wrongs of our society.
ORGANIZATION
[B2] [C] an organization for people who have the same interest or aim
an amateur dramatic society
the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Learner example:
I read an article about the "Riding Society of Warlingham" in the local newspaper and I was
fascinated by its ideas.
soft /sɒft/
Word family:
Nouns: softness
Adjectives: soft
Adverbs: softly
ADJECTIVE
GENTLE
[B1] not forceful, loud or easily noticed
a soft voice/sound
soft music/lighting
2095
Learner example:
They keep playing soft music to entertain the customers.
softly /ˈsɒft.li/
Word family:
Nouns: softness
Adjectives: soft
Adverbs: softly
ADVERB
[B1] in a quiet or gentle way
Dictionary example:
She speaks softly but usually gets her own way.
Learner example:
Before go[ing] to bed, they kissed me softly.
softness /ˈsɒft.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: softness
Adjectives: soft
Adverbs: softly
NOUN [U]
[B2] the quality of being soft
Dictionary example:
Just feel the softness of the baby's skin!
Learner example:
The room has only a few lamps and the furniture is worn down and has lost its softness.
soil /sɔɪl/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the top layer of earth that plants grow in
Dictionary example:
light/heavy/sandy soil
Learner example:
Many couples with young children and old people prefer fresh grass and natural soil to concrete
and cement in a city.
2096
solar /ˈsəʊ.lər/
[B2] relating to, or involving the sun
solar energy
a solar cell/panel
solar heating
Learner example:
It will save a lot of electricity as solar energy is used.
soldier /ˈsəʊl.dʒər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! a member of an army
French/Cuban/Turkish/Chinese/American soldiers
Soldiers were patrolling the streets.
Learner example:
My grandfather beg[a]n to talk: it happened when I was young. I used to be a soldier, part of the
quick respon[se] forces.
sole /səʊl/
Word family:
Adjectives: sole
Adverbs: solely
[C1] only or not shared with anyone else
My sole objective is to make the information more widely available.
The sole survivor of the accident was found in the water after six hours.
She has sole responsibility for the project.
Learner example:
Creating a library for this sole purpose would be ideal for our school's language department.
2097
solely /ˈsəʊl.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: sole
Adverbs: solely
ADVERB
[C1] only and not involving anyone or anything else
I bought it solely for that purpose.
It seems he's not solely to blame for the accident.
The product's success cannot be explained solely by the popularity of the ads.
Learner example:
In my opinion, everything depends solely on us and taking everyday decisions determines our
future.
solicitor /səˈlɪs.ɪ.tər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] in Britain, a lawyer who gives legal advice and help, and who works in the
lower courts of law
Dictionary example:
We got a solicitor to draw up the contract.
Learner example:
If we [do] not hear from you within 10 days we shall be obliged to put the matter in the hands of
our solicitors, which is not what we desire.
solid /ˈsɒl.ɪd/
ADJECTIVE
HARD
[B2] hard and firm, without holes or spaces
solid ground/rock
a solid object
a solid structure
Learner example:
Having solid ground beneath her feet again she sighed with relief for having survived this
adventure.
2098
STRONG
[B2] strong and not easily broken or damaged
Dictionary example:
solid furniture
Learner example:
[If] you have an accident, you have less chance [of] get[ting] hurt if you are sitting in [a] big, solid
vehicle.
NOT LIQUID/GAS
[C1] not a liquid or a gas
Liquid and solid waste is collected in the tank.
Freeze the mixture for about 3 hours or so until solid.
Learner example:
Of the total amount of electrical power produced in the world, solid fuel is by far the most
important contributor (44%).
solid gold/silver/wood, etc.

[C1] gold/silver/wood, etc. with nothing added
Dictionary example:
a solid silver bracelet
Learner example:
The dark marble is easy to keep clean and the solid brass handles look luxur[ious].
solidarity /ˌsɒl.ɪˈdær.ə.ti/
NOUN [U]
[C1] agreement and support between people in a group who have similar aims or
beliefs
Dictionary example:
Several lecturers joined the march to show solidarity with their students.
Learner example:
All the people were dancing, singing, laughing and enjoying their time in the company of these
beautiful children from poor African streets, with a great sense of solidarity.
2099
solitude /ˈsɒl.ɪ.tjuːd/
Word family:
Nouns: solitude
Adjectives: solitary
NOUN [U]
[C1] being alone
Dictionary example:
He went upstairs to read the letter in solitude.
Learner example:
You'll find true solitude and a place for serious contemplation of life's big questions.
solo /ˈsəʊ.ləʊ/
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]; ADVERB
[B2] done alone by one person only
a solo performance/flight
to sail/fly solo
He used to play with a group but now he has gone solo/has a solo career.
Learner example:
They all started with a solo car[e]er.
NOUN [C] (PLURAL solos)

[B2] a piece of music for one person or one instrument
a trumpet solo
Parker's solo on 'A Night in Tunisia' was so amazing that the pianist backing him simply stopped
playing.
Learner example:
They were amazing, the drummer was so fast - when he was playing the drum solo, I couldn't
even see his hands and his drum sticks.
solution /səˈluː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: solution
Verbs: solve
Adjectives: unsolved
2100
NOUN [C]
[B1] the answer to a problem
There's no easy solution to this problem.
She just seems so unhappy and I don't know what the solution is.
When you finish doing the crossword, the solution is on the back page.
They help you talk through your problems but they don't give you any solutions.
Learner example:
I was pleased with the solution.
solve /sɒlv/
Word family:
Nouns: solution
Verbs: solve
VERB [T]
[B1] to find the answer to something
to solve a problem
to solve a mystery/puzzle
Just calm down - shouting won't solve anything!
This strategy could cause more problems than it solves.
Police are still no nearer to solving the crime.
Learner example:
You will help me to solve this problem, won't you?
some /sʌm/
DETERMINER
LARGE AMOUNT
[B2] a large amount or number of something
It'll be some time before we meet again.
It was some years later when they next met.
We discussed the problem at some length.
Learner example:
It's some years ago now, sixteen years I think.
2101
NOT USING NAME
[C1] used to refer to a particular person or thing without stating exactly which one
Some lucky person will win more than $1 000 000 in the competition.
Some idiot's locked the door!
There must be some way you can relieve the pain.
Learner example:
Maybe you hate the memory of these boring literature classes at school, but I'm sure each of you
is interested in some subject or other.
somehow /ˈsʌm.haʊ/
ADVERB
WAY NOT KNOWN
[B1] in a way or by some means which is not known or not stated
It won't be easy, but we'll get across the river somehow.
Somehow or other, we'll get the money.
Learner example:
I don't know exactly what happened but somehow I managed not to fall in [the lake].
REASON NOT CLEAR
[B2] for a reason which is not clear
Dictionary example:
I know what we're doing is legal, but somehow it doesn't feel right.
Learner example:
I did not know who was talking to me but somehow I knew that it must be an urgent matter. Why
else [w]ould a stranger wake me in the middle of the night?
something /ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/
PRONOUN
be/have something to do with sth/sb

[C1] to be related to something or a cause of something but not in a way which you
know about or understand
Dictionary example:
It might have something to do with the way it's made.
2102
Learner example:
Well, it has something to do with politics, but as you know, I don't understand a word of it
because I don't care about it.
somewhat /ˈsʌm.wɒt/ FORMAL SLIGHTLY
ADVERB
[C1] slightly
The resort has changed somewhat over the last few years.
She's somewhat more confident than she used to be.
We were somewhat tired after our long walk.
Learner example:
We found the written article to be somewhat inaccurate, since several facts were mistaken and
others were blown out of proportion.
somewhere /ˈsʌm.weər/
ADVERB
somewhere around/between, etc.

[B2] approximately
Somewhere between 900 and 1100 minor crimes are reported in this city every week.
It will take us somewhere between three and four hours to get to Madrid.
The company's annual turnover is somewhere around £70.7 million.
Learner example:
The gathering will take place somewhere betwe[e]n the first and second week of the month, so
you can come somewhere around then.
son-in-law /ˈsʌn.ɪn.lɔː/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL sons-in-law)

[B2] your daughter's husband
Dictionary example:
My son-in-law helped me mend the fence.
2103
soon /suːn/
ADVERB
as soon as
[B1] at the same time or a very short time after
Dictionary example:
As soon as I saw her, I knew there was something wrong.
Learner example:
As soon as the rain stopped, I called my friend and we all continued walking in the park, and we
all enjoyed ourselves.
sooner or later
[B2] used to say that you do not know exactly when something will happen, but you
are certain that it will happen
Dictionary example:
Sooner or later she's going to realize what a mistake she's made.
Learner example:
Anyway I think that sooner or later you will have problems with your heart or stomach.
no sooner ... than

[C1] used to show that something happens immediately after something else
Dictionary example:
No sooner had we got home than the phone rang.
Learner example:
No sooner had I entered a pub than the waitress smiled warmly at me.
sophisticated /səˈfɪs.tɪ.keɪ.tɪd/
ADJECTIVE
WITH EXPERIENCE
[B2] well-educated and having experience of the world or knowledge of culture
She was slim, svelte and sophisticated.
I don't suppose I have any books that would suit your sophisticated tastes.
He was older than me and from London and I thought him very sophisticated.
Learner example:
Her conversation was very sophisticated.
2104
ADVANCED
[B2] A sophisticated machine or system is very advanced and works in a clever way.
I think a more sophisticated approach is needed to solve this problem.
These are among the most sophisticated weapons in the world.
Learner example:
These days we can use [a] computer, television [or other] sophisticated equipment.
sore /sɔːr/
ADJECTIVE
PAINFUL
[B1] painful, especially when touched
I've got a sore throat.
My feet were sore with all the walking.
All the dust has made my eyes sore.
Learner example:
I'll miss the class, because I've got a sore throat.
sorry /ˈsɒr.i/
feel sorry for

[B1] to feel sympathy for someone because they are in a difficult situation
Dictionary example:
I feel so sorry for the children - it must be really hard for them.
Learner example:
Anyway, I feel sorry for her and I wonder: what would I do if I were her?
SAYING NO
[B2] used to show politeness when refusing something or disagreeing
I'm sorry but I think you've made a mistake.
I'm sorry, I can't agree.
I'm sorry, but I just don't think it's a good idea.
Sorry, you can't go in there.
2105
Learner example:
I am sorry, but I completely disagree with the comments you have [made about] the festival.
sort /sɔːt/
NOUN
that sort of thing

group of things
Dictionary example:
They sell souvenirs, postcards, that sort of thing.
Learner example:
I also enjoy using new clothes for the first time, but I prefer buying other stuff like electronic
devices or that sort of thing.
sort of INFORMAL
[B2] used to describe something approximately
It's a sort of pale orange colour.
They were sort of waving.
Learner example:
I sort of felt like I had done my part to make the concert a suc[c]ess.
VERB [T]
ORDER
[B2] to arrange things into different groups or types or into an order
Paper, plastic and cans are sorted for recycling.
I'm going to sort these old books into those to be kept and those to be thrown away.
You can use the computer to sort the newspaper articles alphabetically, by date, or by subject.
soul /səʊl/
NOUN
SPIRIT
[B2] ! [C] the part of a person which is not their body, which some people believe
continues to exist after they die
2106
Dictionary example:
She suffered greatly while she was alive, so let us hope her soul is now at peace.
Learner example:
Finally, two very old and serious aunts, a friend of the[irs], my Grandma and a [retired] couple
from our neighbourhood were ready to call any soul from heaven to talk to us.
PERSON
[B2] [C] INFORMAL a person
Dictionary example:
I didn't see a soul when I went out.
Learner example:
Unlike a year ago, she did not tell a soul.
sound /saʊnd/
VERB
sound like/as if/as though

[B1] to seem like something, from what you have heard or read
That sounds like a really good idea.
It sounds like you've got a sore throat.
It sounds as if they had a good holiday.
Learner example:
It sounds like your new trousers are very nice.
sound angry/happy/rude, etc.

[B2] to seem angry, happy, rude, etc. when you speak
He sounded very depressed when we spoke on the telephone yesterday.
At the press conference, he sounded at his most relaxed.
Learner example:
He sounded so excited!
soundtrack /ˈsaʊnd.træk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the music used in a film or a television programme
2107
Dictionary example:
The film's soundtrack includes music by Bob Marley.
Learner example:
The first time I heard it was in a movie, named "8 Mile". This song was the soundtrack of that
movie.
sour /saʊər/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] having a sharp, sometimes unpleasant, taste or smell, like a lemon, and not
sweet
sour cream
sweet and sour sauce
These plums are a bit sour.
Learner example:
The sauce often is made of sour cream and a lot of butter.
source /sɔːs/
NOUN [C]
COME FROM
[B2] where something comes from
a source of heat/energy/light
Oranges are a good source of vitamin C.
Experts are trying to track down the source of the contamination in the water supply.
We walked up the river to its source in the hills.
Money is often a source of tension and disagreements in young married couples.
Learner example:
Fish is a great source of vitamins.
PERSON
[C1] someone who gives information to the police, newspapers, etc.
Dictionary example:
The story came from a source within government.
Learner example:
For the next report, I advise you to get the correct information from the source.
2108
southeast (south-east) /ˌsaʊθˈiːst/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the direction which is between south and east, or the southeast part of a
country
Dictionary example:
We live in the southeast.
Learner example:
The south and the southeast are the [backbone] of [the] Brazilian economy so there are lots of
malls, department stores and very [good] nightlife.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] in the southeast, or facing towards the southeast
Dictionary example:
Kent is in the southeast corner of England.
southern (ALSO Southern) /ˈsʌð.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: south
Adjectives: south, southern
Adverbs: south
ADJECTIVE
[B1] in or from the south part of an area
a southern route
the Southern Hemisphere
Learner example:
Later we went to the "Waldsee", in the southern part of Freiburg.
southwest (south-west) /ˌsaʊθˈwest/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the direction which is between south and west, or the southwest part of a
country
Dictionary example:
The wind was coming from the southwest.
2109
Learner example:
I remember the day we went to Sarlat, a lovely town in the south-west of France.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] in the southwest, or facing towards the southwest
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
I live in [a] village in [the] south-west part of Poland.
souvenir /ˌsuː.vəˈnɪr/
NOUN [C]
[B1] something which you buy or keep to remember a special event or holiday
Dictionary example:
I kept the ticket as a souvenir of my trip.
Learner example:
There is a well-known place near the hotel were you can buy souvenirs and chocolates.
sow /səʊ/
VERB [T] (sowed, sown, sowed)

[C1] to put seeds into the ground
Dictionary example:
to sow seeds/crops
Learner example:
Farmers had to plough, sow and harvest cotton on their own, using their labour and hands.
soya /ˈsɔɪ.ə/
NOUN [U]
[C1] a substance made from beans and used to make many foods
Dictionary example:
This milk is made from soya.
Learner example:
[We offer] a huge range of soya products, energy bars, jam and spreads, suitable for diabetic[s],
and a good choice of herbal teas.
2110
space /speɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: space
Adjectives: spacious
NOUN
BEYOND EARTH
[B1] [U] the area outside the Earth's atmosphere, where the planets and the stars are
space exploration/travel
a space rocket
Who was the first human being in space/the first to go into space?
Learner example:
Recently I watched a fantastic programme about space, all the planets, [and] the stars.
AREA AROUND
[B2] [U] that which is around everything that exists and which is continuous in all
directions
He was absent-mindedly staring/gazing into space.
Virtual Reality aims to give us artificial worlds to explore, outside normal space and time.
Learner example:
Just think of this one example when you go to visit a zoo and you see the elephant or the tiger or
lion walking up and down and up and down in their "prison" and staring into space.
spacious /ˈspeɪ.ʃəs/
Word family:
Nouns: space
Adjectives: spacious
ADJECTIVE
[C1] large and with a lot of space
Dictionary example:
a spacious apartment/office
Learner example:
The rooms are spacious enough but they are very cold and that means that during the winter we
have to wear many clothes in order to stay warm.
2111
spam /spæm/
NOUN [U]
[C1] emails that you do not want, usually advertisements
Dictionary example:
Most of the emails I receive are spam.
spare /speər/
ADJECTIVE
EXTRA
[B1] If something is spare, it is available to use, because it is extra and not being
used.
a spare key/tyre
Have you got a spare pen?
We've got a spare room if you want to stay overnight with us.
Could I have a word with you when you've got a spare moment/minute?
"Do you want this cake?" "Yes, if it's going spare."
Learner example:
You know I'm not good at writing letter[s], [but] do write [to] me if you have a spare minute.
VERB
GIVE
[C1] [T] to give time or money to someone
I have to go soon, but I can spare a few minutes.
Can you spare me some change?
Learner example:
Thank you for sparing your time to read my letter and I look forward to the next edition of your
newspaper.
to spare
[C1] If you have time, money, etc. to spare, you have more than you need.
Dictionary example:
I arrived at the station with more than an hour to spare.
Learner example:
I even started to do the shopping on the Net, and I think this is the perfect solution for the
busines[s] woman with family and little time to spare.
2112
sparkling /ˈspɑr.klɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
sparkling water/wine
[B1] water/wine with bubbles in it
Dictionary example:
Would you like still or sparkling water?
SHINING
[B2] shining brightly because of reflected light
Dictionary example:
sparkling diamonds
Learner example:
Finally, my college is not far from the coast, where you [will] find beautiful beaches and the
sparkling, blue sea.
SPECIAL
[C1] special or exciting
a sparkling performance
sparkling conversation
Learner example:
After, [it's] time for lunch with a lot of Champagne (for a more sparkling atmosphere!).
speak /spiːk/ (spoke, spoken)
Word family:
Nouns: speaker, speech
Verbs: speak
Adjectives: speechless
VERB
speak about/of sth

[B1] to talk about something
He refused to speak about the matter in public.
In the interview she spoke of her sadness at her mother's death.
Learner example:
They filmed the headmistress of our school. She spoke about the school's activities.
2113
generally/personally, etc. speaking
[B2] used to explain that you are talking about something in a general/personal,
etc. way
Dictionary example:
Well, generally speaking, it's quicker if you take the train.
Learner example:
Generally speaking, the best way to keep fit is to live a healthy life.
IN PUBLIC
[B2] [I] to make a speech to a large group of people
Dictionary example:
She was invited to speak at a conference in Madrid.
Learner example:
[O]n behalf of all its members, I would like to invite you to speak at one of our meetings.
speak for/on behalf of sb

[C1] to express the feelings, opinions, etc. of another person or a group of people
Dictionary example:
I've been chosen to speak on behalf of the whole class.
Learner example:
I am sure that I speak on behalf of the rest of the members of this club.
speaker /ˈspiː.kər/
Word family:
Verbs: speak
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[B1] someone who can speak English/French, etc.
Dictionary example:
He's a fluent Russian speaker.
Learner example:
I think I'm going to be an English speaker sooner than I expected.
IN PUBLIC
[B1] someone who makes a speech to a group of people
2114
a good public speaker
Please join with me in thanking our guest speaker tonight.
Learner example:
The speaker told me many things about feeding birds.
special /ˈspeʃ.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: specialist, speciality
Verbs: specialize
Adjectives: special
Adverbs: specially
ADJECTIVE
special offer
[B1] a price which is lower than usual
Dictionary example:
There's a special offer on sunglasses this week.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, they have stopped their special offer "1 month [for Euro] 100" and I know that you
want to stay fit. As soon as they make a new offer I will let you know and then you [can] join us!
DIFFERENT
[B1] different from normal things, or used for a particular purpose
You need to use a special kind of paint.
Some of the children have special educational needs.
Full details of the election results will be published in a special edition of tomorrow's newspaper.
Firefighters use special breathing equipment in smoky buildings.
Learner example:
He stepped into a small, handmade, wooden canoe - it['s] call[ed] Hakaro. It's a special kind of
canoe.
special attention/care/treatment
[B2] treatment that is better than usual
Dictionary example:
I don't expect special treatment - I just want to be treated fairly.
Learner example:
As you know, an Austin Healey needs special treatment.
2115
specialist /ˈspeʃ.əl.ɪst/
Word family:
Verbs: specialize
Adjectives: special
Adverbs: specially
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who has a lot of experience, knowledge, or skill in a particular

subject
a software specialist
She's a specialist in modern French literature.
She's a specialist in childhood illnesses.
a leading cancer/eye specialist
Learner example:
Now, fully equipped and powerful computers can be so small and mobile that some specialists
predict that new devices will replace [the] book.
speciality /ˌspeʃ.iˈæl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Verbs: specialize
Adjectives: special
Adverbs: specially
NOUN [C]
[C1] a product, skill, etc. that a person or place is especially known for
Dictionary example:
We tasted a local speciality made from goat's cheese.
Learner example:
But even McDonald's realised there is another trend on the rise - local food and specialities - and
therefor[e] started putting them on the[ir] menu.
2116
specialize (ALSO UK specialise) /ˈspeʃ.əl.aɪz/
Word family:
Verbs: specialize
Adjectives: special
Adverbs: specially
VERB [I]
[B2] to spend most of your time studying one particular subject or doing one type
of business
She's hired a lawyer who specializes in divorce cases.
a restaurant that specialises in seafood
I enjoy working in general medicine, but I hope to be able to specialize in the future.
Learner example:
Some specialise in acting and others [work] back stage like adjusting the sound or light and
preparing the outfits.
specially /ˈspeʃ.əl.i/ (ALSO especially)
Word family:
Verbs: specialize
Adjectives: special
Adverbs: specially
ADVERB
[B1] for a particular purpose
I came here specially to see you.
She has a wheelchair that was specially made for her.
The opera 'Aida' was specially written for the opening of the Cairo opera house in 1871.
Learner example:
I'm thinking [of] get[ting] a beautiful long black wool[l]en coat specially made for you.
species /ˈspiː.ʃiːz/ (PLURAL species)
NOUN [C]
[B2] a group of plants or animals which share similar characteristics
2117
Mountain gorillas are an endangered species.
Over a hundred species of insect are found in this area.
Learner example:
Then I wrote an article about saving endangered species.
specific /spəˈsɪf.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: specification
Verbs: specify
Adjectives: specific
Adverbs: specifically
ADJECTIVE
PARTICULAR THING
[B2] used to refer to a particular thing and not something general
English for specific purposes
The disease seems to be specific to certain types of plant.
Is there anything specific you want from the shops?
Learner example:
We need to see animals, study them, and in some cases find out why specific types of animals
can't live in the nature which we have spoiled.
EXACT
[C1] exact or containing details
Dictionary example:
Could you be more specific about the problem?
Learner example:
To be more specific, our students discovered that the majority of your exhibits did not function at
all.
specifically /spəˈsɪf.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Verbs: specify
2118
ADVERB
PARTICULAR PURPOSE
[C1] for a particular reason, purpose, etc.
They're designed specifically for children.
She bought it specifically to wear at the wedding.
Learner example:
I specifically chose to travel with you since your travel brochure promised a half-day trip to St.
Andrews, where I was to meet my friend Ann.
EXACTLY
[C1] exactly or in detail
I specifically told them that she doesn't eat meat.
The law specifically prohibits acts of this kind.
Learner example:
More specifically, students have to complete numerous questions with very long answers for four
different subjects, and the time available for each subject is three hours.
specification /ˌspes.ɪf.ɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: specify
NOUN [C] FORMAL
[C1] a detailed description of how something should be done, made, etc.
Dictionary example:
They are made exactly to the customer's specifications.
Learner example:
Translating technical specifications prepared by no[n]-native speakers can often cause serious
problems.
2119
specify /ˈspes.ɪ.faɪ/
Word family:
Verbs: specify
VERB [T]
[B2] to state or describe something clearly and exactly
He said we should meet but didn't specify a time.
The peace treaty clearly specifies the terms for the withdrawal of troops.
The newspaper report did not specify how the men were killed.
My contract specifies (that) I must give a month's notice if I leave my job.
The loan must be repaid within a specified period/by a specified date.
Learner example:
You did not specify what kind of work you are supposed to do either in a restaurant or in a
museum.
spectacular /spekˈtæk.jʊ.lər/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely good, exciting, or surprising
a spectacular view
The show was a spectacular success.
He scored a spectacular goal in the second half.
There was a spectacular sunset last night.
Learner example:
It is located in a tall building and has a spectacular view.
spectator /spekˈteɪ.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who watches an event, sport, etc.
Dictionary example:
They won 4-0 in front of over 40 000 cheering spectators.
2120
Learner example:
At midnight sharp, fireworks covered the concert hall and I, as well as the rest of [the] spectators,
felt the excitement and delight I've never felt before.
spectrum /ˈspek.trəm/
NOUN [C] (spectra)
ALL POSSIBILITIES
[C1] all the different ideas, opinions, possibilities, etc. that exist
Dictionary example:
He has support from across the whole political spectrum.
Learner example:
At the other [end] of the spectrum of opinions you can find some people who need to park in the
city for business matters, like a local shopkeeper I talked to, who is afraid of losing customers.
speculation /ˌspek.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: speculation
Verbs: speculate
NOUN [U]
[C1] when people guess about something without having enough information to be
certain
Dictionary example:
She has dismissed the claims as pure speculation.
Learner example:
I seriously urge your organisation to base your reports on hard facts instead of speculation.
speech /spiːtʃ/
Word family:
Verbs: speak
NOUN
ABILITY TO TALK
[B1] [U] someone's ability to talk, or an example of someone talking
2121
Children usually develop speech in the second year of life.
People who suffer a stroke may experience a loss of speech.
Some expressions are used more in speech than in writing.
Learner example:
The reason why I de[c]ide[d] to join [the] English class is because of my English speech, I should
talk more fluently but I'm trying my best.
FORMAL TALK
[B2] [C] a formal talk given usually to a large number of people on a special
occasion
I had to give/make a speech at my brother's wedding.
The Governor of New York delivered a rousing speech to the national convention.
He gave the after-dinner speech .
Did you hear her acceptance speech at the Oscars ceremony?
Learner example:
I suggest that if you want to invite someone to give a speech, you have to invite athletes.
speechless /ˈspiːtʃ.ləs/
Word family:
Verbs: speak
ADJECTIVE
[C1] unable to speak because you are so angry, shocked, surprised, etc.
Dictionary example:
I couldn't believe what he was telling me - I was speechless.
Learner example:
Last year, I had the opportunity to visit Chania [again] with my family and I was speechless when I
understood that everything has undergone rapid change, because of tourism.
speed /spiːd/
NOUN
RATE OF MOVEMENT
[B1] [C or U] how fast something moves or happens
2122
high/low speed
He was travelling at a speed of 90 mph.
The car has a top speed of 155 miles per hour.
You should lower/reduce your speed as you approach a junction.
On a clear, straight road you can gather/pick up speed.
It was the speed at which it all happened that shocked me.
Learner example:
So we left at full speed!!!
MOVEMENT
[B2] [U] very fast movement
I get a real thrill from speed.
He put on a sudden burst of speed.
Both cars were travelling at speed when the accident happened.
Learner example:
Every summer I go to watersports because I like water. I'm very good at swimming and I like the
speed of some watersports.
up to speed
[C1] having all the most recent information about a subject or activity
Dictionary example:
The course should bring you up to speed with the latest techniques.
Learner example:
Apart [from] this you can keep yourself up to speed with what's happening around the world on
various fronts.
exceed the speed limit

[C1] to drive faster than you are allowed to according to the law
Dictionary example:
She was caught exceeding the speed limit.
Learner example:
There are three ground rules you have to follow: stop at stop-signs, don't exceed the speed limit
and don't be in the way of other cars.
sphere /sfɪər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a subject or area of knowledge, work, etc.
2123
Dictionary example:
the political sphere
Learner example:
There is a very big crew, all of them very good in their sphere of work.
spice /spaɪs/
Word family:
Nouns: spice
Adjectives: spicy
NOUN
FOOD
[B1] [C or U] a substance made from a plant, which is used to give a special taste to
food
Cinnamon, ginger and cloves are all spices.
Spices are widely used in South Asian cooking.
Learner example:
It's very delicious with some spices and many kinds of salad.
spicy /ˈspaɪ.si/
Word family:
Nouns: spice
Adjectives: spicy
ADJECTIVE
[B1] containing spices which have a strong, hot flavour
Dictionary example:
Do you like spicy food?
Learner example:
I don't like spicy food, it's not good for my stomach.
spider /ˈspaɪ.dər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! a small creature with eight long legs which catches insects in a web
2124
Dictionary example:
a spider's web
Learner example:
She is afraid of spiders.
spill /spɪl/
VERB [I or T] (spilled or spilt, spilled or spilt)

[B1] to pour liquid or another substance somewhere without intending to, or to fall
or flow out of a container in a way that is not intended
I spilt coffee on my silk shirt.
You've spilt something down your tie.
Let's see if I can pour the juice into the glass without spilling it.
He dropped a bag of sugar and it spilt all over the floor.
Learner example:
Then I'm going to buy [a] new [r]ug, because [a] few days ago, I spilled [some] ju[i]ce.
spin /spɪn/
VERB [I or T] (spinning, spun)
TURN
[C1] If something spins or you spin something, it turns around and around quickly.
Dictionary example:
The car spun across the road.
Learner example:
When the valve of the reservoir is opened, it passes through a pipe and it makes the turbine spin.
spinach /ˈspɪn.ɪtʃ/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a vegetable with large, dark green leaves and a strong taste
Dictionary example:
spinach lasagne/salad
Learner example:
The embarrassing moment came when I saw the first dish: carrots with spinach!
2125
spine /spaɪn/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the long structure of bones down the centre of your back, which supports your
body
Dictionary example:
She injured her spine in a riding accident.
Learner example:
I had to carry my luggage to my room on the 3rd floor, which was hard as I suffer from a spine
injury.
spirit /ˈspɪr.ɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: spirit
Adjectives: spiritual
Adverbs: spiritually
NOUN
WAY OF FEELING
[B2] [NO PLURAL] the way people think and feel about something
The players have a very strong team spirit.
As rock musicians in the 1960s, they were very much part of the spirit of the age/times.
We acted in a spirit of cooperation.
Learner example:
In addition to [that], you should invite athletes who have experience in sports to speak about team
spirit and the role that sports [have] in our life.
in good/high/low, etc. spirits

[B2] feeling good/excited/unhappy, etc.
Dictionary example:
The whole class was in good spirits that day.
Learner example:
I was in high spirits until I got my paper back.
GHOST
[B2] ! [C] a form of a dead person such as a ghost
Dictionary example:
an evil spirit
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Learner example:
I thought the house could have ghosts or spirits and because of this, I tried to convince myself
that it ha[d] been [my] imagination, but suddenly the lights went out.
NOT BODY
[C1] [C or U] the part of a person which is not their body, which some people believe
continues to exist after they die
Dictionary example:
I believe my spirit will live on after I die.
Learner example:
I would like to tell [José San Martin] that even if he could not reach his goal, without him, we
would still [be] a dependent country. Furthermore, that his spirit was, is and will be in our hearts
and minds.
DRINK
[C1] ! [C] a strong alcoholic drink, such as whisky or vodka
Dictionary example:
I don't often drink spirits.
Learner example:
There will be [starter]s, meat, fish, desserts... and a lot of Rioja's wine, of course! Champagne and
spirits too.
spiritual /ˈspɪr.ɪ.tju.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: spirit
Adjectives: spiritual
Adverbs: spiritually
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to deep feelings and beliefs, especially religious beliefs
Dictionary example:
Traditional ways of life fulfilled both economic and spiritual needs.
Learner example:
I'd like to get in contact with the amazing spiritual life in [India]. There is no other country in the
world with so many different religions and sects.
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spite /spaɪt/
NOUN
in spite of sth
[B1] although something exists or happens
He still smokes, in spite of all the health warnings.
In spite of his injury, Ricardo will play in Saturday's match.
Learner example:
In spite of the bad weather, we went to the zoo and strolled around a lot.
splash /splæʃ/
VERB
LIQUID
[B2] [I or T] If a liquid splashes or you splash a liquid, drops of it hit or fall on

something.
Water was splashing from a hole in the roof.
Unfortunately some paint splashed onto the rug.
She splashed her face with cold water.
Learner example:
But in some towns we stayed [in], there were public swimming pools so we could even splash in
the water.
splash about/around/through, etc.

[B2] to move in water so that drops of it go in all directions
Dictionary example:
The children splashed about in the puddles.
Learner example:
So we were splashing around and then went to dry ourselves.
NOUN [C]
SOUND
[B2] the sound of something falling into or moving in water
Dictionary example:
They sat listening to the splash of raindrops on the lake.
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Learner example:
[M]y friend, the mechanic Alex, heard a strang[e] noise, a very powerful splash in the sea, [and] a
lot of water came into the boat.
splendid /ˈsplen.dɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: splendour
Adjectives: splendid
ADJECTIVE
[C1] very good or very beautiful, special, etc.
a splendid idea
a splendid view
Learner example:
As far as interviewing sports personalities is concerned, it would be a splendid idea to interview
Gerry Armstrong because he would be able to inform students about football, as he is a very good
player.
split /splɪt/
VERB (splitting, split, split)
DIVIDE
[B2] [I or T] (ALSO split up) to divide into smaller parts or groups, or to divide
something into smaller parts or groups
The prize was split between Susan and Kate.
Split the aubergines in half and cover with breadcrumbs.
The teacher split the children into three groups.
Learner example:
In my opinion we might just split a full-time salary.
SHARE
[C1] [T] to share something by dividing it into smaller parts
Dictionary example:
The cost of the wedding will be split between the two families.
Learner example:
Sharing is cheaper since you always split the bills two or more ways and in your own place you
cook your own food.
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spoil /spɔɪl/
Word family:
Verbs: spoil
Adjectives: unspoiled
VERB [T] (spoiled or spoilt, spoiled or spoilt)
MAKE BAD
[B1] to stop something from being enjoyable or successful
He tried not to let the bad news spoil his evening.
I haven't seen the film, so don't spoil it for me by telling me what happens.
You'll spoil your appetite for dinner if you have a cake now.
Learner example:
And perhaps it [will] rain and spoil your holiday.
CHILD
[C1] If you spoil a child, you let them have anything they want or do anything they
want, usually making them badly behaved.
Dictionary example:
Her children are completely spoiled.
Learner example:
Few children are more spoiled than Japanese children.
spokesman /ˈspəʊks.mən/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL spokesmen)

[C1] a man who is chosen to speak officially for a group or organization
Dictionary example:
He was the spokesman for their organization.
Learner example:
Becoming spokesman or woman for a good cause will lead to more popularity of and more
attention for the cause.
spokesperson /ˈspəʊksˌpɜː.sən/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL spokespeople)

[C1] someone who is chosen to speak officially for a group or organization
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Dictionary example:
She was the spokesperson for the group.
Learner example:
As the local community spokesperson, my ability to plan, initiate and execute the cleaning of
rivers, within our local community as a start, will be beneficial to the "Protect our river"
requirements.
sponsor /ˈspɒn.sər/
Word family:
Nouns: sponsor, sponsorship
Verbs: sponsor
VERB [T]
[B2] to give money to someone to support an activity, event, or organization,

sometimes as a way to advertise your company or product
The team is sponsored by JVC, so the players wear the letters JVC on their shirts.
Eva said she was doing a ten-mile walk for charity and asked if I'd sponsor her for £1 a mile.
Learner example:
The whole [event] is organized by university students and is sponsored by local firms.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person or organization that gives money to support an activity, event, etc
Dictionary example:
All the major theatres now have sponsors, especially for high-cost productions.
Learner example:
Last but not least I am also very keen o[n] supporting the club in general, like finding a sponsor or
becoming a member of the board.
sponsorship /ˈspɒnt.sə.ʃɪp/
Word family:
Nouns: sponsor, sponsorship
Verbs: sponsor
NOUN [U]
[C1] when someone gives money to support something
Dictionary example:
We wanted to set up a youth club, and asked local businesses for sponsorship.
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Learner example:
The aim of this proposal is to explain the reason why our company can sponsor our country's
tennis championship and outline the benefits we will gain from this sponsorship.
sports /spɔːts/
[B1] relating to sports
sports equipment
He only reads the sports section of the newspaper.
Learner example:
You should go there because in a big school there are more possibilities of making new
friendships and you can choose [from] a wide range of sports activities.
sporty /ˈspɔː.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: sport
Adjectives: sporty
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Sporty people are good at sports.
Dictionary example:
I'm not very sporty.
Learner example:
Our events this summer ha[ve] proved that the sporty young people in the International students'
sports club are both ambitious and know how to have fun.
spot /spɒt/
Word family:
Nouns: spot
Verbs: spot
Adjectives: spotless
NOUN [C]
CIRCLE
[B1] a small, round mark which is a different colour to the surface it is on
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He had a spot of grease on his tie.
I wore that skirt with the green spots.
Learner example:
This lamp is green with yellow spots on it and in my opinion it's perfect for my room.
PLACE
[B2] a place
Dictionary example:
This looks like a nice spot for a picnic.
Learner example:
Lake Frene is just a lake, there's nothing to do and it's a crowded spot.
SKIN
[B2] an unpleasant, small, red mark on your skin
Dictionary example:
He suffered badly with spots as a teenager.
VERB [T] (-tt-)

[B2] to see or notice something or someone
I've just spotted Malcolm - he's over there, near the entrance.
If you spot any mistakes in the article just mark them with a pencil.
The police spotted him driving a stolen car.
I soon spotted what was wrong with the printer.
The policewoman spotted that I hadn't got my seat belt on and signalled me to stop.
Learner example:
It is very easy to spot because there is a big sign [for] the hotel next to the building.
spray /spreɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] liquid in a container which forces it out in small drops
hair spray
spray paint
Learner example:
Actually, there was an attempt to cut down on using and producing sprays which destroy the
ozon[e] layer.
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VERB [T]
[B2] to force liquid out of a container in many small drops
The fields are sprayed with pesticides.
She sprayed a little perfume on her wrists.
Vandals had sprayed graffiti on the wall.
Learner example:
I quickly helped [the] others to decorate the hall - we blew up as many balloons as we c[ould] and
sprayed them with gold and silver.
spread /spred/
VERB (spread, spread)
GRADUALLY AFFECT
[B2] [I] to gradually affect a larger area
The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind.
It started off as cancer of the liver but it spread to other areas of the body.
Learner example:
It seemed that the fire might spread more.
INFORMATION
[B2] [I or T] If information spreads, or if someone spreads it, it is communicated to

many people.
News of his victory spread quickly.
Have you been spreading gossip about them again?
Learner example:
The news spread all over the village.
COVER AREA
[B2] [I or T] (ALSO spread out) to cover an area
The suburbs spread for miles in every direction.
Our offices are spread (out) over a very wide area.
Learner example:
It has about 500 [in]habitants, who live in 128 houses, which are spread over a big area.
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ARRANGE
[C1] [T] (ALSO spread out) to arrange something over a large area, especially
something that was folded
I spread a blanket over his legs.
We spread the map on the floor.
He spread the cards out on the table.
She spread out her towel on the sand and lay down.
Learner example:
She looked at all the diaries that were all spread out around her on the bed.
NOUN
MOVEMENT
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] when something moves to cover a larger area or affect a larger
number of people
Jazz records fostered the spread of American culture.
More should be done to stop the spread of this disease.
Learner example:
It is true that these days people have much more choice in entertain[ment], the spread of
computers and video games is just one example.
spreadsheet /ˈspred.ʃiːt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a chart produced on a computer which helps you to do business calculations

and planning
Dictionary example:
She prepared a spreadsheet with the new sales information.
Learner example:
I would be very interested in joining your club, in order to learn how to use basic software like
word processing, spreadsheet or database software.
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spring /sprɪŋ/
NOUN
WATER
[C1] [C] a place where water comes out of the ground
Dictionary example:
hot springs
Learner example:
Also there is a hot spring beside a river.
spy /spaɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who secretly tries to discover information about a person, country,
etc.
Dictionary example:
His father was a British spy.
Learner example:
It's a spy story.
VERB
INFORMATION
[C1] [I] to secretly try to discover information about a person, country, etc.
Dictionary example:
He was accused of spying.
Learner example:
Also, some countries have fears about foreigners coming from underdeveloped countries and may
consider some of them as a source of troubles including crimes, spying and maybe terrorism.
squash /skwɒʃ/
VERB
CRUSH FLAT
[B2] [T] to crush something into a flat shape
Dictionary example:
He accidentally sat on her hat and squashed it.
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PUSH INTO
[B2] [I T OFTEN PASSIVE] to push someone or something into a small space
Dictionary example:
The kids were all squashed into the back seat.
Learner example:
My idea of fun is not getting up at seven o'clock in the morning to take a bus where we are
squashed by lots of rude people we don't even know.
NOUN [U]
[B1] a sport in which two people hit a small rubber ball against the four walls of a
room
a game of squash
a squash court/racket
Learner example:
In the club you can play golf, tennis, squash and football.
squeeze /skwiːz/
VERB [T]
PRESS
[B2] to press something firmly
She squeezed his hand and said goodbye.
Cut the lemon in half and squeeze the juice into the bowl.
Once he had finished cleaning the floor, he squeezed the cloth out.
He reloaded the gun, took aim and then squeezed the trigger.
Learner example:
It must have been nine o'clock and I was there, sitting [i]n my armchair, squeezing a cushion in
my arms.
squeeze through/past, etc.

[C1] to move somewhere where there is very little space
Dictionary example:
She squeezed through a narrow gap in the wall.
Learner example:
There are [a] huge [number] of workers every morning trying to squeeze through the tiny door.
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stab /stæb/
VERB [T] (-bb-)

[B2] to push a knife into someone
She was stabbed in the arm.
The victim had been stabbed to death.
Learner example:
She raised the knife high in the air and stabbed it right into her stomach.
stability /stəˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: stability
Adjectives: stable
NOUN [U]
[C1] when something is not likely to change or move
Dictionary example:
political/financial stability
Learner example:
In Yugoslavia sport was an important factor contributing to the overall stability of the federation.
stable /ˈsteɪ.bl/
Word family:
Nouns: stability
Adjectives: stable
ADJECTIVE
SITUATION
[C1] not likely to change, become worse, or end suddenly
Prices have remained fairly stable in recent years.
The doctor said his condition was stable.
a stable relationship
Learner example:
That is due to [the] low economic development of this country, which is nowadays relatively
stable.
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PERSON
[C1] mentally calm and not easily upset
Dictionary example:
He's not a very stable person.
Learner example:
Children with [a] good coping mechanism are emotionally stable in facing their problems.
stage /steɪdʒ/
NOUN [C]
PART
[B2] a period of development, or a particular time in a process
The project is in its final stages and should be completed by August.
They did the last stage of their journey on foot.
Our marriage is going through a difficult stage at the moment.
Their youngest child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
I'm not tired at the moment but I will need a rest at some stage during the walk.
At this stage, most children are able to read simple words.
Andrew spends all his spare time playing with his computer but it's probably just a stage he's
going through.
Learner example:
At that stage of our holiday, we stayed quiet [for] some days in order to rest a bit after all those
hours of driving.
staggering /ˈstæg.ə.rɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: stagger
Adjectives: staggering
ADJECTIVE
[C1] very shocking and surprising
Dictionary example:
He earns a staggering amount of money.
Learner example:
However, it is expected to rise to a staggering 98% in 2010.
2139
stain /steɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a dirty mark on something that is difficult to remove
a blood/grass stain
You can remove a red wine stain from a carpet by sprinkling salt over it.
Learner example:
I realised that I had a stain on my trousers.
staircase /ˈsteə.keɪs/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a set of stairs and the structure around them
Dictionary example:
a spiral staircase
Learner example:
The second floor can only be accessed by an outside staircase or a pole that runs through the
second floor, like those at fire fighters' stations.
stale /steɪl/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] old and not fresh
stale bread
Cake goes stale quickly if it's not covered.
Learner example:
Furthermore, the food was nothing special - the bread for breakfast was stale and the rice for
dinner was cold.
stall /stɔːl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large table or a small shop with an open front from which goods are sold in a
public place
2140
Dictionary example:
In the village market, the stalls are piled high with local vegetables.
Learner example:
You know, there's a big commercial square near my house where traders, along with shops, set up
stalls every day and sell an enormous variety of lifestyle products ranging from CDs and
instruments to furniture and clothes.
stamina /ˈstæm.ɪ.nə/
NOUN [U]
[C1] the physical or mental energy that allows you to do something for a long time
Dictionary example:
Marathon runners need a lot of stamina.
Learner example:
She is a healthy strong girl with stamina.
stamp /stæmp/
VERB
MARK
[B2] [T] to put a mark on an object either by printing on it or pushing into it with a
small tool
It is necessary to stamp your passport.
Every carton of yoghurt is stamped with a sell-by date.
Learner example:
There was only a small sign stamped on the door, saying that it was "closed for repairs".
stand /stænd/
VERB (stood, stood)
can't stand sb/sth

[B1] INFORMAL to hate someone or something
I can't stand him.
She can't stand doing housework.
2141
Learner example:
I can't stand crowded shops.
stand (sth) in/against/by, etc. sth

[B2] to be in or to put something in a particular place or position
His walking stick stood by the door.
You'll have to stand the sofa on its end to get it through the door.
The room was empty except for a wardrobe standing in one corner.
Learner example:
As he stepped forward I knelt down and pulled his leg, so that he fell over and hit a small table
standing beside the sofa.
NOT BE DESTROYED
[C1] [I] if a building stands, it has not been destroyed.
Dictionary example:
After the earthquake not a single building was left standing in the village.
Learner example:
The city was filled of magnificent monuments, some of them still standing today.
stand at sth
[C1] to be at a particular level, amount, height, etc.
Dictionary example:
Inflation currently stands at 3 per cent.
Learner example:
It was overtaken by furniture and equipment, which stood at 23 per cent in 2001, but only at 15%
in 1981.
ACCEPT
[C1] [T] to be able to accept or deal with a difficult situation
She couldn't stand the pressures of the job.
The pain was more than he could stand.
Learner example:
Finally, last week we had a meeting and we decided to complain about that because nobody could
stand the situation any more.
NOUN
FOR SELLING/SHOWING
[C1] [C] a table or small structure from which goods are sold or shown
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a hot dog stand
Visit our stand at the trade fair.
Learner example:
It would be extremely beneficial to our company to have a stand there next year.
standard /ˈstæn.dəd/
NOUN
QUALITY
[B2] [C or U] a level of quality, especially a level that is acceptable
a high standard of service
low safety standards
His work was below standard.
She sets very high standards for herself.
This essay is not of an acceptable standard - do it again.
Learner example:
In conclusion, I hope that my ideas will help to improve [the] standards of this café and will bring
more customers [in] the future.
standard of living
[B2] how much money and comfort someone has
Dictionary example:
a low/high standard of living
Learner example:
I think we would have a better standard of living if we had this situation.
ADJECTIVE
[B2] usual rather than special, especially when thought of as being correct or
acceptable
White is the standard colour for this model of refrigerator.
These are standard procedures for handling radioactive waste.
The metre is the standard unit for measuring length in the SI system.
Learner example:
It should be a standard price.
2143
star /stɑːr/
NOUN [C]
BEST
[C1] someone or something that is better than all the others in a group
He is one of our star players.
She was the star of the English class.
Learner example:
He led Brazil to win two more World Cups, and in both of them he was the star player, the black
prince.
two-star/three-star, etc.
[C1] used to show how good a restaurant or hotel is
Dictionary example:
a five-star hotel
Learner example:
Also the facilities were great and people started building houses, and the small village became an
attractive town with museums, universities, wonderful beaches, five-star hotels and other
beautiful facilities.
VERB [I or T] (-rr-)
[B1] If a film, play, etc. stars someone, or if someone stars in a film, play, etc., they
are the main actor in it.
Ben Kingsley starred in the film 'Gandhi'.
Fowles's novel 'The French Lieutenant's Woman' was turned into a film starring Meryl Streep.
Learner example:
As we both love romantic comedy, we decided to see Notting Hill [together], which starred Julia
Roberts and Hugh Grant.
stare /steər/
VERB [I]
[B2] to look at someone or something for a long time and not move your eyes
Don't stare at people like that, it's rude.
Chuck sat quietly for hours staring into the distance, thinking of what might have been.
2144
Learner example:
David had seen her once before in a park, staring at him.
start /stɑːt/
Word family:
Nouns: start
Verbs: start, restart
VERB [I or T]
MAKE HAPPEN
[B1] to begin to happen or to make something begin to happen
A new series of wildlife programmes has started on Monday evenings.
Police believe the fire was started by arsonists.
Learner example:
The Council has started another programme as well which calls people to collect the rubbish in
their own street one weekend in every month.
BUSINESS
[B2] (ALSO start up) If a business or other organization starts, or if someone starts
one, it is created and starts to operate.
She started her own software company.
A lot of new restaurants have started up in the region.
Learner example:
It was the first time in many years he had the opportunity or time to think over his situation and
life. He had started his company fifteen years ago and had been successful.
SWITCH ON
[B2] If you start a machine or an engine, you switch it on, and if a machine or
engine starts, it begins to work.
The car wouldn't start.
Do you know how to start the lawn mower?
Learner example:
The car would not start and it was impossible to get a taxi because it was Saturday evening, so the
only thing we could do was to run all the way to the school.
to start with
[B2] used before saying the first thing in a list of things
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Dictionary example:
To start with, we need better computers. Then we need more training.
Learner example:
There is some information I should tell you about. To start with, the T.V repairman didn't come on
Wednesday morning as expected.
NOUN
BEGINNING
[B1] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] the beginning of something
We were doubtful about the product's usefulness from the start.
They announced the start of a new commercial venture.
The weather was good at the start of the week.
The event got off to a shaky/poor start with the stage lights failing in the first few minutes.
Learner example:
That was a bad start [to] my holidays!

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
for a start
[C1] used when you are giving the first in a list of reasons or things
Dictionary example:
I won't be going - I've got too much homework for a start.
Learner example:
So this creates an awareness of the obligation to look after oneself for a start.
starve /stɑːv/
Word family:
Nouns: starvation
Verbs: starve
Adjectives: starving
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to become ill or die because you do not have enough food, or to make
someone ill or die because they do not have enough food
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Dictionary example:
Many people have starved to death in parts of Africa.
Learner example:
People were starving to death and various crimes took place.
starving /ˈstɑːv.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: starvation
Verbs: starve
Adjectives: starving
ADJECTIVE
ILL/DYING
[B2] ill or dying because there is not enough food
Dictionary example:
starving people
Learner example:
What shocked me most was the misery and poverty: thousands of homeless people roaming the
streets starving and cold.
HUNGRY
[B2] INFORMAL very hungry

Dictionary example:
I'm absolutely starving.
Learner example:
I've always been greedy, but [at] that moment, while my Chemistry teacher was explaining a
difficult lesson, I was really starving.
state /steɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: statement
Verbs: state
NOUN [C]
CONDITION
[B2] the condition that something or someone is in
2147
The building is in a terrible state.
She was found wandering in a confused state (of mind).
Give me the keys - you're in no fit state to drive.
After the accident I was in a state of shock.
I came home to an unhappy state of affairs.
The kitchen was in its original state, with a 1920s sink and stove.
Learner example:
Some people say TV can be harmful because it keeps our mind in a passive state.
COUNTRY
[C1] a country or its government
The drought is worst in the central African states.
Britain is one of the member states of the European Union.
The government was determined to reduce the number of state-owned industries.
Some theatres receive a small amount of funding from the state.
Learner example:
I opted, since I must talk about my country's history, to choose an event not from the [w]hole
history of the Greek nation, but from that of the independent Greek state (kingdom or republic, it
depends [on] the period), which ha[d] a life of about 270-280 years.
VERB [T] FORMAL SLIGHTLY
[B2] to officially say or write something
Our warranty clearly states the limits of our liability.
Union members stated (that) they were unhappy with the proposal.
Please state why you wish to apply for this grant.
Children in the stated areas were at risk from a lack of food, the report said.
Learner example:
Dear Mr Thomas, I've read your advertis[e]ment in [the] last issue of "The Traveller", [where] you
state that you are looking for people to work on your campsites with English-speaking tourists.
[B2] provided, created or done by the state
state education/industries
state control
state funding/pensions
Learner example:
In general, the rules at private schools are much [strict]er than the ones at state schools.
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statement /ˈsteɪt.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: statement
Verbs: state
NOUN [C]
THING SAID
[B2] something that someone says or writes officially
The government is expected to issue a statement about the investigation to the press.
He produced a signed statement from the prisoner.
We were not surprised by their statement that the train services would be reduced.
Learner example:
Dear Editor Referring to your article of today, I want to correct some statements [made].
state-of-the-art /ˌsteɪt.əv.ðiˈɑːt/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] using the newest ideas, designs, and materials
Dictionary example:
It is a computer system that uses state-of-the-art technology.
Learner example:
It is the impressive and simply state-of-the-art graphics that entice the player to spend hours in
front of the screen.
station /ˈsteɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [C]
BROADCASTING
[B1] a company that broadcasts television or radio programmes
a radio/television station
The reception is not very good - try to tune in to another station.
Learner example:
Last week I was [listen]ing to my favorite radio station and they announced a new sports club.
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statistic /stəˈtɪs.tɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: statistics, statistic
Adjectives: statistical
NOUN [C]
[C1] a fact in the form of a number that shows information about something
Dictionary example:
Statistics show that skin cancer is becoming more common.
Learner example:
Wom[e]n have always been as bright and educated as men - statistics show that in Germany there
are more women entering for exams at the universities than there are men.
statistical /stəˈtɪs.tɪk.əl/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] relating to statistics
Dictionary example:
There is no statistical evidence to support his claims.
Learner example:
I just wondered why your newspaper didn't stick to the statistical figures and the pie chart we
announced on the next day [after] the fund-raising activity.
statistics /stəˈtɪs.tɪks/
Word family:
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] a collection of facts in the form of numbers that shows information about
something
Statistics show/suggest that women live longer than men.
According to official statistics, the Japanese work longer hours than workers in most other
industrialized countries.
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Learner example:
According to statistics based on the questionnair[e], the majority of students feel the most
enthusiasm for [their] English class.
statue /ˈstætʃ.uː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a model that looks like a person or animal, usually made from stone or metal
a statue of a boy
They planned to put up/erect a statue to the President.
Learner example:
After, we passed in front of the statue of the president.
status /ˈsteɪ.təs/
NOUN [U]
[C1] an accepted or official position, especially in a social group
The association works to promote the status of retired people as useful members of the
community.
There has been an increase in applications for refugee status.
The success of her book has given her unexpected celebrity status.
Applicants should have a degree or a qualification of equal status.
Learner example:
Their status and income were shadowed by the state.
status symbol /ˈsteɪ.təsˌsɪm.bəl/
NOUN [C]
[C1] something that people want to have because they think it will make people
admire them
Dictionary example:
For him, a big car is an important status symbol.
Learner example:
Jobs now play a very important role as status symbols.
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stay /steɪ/
VERB [I]
CONTINUE
[B1] to continue to be in a particular state
The supermarket stays open late.
I was tired and couldn't stay awake.
Put a lid on the pan so the food will stay hot.
They stayed friends after their divorce.
Learner example:
Some people prefer to stay dry [rather] than be caught by the rain.
NOUN [C]
[B1] a period of time that you spend in a place
Dictionary example:
Did you enjoy your stay in Tokyo?
Learner example:
Dear Candie, I have just arrived here on my holiday. I'm in Cannes, in the south of France. [I]t's a
lovely place, [and] I'm enjoying my stay so much.
steadily /ˈsted.əl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: steady
Adverbs: steadily
ADVERB
[B2] at a gradual, regular rate
Dictionary example:
Prices have increased steadily since the war.
Learner example:
In the past people didn't read books all the time. Neither did their kids at school. Today they read
even less books but the number of copied and read articles or book extracts ha[s] increased
steadily.
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steady /ˈsted.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: steady
Adverbs: steadily
ADJECTIVE
GRADUAL
[B2] happening at a gradual, regular rate
The procession moved through the streets at a steady pace.
Orders for new ships are rising, after several years of steady decline.
Over the last 10 years, he has produced a steady flow/stream of articles and papers.
Progress has been slow but steady.
Learner example:
There is also a steady rise in underweight [young girls] today.
STILL
[B2] still and not shaking
You need steady hands to be a dentist.
Make sure you hold the ladder steady.
Learner example:
I know very well you have steady nerves but what is strong can turn weak as well.
NOT CHANGING
[C1] not changing
Dictionary example:
She drove at a steady speed.
Learner example:
Once on the road, keep a steady speed (not too slow, not too fast) and try to look confident.
steam /stiːm/
NOUN [U]
GAS
[B2] the hot gas that is produced when water boils
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Steam rose from the simmering stew.
a steam engine
the age of steam
The pump is driven by steam.
Learner example:
I've been interested in trains, in particular steam trains, since my childhood.
steel /stiːl/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a very strong metal made from iron, used for making knives, machines, etc.
steel pipes
a stainless steel sink
Learner example:
The object that I would choose is without any doubt my Katana, my Japanese Sword. It is a weapon
that reminds me of my childhood games. I also like the form, and the cool steel of the blade.
steep /stiːp/
ADJECTIVE
SLOPE
[B1] A steep slope, hill, etc. rises quickly.
a steep slope
It's a steep climb to the top of the mountain, but the view is worth it.
The castle is set on a steep hill/hillside.
Learner example:
But the slope was terribly steep and I didn't dare to ski down.
LARGE
[C1] A steep increase or fall in something is very big and quick.
Dictionary example:
There has been a steep increase/rise in prices.
Learner example:
However, there was a steep increase in 1978 to 1982 when the figure reached about 60 million
tonnes.
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steer /stɪər/
VERB
CONTROL DIRECTION
[B2] [I or T] to control the direction of a vehicle
She carefully steered the car around the potholes.
This car is very easy to steer.
Learner example:
After an hour she could keep [her] balance but she still had problems steering, but that didn't
matter.
steering wheel /ˈstɪər.ɪŋˌwiːl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a wheel that you turn to control the direction of a vehicle
Dictionary example:
He took both hands off the steering wheel.
Learner example:
After leaving your house on Monday morning, I gripped the steering wheel, fixed my eyes firmly
on the road, and bravely drove my way up to Scotland.
stem /stem/
VERB [T] (stemming, stemmed)
stem from sth PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to develop as the result of something
Dictionary example:
Her problems stem from childhood.
Learner example:
This educational approach stems from strong family values and religious beliefs.
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step /step/
NOUN [C]
FOOT MOVEMENT
[B1] one of the movements you make with your feet when you walk
Sophie took her first steps when she was eleven months old.
He rose to his feet and took a couple of steps towards her.
With every step, her feet hurt her more and more.
Learner example:
I tried to run but with my first step, I kicked something that fell to the floor.
STAIR
[B1] one of the surfaces that you walk on when you go up or down stairs
a flight of steps
We had to climb some steps to reach the front door.
I asked them to leave the parcel on the (front) step.
Learner example:
I go down four steps and I am [o]n the beach!
STAGE
[B2] one of the things that you do to achieve something
What's the next step in the programme?
We must stay one step ahead of our competitors.
Most people believe that the decision to cut interest rates was a step in the right direction.
The President took the unusual step of altering his prepared speech in order to condemn the
terrorist attack.
Learner example:
We'd like to know how it feels to be in the film business, how you started and the steps you've
taken to be where you are now.
step by step
[C1] moving slowly from one stage of something to the next
Dictionary example:
I know there's a lot to prepare, but just take things step by step and don't worry.
Learner example:
The book actually guides you step by step on how you can cope with this fear and defeat it.
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VERB (-pp-)
step back/forward/over, etc.

[B1] to move somewhere by lifting your foot and putting it down in a different place
She stepped carefully over the dog.
She stepped backwards and fell over a chair.
They stepped out onto the balcony.
Learner example:
The moment he stepped out of the train he realized he had left his suitcase inside.
step on/in sth

[B1] to put your foot on or in something
I accidentally stepped on her foot.
Be careful not to step in the mud.
Learner example:
I ha[d] to dance with a boy [whose] name is Alex and every time he stepped on my feet.
stepfather /ˈstepˌfɑːð.ər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the man who is married to your mother but is not your father
Dictionary example:
His stepfather gave him a job.
Learner example:
Once, Matthew told Pat that he was mistreated by his stepfather in his childhood.
stepmother /ˈstepˌmʌð.ər /
NOUN [C]
[B2] the woman who has married your father but is not your mother
Dictionary example:
My stepmother is only a few years older than me.
Learner example:
He made up his mind to defeat them, and asked his stepmother for some kibidango, one of [the]
traditional snacks in Japan.
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stereotype /ˈster.i.əʊ.taɪp/
Word family:
Nouns: stereotype
Adjectives: stereotypical
NOUN [C]
[C1] a fixed idea that people have about what a particular type of person is like,
especially an idea that is wrong
Dictionary example:
racial stereotypes
Learner example:
It seems commonly accepted that the new ''high-tech'' society has turned us into lazy people,
without aims, targets, even hobbies in our spare time, unless watching videos or playing
computer games. I am a student, I am young and I know a lot of people like me who do not fit in
this stereotype.
stick /stɪk/
Word family:
Verbs: stick
Adjectives: sticky, stuck
VERB (stuck, stuck)
FIX
[B1] [I or T] to become joined to something else or to make something become

joined to something else, usually with a substance like glue
I tried to stick the pieces together with some glue/tape.
He stuck up a notice on the board with pins.
This glue won't stick.
My car's stuck in the mud.
Stir the sauce so that it doesn't stick to the pan.
My book got wet and all the pages have stuck together.
Learner example:
I stick posters of my favourite football team, Manchester United, on the wall.
stick (sth) in/into/through, etc.

[B2] If something sharp sticks into something, it goes into it, and if you stick
something sharp somewhere, you push it into something.
Dictionary example:
The nurse stuck the needle into his arm.
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Learner example:
The body of his boss's wife lay on the ground, a knife stuck in her heart.
NOUN [C]
THIN PIECE
[B1] a long, thin piece of wood, usually broken or fallen from a tree
The old man was carrying a load of sticks.
Police said that the child had been beaten with a stick.
Find some dry sticks and we'll make a campfire.
Learner example:
But when we ran into a quiet street, he stopped and hit me with a stick.
walking/hockey, etc. stick

[B1] a long, thin piece of wood that you use when you are walking/playing hockey,
etc.
Dictionary example:
She uses a walking stick.
Learner example:
I am very sad, because I have lost my hockey stick and it was very special to me; a very famous
player [gave] it to me as a present.
sticky /ˈstɪk.i/
Word family:
Verbs: stick
ADJECTIVE
THAT CAN STICK
[B1] made of or covered with a substance that can stick to other things
sticky tape
sticky fingers
The floor's still sticky where I spilled the juice.
The children's faces were sticky with chocolate.
Learner example:
[On] the wedding day, everyone ha[s] a chance to eat special food: sticky rice cakes, spring rolls
and a lot [of other dishes].
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stiff /stɪf/
ADJECTIVE
HARD
[B2] hard and difficult to bend
stiff cardboard
a stiff collar
His clothes were stiff with dried mud.
DIFFICULT TO MOVE
[B2] not easy to move
The handle on this door is rather stiff.
My knee is rather stiff this morning.
Learner example:
She tried to sit up straight and quickly realised all her mus[c]les were stiff from non activity.
ADVERB
bored/scared/worried, etc. stiff

[B2] extremely bored/scared/worried, etc.
Dictionary example:
The lecture was awful - I was bored stiff!
Learner example:
Squeaky noises coming out from the deep corners of my house frightened me. I [was] scared stiff.
still /stɪl/
ADVERB
DESPITE
[B1] despite that
You may not approve of what he did, but he's still your brother.
I know you don't like her, but you still don't have to be so rude to her.
Even though she hasn't really got the time, she still offered to help.
Learner example:
I was sure that it was not in my house but I still wanted to check.
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better/worse still
[B2] even better/worse
I'll meet you at the theatre. No, better still, let's meet in a pub and have a drink first.
I'm worried that his car has broken down, or worse still, that he's had an accident.
Learner example:
To my mind, the best place to do the painting is my bedroom, because you'll have plenty of space
to work, and, better still, we won't bother anybody.
ADJECTIVE
DRINK
[B1] A still drink does not have any bubbles in it.
Dictionary example:
Would you like still or sparkling water?
Learner example:
The still water is the best but don't drink it too cold because you[r] stomach [will] not like it.
NOT MOVING
[B2] not moving
Children find it difficult to sit/stand/stay still for very long.
I can't brush your hair if you don't keep/hold still.
Learner example:
I'd like to have my dog painted, too, but I'm afraid that'll be impossible because it won't stay still!
stimulate /ˈstɪm.jʊ.leɪt/
VERB
ENCOURAGE
[B2] [T] to encourage something to grow, develop or become active
Dictionary example:
The government plans to cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy.
Learner example:
This would hopefully stimulate the opening of several outdoor cafés downtown that we need as
alternative meeting points for adults and youngsters.
MAKE EXCITED
[B2] [I or T] to make someone excited and interested about something
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The film was intended to stimulate and amuse.
Good teachers should ask questions that stimulate students to think.
Learner example:
I really enjoy watching [the] movies which are provided in your theatre because all [the] movies
that I have seen are thought-provoking enough to stimulate our interest.
stir /stɜːr/
VERB (-rr-)
MIX
[B1] [I or T] to mix food or liquid by moving a spoon round and round in it
Stir the sauce gently until it begins to boil.
Stir the egg yolks into the mixture.
She paused to stir some sugar into her coffee.
Slowly add the flour, stirring until completely blended.
Learner example:
Then you add the instant sauce and stir.
stock /stɒk/
NOUN [U]
SHOP
[B2] all the goods that are available in a shop
We're expecting some new stock in this afternoon.
This shop sells its old stock at a very low prices.
We'll be getting our new stock in on Friday.
Learner example:
In [the] fashion industry, [a] sale begins at the end of each season and just lasts a short time,
because those [shop] owners want to make room for new stock.
in stock/out of stock
[B2] available/not available in a shop
Dictionary example:
The book is out of stock at the moment.
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Learner example:
And sometimes the item you are looking for is out of stock.
VERB [T]
[C1] to have something available for people to buy
Dictionary example:
We stock a good range of spices.
Learner example:
Besides, unless you are quite wealthy, you can [only] buy what is in the shops and these tend to
stock only what is in fashion, so it is hard not to be 'in'.
stocking /ˈstɒk.ɪŋ/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a very thin piece of clothing that covers a woman's foot and leg
Dictionary example:
a pair of stockings
Learner example:
Try to avoid miniskirts, fishnet stockings and sexy outfits in general, we are "mountain people"
and are not very keen on this kind of fashion!
stock market /ˈstɒkˌmɑː.kɪt/
[C1] the place where stocks and shares in companies are bought and sold
Dictionary example:
Stock markets around the world are reacting to news of the US president's announcement.
Learner example:
The second unlucky job was office workers whose business was related [to] the stock market in
Korea.
stone /stəʊn/
NOUN
ROCK
[B1] [C or U] a hard, natural substance that is found in the ground
2163
a stone wall/floor
a flight of stone steps
They cut enormous blocks of stone out of the hillside.
Some demonstrators were arrested for throwing stones at the police.
Learner example:
There are houses made of stone and wood.
JEWEL
[B1] a hard, valuable substance that is often used in jewellery
Dictionary example:
precious stones
Learner example:
You know, that gold ring, with a little precious stone in the centre, meant a lot to me, because it
belonged to my older sister, Giulia.
stool /stuːl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a seat that does not have a back or arms
a bar/kitchen/piano stool
a three-legged stool
Learner example:
Despite being provided with a machine which gives out hot and cold drinks, the cafeteria does not
contain any table, stool or chair.
stop /stɒp/
VERB (-pp-)
PREVENT
[B1] [T] to prevent someone from doing something or something from happening
Something must be done to stop the fighting.
If she really wants to leave, I don't understand what's stopping her.
Learner example:
I went and beat one of the guys to stop the fighting, however, the fighting didn't stop.
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NOT MOVE
[B1] [I or T] to not move any more or to make someone or something not move any
more
Stop the car, I want to get out!
I heard him shout "Stop, or I'll shoot!"
Learner example:
We were disap[p]ointed because we wanted to walk more and were ready to go home, but Sasha
said: "Stop!"
NOT OPERATE
[B1] [I or T] to not continue to operate, or to make something not continue to operate
My watch has stopped.
Can you stop the video for a minute?
The air conditioner has stopped working.
Learner example:
The other day I was standing in a large department store waiting to pay for a couple of films for
my camera when the assistant announced that the computer which controlled the till had stopped
working.
stop at nothing
[C1] to be willing to do anything in order to achieve something
Dictionary example:
He will stop at nothing to get what he wants.
Learner example:
They stopped at nothing to get the higher scores, to make themselves noticed, even if that meant
telling some lies to a teacher about a schoolmate.
NOUN [C]
JOURNEY/ACTIVITY
[B1] when you stop an activity or journey, or a period of time when you stop
Please remain in your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop.
We'd have been here sooner, but we made several stops along the way.
At the beginning of the project there were a lot of stops and starts.
Learner example:
The best part was (without a doubt) when I made a little stop in a small town... I f[e]ll in love with
that town!
put a stop to sth

[C1] to end something unpleasant
2165
Dictionary example:
We must put a stop to the violence.
Learner example:
Maybe these new activities (video - videogames), which are quite distracti[ng], are at the same
time so addictive that youngsters find it hard to put a stop to it.
stopover /ˈstɒp.əʊ.vər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a short stop between parts of a journey, especially a plane journey
Dictionary example:
The plane tickets include a two-night stopover in Singapore.
Learner example:
We both thought that it was a good idea to have that stop-over at your place as it was on our
route to Norway anyhow.
storage /ˈstɔː.rɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: storage
Verbs: store
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you put things in a safe place until they are needed
Dictionary example:
We've had to build some cupboards to give us more storage space.
Learner example:
I think that is [what] our futur[e] home will be like, [with] lots of clever storage, [and] probably a
few robots to do all the chores like washing up, hoovering and cleaning the windows.
store /stɔːr/
Word family:
Nouns: storage
Verbs: store
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large shop where you can buy many different types of goods
Dictionary example:
a DIY/furniture store
2166
in store
[C1] going to happen soon
You never know what's in store for you.
There's a bit of a shock in store for him when he gets home tonight!
Learner example:
Nobody knows what the future will have in store!
VERB [T]
KEEP
[B2] to put or keep things in a special place for use in the future
I stored my possessions in my mother's house while I was living in Spain.
I've stored my thick sweaters and jackets (away) until next winter.
Learner example:
Then we can just go to the fridge where all the fresh food is stored ready to eat.
COMPUTER
[B2] to keep information on a computer
Dictionary example:
The data is stored on a hard disk and backed up on a CD.
Learner example:
First of all, using [a] computer is important for me because I can store my personal records such
as [my] diary or expenses.
storey /ˈstɔː.ri/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a level of a building
a three-storey house
Their new house has four storeys including the basement.
Learner example:
It is a one-storey building in [the] Russian style with one, rather small, room with a bar and 10
tables.
2167
stormy /ˈstɔː.mi/
Word family:
Nouns: storm
Adjectives: stormy
ADJECTIVE
WEATHER
[B2] If it is stormy, the weather is bad with a lot of wind and rain.
a stormy night
stormy seas
Learner example:
It was a cold and stormy night.
ARGUING
[C1] A stormy relationship or situation involves a lot of anger and arguments.
a stormy relationship
a stormy meeting/debate
Learner example:
I ha[d] not expected that you w[ould] contact me again (especially after our stormy discussion a
month ago).
story /ˈstɔː.ri/
NOUN [C]
REPORT
[B2] a report in a newspaper or on a news broadcast of something that has

happened
Dictionary example:
The main story in the papers today is the president's speech.
Learner example:
If someone famous goes to a pub, he should be careful what he drinks, because he could find an
interesting story about his alcoholism in [the] newspapers tomorrow.

details
2168
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
straight /streɪt/
ADJECTIVE
HONEST
[B2] honest
Dictionary example:
a straight answer
Learner example:
I'm asking you to give us a reasonable and straight reply.
LEVEL
[B2] in a position that is level or vertical
Dictionary example:
That shelf's not straight.
get sth straight

[C1] to make sure that you completely understand a situation
Dictionary example:
Let me get this straight - am I paying for this?
Learner example:
Next time you should try to get your facts straight.
put/set the record straight

[C1] to tell people the true facts about a situation
Dictionary example:
I know they thought Alex was lying, and I wanted to put the record straight.
Learner example:
I hope that my letter will set the record straight and that the public shall be informed about the
true events of that day.
ADVERB
IMMEDIATELY
[B1] without pausing or delaying
2169
I got home and went straight to bed.
Shall we go straight to the party or stop off at a pub first?
Learner example:
When I came back home at 11.30, I went straight to bed.
straight away
[B1] immediately
I knew straight away what you were thinking.
We don't need to go straight away - we can stay for a little while.
Learner example:
We met on Tuesday for the first time and went skating straight away, without even discussing
where we were going.
sit up/stand up straight

[B2] to sit or stand with your body vertical
Dictionary example:
Stand up straight and put your shoulders back!
Learner example:
She tried to sit up straight and quickly realised all her mus[c]les were stiff from non activity.
come/get straight to the point

[B2] to say what you want to immediately and directly
I'll come straight to the point, we've run out of money.
Can you get straight to the point? We need to go home!
Learner example:
I will come straight to the point, Mark. I think you're just killing yourself with your work.
not think straight

[C1] If you cannot think straight, you are not thinking clearly about something.
Dictionary example:
I was so tired, I couldn't think straight.
Learner example:
My stress wouldn't let me think straight.
straightforward /ˌstreɪtˈfɔː.wəd/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] easy to do or understand
2170
Dictionary example:
Just follow the signs to Bradford - it's very straightforward.
Learner example:
The question of w[h]ether we should keep animals in zoos is not as straightforward as it may
seem at first.
strain /streɪn/
NOUN
PRESSURE
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL OR U] pressure put on something by a bad situation or by too

much weight or force
All those books put a strain on the shelf and it broke!
Excess weight puts a lot of strain on the heart.
Learner example:
I think I certainly could live without watching television for a week, but it would put a tremendous
strain on my everyday life because I find watching TV relaxing and I like being swept by the flood
of information that you watch and listen to without really paying attention to it.
WORRY
[B2] [C or U] when you feel nervous and worried about something
She's a lot better than she was but she's still not ready to face the stresses and strains of a job.
He's been under a lot of strain recently.
Learner example:
[Our dog] helps us in our everyday life and [relieves the] stresses and strains.
VERB
INJURE
[B2] [T] to injure part of your body by using it too much
I think I've strained a muscle.
Don't read in the dark or you'll strain your eyes.
Learner example:
I went to the optician's to have my eyes checked and he said I had some trouble with my eyesight,
so he advised me to wear glasses and not to strain my eyes.
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strange /streɪndʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: stranger
Adjectives: strange
Adverbs: strangely
ADJECTIVE
NOT FAMILIAR
[B1] A strange person or place is one that you are not familiar with.
With so many strange faces around her, the baby started to cry.
I've never been here before either, so it's all strange to me too.
Learner example:
She doesn't like a big city and strange people.
strangely /ˈstreɪndʒ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: stranger
Adjectives: strange
Adverbs: strangely
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is unusual, unexpected or difficult to understand
She was strangely calm.
Strangely enough, I'm not feeling very hungry.
Learner example:
Strangely enough this has not happened yet to zoos.
stranger /ˈstreɪn.dʒər/
Word family:
Nouns: stranger
Adjectives: strange
Adverbs: strangely
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone you have never met before
2172
My mother always warned me not to talk to strangers.
I can't just walk up to a complete stranger and start talking to them.
Learner example:
The stranger came in front of me and asked if I [was able to] recognise him.
strategic /strəˈtiː.dʒɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: strategy
Adjectives: strategic
Adverbs: strategically
ADJECTIVE
[C1] helping to achieve a plan, usually in business, politics, or war
strategic planning
strategic weapons
The new offices are in a strategic location, with easy access to the motorway.
Learner example:
This would prove to be a strategic advantage, given the relatively reduced financial power our
company has currently.
strategy /ˈstræt.ə.dʒi/
Word family:
Nouns: strategy
Adjectives: strategic
Adverbs: strategically
NOUN [C]
[B2] a plan that you use to achieve something
the government's economic strategy
a military strategy
a long-term strategy
We're working on new strategies to improve our share of the market.
Learner example:
My strategy was simple: all the players had got [a] lot [of]experience, [so] I thought that the only
chance to win [wa]s to bluff it out.
2173
straw /strɔː/
NOUN
[C1] [U] the long, dried stems of plants such as wheat, often given to animals for
sleeping on and eating
a straw basket/hat
straw-coloured hair
Learner example:
without having to be seated on folded legs like Zen monks!
the final/last straw

[C1] the last in a series of unpleasant events which finally makes you stop
accepting a bad situation
Dictionary example:
Last week he came home drunk at five in the morning, and that was the final straw.
Learner example:
The last straw was that as a result of the unrealised itinerary, I couldn't do what I had planned.
strawberry /ˈstrɔː.bər.i/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small, red fruit with a green leaf at the top and small, brown seeds on its
surface
I thought we'd have strawberries and cream for dessert.
strawberry jam
Learner example:
At first we drank something - it was a special drink with strawberries.
stream /striːm/
NOUN [C]
SMALL RIVER
[B1] a small river
2174
a mountain stream
underground streams
A little stream flows through their garden.
Learner example:
On our way I saw small streams, small [areas of] jungle and beautiful animals also.
a stream of sth
[B2] a continuous flow of things or people
There has been a steady stream of phone calls from worried customers.
I had a constant stream of visitors while I was ill.
Learner example:
This teahouse is packed throughout [the] day with workers and retired people, who come to sip
tea, talk, and watch the endless stream of passers-by in the old city of China.
strength /streŋθ/
Word family:
Nouns: strength
Verbs: strengthen
Adjectives: strong
Adverbs: strongly
NOUN
STRONG
[B2] [U] the ability to do things that need a lot of physical effort or power
upper body strength
It's a sport that requires great physical strength.
Learner example:
First of all, we must start [by] running [for] thirty minutes per day to improve our physical
strength.
GOOD QUALITIES
[C1] [C] a good quality or ability that makes someone or something effective
We all have our strengths and weaknesses.
The great strength of this arrangement is its simplicity.
Learner example:
As everything, education in Spain has its strengths and weaknesses.
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BEING BRAVE
[C1] [U] when you are brave or determined in difficult situations
I think she showed great strength of character.
He has a great deal of inner strength.
Learner example:
All in all, being famous takes a lot of courage and strength of personality to be able to face fame
and all the risks that come along [with it].
go from strength to strength

[C1] to continue to become more successful
Dictionary example:
The business is going from strength to strength.
Learner example:
To sum up, I believe that if the suggestions outlined above are put into action our magazine will
go from strength to strength.
strengthen /ˈstreŋ.θən/
Word family:
Nouns: strength
Verbs: strengthen
Adjectives: strong
Adverbs: strongly
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to become stronger or make something become stronger
exercises to strengthen the leg muscles
The experience only strengthened his belief in God.
Learner example:
Using the bike keeps your body in good shape - the daily exercise is good for your heart [and]
your lungs, and strengthen[s] your muscles.
stress /stres/
Word family:
Nouns: stress
Verbs: stress
Adjectives: stressed, stressful
2176
NOUN
WORRY
[B1] [C or U] feelings of worry caused by difficult situations such as problems at work
People under a lot of stress may experience headaches, minor pains and sleeping difficulties.
Yoga is a very effective technique for dealing with stress.
the stresses and strains of work
stress-related illness
Learner example:
I think you are all ac[cu]st[o]med to city things, and all of them bring us stress, so I think you
should go to the countryside, where you will find peace and so you'll relax.
PRONUNCIATION
[B2] [C or U] when you say one part of a word more strongly than the rest
The meaning of a sentence often depends on stress and intonation.
When 'insert' is a verb, the stress is on the second syllable, but when it is a noun, the stress is on
the first syllable.
IMPORTANCE
[C1] [U] special importance that you give to something
Dictionary example:
At school, they laid/put/placed great stress on academic achievement.
Learner example:
On the other hand, I think they should put some more stress on improving their student's writing
skills, even down to basics like grammar, because our sales people have to hand out a lot of
written information as well, which will make us look much better - especially as far as the
English-speaking market is concerned - if the English is flawless.
VERB
EMPHASIZE
[B2] [T] to emphasize something in order to show that it is important
I stressed that this was our policy.
She stressed the importance of timing.
Learner example:
I would like to stress that very often famous people become reserved, bad-tempered and angry
with the world for interfering [with] their lives.
PRONOUNCE
[B2] [T] to say one part of a word more strongly than the rest
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Dictionary example:
In the word 'engine', you should stress the first syllable.
stressed /strest/
Word family:
Nouns: stress
Verbs: stress
ADJECTIVE
[B1] worried and not able to relax
She's been feeling very stressed since she started her new job.
I was really stressed out before the exam.
Learner example:
I was a little bit stressed when I woke up in the morning.
stressful /ˈstres.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: stress
Verbs: stress
ADJECTIVE
[B1] making you feel worried and not able to relax
a stressful day/job
Police work is physically demanding and stressful.
She's very good at coping with stressful situations.
Learner example:
It is good to go there after [a] stressful day.
stretch /stretʃ/
VERB
MAKE BIGGER
[B2] [I or T] to become longer or wider, or to pull something so that it becomes

longer or wider
2178
Don't pull my sweater - you'll stretch it.
The top had stretched in the wash.
BODY
[B2] [I or T] to make your body or part of your body straighter and longer
"I'm so tired, " she said, yawning and stretching.
It's a good idea to stretch before you take any serious exercise.
Stretch your arms above your head.
Learner example:
First of all cycling is a sport so you have the possibility to move your body, to stretch your joints
and to strengthen your muscles.
NOUN [C]
[C1] a continuous area of land or water
This particular stretch of coast is especially popular with walkers.
Traffic is at a standstill along a five-mile stretch of the M11 just south of Cambridge.
Some very rare birds inhabit this stretch of the river.
Learner example:
There's a stretch of coastline in the south-east of Spain that one could still call "real Spain" not
many years ago.
strict /strɪkt/
Word family:
Adjectives: strict
Adverbs: strictly
ADJECTIVE
PERSON
[B1] A strict person makes sure that children or people working for them behave
well and does not allow them to break any rules.
a strict teacher
My parents were very strict with us.
Learner example:
The teacher was strict but nice.
RULE
[B2] If a rule, law, etc. is strict, it must be obeyed.
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She gave me strict instructions to be there by ten.
We need stricter controls on air pollution.
We follow very strict guidelines on the use and storage of personal details on computers.
Do you think stricter laws would help reduce automobile accidents?
Learner example:
I would like the government to impose strict rules and regulations on capturing animals.
BEHAVIOUR
[B2] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] always behaving in a particular way because of your beliefs
a strict Hindu/Muslim/Christian/
She's a strict vegetarian and doesn't eat poultry or fish.
Learner example:
When organising our lunch, please note that seven of us are strict vegetarians.
strictly /ˈstrɪkt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: strict
Adverbs: strictly
ADVERB
EXACTLY
[B2] exactly or correctly
That's not strictly true.
Strictly speaking, we're not allowed to give you any advice.
Learner example:
Strictly speaking, we don't think about the future when the subject is nature because we think that
it's eternal.
strictly forbidden/prohibited
[B2] used to emphasize that something is not allowed
Dictionary example:
The use of cameras is strictly forbidden.
Learner example:
Eric was going to [have] serious problems, because smoking was strictly forbidden in this school.
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strike /straɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: striker
Verbs: strike
Adjectives: striking
VERB
HIT
[B1] [T] to hit someone or something
Two climbers were struck by falling rocks.
His car went out of control and struck a tree.
I've never heard of anyone being struck by lightning.
Learner example:
Only seconds later, the tree was struck by lightning.
THINK
[B2] [T] If a thought or idea strikes you, you suddenly think of it.
Dictionary example:
It struck me that I had forgotten to order the champagne.
Learner example:
Sitting there, waiting, I began to think and an idea struck m[e].
what struck me/the first thing that struck me...

[B2] used when talking about a very obvious quality that you noticed when you first
saw or met someone or something
What struck me about Cole was how grown-up he seemed for a seven-year-old.
The first thing that struck me about Emma was her extraordinary beauty.
Learner example:
What strikes me most is the way she is dealing with other people.
STOP WORK
[B2] [I] to stop working for a period of time because you want more money, better
working conditions, etc.
Dictionary example:
Train drivers are threatening to strike over pay.
Learner example:
The town['s] transport workers have started to strike."
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strike a balance
[C1] to give two things the same amount of attention
Dictionary example:
It's important to strike a balance between spending and saving.
Learner example:
Everything has good and bad sides, the most important thing is to strike a balance.
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a period of time when people are not working because they want more money,
better working conditions, etc.
The city's bus drivers have been on strike for three weeks.
a teachers' strike
Learner example:
Indeed, the bus company has plan[n]ed a strike.
striker /ˈstraɪ.kər/
Word family:
Nouns: striker
Verbs: strike
NOUN [C]
WORKER
[C1] someone who is on strike
Dictionary example:
Managers have threatened to sack the strikers.
Learner example:
There were also people who agreed with the strikers.
striking /ˈstraɪ.kɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: striker
Verbs: strike
ADJECTIVE
[B2] easily noticed
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There are striking similarities between the two cases.
There's a striking resemblance between them.
Learner example:
The most striking thing was the fact that I filed it.
string /strɪŋ/
NOUN
ROPE
[B2] [C or U] very thin rope used for tying things
a parcel tied with string
a ball/piece of string
Learner example:
In only two days, our relationship was like a strong string that [can] never be cut.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
[B2] [C] a piece of wire that is part of a musical instrument
Dictionary example:
guitar/violin strings
Learner example:
[T]he guitarist, who ha[d] just broken one string of his guitar, began to dr[i]nk some alcohol.
strip /strɪp/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a long, narrow piece of something
Dictionary example:
a strip of paper
Learner example:
After that workers had to use the most basic tools and [their] hands to produce socks from the
strips of silk.
2183
stripe /straɪp/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a long, straight area of colour
Dictionary example:
The zebra is a wild African horse with black and white stripes.
Learner example:
I don't like clothes with stripes, because I think that's a little old-fashioned.
stroke /strəʊk/
NOUN [C]
ILLNESS
[B2] a sudden problem in your brain that changes the flow of blood and makes you
unable to move part of your body
Dictionary example:
She suffered/had a stroke which left her unable to speak.
Learner example:
I'm sure there's a high risk [of] a heart at[t]ack or a stroke if you go on the way you [are going]
now.
SWIMMING
[C1] a style of swimming
Dictionary example:
What stroke do you prefer?
Learner example:
Although both may know how to swim, the professional, who was trained in proper strokes and
hydrodynamic[s], will definitely turn out the better swimmer.
VERB [T]
[B2] to gently move your hand over a surface
Stroke the dog if you like, it won't bite.
He stroked her hair.
She lovingly stroked Chris's face with the tips of her fingers.
Learner example:
And do not forget to stroke your cat!
2184
stroll /strəʊl/
VERB
stroll along/down/through, etc.

[C1] to walk somewhere in a slow and relaxed way
Dictionary example:
They strolled along the beach.
Learner example:
Some of us were a bit upset because they wanted some free time to stroll around the shops or
have a chat over a drink.
NOUN [C]
[C1] a slow, relaxed walk somewhere
Dictionary example:
We went for a stroll around the city centre.
Learner example:
In the evening you can take a stroll to a vineyard nearby and authentic country food is available
there.
strong /strɒŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: strength
Verbs: strengthen
Adjectives: strong
Adverbs: strongly
ADJECTIVE
DIFFICULT TO BREAK
[B1] A strong object does not break or get damaged easily.
a strong box/chair
The window is made from very strong glass so it won't shatter.
Learner example:
In winter I wear big jackets, gloves, warm trousers and strong boots.
NOTICEABLE
[B1] very noticeable or powerful
2185
strong coffee
There's a strong smell of burning.
I like quite strong colours.
I can give you stronger pain-killing drugs if these aren't strong enough.
It's surprising what strong memories a photograph can produce.
My grandmother had a strong influence/effect on my early childhood.
Learner example:
Moreover I like clothes with strong colours e.g. red and green.
PRODUCED WITH POWER
[B1] produced using a lot of power
a strong kick/blow
Her voice was clear and strong.
Strong winds are forecast in the area for the next few days.
Learner example:
Unluck[i]ly, the rest of the days were cloudy and with strong winds.
RELATIONSHIP
[B1] Strong relationships last for a long time, and are not easily spoiled.
Dictionary example:
Throughout the crisis, their marriage remained strong.
Learner example:
Actually, now our relationship is very strong.
GOOD QUALITY
[B2] of a good quality or level and likely to be successful or effective
a strong economy
They're a very strong team.
She's the strongest candidate we've interviewed for the post.
Learner example:
My reason for applying for this trip is that I am very interested in meeting people from different
countries and as I have a strong background in languages I would be very helpful in the
communication field.
DETERMINED
[B2] A strong feeling, belief, or opinion is felt in a very deep and serious way.
Dictionary example:
She has strong opinions/views about religion.
Learner example:
Nowadays the importance of family life is a matter which arouses fierce[ly] strong passions.
2186
PERSONALITY
[B2] If a person or their personality is strong, they are confident and able to deal
with problems well.
All my aunts were strong women.
He has a strong personality, but don't let him bully you.
Learner example:
Mary was a strong and intelligent woman. She was stronger and her personality was more
developed than her aunt['s].
strong language
[C1] words that some people might consider to be offensive
Dictionary example:
The movie contains strong language.
Learner example:
But what I do see is local kids standing by the corner, chat[t]ing, smoking fags and using strong
language.
sb's strong point

[C1] something that someone is very good at
Dictionary example:
Cooking is not my strong point.
Learner example:
She's got a lot of strong points, more than weaknesses.
strongly /ˈstrɒŋ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: strength
Verbs: strengthen
Adjectives: strong
Adverbs: strongly
ADVERB
[B2] very much or in a very serious way
They strongly believe their children should make choices for themselves.
Many locals are strongly opposed to the development.
Learner example:
I strongly disagree with the statement saying that "At school, students should only study what
they enjoy".
2187
structure /ˈstrʌk.tʃər/
Word family:
Nouns: structure
Verbs: restructure
Adjectives: structural, structured
NOUN
WAY PARTS ARE ARRANGED
[B2] [C or U] the way that parts of something are arranged or put together
the grammatical structure of a sentence
They have a very old-fashioned management structure.
Learner example:
On the other hand, as far as the Greek language is concerned, I think it would be very hard for you
and for everybody to learn it because of its difficult and very complicated grammar, vocabulary
and structure.
struggle /ˈstrʌg.l
̩/
VERB [I]
TRY HARD
[B2] to try very hard to do something difficult
He's been struggling to pay off his debts.
Fish struggle for survival when the water level drops in the lake.
Learner example:
Think about the people in the poor countries! They struggle to survive.
FIGHT
[B2] to fight someone when they are holding you
Dictionary example:
He struggled with his attacker who then ran off.
Learner example:
I bit his hand and ran to the phone. He reached me and we struggled for 10 minutes.
NOUN [C]
EFFORT
[B2] [USUALLY NO PLURAL] when you try very hard to do something difficult
2188
It was a real struggle to stay awake during the film.
The people of this country will continue in their struggle for independence.
She never gave up the struggle to have her son freed from prison.
Learner example:
Their life was a severe financial struggle, and Tom's dream was to run somewhere far away.
FIGHT
[B2] a physical or mental fight
a struggle with an armed robber
the struggle between good and evil
Clearly there will be a power struggle within the party.
Learner example:
My friend started to walk into the water when suddenly a crocodile grabbed her leg. After a long
struggle, she managed to get herself up on land.
stubborn /ˈstʌb.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: stubbornness
Adjectives: stubborn
ADJECTIVE
[B2] determined not to change your ideas, plans, etc., although other people want
you to
He can be very stubborn sometimes.
They have massive rows because they're both so stubborn.
Learner example:
Anyway, Alex was too stubborn to give up and it was like talking to a brick wall.
stuck /stʌk/
Word family:
Verbs: stick
NOT MOVE
[B2] not able to move anywhere
2189
This door seems to be stuck - can you help me push it open?
My key got stuck in the lock.
Seven of us were stuck in the lift for over an hour.
I hate being stuck behind a desk - I'd rather work outside.
Learner example:
You want to go to your job, to an important appoi[n]tment or to the hospital because you have a
health problem and you are always stuck in traffic.
NOT CONTINUE
[C1] not able to continue reading, answering questions, etc. because something is
too difficult
Dictionary example:
I keep getting stuck on difficult words.
Learner example:
I have got stuck so many times. However, whenever I got stuck, I [said] to myself that nobody
could speak a foreign language fluently from the beginning.
studio /ˈstjuː.di.əʊ/ (PLURAL studios)
NOUN [C]
TV/RADIO/MUSIC
[B1] a room where television/radio programmes or music recordings are made
She spent three months in the studio working on her latest album.
a studio audience
Learner example:
He offered me a contract and asked me to go to his music studio to record a CD.
FILM
[B1] a fim company or a place where films are made
Dictionary example:
a film studio
Learner example:
We will visit a local film studio.
ART
[B2] a room where an artist, designer or photographer works
Dictionary example:
She has a studio at the back of the house where she does her painting.
2190
Learner example:
I'll be very happy [if] you can give me a chance to use the camp's art studio and [hope] you'll be
able to prepare some materials like oil paints, canvas and bru[s]hes for me.
study /ˈstʌd.i/
Word family:
Nouns: student, study
Verbs: study
NOUN
ROOM
[B1] [C] a room in a house where you can read or work
Dictionary example:
Alec was in the study, reading.
Learner example:
As I don't have a study [to] myself, I have decided to buy a desk with two or three drawers.
LEARNING
[B2] [U] when you learn about a subject, usually at school or university
Dictionary example:
the study of English literature
Learner example:
Everyone had to [include] the study of many disciplines.
EXAMINING
[B2] [C] when someone examines a subject in detail in order to discover new
information
a five-year study of the relationship between wildlife and farming
Some studies have suggested a link between certain types of artificial sweetener and cancer.
Learner example:
But, as a recent study [by] scientists has shown, the [grow]ing lack of ozon[e] is also due to the
[emissions] produced by all the private cars.
VERB
EXAMINE
[B2] [I or T] to examine a subject in detail in order to discover new information
Dictionary example:
Researchers have been studying how people under stress make decisions.
2191
Learner example:
In zoos, they are not just shown to the public: scientist[s] study their behaviour [so] as to
understand what the particular animal real[l]y needs to survive.
LOOK AT
[B2] [T] to look at or read through something very carefully
I want time to study this contract thoroughly before signing it.
He studied her face for signs of guilt.
Learner example:
The first thing I did when I arrived there was to study the city map, and then I went out for a walk.
stuff /stʌf/
NOUN [U]
SUBSTANCE
[B1] used to refer to a substance or a group of things or ideas, etc. without saying
exactly what they are
There's sticky stuff all over the chair.
We'll have to carry all our camping stuff.
This week in class, we're discussing articles about industrial pollution, global warming, and stuff
like that.
Do you want help bringing your stuff in from the van?
All that stuff she has been saying about Lee is rubbish.
Learner example:
I enjoyed the harbour [most], you know. I like [watch]ing boats and stuff like that.
stunning /ˈstʌn.ɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very beautiful or attractive
a stunning dress
a stunning view over the bay of Saint Tropez
She's absolutely stunning.
Learner example:
I think that it would be ideal for you to go there and take some pictures of it since the architecture
is absolutely stunning!
2192
stupid /ˈstjuː.pɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: stupidity
Adjectives: stupid
ADJECTIVE
[B1] silly or not intelligent
How could you be so stupid?
Whose stupid idea was it to travel at night?
She was really stupid to quit her job like that.
It was a stupid thing to do.
Learner example:
[The coach] said that we must learn to be like Rambo! But I think that's stupid, because in football
you can't be like Rambo.
style /staɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: style
Adjectives: stylish
NOUN
WAY
[B1] [C or U] a way of doing something that is typical of a particular person, group,

place, or period
a style of painting/writing
Jon has an interesting hands-on style of management.
Learner example:
I love Hip Hop music. This style of music is my life.
FASHION
[B1] [C or U] a way of designing hair, clothes, furniture, etc.
She's had her hair cut in a really nice style.
the latest styles
The classic black dress is always in style.
Learner example:
And they like the same style of clothes as I [do].
2193
QUALITY
[B2] [U] the quality of being attractive and fashionable or behaving in a way which
makes people admire you
Dictionary example:
She's got style.
Learner example:
But when he came back, his popularity was increased. That's reasonable, because he's got style,
he is authentic and brill[i]ant.
stylish /ˈstaɪ.lɪʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: style
Adjectives: stylish
ADJECTIVE
[B1] fashionable and attractive
a stylish black suit
The film's direction is subtle and stylish.
Learner example:
I pay attention to fashionable and stylish clothes, of course, if they don't seem strange [or]
unus[u]al.
subject
Word family:
Nouns: subject
Verbs: subject
Adjectives: subjective
NOUN [C] /ˈsʌb.dʒɪkt/
GRAMMAR
[B1] SPECIALIZED the person or thing which performs the action described by the verb
Dictionary example:
'Bob' is the subject of the sentence 'Bob threw the ball'.
THING TALKED ABOUT
[B1] what someone is writing or talking about
2194
Our subject for discussion is homelessness.
She has made a series of documentaries on the subject of family relationships.
Learner example:
She likes swimming and practising yoga. In fact, this was the subject of our first lesson.
change the subject

[B2] to start talking about a different subject
Dictionary example:
I'd tried to explain the situation, but he just changed the subject.
Learner example:
Well, changing the subject, I accidentally broke your beautiful vase. I'm really sorry, I'll try to find
[another] vase that looks similar.
ADJECTIVE /ˈsʌb.dʒɪkt/
subject to sth
[C1] often affected by something, especially something unpleasant
Dictionary example:
Departure times are subject to alteration.
Learner example:
With regard to programme [items] subject to weather conditions - such as the boat trip on River
Thames - please make sure that an alternative programme is foreseen in case of cancellation.
subjective /səbˈdʒek.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: subject
Verbs: subject
Adjectives: subjective
ADJECTIVE
[C1] influenced by someone's beliefs or feelings, instead of facts
Dictionary example:
a subjective judgment
Learner example:
I really love my city and country, but I am afraid I'm a little bit subjective.
2195
submit /səbˈmɪt/ (-tt-)
VERB
GIVE
[B2] [T] to send a document, plan, etc. to someone so that they can consider it
Applications must be submitted before January 1st.
The developers submitted building plans to the council for approval.
Learner example:
According to my friends and professors, I am hardworking and never fail to submit my essays on
[time].
subsequent /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: subsequent
Adverbs: subsequently
ADJECTIVE
[C1] happening after something else
Dictionary example:
The mistakes were corrected in a subsequent edition of the book.
Learner example:
With a rapid economic growth and a subsequent increase in income level, working life in Korea
has changed dramatically.
subsequently /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: subsequent
Adverbs: subsequently
ADVERB
[C1] after that
Dictionary example:
In 1982 he was arrested and subsequently convicted on drug trafficking charges.
Learner example:
Like nightmarish creatures, the McDonald's have sprung up from the ground in a little over two
decades, and subsequently inundated the Media with adverts for their "food" products.
2196
subsidy /ˈsʌb.sɪ.di/
NOUN [C]
[C1] money given by a government or other organization to pay part of the cost of
something
Dictionary example:
housing subsidies for the poor
Learner example:
The rest of the money could be spent on subsidies for home owners and tenants and offering
lo[an]s with a lower interest rate.
substance /ˈsʌb.stənts/
Word family:
Nouns: substance
Adjectives: substantial
Adverbs: substantially
NOUN
MATERIAL
[B2] [C or U] a solid, liquid, or gas
an organic/chemical substance
a dangerous substance
What sort of substance could withstand those temperatures?
Learner example:
Chemical substances are added to our food.
substantial /səbˈstæn.ʃəl/
Word family:
Nouns: substance
ADJECTIVE
[B2] large in amount
2197
a substantial sum of money
The first draft of his novel needed a substantial amount of rewriting.
The findings show a substantial difference between the opinions of men and women.
Learner example:
The taxis: Considerin[g] that you are willing to spend quite a substantial amount of money, this is
the best transport one can get.
substantially /səbˈstæn.ʃəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: substance
ADVERB
[C1] to a large degree
Dictionary example:
The new rules will substantially change how we do things.
Learner example:
The quality of the individual classes differed substantially.
substitute /ˈsʌb.stɪ.tjuːt/
Word family:
Nouns: substitute, substitution
Verbs: substitute
VERB [T]
[B2] to use someone or something instead of another person or thing
You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe.
Dayton was substituted for Williams in the second half of the match.
Learner example:
[M]y opinion is that we shouldn't substitute one for the other, but read one and watch [the] other.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a thing or person that is used instead of another thing or person
Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes.
Vitamins should not be used as a substitute for a healthy diet.
2198
Learner example:
I had been looking forward to seeing his performance for ages, so as soon as I realized there was
a substitute on the stage, I was really disappointed.
substitution /ˌsʌb.stɪˈtjuː.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: substitute, substitution
Verbs: substitute
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when you use someone or something instead of another person or thing
Dictionary example:
The coach has made two substitutions in the team.
Learner example:
The gradual substitution of the old bus fleet with a modern one would be a serious effort, [and] it
would demand buckets of money.
subtitles /ˈsʌbˌtaɪ.tl
̩z/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[C1] words shown at the bottom of a cinema or television screen to explain what is
being said
Dictionary example:
It's a French film with English subtitles.
Learner example:
Another way of improving language is to project each film with subtitles.
suburb /ˈsʌb.ɜːb/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an area on the edge of a large town or city where people who work in the town
or city often live
Box Hill is a suburb of Melbourne.
We drove from middle-class suburbs to a very poor inner-city area.
Learner example:
Peterhof is only a small suburb of St. Petersburg and it is not famous [for] its nightlife.
2199
subway /ˈsʌb.weɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a passage under a road or railway for people to walk through
Dictionary example:
We could take the subway.
Learner example:
I began to walk along that narrow and dark subway.
succeed /səkˈsiːd/
Word family:
Nouns: success
Verbs: succeed
Adjectives: successful, unsuccessful
Adverbs: successfully, unsuccessfully
VERB [I]
[B1] to achieve what you are trying to achieve
Lucy has the skill and determination to succeed.
She finally succeeded in passing the exam.
You need to be pretty tough to succeed in today's business world.
Learner example:
I hope I will succeed [in] the P.E.T.
success /səkˈses/
Word family:
Nouns: success
Verbs: succeed
NOUN
ACHIEVEMENT
[B1] [U] when you achieve what you want to achieve
2200
The success of almost any project depends largely on its manager.
I've been trying to persuade her to take on more staff, but so far without success.
I'm not having much success in communicating with him at the moment.
The success rate for this operation is very low.
Learner example:
I searched in the taxi-cab and in the company with no success.
GOOD THING
[B1] [C] something that has a good result or that is very popular
Both films have been a big/huge box-office success in this country.
She's keen to make a success of this project.
That salmon dish was a success, wasn't it?
Learner example:
And lastly the rest of the space we can use for further information and details about the history of
our school and our successes in the past.
successful /səkˈses.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: success
Verbs: succeed
ADJECTIVE
ACHIEVEMENT
[B1] achieving what you want to achieve
a successful operation
My second attempt at making pizza was more successful.
This year's harvest was one of the most successful since the record crop of 1985.
Learner example:
I am very happy every time I return from a successful shopping-tour.
WORK
[B2] having achieved a lot or made a lot of money through your work
a successful businesswoman
a successful career
He runs a very successful computer business.
2201
Learner example:
I would like to finish by asking Mr. Smith to talk a bit about his life and his successful career.
POPULAR
[B2] very popular
a successful film
He's the author of several hugely successful children's books.
Learner example:
I suppose the facts about your film career, especially about your first film and [your] most
successful film would be pretty interesting [as well].
successfully /səkˈses.fəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: success
Verbs: succeed
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is successful
Dictionary example:
A number of patients have been successfully treated with the new drug.
Learner example:
As you can see, I managed to do the project successfully.
successor /səkˈses.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: successor
Adjectives: successive
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[C1] someone who has a position or job after someone else
Dictionary example:
He is her most likely successor.
Learner example:
Cleopatra f[e]ll in love with him but he was murdered by his nephew and successor Octavio.
2202
such /sʌtʃ/
DETERMINER
REFER TO PERSON/THING
[B2] used to refer to something or someone that you were just talking about, or
something or someone of that type
It's difficult to know how to treat such cases.
I tried to tell her in such a way that she wouldn't be upset.
Learner example:
Moreover we can plan different events where we invite people who aren't members [and] we can
use such events [to bring in] new members.
no such thing
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
sudden /ˈsʌd.ən/
Word family:
Adjectives: sudden
Adverbs: suddenly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] done or happening quickly and unexpectedly
His sudden death at the age of 53 came as a terrible shock to her.
There was a sudden change in their plans.
And Angie's leaving work in two weeks? It's a bit sudden, isn't it.
Learner example:
After arriving in Vienna, Martins was really shocked when he got to know about his friend's
sudden death.
NOUN
all of a sudden
[B2] suddenly and unexpectedly
2203
Dictionary example:
All of a sudden, he came bursting in through the door.
Learner example:
All of a sudden, a weird creature popped into his dream.
suddenly /ˈsʌd.ən.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: sudden
Adverbs: suddenly
ADVERB
[B1] quickly and unexpectedly
I don't remember much about the accident - it all happened so suddenly.
I suddenly realized how late it was.
I was just drifting off to sleep when suddenly I heard a crash outside.
Suddenly a dog appeared in front of us.
Learner example:
Suddenly a car appeared at the end of the street.
sue /suː/
VERB [I or T] (suing, sued)

[C1] to take legal action against someone and try to get money from them because
they have harmed you
Dictionary example:
He's threatening to sue the newspaper for slander.
Learner example:
If you do not pay attention to any of my complaints and if I do not hear from you within 15
working days, I will not hesitate to sue you.
suffer /ˈsʌf.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: suffering, sufferer
Verbs: suffer
2204
VERB
suffer from sth

[B1] to have an illness or other health problem
She suffers from severe depression.
She's been suffering from cancer for two years.
Learner example:
The doctors told my parents that my aunt was suffering from cancer so they had to stay with her.
FEEL PAIN
[B2] [I] to experience pain or unpleasant emotions
She really suffers in the winter when it's cold and her joints get stiff.
I think he suffered quite a lot when his wife left him.
If you're not happy with it, you should complain. Don't just suffer in silence.
Learner example:
I am sure it w[ould] suffer living in a small flat in a big city, with no park nearby to go [to] every
day for a walk.
EXPERIENCE
[B2] [I or T] to experience something bad
The party suffered a crushing defeat in the last election.
Twenty-five policemen suffered minor injuries during the protest.
The city suffered another blow last month with the closure of the local car factory.
If you will insist on eating three helpings of dessert, I'm afraid you'll have to suffer the
consequences!
When you're working such long hours, it's almost inevitable that your marriage will start to suffer.
Learner example:
I think that if we don't do more than we are doing now, we will suffer the consequences and it'll
be too late to do something about it.
suffering /ˈsʌf.ər.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: suffering, sufferer
Verbs: suffer
NOUN [U]
[B2] when someone experiences pain or unpleasant emotions
2205
Dictionary example:
The war will cause widespread human suffering.
Learner example:
There had been too much suffering for days, months, years.
sufficient /səˈfɪʃ.ənt/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] as much as is necessary
This recipe should be sufficient for five people.
It was thought that he'd committed the crime but there wasn't sufficient evidence to convict him.
Learner example:
To resolve that, try to have a sufficient amount of sleep so that both your body and mind will keep
fit.
sufficiently /səˈfɪʃ.ənt.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[C1] as much as is necessary
McGeechan has not recovered sufficiently to play in the semifinal tomorrow.
The case was sufficiently serious to warrant investigation by the police.
Learner example:
As for me, I like to think that my situation will be better than those who are not educated
sufficiently.
suffix /ˈsʌf.ɪks/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a group of letters that you add to the end of a word to make another word
2206
Dictionary example:
The suffix '-ness' added to the end of the word 'sweet' forms the word 'sweetness', changing an
adjective into a noun.
suggest /səˈdʒest/
Word family:
Nouns: suggestion
Verbs: suggest
VERB [T]
IDEA
[B1] to express an idea or plan for someone to consider
I suggest (that) we wait a while before we make any firm decisions.
Liz suggested (that) I try the shop on Mill Road.
He suggested having the meeting at his house.
Learner example:
I also suggest you should go to the Alps because there [is] a lot of beautiful scenery and if it's
winter there are many place[s] to ski.
ADVICE
[B1] to say that someone or something is suitable for something
to suggest someone for a job
Can you suggest a good hotel?
Might I suggest a white wine with your salmon, sir?
Learner example:
I suggest the "Renoir".
SEEM TRUE
[B2] to make something seem likely to be true
There's no absolute proof, but all the evidence suggests (that) he's guilty.
Something about what he said suggested that he wasn't happy.
Learner example:
So animals cannot be [as] unhappy as the topic suggests.
2207
suggestion /səˈdʒes.tʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: suggestion
Verbs: suggest
NOUN [C]
IDEA
[B1] an idea or plan that someone suggests
We don't know where to eat out tonight - have you got any suggestions?
Clara made some very helpful suggestions.
They didn't like my suggestion that we should all share the cost.
I have a few favourite restaurants that I tend to go back to, but I'm always open to new
suggestions.
Learner example:
Now I wan[t] to give you some suggestions that will be useful for you.
suicide /ˈsuː.ɪ.saɪd/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] ! when you intentionally kill yourself
to attempt/commit suicide
The suicide rate among men between the ages of 16 and 25 has risen alarmingly.
Many suicides occur in prisons.
Learner example:
The savage thinks he can change it but fails and commits suicide by hanging himself.
suit /suːt/
Word family:
Nouns: suitability
Verbs: suit
Adjectives: suitable, unsuitable
Adverbs: suitably
VERB [T]
BE RIGHT
[B2] to be convenient or suitable for a particular person, situation or occasion
2208
We could go now or this afternoon - whatever time suits you best.
The city lifestyle seems to suit her - she's certainly looking very well.
"How about eight o'clock outside the cinema?" "That suits me fine."
Learner example:
If you find it difficult to arrange your visit for these two dates, please let us know which other
Sunday would suit you most.
LOOK ATTRACTIVE
[B2] to make someone look more attractive
You should wear more red - it suits you.
Short skirts don't really suit me - I haven't got the legs for them.
Learner example:
They usually wear casual clothes such as jeans, T-shirts and trainers, because they believe that
th[ese] kind[s] of clothes suit them best.
be suited to/for sth

[C1] to be right for someone or something
Dictionary example:
These plants are better suited to a warm climate.
Learner example:
In my opinion mixed schools are best suited to [the] current environment.
suitability /ˌsuː.təˈbɪl.ə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: suitability
Verbs: suit
Adverbs: suitably
NOUN [U]
[C1] the state of being suitable
Dictionary example:
Nobody could doubt her suitability for the job.
Learner example:
His suitability for the post mentioned in your advertisement is so obvious that it strikes me [as]
weird why you hesitate.
2209
suitable /ˈsuː.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: suitability
Verbs: suit
Adverbs: suitably
ADJECTIVE
[B1] acceptable or right for someone or something
Is the film suitable for children?
It's a nice enough dress but it's not really suitable for a wedding.
Learner example:
I think they are more suitable for boys than for girls.
suitably /ˈsuː.tə.bli
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: suitability
Verbs: suit
Adverbs: suitably
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that is acceptable or right
a suitably qualified person
Was he dressed suitably?
Learner example:
Nevertheless, a lot of people think animals are not suitably looked after - they have to live in
small [space]s and, moreover, the weather [is] often rather different from [w]hat animals are used
to.
sum /sʌm/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an amount of money
Huge sums of money are spent on national defence.
On retirement, he will receive the sum of £50 000 from the company.
2210
Learner example:
My poor aunt Yutta [h]as died and she's left me a big sum of money.
VERB
sum up (sth/sb) or sum (sth/sb) up PHRASAL VERB
[B2] to describe briefly the most important facts or characteristics of something
Dictionary example:
The purpose of the conclusion is to sum up the main points of your essay.
Learner example:
To sum up, young people are interested in many things but in my opinion, music, TV and clothes
are issues about which they care more than others.
summarize /ˈsʌm.ər.aɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: summary
Verbs: summarize
VERB [I or T] (ALSO UK summarise)

[C1] to describe briefly the main facts or ideas of something
Dictionary example:
I'd like to briefly summarize the arguments for and against.
Learner example:
This report will attempt to summarise the findings, the trends and changes as well as analyse and
explain the reasons for the changes between the periods and evaluate their impact on our lives.
summary /ˈsʌm.ər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: summary
Verbs: summarize
NOUN [C]
[B2] a short, clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something
Dictionary example:
He gave a brief summary of events.
Learner example:
Below is a summary of the most relevant points and recommendations.
2211
summit /ˈsʌm.ɪt/
NOUN [C]
MOUNTAIN
[C1] the top of a mountain
Dictionary example:
The climbers hope to reach the summit before nightfall.
Learner example:
For instance, heliboarding - that is, when a helicopter carries you to the summit of a mountain
and you slide down on your own - is gaining popularity.
sunbathe /ˈsʌn.beɪð/
VERB [I]
[B1] to sit or lie in the sun so that your skin becomes brown
Dictionary example:
We spent the day sunbathing on the beach.
Learner example:
The weather is very good here, so I hope [to] go to the beach with my mother in the mornings to
sunbathe.
sunlight /ˈsʌn.laɪt/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the light from the sun
Dictionary example:
The garden was bathed in sunlight.
Learner example:
There are many sources of light in this world such as sunlight, moonlight, [and] candle light. [...]
Nowadays, the electric light has becom[e] part of our lives, especially [at] night.
sunrise /ˈsʌn.raɪz/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] when the sun appears in the morning and the sky becomes light
2212
Dictionary example:
I always get up before sunrise.
Learner example:
I have also decided to buy something new. I would like to have a poster, maybe a big black and
white photo or a picture of a sunrise, what do you think about that?
sunset /ˈsʌn.set/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] when the sun disappears in the evening and the sky becomes dark
Dictionary example:
They close the park at sunset.
Learner example:
We can go to Focone Beach, where the sunset is so beautiful.
sunshine /ˈsʌn.ʃaɪn/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the light and heat that come from the sun
Dictionary example:
The children were out playing in the sunshine.
Learner example:
You know I love sunshine. It's my [energy source].
superb /suːˈpɜːb/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] excellent
He is a superb dancer.
Taylor scored a superb goal at the end of the first half.
Learner example:
My homemade pizzas are superb, although I say it myself, and I would like to make one for the
two of us.
2213
superior /suːˈpɪə.ri.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: superior, superiority
Adjectives: superior
ADJECTIVE
BETTER
[C1] better than other things
This is clearly the work of a superior artist.
She was chosen for the job because she was the superior candidate.
For all babies, breastfeeding is far superior to bottlefeeding.
The government troops were superior in numbers.
Learner example:
Our service is superior in terms of price, but unfortunately doesn't have some features other
competitors' services have.
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone in a higher position than you at work
Dictionary example:
I will have to report this to my superiors.
Learner example:
If you need [a] reference, please call my superior on the following number: 0181/340'72'59.
supernatural /ˌsuː.pəˈnætʃ.ər.əl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] used to describe things that cannot be explained by our knowledge of science
or nature
Dictionary example:
supernatural powers/forces
Learner example:
The book consists of six completely different 'ghost stories' which involve ghosts and
supernatural phenomena, something that attracts young readers.
NOUN
the supernatural
[B2] things that cannot be explained by our knowledge of science or nature
2214
Dictionary example:
She's very interested in the supernatural.
supervise /ˈsuː.pə.vaɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: supervision, supervisor
Verbs: supervise
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to watch a person or activity to make certain that everything is done correctly,
safely, etc.
The UN is supervising the distribution of aid by local agencies in the disaster area.
The children play while two teachers supervise.
Learner example:
Our main activity will be to supervise the 8 to 12 year [old]s during those activities.
supervision /ˌsuː.pəˈvɪʒ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: supervise
NOUN [U]
[C1] when you supervise someone or something
He needs constant supervision.
Students are not allowed to handle these chemicals unless they are under the supervision of a
teacher.
Learner example:
The little one was bui[l]t especially for you, so that you can leave your children under the
supervision of two well-trained lifeguards.
supervisor /ˈsuː.pə.vaɪ.zər/
Word family:
Verbs: supervise
NOUN [C]
[C1] a person whose job is to supervise someone or something
2215
Dictionary example:
His supervisor told him to work faster.
Learner example:
I held the post of general supervisor in a campus in Oxford two years ago, and now I am working
as a receptionist in a luxurious hotel.
supplier /səˈplaɪ.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: supplier, supply
Verbs: supply
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person or company that provides something that people want or need
Dictionary example:
They used to be a leading supplier of military equipment.
Learner example:
I have been employed by the Swedish fruit supplier "Northern Fruit Corp.'' for the last 6 years.
supply /səˈplaɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: supplier, supply
Verbs: supply
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] an amount of something that is available for use
a supply of water
Our food supplies were running out.
In London, demand for cheap housing far outstrips supply.
Learner example:
Please send me a list of [the] clothes [needed] and/or supplies.
VERB [T]
[B2] to provide things that people want or need, often over a long period of time
to supply food/drugs to people
Electrical power is supplied by underground cables.
Three people have been arrested for supplying arms to the terrorists.
At the beginning of term, students are supplied with a list of books that they are expected to
read.
2216
Learner example:
I would be able to supply you with [a] reference from my employer.
support /səˈpɔːt/
Word family:
Nouns: support, supporter
Verbs: support
Adjectives: supportive
VERB [T]
SPORT
[B1] to like a particular sports team, often going to see their matches
Dictionary example:
Which team do you support?
Learner example:
Also I saw another programme, it was talking about the history of Barcelona football club. I liked it
very much because this is the team that I support.
PROVIDE
[B1] to look after someone by paying for their food, clothes, etc.
Dictionary example:
He has a wife and four children to support.
Learner example:
Sara has to work hard to support her family.
HELP
[B1] to help someone, often when they are having problems
Alcoholics Anonymous is a group which supports people who are trying to stop drinking too much
alcohol.
My family has always supported me in whatever I've wanted to do.
Learner example:
All [Mum and Dad] can do is support him in this next step of his life.
AGREE
[B2] to agree with an idea, group, or person
Do you support their views on nuclear weapons?
The majority of people in the town strongly support the plans for a new sports centre.
Learner example:
I support this idea because I believe that [it] is the [only] way to stop the traffic in cities.
2217
ENCOURAGE
[B2] to give encouragement or financial help to someone or something because you

want them to succeed
I think it's important to support local businesses by buying locally.
The drug company is supporting cancer research.
Learner example:
These films are more attractive for older viewers and support the local film business.
PROVE
[C1] to help to show that something is true
Dictionary example:
There's no evidence to support his story.
Learner example:
All the claims made on your leaflet weren't at all supported by evidence.
NOUN [U]
HELP
[B1] help or encouragement given to someone when they are having problems
Carol gave me a lot of support when I lost my job.
She's been a great support to my mum since my dad died.
Learner example:
Mother needs our support now and I'll go as soon as I can
AGREEMENT
[B2] agreement with an idea, group or person
Environmental groups are fast gaining support among young people.
Is there much public support for the proposal?
Support for the party leader has declined in recent weeks.
I signed a petition in support of the human rights campaign.
Learner example:
Dear Julian, I wanted to tell you that you have my moral support.
MONEY
[B2] the money someone needs in order to buy food and clothes and pay for
somewhere to live
Dictionary example:
He is dependent on his father for support.
2218
Learner example:
Re[cei]ving my pocket money las[t] week, I was thinking what would happen if I lo[st] my father's
support.
supporter /səˈpɔː.tər/
Word family:
Verbs: support
NOUN [C]
SPORT
[B1] someone who likes a particular sports team and wants them to win
Manchester United supporters
Thousands of supporters have travelled to London for the cup final.
Learner example:
I'm a great supporter of Milan as you know, so you can imagine how I feel now.
OF IDEA/PERSON, ETC.
[B2] someone who supports a particular idea, group or person
Dictionary example:
He is one of the Prime Minister's strongest supporters within industry.
Learner example:
According to supporters of Animal Rights, people wouldn't like being kept in zoos.
supportive /səˈpɔː.tɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: support
ADJECTIVE
[C1] giving help or encouragement
Dictionary example:
a very supportive friend
Learner example:
The sports facilities were perfect, and the people working in the sport centre were very friendly
and supportive.
2219
suppose /səˈpəʊz/
Word family:
Verbs: suppose
Adverbs: supposedly
VERB
I suppose (so)
[B1] used to show agreement to something when you do not really want to
I suppose you're right.
"Can I come with you?" "I suppose so."
be supposed to do sth
[B1] to be expected or intended to do something, especially when this does not
happen
The drugs are supposed to reduce the pain.
She is supposed to finish the work by the 24th.
These batteries are supposed to last for a year.
How am I supposed to find that much money by the end of the week?
Learner example:
I'm supposed to go cycling with some friends of mine to Bondi.
be supposed to be sth
[B2] to be expected to be something, especially because of a rule, agreement, etc.
The children are supposed to be at school by 8.45 a.m.
What are you doing out of bed? You're supposed to be asleep!
Learner example:
It was supposed to be a surprise... I had been in London for [a] long time.
be supposed to be sth
[B2] to be considered by many people to be something
Dictionary example:
The scenery is supposed to be fantastic.
Learner example:
I knew that he had booked a table for two in one of [the] most expensive restaurants in town,
where the food was supposed to be excellent.
be supposed to do sth
[B2] If you are supposed to do something, the rules say that you should do it.
2220
You're supposed to pay by the end of the month.
You're not supposed to smoke in here.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, the organizer came to me and let me know that I was not supposed to sell anything
in that area.
LIKELY
[C1] [T] to think that something is likely to be true
He found it a lot more difficult to get a job than he supposed it would be.
It is widely supposed (that) the minister will be forced to resign.
Learner example:
It is supposed that this man could have also been a chemist, [as] writings have been found and
recovered with clues to what Da Vinci might have been doing in that field.
suppose/supposing (that)
[C1] used to introduce an idea for someone to consider
Dictionary example:
Suppose he phones tonight. What should I say?
Learner example:
Supposing you get the train. If you ring me up straight away when you arrive, I w[ill] pick you up
at the station.
supposedly /səˈpəʊ.zɪd.li/
Word family:
Verbs: suppose
Adverbs: supposedly
ADVERB
[C1] used to show that you do not believe that something you have been told is
true
Dictionary example:
Well, the tickets are supposedly in the mail.
Learner example:
"The Bride" sets out to kill the first of Bill's assassins, supposedly the most dangerous person in
the world in terms of knives.
2221
sure /ʃɔːr/
Word family:
Verbs: ensure
Adverbs: surely
ADJECTIVE
be sure of sth
[B2] to be confident that something is true
Dictionary example:
He'll win this year, I'm sure of it.
Learner example:
I think that I [would be a] really useful person for your company. I'm sure of it.
be sure of yourself
[B2] to be confident of your own abilities, qualities, etc.
Dictionary example:
She seems a bit more sure of herself since she got a job.
Learner example:
He is a tall, dark man who walks with confidence and is sure of himself because of his success [i]n
the world of business.
a sure thing
[C1] something that is certain to happen
Dictionary example:
Death is the one sure thing about life.
Learner example:
There is only one sure thing, we are not able to even imagine what we will be able to do in the
future to get communicated.
be sure to do sth
[C1] If you are sure to do something, it is certain that you will do it.
Dictionary example:
He's sure to go back there again.
Learner example:
What she does not know is that her ex-husband has a very serious type of cancer and is sure to
pass away in a few months (that is why he agrees to spend his summer with his son, knowing it
would be the last).
2222
ADVERB INFORMAL
for sure
[B1] without any doubts
I think he's Canadian but I don't know for sure.
One thing's for sure - once the baby's born, your lives will never be the same again.
Learner example:
For sure, you'll love Brazil.
surely /ˈʃɔː.li/
Word family:
Verbs: ensure
Adverbs: surely
ADVERB
LIKELY
[B2] used to show that you believe something is very likely
Dictionary example:
Surely they'd have called us by now to say they're not coming.
Learner example:
Surely you are interested in how we spent the rest of our holiday?
EXPRESS SURPRISE
[B2] used to express surprise that something has happened or is going to happen
Surely you don't expect me to believe that?
Surely he wasn't expecting us to pay the whole amount?
Learner example:
Surely it doesn't mean that they have learnt the exciting news?
surf /sɜːf/
Word family:
Nouns: surfing
Verbs: surf
2223
VERB
WAVES
[B1] [I] to ride on a wave as it comes towards land, while standing or lying on a
special board
Dictionary example:
I spent the summer learning how to surf.
Learner example:
I really enjoy[ed] learning how to surf, it was terrific.
surface /ˈsɜː.fɪs/
NOUN
TOP
[B2] [C] the top or outside part of something
The sun was reflected on the surface of the water.
Tropical rainforests used to cover 10% of the Earth's surface.
The marble has a smooth, shiny surface.
Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon.
Learner example:
When we came back to the surface we just looked like real miners.
PERSON
[B2] [NO PLURAL] what someone or something seems to be like when you do not know
much about them
Dictionary example:
On the surface, he seemed very pleasant.
Learner example:
Miss Marple on the other hand is an old, nervous but gentle lady on the surface but inside that
head of hers there is a brain [as] sharp as a knife, cutting through the mysteries she [is] involved
in.
surge /sɜːdʒ/
VERB
[C1] to increase very quickly
2224
Dictionary example:
Prices surged on the stock exchange.
Learner example:
Followed by a dip bri[ef]ly afterwards, the value surged to close to 100 million tonnes in 2002.
NOUN [C]
[C1] a large increase in something
Dictionary example:
a surge in spending
Learner example:
Also in technology, we have noticed a surge of the newest trends in even the smallest countries.
surgeon /ˈsɜː.dʒən/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a doctor who is specially trained to perform medical operations
Dictionary example:
He is a leading surgeon at a London hospital.
Learner example:
I have been a surgeon for almost 20 years now, and I have worked in many different situations.
surgery /ˈsɜː.dʒər.i/
NOUN
PLACE
[B2] [C] a place where doctors or other medical workers treat people
Dictionary example:
What time does the surgery open?
Learner example:
As she walked into the doctor's surgery, she began to explain her problem to the doctor and that
she couldn't stand the idea of lice inhabiting her head.
OPERATION
[B2] [U] when a doctor cuts your body open and repairs or removes something
heart surgery
The patient had/underwent surgery on his heart.
He made a good recovery after surgery to remove a brain tumour.
2225
Learner example:
My mother had to go through gall-stone surgery in Finland, where she was spending her holiday.
surprise /səˈpraɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: surprise
Verbs: surprise
Adjectives: surprised, surprising
Adverbs: surprisingly
NOUN
FEELING
[B2] [U] the feeling that you get when something happens that you did not expect
He looked at her in/with surprise.
He agreed to everything, (much) to my surprise.
Learner example:
He stared at me in surprise and didn't say anything.
VERB [T]
[B1] to make someone feel surprise
The news surprised everyone.
It doesn't surprise me that she wants to leave.
It won't surprise anyone to learn that the offer has been rejected.
Learner example:
Then I saw a blue light that surprised me, I was scared. [A] strange creature was standing in front
of me. [I]t was fat and ugly and then it tried to grab me...
surprising /səˈpraɪ.zɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: surprise
Verbs: surprise
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not expected and making someone feel surprised
2226
He gave a rather surprising answer.
It's hardly/not surprising (that) you're putting on weight, considering how much you're eating!
I must say that it's surprising to find you agreeing with me for once.
Learner example:
That was a little bit surprising because I'm pretty small and it's hard for me to find clothes that
really fit me!
surprisingly /səˈpraɪ.zɪŋ.li/
Word family:
Nouns: surprise
Verbs: surprise
ADVERB
[B1] unexpectedly or in a way that is unusual
The restaurant turned out to be surprisingly cheap.
Not surprisingly, the jury found them guilty.
Learner example:
Surprisingly, I met a friend of mine from primary school.
surround /səˈraʊnd/
Word family:
Nouns: surroundings
Verbs: surround
Adjectives: surrounding
VERB [T]
GO AROUND
[B1] to be or go everywhere around something or someone
Snow-capped mountains surround the city.
Early this morning, armed police surrounded the house in north London.
Gwen sat at her desk, surrounded by books and papers.
She said that she wanted to die surrounded by the people she loved.
Learner example:
The place I've enjoyed [most] is a small lake surrounded by very [tall] trees and a lot of bushes.
2227
surrounding /səˈraʊnd.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: surroundings
Verbs: surround
[B2] in a position around something
Dictionary example:
A lot of the children at the school do not live in the town, but come in from the surrounding
countryside.
Learner example:
If all of you would help by using these facillities, our village could be very attractive to people
from surrounding villages, which could be very good for the economy of our village.
surroundings /səˈraʊn.dɪŋz/
Word family:
Nouns: surroundings
Verbs: surround
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] the place where someone or something is and the things that are in it
beautiful/pleasant surroundings
Have you got used to your new surroundings?
Some butterflies blend in with their surroundings so that it's difficult to see them.
Learner example:
The larger animals who [are]n't threaten[e]d should li[v]e in their natural surroundings.
survey /ˈsɜː.veɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking people questions
A recent survey found/showed that 58% of people did not know where their heart is.
They are conducting/carrying out/doing a survey.
2228
Learner example:
I have made a little survey on the subject of my report and I have [found] that most of the pupils
of our school consider that the region and the area around [the] school should be filmed first.
VERB
QUESTION
[C1] to ask people questions in order to find out about their opinions or behaviour
Dictionary example:
75% of midwives surveyed were in favour of home births.
Learner example:
However, a small amount of those surveyed (20%) expressed the opinion that they do not have any
problems concerning transport or housing.
EXAMINE
[C1] to look at or examine something carefully
Dictionary example:
I got out of the car to survey the damage.
Learner example:
This means that we need a small team to survey the area first, and I am very happy to lead this
team.
survival /səˈvaɪ.vəl/
Word family:
Nouns: survival, survivor
Verbs: survive
NOUN [U]
[B2] when someone or something continues to live or exist, especially after a

difficult or dangerous situation
The doctors told my wife I had a 50/50 chance of survival.
His main concern is to ensure his own political survival.
Learner example:
For many animals zoos are [their] only hope for survival: for example, [the] Chinese panda or
white eagle.
2229
survive /səˈvaɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: survive
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to continue to live or exist, especially after almost dying or being destroyed
The baby was born with a heart problem and only survived for a few hours.
These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions.
The front passengers were lucky to survive the accident.
The family are struggling to survive on very little money.
Learner example:
They struggle to survive.
survivor /səˈvaɪ.vər/
Word family:
Verbs: survive
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who continues to live after almost dying because of an accident,
illness, etc.
Rescuers have given up hope of finding any more survivors.
He was the sole survivor of the plane crash.
She's a cancer survivor/a survivor of cancer.
Learner example:
We were the only survivors.
suspect /səˈspekt/
Word family:
Nouns: suspect, suspicion
Verbs: suspect
Adjectives: suspicious
Adverbs: suspiciously
2230
VERB [T]
THINK LIKELY
[B2] to think that something is probably true, or is likely to happen
They suspected (that) he was lying.
I suspect she won't come - she's very busy.
"Do you think she'll have told them?" "I suspect not/so."
Learner example:
He apologised, but he had some family problems and in fact he couldn't come. I suspect that's his
mother - he didn't [say] clearly.
THINK GUILTY
[B2] to think that someone may have committed a crime or done something bad
No one knows who killed her, but the police suspect her husband.
The police suspect him of carrying out two bomb attacks.
Learner example:
But other people were suspected of having killed them.
NOUN [C] /ˈsʌs.pekt/

[B2] someone who may have committed a crime
Dictionary example:
He's the prime suspect in the murder case.
Learner example:
He had never thought that Doctor Quimper might [have] been a suspect, as well.
suspend /səˈspend/
VERB [T]
NOT ALLOW
[B2] to not allow someone to go to work or school for a period of time because
they have done something wrong
She was suspended from school for fighting.
He was suspended for four matches after arguing with the referee.
Learner example:
The director decided to suspend the girl because she had be[en] rude.
2231
STOP
[C1] to stop something happening or existing for a short time
The semi-final was suspended because of bad weather.
The ferry service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather.
The President has suspended the constitution and assumed total power.
I'm suspending judgment on the book I'm reading until I've finished it.
Learner example:
At first the electrical and gas power were cut off and the transport was suspended but now
everything is working.
suspicion /səˈspɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Verbs: suspect
NOUN
BELIEF
[B2] [C] a belief or idea that something may be true
Dictionary example:
I have a suspicion that he only asked me out because my brother persuaded him to.
Learner example:
I asked my mother what had happened and she confirmed my suspicions.
THINK GUILTY
[C1] [C or U] a feeling or belief that someone has committed a crime or done

something wrong
"I'm arresting you on suspicion of illegally possessing drugs," said the police officer.
She is under suspicion of murder.
In this particular case, they are above/beyond suspicion.
Learner example:
Some of us were told to go there and to kill those who [were] under suspicion.
2232
suspicious /səˈspɪʃ.əs/
Word family:
Verbs: suspect
ADJECTIVE
SEEMING WRONG
[B2] making you feel that something illegal is happening or that something is
wrong
suspicious behaviour/circumstances
His wife became suspicious after finding blood in their car.
The fire at the bank is being treated as suspicious.
It's a bit suspicious that no one knows where he was at the time of the murder.
There's a suspicious-looking van parked at the end of the road.
Learner example:
Talking to Calloway made Martins very suspicious, because he [had] always thought of him as a
nice and decen[t] person.
NOT TRUSTING
[B2] not trusting someone or something
Many of them remain suspicious of journalists.
My mother has a very suspicious nature.
He gave me a suspicious look.
Learner example:
Paul was suspicious and asked her if she was alright. [Jane] replied with a yes, but she looked
nervous. She went quickly upstairs and came back holding a baby in her arms. She told him that
this baby was theirs.
suspiciously /səˈspɪʃ.ə.sli/
Word family:
Verbs: suspect
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that shows that you do not trust someone or something
2233
He looked at her suspiciously.
He sniffed the soup suspiciously.
Learner example:
The old man, who was going upstairs, stopped and looked at us very suspiciously.
sustainable /səˈsteɪ.nə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: sustainability
Verbs: sustain
Adjectives: sustainable, unsustainable
ADJECTIVE
CONTINUE
[C1] able to continue over a period of time
Dictionary example:
sustainable development/growth
Learner example:
This is as you might know the aim of the concept of sustainable development.
ENVIRONMENT
[C1] causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue
for a long time
Dictionary example:
sustainable energy
Learner example:
Being an engineer in the field of renewable and sustainable energy which includes solar energy,
hydropower and wind energy, I can say I am quite [knowledgeable about] the specific problem of
environmental issues and about how to mitigate the serious impacts.
swallow /ˈswɒl.əʊ/
VERB
EAT
[B2] [I or T] to move your throat in order to make food or drink go down
My throat is so sore that it really hurts when I swallow.
The snake swallowed the bird whole.
2234
Learner example:
When Mrs McGillicuddy was upstairs, she swallowed a fish bone.
swan /swɒn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a large, white bird with a long neck which lives on lakes and rivers
Dictionary example:
We saw two swans gliding down the river with their signets.
Learner example:
The ugly duckling became a beautiful swan.
swap /swɒp/
VERB [I or T] (swapping, swapped)

[C1] to give something to someone and get something from them in return
Dictionary example:
Would you mind if Dave swapped places with you for a bit?
Learner example:
People come here to swap opinions and news.
swear /sweər/ (swore, sworn)
VERB
RUDE WORDS
[B2] [I] to use language which people think is rude or offensive
It was a real shock, the first time I heard my mother swear.
When the taxi driver started to swear at him, he walked off.
Learner example:
When I heard the ringing of the phone I became so furious that as soon as I answered the phone, I
started swearing at it.
PROMISE
[B2] [I or T] to make a serious promise
2235
I don't know anything about what happened, I swear (it).
She swore (that) she didn't know what had happened to the money.
New gang members must swear to obey the gang leaders at all times.
In some countries, witnesses in court have to swear on the Bible.
Learner example:
That day I swore to myself that I would never trust anybody again.
sweat /swet/
NOUN [U]
[B2] the salty colourless liquid that comes through your skin when you are hot,
nervous or ill
The sweat was pouring off me ten minutes into the game.
By the time we'd climbed to the top of the hill, we were covered in sweat.
She wiped the beads of sweat from her forehead.
Learner example:
Pearls of sweat appeared on her foreh[e]ad.
VERB [I]
[B2] to produce liquid through your skin because you are hot, nervous or ill
The room was hot and I was starting to sweat.
The prisoners were sweating with fear.
Learner example:
I began to sweat and my fear changed to panic when we opened a door.
sweatshirt /ˈswet.ʃɜːt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a piece of clothing made of soft cotton which covers the top of your body and
is pulled on over your head
Dictionary example:
She was dressed casually in jeans and a sweatshirt.
Learner example:
Well, I'm always wearing tight-fitting, blue jeans, I really love them as they're always in fashion,
and if it's cold, a v-neck, long sleeved sweatshirt.
2236
sweep /swiːp/
VERB (swept, swept)
CLEAN
[B2] [T] to clean the floor using a brush
I've swept the floor.
He swept up the pieces of broken glass.
Learner example:
I found your watch yesterday, while I was sweeping the floor.
be/get swept along/away, etc.

[B2] to be pushed or carried along in a forceful way
Many trees were swept away in the flood.
They got swept along by the crowd.
Learner example:
Suddenly, we were swept away by an avalanche.
sweet /swiːt/
ADJECTIVE
KIND
[B1] kind and friendly
Dictionary example:
It was really sweet of you to help.
Learner example:
Thank you ever so much for the present you've sent me! It was really sweet of you.
swimmer /ˈswɪm.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: swim, swimmer, swimming
Verbs: swim
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who is swimming or who can swim
2237
Dictionary example:
Oliver is a very strong swimmer.
Learner example:
He is the best swimmer in the club, much faster than I could [ever] be.
swing /swɪŋ/
VERB [I or T] (swung, swung)

[B2] to move smoothly backwards and forwards, or to make something do this
Dictionary example:
He walked briskly along the path swinging his rolled-up umbrella.
Learner example:
When Mary ent[e]red the bar, the room was empty and there was a rope swinging from a beam.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a chair hanging on two ropes that children sit on and swing backwards and
forwards
Dictionary example:
Jake wanted me to push him on the swing.
Learner example:
Do you remember the swing by the big tree in my garden?
switch /swɪtʃ/
VERB [I]
[B2] to change from one thing to another
She started studying English at college, but switched to Business Studies in her second year.
He's just switched jobs.
Learner example:
For many years I had created my system under MS-DOS (Disk Operating System), but two years
ago I switched and since the[n] I've worked with Unix.
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small object that you push up or down with your finger to turn something
electrical on or off
a light switch
Can you flip the switch?
2238
Learner example:
Then I turned off the switch until the end of the day.
swollen /ˈswəʊ.lən/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] larger than usual
Dictionary example:
a bruised, swollen face
Learner example:
I cried almost all day and wanted to go home as quick[ly] as possible but suddenly, someone took
a photograph of me with swollen eyes.
sword /sɔːd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a weapon with a long sharp metal blade and a handle, used especially in the
past
Dictionary example:
He rode towards me, waving his sword in the air.
Learner example:
I took the ancient sword in my hands and felt the power flow through my veins.
syllable /ˈsɪl.ə.bl
̩/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a word or part of a word that has one vowel sound
Dictionary example:
The word "tiger" has two syllables.
Learner example:
I stressed the wrong syllable in the world "gamos" = marriage in Greek.
symbol /ˈsɪm.bəl/
Word family:
Nouns: symbol
Adjectives: symbolic
2239
NOUN [C]
[B2] a sign, shape or object which is used to represent something else
A heart shape is the symbol of love.
The wheel in the Indian flag is a symbol of peace.
Learner example:
This was the first time it arrived and it was a point of hope for all the friends of nature and
particularly for the World Wildlife Fund, wh[o] have chosen the panda [as their] symbol.
sympathetic /ˌsɪm.pəˈθet.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: sympathy
Verbs: sympathize
Adjectives: sympathetic
ADJECTIVE
PROBLEMS
[B2] showing that you understand and care about someone's problems
He suffers from back trouble too, so he was very sympathetic about my problem.
She was very sympathetic when I told her about my situation.
Learner example:
Nobody wants to talk to him apart from Alice, she feels sympathetic and understands him.
sympathy /ˈsɪm.pə.θi/
Word family:
Nouns: sympathy
Verbs: sympathize
Adjectives: sympathetic
NOUN [U]
CARING
[B2] when you show that you understand and care about someone's problems
The president has sent a message of sympathy to the relatives of the dead soldiers.
I don't have much sympathy for her - I think she's brought her troubles on herself.
2240
Learner example:
No matter how sensitive or impassive one's attitude towards animals is, after having thought it
over thoroughly most of us feel deep sorrow and sympathy for the poor creatures kept in cages.
symptom /ˈsɪmp.təm/
NOUN [C]
ILLNESS
[B2] a physical feeling or problem which shows that you have a particular illness
He's complaining of all the usual flu symptoms - a high temperature, headache and so on.
He's been HIV-positive for six years, but just recently he's started to develop the symptoms of
AIDS.
Learner example:
We asked her what had happened and she told us she had some w[ei]rd symptoms so she went for
an examination to see what was wrong. She finally discovered that... she was pregnant!
system /ˈsɪs.təm/
Word family:
Nouns: system
Adjectives: systematic
Adverbs: systematically
NOUN [C]
EQUIPMENT
[B1] a set of connected pieces of equipment that operate together
They've had an alarm system installed at their home.
a central-heating system
The computer system keeps crashing and no one is able to figure out why.
Learner example:
They had a new sound system which is very loud.
METHOD
[B2] a way or method of doing things
2241
the American legal system
the public transport system
We'll have to work out a proper filing system.
Under our education system, you're supposed to be able to choose the type of schooling that your
child receives.
the metric system of measuring and weighing
Learner example:
You will have the possibility to get to know our political system.
2242
T
table /ˈteɪ.bl
̩/
NOUN [C]
INFORMATION
[B1] an arrangement of facts and numbers in rows or blocks, especially in printed

material
Dictionary example:
The table below shows the results of the experiment.
lay the table

[B1] to put plates, knives, forks, etc. on the table to prepare for a meal
Dictionary example:
Could you lay the table for me, please?
Learner example:
Before she came to my home, I prepared everything perfectly, laying the table with silver spoons,
flowers and candles.
tablet /ˈtæb.lɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a small, round object containing medicine that you swallow
Dictionary example:
sleeping tablets
Learner example:
I talked to her many times about the danger [of] taking tablets for pain.
tabloid /ˈtæb.lɔɪd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a type of popular newspaper with small pages which has many pictures and
short simple reports
2243
Dictionary example:
She writes for one of the tabloids.
Learner example:
A famous person has no private life. [T]here [is] always gossip [i]n magazines and tabloids about
the la[te]st hot love stories among the stars.
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to tabloids
the tabloid press
a tabloid newspaper
tackle /ˈtæk.l
̩/
VERB
DEAL WITH
[B2] [T] to try to deal with a problem or to speak to someone about something bad
that they have done
new ways to tackle crime
There are many ways of tackling this problem.
Have you tackled him about his attitude?
Learner example:
I've [found] some information because all these problems must be tackled now.
SPORT
[B2] [I or T] to try to get the ball from someone in a game such as football
Dictionary example:
He successfully tackled his opponent.
Learner example:
Always keep on learning different ways of passing, shooting and tackling, as there is no [end] [to]
learning a new way.
tactic /ˈtæk.tɪk/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a way of doing something that you plan in order to achieve what you want
Dictionary example:
These bomb attacks represent a change of tactics by the terrorists.
2244
Learner example:
One can learn about the way of life of the wise ancient Greeks and study the political system, their
society or even tactics used in battle.
tail /teɪl/
NOUN [C]
ANIMAL
[B2] the long, narrow part that sticks out at the back of an animal's body
Dictionary example:
The dog wagged its tail excitedly.
Learner example:
She is very beautiful with her long [b]ushy tail and soft paws.
take /teɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: undertaking
Verbs: take, undertake
VERB [T] (took, taken)
GET HOLD
[B1] to get hold of something and move it
He reached across and took the glass from her.
He took my arm and led me outside.
Learner example:
So, she took me by the arm and brought me to the dance floor where everybody was waiting for
that last man.
WITHOUT PERMISSION
[B1] to remove something without permission
Someone's taken my coat!
Has anything been taken?
Learner example:
He had taken our suitcases by mistake.
ACCEPT
[B1] to accept or have something
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Are you going to take the job?
Do they take credit cards here?
Learner example:
If you take this job, you have to be prepared not to have enough spare time for thin[g]s that you
like to do, since you would be at work [all] day.
PERFORM ACTION
[B1] used with some nouns to say that someone performs an action
I need to take a shower.
Do you take any exercise?
Take a look at this.
I thought we could take a walk after lunch.
Take a deep breath.
Learner example:
I took a shower and ate my breakfast.
take care of sb/sth

[B1] to look after someone or something
I'll take good care of her.
Don't worry about me, I can take care of myself.
Learner example:
My dad had to go to Canada for a meeting, so he asked me to take care of her.
WRITE
[B1] to write something
Did you take their number/details?
I took notes during the talk.
Alice isn't here at the moment. Can I take a message?
Learner example:
He took my phone number and we went to the cinema the day after.
STUDY
[B1] to study a subject in order to do an exam
He's taking maths, chemistry and physics.
I took a course in accountancy.
Learner example:
My old English class wasn't good enough because the lessons were just [i]n the evening and also
we didn't have enough conversation. So I decided to take [a] full-time course.
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take part
[B1] to be involved in an activity with other people
Dictionary example:
She doesn't usually take part in any of the class activities.
Learner example:
The practi[c]e was for a big competition at our club, in which teams from Munich and Cologne will
take part.
take place
[B1] to happen
Dictionary example:
The concert takes place next Thursday.
Learner example:
A dance night will take place in the club soon.
take a break/rest, etc.

[B1] to stop working for a short period
I think we'll take a break there.
If you're tired, you should take a rest.
Learner example:
When I took a little break to drink something, I met one of my best friends.
take advantage of sth

[B1] to use something good in a situation to help you
Dictionary example:
I thought I'd take advantage of the sports facilities while I'm here.
Learner example:
If you take advantage of this opportunity, in the future you'll thank me.
take it/things easy

[B1] to relax and not use too much energy
Dictionary example:
After his heart attack, he had to take things easy for a while.
Learner example:
Take it easy and see you soon.
CLOTHES
[B1] to wear a particular size of clothes
What size shoe do you take?
I take a size 12 in trousers.
2247
take milk/sugar, etc.
[B2] to usually have milk/sugar, etc. in your tea or coffee
Dictionary example:
I've forgotten - do you take milk in your tea?
REMOVE NUMBER
[B2] to remove one number from another number
Dictionary example:
If you take 4 from 12 you get 8.
GRAMMAR
[B2] to need or be followed by another word or structure in order to be

grammatically correct
Dictionary example:
This sense of the verb 'give' takes two objects.
can't take sth

[B2] to not be able to deal with an unpleasant situation
Dictionary example:
We argue all the time and I can't take it any more.
Learner example:
In the end, when Laura couldn't take it anymore, she decided to end her suffering by taking her
life.
take sth/sb seriously

[B2] to consider a person, subject or situation to be important or dangerous and
worth your attention or respect
Dictionary example:
We take any threats to national security very seriously.
Learner example:
Don't take everything so seriously otherwise you'll probably end up as an old maid and I don't
think you want that.
take pleasure/pride/an interest, etc.

[B2] to have a particular, good feeling about something or someone
He takes great pleasure in cooking.
I have always taken an interest in local history.
Learner example:
The amazing thing about him is that he takes pride in his appearance and the image others have
of him.
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take account of sth
Dictionary example:
A good architect takes account of the building's surroundings.
Learner example:
I hope you will take account of our request.
take into account sth

Dictionary example:
I think you have to take into account the fact that he's a good deal younger than the rest of us.
Learner example:
Taking into account all these arguments, I also think, like many people, that keeping animals in
zoos is cruel and unnecessary.
take advantage of sb/sth

[B2] to treat someone or something badly in order to get what you want
Dictionary example:
I think she takes advantage of his good nature.
Learner example:
There will always be the threat of those men who take advantage of animals' inferior status.
take your breath away

[B2] If something takes your breath away, you feel surprise and admiration because
it is so beautiful or exciting.
Dictionary example:
The view from the window took my breath away.
Learner example:
The landscape just takes your breath away sometimes.
take charge
[B2] to take control of or make yourself responsible for something
Dictionary example:
I was happy to let her take charge of the holiday arrangements.
Learner example:
I am 21 years old which means that I can take charge of school children.
take control
[B2] to start to rule or govern an area
Dictionary example:
The dictator took control of the country in 1933.
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Learner example:
In the first part of the story animals take control of a farm in England.
take a deep breath

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
take sb's word for it

[B2] to believe what someone says without any proof
Dictionary example:
Take my word for it - this curry is very hot!
Learner example:
Naturally we had to take his word for it.
take sb/sth for granted

[B2] to not show that you are grateful for someone or something, and forget that
you are lucky to have them
Dictionary example:
Most of us take our freedom for granted.
Learner example:
So don't take the telephone for granted, but keep in mind that our modern way of life is mainly
due to its invention.
take it for granted

[B2] to believe that something is true without checking or thinking about it
Dictionary example:
I took it for granted that we'd be invited to the wedding.
Learner example:
I have taken it for granted that you will arrive for dinner.
take the/this opportunity to do sth

[B2] to use an occasion to do or say something
Dictionary example:
I'd like to take this opportunity to thank all of you.
Learner example:
Most of the comments [are] not right at all. I would like to take this opportunity to correct them.
take sb's place

[B2] to do something instead of someone else
2250
Dictionary example:
If I can't make it to the theatre that night you can take my place.
Learner example:
First of all, it had been written that Danny Brook and Tina Truelove were starring, but Danny
wasn't there and somebody else took his place.
take effect
[C1] to start to produce results or changes
Dictionary example:
They had to wait ten minutes for the anaesthetic to take effect.
Learner example:
Some factories tried to organize the transport for the employees, but it took effect in small towns
only, where people live with[in] shorter distances.
take your time

[C1] to do something without hurrying
Dictionary example:
Take your time choosing - there's no hurry.
Learner example:
If you're going to land at the 'Lugano-Agno' airport, as you told me in your last letter, the first
thing I recommend to you is to be patient and take your time.
take it from me
[C1] accept that what I say is true, because I know or have experienced it
Dictionary example:
You could be doing a much less interesting job, take it from me.
Learner example:
As you pro[b]ably already know, Greeks love sport so, take it from me, you won't have difficulty in
finding sports facilities of any kind, wherever you decide to go.
take care of sth/doing sth

[C1] to be responsible for dealing with something
Dictionary example:
I did the cooking while Guy took care of the washing up.
Learner example:
As for special requirements, one man and one woman are vegetarians and the woman is allergic
to cats. I hope you are able to take care of that.
take sth on board

[C1] to understand or accept an idea or a piece of information
Dictionary example:
Banks need to take on board the views of their customers.
2251
Learner example:
The students feel that if the above suggestions were taken on board, the study centre could be an
excellent support for them in their studies.
take the initiative

[C1] to be the first person to do something that solves a problem or improves a
situation
Dictionary example:
Jackson had taken the initiative and prepared a report.
Learner example:
I took the initiative to contact Sue Wilton, who is the manager of the restaurant "El Plato".
take issue (with sb/sth)

[C1] to disagree with what someone says or writes
Dictionary example:
I would take issue with you on that.
Learner example:
On behalf of the staff who worked for this event, I would like to take issue with the report's
inaccuracies and unfair remarks.
take the liberty of doing sth

[C1] to do something that will have an effect on someone else, without asking their
permission
Dictionary example:
I took the liberty of booking theatre seats for us.
Learner example:
I have taken the liberty of listing some of my ideas and suggestions and hope they will be of
interest to you.
take note (of sth)

[C1] to pay careful attention to something
Make sure you take note of what she says.
Safety standards are being tightened. Employers, take note.
Learner example:
I thank you for taking note of my view.
take sth personally

[C1] to think that someone is criticizing you or to feel that a failure or bad situation
is your fault
Dictionary example:
You mustn't take everything so personally.
2252
Learner example:
She tends to take things too personally, and sometimes she over[r]eacts.

[C1] to believe what someone says without any proof
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
You can take my word for it that she is absolutely capable of carrying out this job - fond of
children, patient, good-natured and competent.
takeaway /ˈteɪk.ə.weɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a meal that you buy in a restaurant or shop but eat at home, or a shop that
sells this type of meal
Dictionary example:
a Chinese takeaway
Learner example:
After pubs or [a] night club, they go to the takeaway.
takeover /ˈteɪkˌəʊ.vər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] when a company gets control of another company
Dictionary example:
The company was involved in a takeover last year.
Learner example:
Everything has to be cheap and fast and there are mergers and takeovers all the time.
tale /teɪl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a story, especially one which is not true or is difficult to believe
He told the most amazing tales about his life in India.
She told me some tale about missing the bus to explain her lateness.
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Learner example:
She knows everything about Prague's history and many local stories and tales.
talent /ˈtæl.ənt/
Word family:
Nouns: talent
Adjectives: talented
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a natural ability to do something
Her talent for music showed at an early age.
his artistic talents
Learner example:
Some people have skills and talent and some do not.
talented /ˈtæl.ən.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: talent
Adjectives: talented
ADJECTIVE
[B1] with talent
Dictionary example:
a talented footballer/pianist
Learner example:
He is so talented, so smart and very polite to all.
talk /tɔːk/
Word family:
Nouns: talk, talks
Verbs: talk
Adjectives: talkative
VERB [I]
DISCUSS
[B2] to discuss something with someone, often to try to find a solution to a

disagreement
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Dictionary example:
The two sides have agreed to talk.
Learner example:
I decided to talk to him and try to solve the problem.
LECTURE
[B2] to give a lecture on a subject
Dictionary example:
The next speaker will be talking about endangered insects.
Learner example:
We think that the best topic you could talk about is your latest book, you could try to develop the
subject, explain to the members how to become a writer, from where and how do you get your
ideas, and the subjects of your book.
talk business/politics, etc.

[C1] to discuss a particular subject
Dictionary example:
I don't like to talk business over lunch.
Learner example:
[Do] not talk politics or sports with him (!)
know what you are talking about

[C1] to understand a subject because of your experience
Dictionary example:
He doesn't know what he's talking about - he's never even been to Africa.
Learner example:
I beli[e]ve that you don't really know what you're talking about.
NOUN
CONVERSATION
[B1] [C] a conversation between two people, often about a particular subject
Dictionary example:
He's going to have a talk with his parents and see what they think.
Learner example:
We had a talk and he told me about Bradley and what the band was like.
TO GROUP
[B2] [C] when someone speaks to a group of people about a particular subject
He gave a talk about/on his visit to Bolivia.
I went to a few interesting talks.
2255
Learner example:
Dear Tom, It was very nice to hear from you again and it's really kind of you to give a talk to our
Cinema Club.
talkative /ˈtɔːk.ə.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: talk, talks
Verbs: talk
Adjectives: talkative
ADJECTIVE
[C1] A talkative person talks a lot.
Dictionary example:
My son is very talkative.
Learner example:
I would advise you to film the classrooms, maybe a conversation class, during which students will
be more talkative and less shy.
tan /tæn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] when your skin is brown from being in the sun
Dictionary example:
She had a lovely tan.
Learner example:
If you want to get a tan, this is the place to be.
tank /tæŋk/
NOUN [C]
VEHICLE
[C1] ! a large, strong military vehicle with a gun on it which moves on wheels inside
large metal belts
Dictionary example:
Tanks rolled into the city at dawn.
2256
Learner example:
They were inside the university and they were transmit[t]ing [o]n a radio frequency when the tanks
invaded from the main entrance.
tap /tæp/
NOUN [C]
FOR WATER
[B1] the part at the end of a pipe which controls the flow of water
the hot/cold tap
Turn the tap on/off.
Learner example:
As soon as I got in, I turned the tap on and waited for hot water.
KNOCK
[B2] a gentle knock or touch, or the noise made by knocking something gently
I felt a tap on my shoulder.
There was a tap at the door.
Learner example:
While she was teaching, I fel[l] asleep and two minute[s] later I felt a tap [o]n my back.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to knock or touch something gently
Dictionary example:
I tapped on the window to try to get her attention.
Learner example:
She lit up the whole stage when she danced, as she tapped her feet in r[h]ythm with the music.
target /ˈtɑː.gɪt/
NOUN [C]
OBJECT/PERSON SHOT AT
[B2] something or someone that you attack, shoot at, try to hit, etc.
2257
a military target
I had four shots but I didn't even hit the target.
Any major airport or station is potentially a terrorist target.
Foreign businesses in the region have become a target for attacks.
Learner example:
Paul Rebere, a famous professional assassin, had been in that room for two hours now, waiting for
his target to show up.
AIM
[B2] something that you intend to achieve
Dictionary example:
If you want to lose weight, you have to set yourself a target.
Learner example:
My target is to be a professional tennis player but I need to work hard for it.
CRITICISM
[C1] [USUALLY NO PLURAL] the person or thing that people are criticizing or blaming for
something
Dictionary example:
Recently she has been the target of a series of obscene phone calls.
Learner example:
People get nervous, the bus driver gets nervous and finally the interpreter becomes the target of
passengers' complaints.
task /tɑːsk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of work, especially something unpleasant or difficult
We usually ask interviewees to perform a few simple tasks on the computer just to test their
aptitude.
The government now faces the difficult task of restructuring the entire health service.
Learner example:
To be honest, the task we were given was incredibly easy.
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taste /teɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: taste
Verbs: taste
Adjectives: tasty, tasteful, tasteless
NOUN
FLAVOUR
[B1] [C or U] the flavour of a particular food in your mouth
I love the taste of garlic.
The soup had a slightly sour taste.
Learner example:
I don't know how old it is but I've gone there since I was a child and the taste of the food has
never changed.
WHAT YOU LIKE
[B2] [C or U] the particular things you like, such as styles of music, clothes,
decoration, etc.
You have very good taste!
I don't like his taste in music.
She has very expensive tastes.
Learner example:
In my opinion, the variety of films you show cover all kinds of tastes.
SHORT EXPERIENCE
[B2] [NO PLURAL] a short experience of something different
Dictionary example:
This was my first taste of freedom.
Learner example:
Before you catch your plane, your group could visit our nice city and have a taste of our culture.
ABILITY
[B2] [U] the ability to experience different flavours in your mouth
Dictionary example:
When you've got a cold you often lose your sense of taste.
VERB [T]
taste good/bad/sweet, etc.

[B1] to have a particular flavour
2259
This sauce tastes strange.
The bread tastes of onions.
This coffee tastes like dishwater!
Learner example:
The food is very typical and tastes good.
FOOD/DRINK
[B1] to put food or drink in your mouth to find out what flavour it has
Taste this sauce and tell me if it needs any salt.
Whatever's this? I've never tasted anything like it.
Learner example:
Of course I tasted tequila, and I liked it very much.
tasteless /ˈteɪst.ləs/
Word family:
Nouns: taste
Verbs: taste
ADJECTIVE
FOOD
[C1] having no flavour
Dictionary example:
The meat was dry and tasteless.
Learner example:
The canteen's food is tasteless and with almost the same menu every day.
tasty /ˈteɪst.i/
Word family:
Nouns: taste
Verbs: taste
ADJECTIVE
[B1] Food which is tasty has a good flavour and is nice to eat.
Dictionary example:
They do a very tasty breakfast.
2260
Learner example:
The meal was really tasty.
tax /tæks/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] money that you have to pay to the government from what you earn or when
you buy things
They're putting up the tax on cigarettes.
Tax cuts are always popular.
What do you earn before/after tax?
I pay my taxes.
Learner example:
In Kish or Aeshm you can buy electric[al] device[s] cheaper than [in] your country, because you can
buy all goods without tax.
VERB [T]
[C1] to make someone pay a tax
Dictionary example:
Husbands and wives may be taxed independently/together.
Learner example:
For example, pol[l]uters should be taxed more heavily, [and] they should be fined.
tea /tiː/
NOUN
MEAL
[B1] [U] a small afternoon meal of sandwiches, cakes, biscuits, etc. and tea to drink
Dictionary example:
They invited us for afternoon tea.
Learner example:
Every afternoon they organized a tea for all the members.
2261
teach /tiːtʃ/ (taught, taught)
Word family:
Nouns: teacher, teaching
Verbs: teach
VERB
GET EXPERIENCE
[B1] [T] If a situation teaches you something, it gives you new knowledge or helps
you to understand something.
Dictionary example:
The whole experience taught him to be more careful with money.
Learner example:
This situation taught me that I should keep my important things with m[e] all the time.
teaching /ˈtiː.tʃɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: teacher, teaching
Verbs: teach
NOUN [U]
[B1] the job of being a teacher
He's always wanted to go into teaching.
modern teaching methods
Learner example:
The teacher has a lot of experience behind him, I think nearly 20 years of teaching.
team /tiːm/
WORK GROUP
[B1] a group of people who work together to do something
a management team
a team of advisers
Learner example:
He told me he was part of the sound team of the band I went to see.
2262
teamwork /ˈtiːm.wɜːk/
NOUN [U]
[C1] when a group of people work well together
Dictionary example:
We won't achieve anything without good teamwork.
Learner example:
Nowadays teamwork is a skill that is highly demanded by employers.
tear1 /teər/
VERB [I or T] (tore, torn)
BREAK
[B1] to pull something so that it comes apart or breaks, or to become damaged like
this
I tore my skirt on the chair as I stood up.
You have to be very careful with books this old because the paper tends to tear very easily.
A couple of pages had been torn out of the book.
Learner example:
Although it's quite expensive, the clothes that I buy from there will not tear easily.
tear sth out of/off/down, etc.

[C1] to remove something by pulling it quickly and violently
Dictionary example:
She tore his picture down from the wall.
Learner example:
If you can't bear seeing an ear being torn off from somebody's head, don't watch this video.
tear2 /tɪər/
CRYING
[B1] a drop of water that comes from your eye when you cry
2263
These are tears of joy.
Did you notice the tears in his eyes when he talked about Diane?
Her eyes filled with tears.
Learner example:
I had to fight the tears of rage, and my heart beat as fast as a drum.
in tears
[B1] crying
Dictionary example:
I found him in tears in his bedroom.
Learner example:
By the end of it, Mary Anne was nearly in tears.
burst into tears

[B1] to suddenly start to cry
Dictionary example:
She burst into tears and ran out of the room.
Learner example:
She burst into tears.
shed tears
[C1] to cry
Dictionary example:
I shed a few tears when he left.
Learner example:
She was too preoc[c]upied to talk to anybody and she had shed so many tears that she could cry
no more.
tease /tiːz/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to laugh at someone or say unkind things about them, either because you are
joking or because you want to upset them
I used to hate being teased about my red hair when I was at school.
I was only teasing, I didn't mean to upset you.
Learner example:
Ginny's classmates were always teasing her [about] her clothing.
2264
teaspoon /ˈtiː.spuːn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small spoon that is used for mixing drinks and measuring small amounts of
food, or the amount this spoon can hold
Dictionary example:
Add two teaspoons of salt.
Learner example:
Lastly, thank you for asking me what I'd like from the USA, because I am a very serious collector of
teaspoons with different countries' flags on [them].
technical /ˈtek.nɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: technique, technician
Adjectives: technical
Adverbs: technically
ADJECTIVE
SCIENCE/INDUSTRY
[B2] relating to the knowledge, machines or methods used in science and industry
Dictionary example:
a few technical problems
Learner example:
Instead, due to some technical problems, it began at 20:15.
PRACTICAL SKILL
[B2] relating to practical skills and methods that are used in a particular activity
Dictionary example:
As a dancer she had great technical skill.
Learner example:
Federer glides over the court as if it's the easiest thing, [and] apart from his technical and physical
skills he is a great personality.
technically /ˈtek.nɪk.li/
Word family:
2265
ADVERB
SCIENCE/INDUSTRY
[C1] relating to the knowledge, machines, or methods used in science and industry
Dictionary example:
technically advanced weapons
Learner example:
Everybody has one of these technically engineered marvels and they come in different shapes,
colours, prices and with a lot of configurable options.
technician /tekˈnɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone whose job involves practical work with scientific or electrical
equipment
Dictionary example:
a lab technician
Learner example:
It could be the fault of the sound technician, although I believe that for the next Activity day we
[should] be provided with better equipment and loudspeakers.
technique /tekˈniːk/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a particular or special way of doing something
We have developed a new technique for detecting errors in the manufacturing process.
She's a wonderfully creative dancer but she doesn't have the technique of a truly great performer.
Learner example:
I go on Mondays, Wednesdays and Friday[s] from 4:00 P.M to 7:00 P.M. I've learned a whole new
bunch of tips, techniques and st[u]ff I want to show you.
2266
techno /ˈtek.nəʊ/
NOUN [U]
[C1] a type of electronic dance music
Dictionary example:
He's really into techno.
Learner example:
As for the music, Red Hot Chilli [P]eppers did a really fine job with "Otherside", while the other
video has the classic techno beat.
technological /ˌtek.nəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: technology
Adjectives: technological
Adverbs: technologically
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to, or involving, technology
Dictionary example:
Technological advances/developments in computing and telecommunications will reduce the need
for many people to travel to work.
Learner example:
I think that the more technological developments we have, the more comfortable lives we enjoy.
technologically /ˌtek.nəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Nouns: technology
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that relates to or involves technology
Dictionary example:
Their society was technologically advanced.
Learner example:
The economy nowadays is so technologically driven it is [a] common belief that having a job in the
computer industry means high pay and perks.
2267
technology /tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/
Word family:
Nouns: technology
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] knowledge, equipment, and methods that are used in science and industry
computer technology
modern technology
What this country needs is a long-term policy for investment in science and technology.
Learner example:
I also like to read some magazines about computers and technology, my favourite is "PC
Magazine".
tedious /ˈtiː.di.əs/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] boring
Dictionary example:
a tedious job
Learner example:
The idea of going to work out to keep fit might be tedious sometimes but the majority of young
people are interested in taking up an activity these days.
teenage /ˈtiːn.eɪdʒ/
Word family:
Nouns: teenager
Adjectives: teenage
[B1] aged between 13 and 19 years old
Dictionary example:
a teenage daughter
Learner example:
However, teenage films are better for me.
2268
telecommunications /ˌtel.ɪ.kəˌmjuː.nɪˈkeɪ.ʃənz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] the sending and receiving of messages over distance, especially by telephone,
radio and television
Dictionary example:
the telecommunications industry
Learner example:
Accompanied by the success of these telecommunications companies, a lot of jobs have been
created.
telescope /ˈtel.ɪ.skəʊp/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of equipment, in the shape of a tube, that makes things which are far
away look bigger or nearer
Dictionary example:
a very powerful telescope
Learner example:
I just laugh when he tries to convince me of their existence, once he even told me that he saw a
spaceship in the sky while he was observing the stars with his telescope.
television /ˈtel.ɪ.vɪʒ.ən/ (ALSO TV) (UK INFORMAL telly)
NOUN
SYSTEM
[B1] [U] the system or business of making and broadcasting programmes for
television
She works in television.
a television company/network
Learner example:
If possible, I would go to the television company for help, then they will show [it] [o]n TV.
2269
tell /tel/ (told, told)
VERB
tell sb how/what/when to do sth

[B1] to advise someone how/what/when to do something
Kit will tell you how to get there.
She didn't tell us what to do.
Learner example:
He tells us how to do the different kind[s] of exercises.
I can't tell you how ...

[B1] used to emphasize your feelings about something
Dictionary example:
I can't tell you how grateful I am for your help.
Learner example:
I can't tell you how nervous I am.
can tell
[B2] to know or recognize something from what you hear, see, etc.
You could tell that he was tired.
You can never tell whether Hajime's being serious or not.
Learner example:
I could tell it was the voice of a man, but I failed to identify it.
UNDERSTAND FROM
[B2] [T] If something tells you something, it gives you information.
Dictionary example:
What does the survey tell us about the lives of teenagers?
Learner example:
We have all seen the reports which tell us about the problems of pollution from cars.
tell the difference

[C1] to notice a difference between two things
I can't tell the difference between an American and a Canadian accent.
This coffee is about half the price of that one and yet you really can't tell the difference.
Learner example:
Not only will their critical sen[s]e atrophy but also they will not be able to tell the difference
between what is right and wrong.
2270
telly /ˈtel.i/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1]
television
Dictionary example:
I saw her on the telly.
Learner example:
In the end I think it is only a good laugh when there is nothing else on telly.
temper /ˈtem.pər/
NOUN
ANGER
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] when someone becomes angry very quickly
She has a real temper.
He's got a really bad temper.
Learner example:
In my opinion, the behaviour of the old lady is somewhat [rude] and sometimes, through her bad
temper, she offends the customers.
lose your temper

[B2] to suddenly become angry
Dictionary example:
The children behaved so badly that I lost my temper.
Learner example:
Yesterday, I must confess, I lost my temper with my son.
temple /ˈtem.pl
̩/
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! a building where people in some religions go to pray or worship
Dictionary example:
a Buddhist temple
Learner example:
You can see many temples and Maiko, who are traditional people wearing Kimono.
2271
temporarily /ˌtem.pəˈrer.ə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: temporary
Adverbs: temporarily
ADVERB
[B2] for a short time
Dictionary example:
This office is closed temporarily for redecoration.
Learner example:
We can work temporarily [for] up to 6 months.
temporary /ˈtem.pər.ər.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: temporary
Adverbs: temporarily
ADJECTIVE
[B1] existing or happening for only a short or limited time
temporary staff
a temporary job
temporary accommodation/housing
Learner example:
It was a reality show that involved a lot of young people [who] were applying for a temporary job -
I think a marketing job - and finally only one of the[m] [got] it.
tempt /tempt/
Word family:
Nouns: temptation
Verbs: tempt
VERB [T]
be tempted
[B2] to want something or to want to do something
"Did you apply for that job?" "Well, I was very tempted but in the end I decided not to."
I was tempted to resign after my boss was so rude to me.
2272
Learner example:
I am tempted to start taking tennis lessons at your sport[s] club if it's possible.
temptation /tempˈteɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: temptation
Verbs: tempt
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a feeling that you want to do or have something, although you know you
should not
In these situations, there is a huge temptation to lie.
As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood.
Learner example:
I felt the irresistible temptation to meet new people and feel some freedom.
tend /tend/
Word family:
Nouns: tendency
Verbs: tend
VERB
tend to do sth
[B2] to often do a particular thing or be likely to do a particular thing
I tend to wear dark colours.
July and August tend to be our busiest months.
Learner example:
When something is not enjoyable, we tend not to do it.
tendency /ˈten.dən.si/
Word family:
Nouns: tendency
Verbs: tend
NOUN [C]
[C1] something that someone often does, or something that often happens
2273
She has a tendency to talk for too long.
There is a growing tendency for companies to employ people on short contracts.
Learner example:
There is a tendency to choose canned and preserved foods instead of fresh ones.
tense /tents/
Word family:
Nouns: tension
Adjectives: tense
NOUN [C]
[B1] any of the forms of a verb which show the time at which an action happened
Dictionary example:
'I sing' is in the present tense, 'I will sing' is in the future tense and 'I sang' is in the past tense.
Learner example:
The first lesson was about the present tense and wasn't really difficult for us.
ADJECTIVE
NERVOUS
[B2] nervous, worried, and not able to relax
Dictionary example:
She was very tense as she waited for the interview.
Learner example:
Beyond the fact you feel tired and tense, I'm afraid that if you keep on working this way, you'll get
[serious] health problems in the future.
SITUATION
[B2] A tense situation makes you feel nervous and worried.
Dictionary example:
There were some tense moments in the second half of the game.
Learner example:
There was a tense atmosphere.
tension /ˈtent.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: tension
Adjectives: tense
2274
NOUN
FEELING
[B2] [U] a feeling that you are nervous, worried, and not relaxed
Dictionary example:
You could feel the tension in the room as we waited for our exam results.
Learner example:
Today's world is also known for stress and tension.
BETWEEN PEOPLE/GROUPS
[B2] [C or U] a feeling of fear or anger between people, groups or countries who do

not trust each other
ethnic/racial tension
There are growing tensions betweeen the two countries.
Learner example:
I was only eight years old but yet I could feel the tension between my parents.
tent /tent/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a structure made of metal poles and cloth which is fixed to the ground with
ropes and used as a cover or to sleep under
Dictionary example:
It only took twenty minutes to put the tent up.
Learner example:
We slept in a tent for two nights there.
term /tɜːm/
NOUN
WORD
[B2] [C] a word or phrase that is used to refer to a particular thing, especially in a
technical or scientific subject
a legal/medical/scientific/technical term
'Without let or hindrance' is a legal term which means 'freely'.
2275
Learner example:
Extreme overworking can [even] lead to death and that was discovered and confirmed by
Jap[a]nese doctors who created a special medical term for the [illness] caused by overworking.
terminal /ˈtɜː.mɪ.nəl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a building where you can get onto an aircraft, bus, or ship
Dictionary example:
Your flight to Perth will leave from Terminal 4.
Learner example:
The Hotel that I booked for your group is the Moat House Hotel in Feltham, from Heathrow
Terminal 3 [where] you will arrive on 29th of June, the best way to go there is to catch the minibus
No 32.
terms /tɜːmz/
NOUN [PLURAL]
RULES
[B2] the rules of an agreement
your terms of employment
Under the terms of their contract, employees must give 3 months' notice if they leave.
Learner example:
So we would be very grateful to get some information about the club and the terms of
membership.
in ... terms/in terms of sth

[B2] used to explain which part of a problem or situation you are referring to
In financial terms, the project was not a success.
In terms of quality control, the company has made great improvements.
Learner example:
In terms of accommodation, they [provide] it all which is good, but unfortunately you have to
share your room with another person, which is not so good if you're shy or something like that.
2276
terrace /ˈter.əs/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a flat area outside a house, restaurant, etc. where you can sit
Dictionary example:
We had our drinks on the terrace.
Learner example:
I enjoyed the evenings sitting on your terrace listening to your interesting stories about your
childhood.
terribly /ˈter.ə.bli/
Word family:
Adjectives: terrible
Adverbs: terribly
ADVERB
VERY MUCH
[B1] very
She was terribly upset.
We were terribly lucky that nothing was damaged.
Learner example:
I'm terribly sorry but I've got a job interview.
VERY BADLY
[B2] very badly
Dictionary example:
I slept terribly last night.
Learner example:
Although he s[a]ng quite well, he danced terribly and that spoiled part of the show.
terrific /təˈrɪf.ɪk/
ADJECTIVE
VERY GOOD
[B1] very good
2277
Dictionary example:
It's a terrific opportunity.
Learner example:
My teacher is terrific and she's always happy.
LARGE/SERIOUS
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] very large, great, or serious
a terrific increase in prices
a terrific storm
Learner example:
Furthermore, the rubbish collection was a terrific problem, the smell was awful.
terrified /ˈter.ə.faɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: terror, terrorism, terrorist
Verbs: terrify
Adjectives: terrified, terrifying
ADJECTIVE
[B1] very frightened
He sat in the corner like a terrified child.
She's terrified of the dark.
She's terrified (that) her mother might find out.
Learner example:
I was really terrified. Then I turned on the light and...
terrify /ˈter.ə.faɪ/
Word family:
Verbs: terrify
VERB [T]
[B2] to frighten someone very much
Dictionary example:
The idea of parachuting out of a plane terrifies me.
2278
Learner example:
Instead my thoughts drifted away and started to terrify me once more.
terrifying /ˈter.əˌfɑɪ.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: terrify
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extremely frightening
Dictionary example:
It was a terrifying experience.
Learner example:
That was the most terrifying thing I have ever seen.
territory /ˈter.ɪ.tər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: territory
Adjectives: territorial
NOUN
COUNTRY'S LAND
[B2] [C or U] land that is owned or controlled by a particular country
He was shot down in enemy territory.
The UN is sending aid to the occupied territories.
Learner example:
In a way, Sweden is a unique country because it has never had any wars on its territory and
avoided the harmful effects of any conquer[or]s.
PERSON'S/ANIMAL'S LAND
[B2] [C or U] an area that an animal or person thinks belongs to them
Dictionary example:
Cats like to protect their territory.
Learner example:
I think that man [shouldn't] take animals out of their own territory.
2279
terror /ˈter.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: terrify
NOUN [U or L]
[B2] a feeling of being very frightened
They fled from the city in terror.
I will never forget the look of terror in her face.
Learner example:
I froze with terror.
terrorism /ˈter.ə.rɪ.zəm/
Word family:
Verbs: terrify
NOUN [U]
[B2] ! the use of violence for political purposes, for example putting bombs in
public places
Governments must cooperate if they are to fight international terrorism.
The bomb explosion was one of the worst acts of terrorism that Italy has experienced in recent
years.
terrorist /ˈter.ə.rɪst/
Word family:
Verbs: terrify
NOUN [C]
[B2] ! someone who is involved in terrorism
There has been an increase in terrorist attacks.
The government has said that it will not be intimidated by terrorist threats.
2280
Learner example:
Some people believed that their town was occupied by terrorists or even aliens.
tertiary /ˈtɜː.ʃə.ri/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Tertiary education is education at university or college level.
Dictionary example:
a tertiary institution
Learner example:
Most poor families can only afford [to send] their children up to the secondary education and their
eldest child up to the tertiary level.
test /test/
NOUN [C]
MEDICAL
[B1] a short medical examination of part of your body or of something such as

blood that is taken from your body
an eye test
a blood/urine test
a pregnancy test
The doctors have done some tests to try to find out what's wrong with her.
Learner example:
So I decided to call and ask for information, then as soon as I [had done] some medical tests I was
accepted.
SITUATION
[B2] a situation that shows how good something is
Dictionary example:
This project will be a real test of his ability.
Learner example:
It's true that asserting oneself in society is a real test of self-reliance and that a lot of people
encounter hardships.
2281
VERB [T]
EXAM
[B1] to give someone a set of questions, in order to measure their knowledge or

ability
Dictionary example:
You'll be tested on all the areas you've studied this term.
CHECK
[B2] to do something in order to discover if something is safe, works correctly, etc.
Dictionary example:
None of our products are tested on animals.
Learner example:
Before we can use a certain med[i]cine, hairspray, make-up, [etc,] it might have been tested on
animals to see [what] their reaction is.
PROVE QUALITY/STRENGTH, ETC.
[B2] If a situation tests someone, it proves how good, strong, etc. they are.
Dictionary example:
This next match will really test them.
Learner example:
This trip was organised by our form tutor, he wanted to test us [to see] if we trust[ed] each other
and worked in a team.
text /tekst/
NOUN
WORDS, NOT PICTURES
[B1] [U] the written words in a book, magazine, etc., not the pictures
Dictionary example:
a page of text
PIECE OF WRITING
[B1] [C] a short piece of writing that you discuss in class
Dictionary example:
Could you all read the text, please?
Learner example:
Next lesson I will have to read a small text.
2282
BOOK/PLAY
[B2] [C] a book or play that is studied for an examination
Dictionary example:
'Jane Eyre' is our set text this year.
texture /ˈteks.tʃər/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] the way that something feels when you touch it
Dictionary example:
wood with a rough texture
Learner example:
At the college they teach you how to make the arrangements, the use of colour, space, movement
and texture.
thank /θæŋk/
Word family:
Nouns: thanks
Verbs: thank
Adjectives: thankful
Adverbs: thankfully
VERB [T]
thank God INFORMAL
[B1] something you say when you are happy because something bad did not
happen
Dictionary example:
Thank God nobody was hurt in the accident.
Learner example:
"Thank God my car is OK", [he] said.
thankful /ˈθæŋk.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: thanks
Verbs: thank
Adverbs: thankfully
2283
ADJECTIVE
[C1] pleased or grateful about something
Dictionary example:
We were thankful that none of the children saw the accident.
Learner example:
This revolution led to our freedom and we are thankful to the heroic people of 1821, because if
they didn't start the revolution, we wouldn't be here today.
thankfully /ˈθæŋk.fəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: thanks
Verbs: thank
Adverbs: thankfully
ADVERB
[C1] used at the beginning of a sentence to show that you are pleased or grateful
about something
Dictionary example:
Thankfully, nobody was hurt.
Learner example:
Thankfully, with the help of the government, a recycling centre was built nearby and so the
rubbish littering the streets, as well as that being taken to the dump, was cut down by 60%.
thanks /θæŋks/
Word family:
Nouns: thanks
Verbs: thank
Adverbs: thankfully
EXCLAMATION
thanks to sb/sth
[B2] because of someone or something
I passed my driving test, thanks to the extra help my dad gave me.
Its thanks to Sandy that I heard about the job.
2284
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B2] words or actions that show you are grateful or pleased about something
They expressed their thanks to the organisers.
He wrote a letter of thanks to the hospital.
Learner example:
Give thanks also to your wife, we really ap[p]reciate[d] her marvellous cooking.
thank you /ˈθæŋk.ju/
[B1] something that you say or do in order to show that you are grateful for
something
I'd like to say a big thank you to everyone for all their help.
The chocolates were a thank you for looking after the children.
Learner example:
I'm writing to say [a] very big thank you for our fantastic weekend.
that /ðæt/
DETERMINER (PLURAL those)
that sort of thing

group of things
Dictionary example:
They sell souvenirs, postcards, that sort of thing.
Learner example:
I also enjoy using new clothes for the first time, but I prefer buying other stuff like electronic
devices or that sort of thing.
PRONOUN (PLURAL those)
RELATIVE CLAUSE
[B1] used instead of 'who' or 'which' at the beginning of a relative clause
Dictionary example:
Have you eaten all the cake that I made yesterday?
2285
Learner example:
I like my old-fashioned blue jeans, [and] the old shoes that I always use.
and all that

[B1] used for saying that other similar things are included or that the whole of a
situation is considered
He told us about his school and all that.
We decided to stay in bed, with it being a holiday and all that.
Learner example:
I really enjoy shopping for clothes, but not only for clothes, also for things like earrings and all
that!
that's it
[B1] used to say that something has ended
Well that's it then, we've finished.
I think that's it for now - I'll email you about the other project next week.
Learner example:
Well, that's it. Good luck and have a good time.
that's it
[B2] used to say that something is correct
Dictionary example:
You need to push the two pieces together. That's it.
REACTION
[B2] used to express a reaction to something
I didn't know she'd been so ill. That's terrible.
Turn the engine on, then put the car in gear. That's right.
Smile for the camera. That's more like it.
PAST
[B2] used to refer to events or experiences in the past
Dictionary example:
That was before we had a car.
Learner example:
That was when I went to live in Barcelona by myself in a student residence.
that's that
[C1] used to say that something has happened or a decision has been made and
there is nothing more to say or do
2286
Dictionary example:
I won't agree to it and that's that.
Learner example:
That's it and that's that!" as they say in the "Sorbits-advertis[e]ment" Bye!
that is (to say)

[C1] used to correct something you have said or give more information about
something
Dictionary example:
Everybody was at the meeting, well everyone except Jeanne, that is.
Learner example:
All in all, the students who participated in this programme were quite happy and had an enjoyable
time there, except for some, that is.
ADVERB
[B2] used when describing the size, amount, or state of something or someone
She's too young to walk that far.
It wasn't (all) that good.
Learner example:
My English isn't that bad, actually I have been taught English in school for six years.
the /ðiː/
DETERMINER
YOUR
[B1] used instead of a possessive adjective such as 'your', 'her' or 'my'
He held her by the arm.
Where did I park the car?
Learner example:
There [are] a lot of people, and there are a lot of cars, so you would have problems find[ing] a
place to park the car.
TIME
[B2] used before numbers that refer to periods of ten years
Dictionary example:
the sixties
2287
Learner example:
For example, people in the 1950s who didn't have computers are likely to have had difficulty in
checking information, booking tickets, and communicating with each other.
COMPARE
[B2] used before each of two adjectives or adverbs to show how one thing changes
depending on another
Dictionary example:
The longer we live here, the more we like it.
Learner example:
In many cases, the more things you learn, the less things you know.
the first floor /ˌfɜːstˈflɔː/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B1] the floor of a building that is directly above ground level
Dictionary example:
She works on the first floor.
Learner example:
My bedroom is on the first floor.
the first person /ˌfɜːstˈpɜː.sən/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B2] the form of a verb or pronoun that is used when people are speaking or
writing about themselves. For example, 'I' and 'we' are first person pronouns.
Dictionary example:
Autobiographies are written in the first person.
theft /θeft/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] ! the action or crime of stealing something
car theft
Unfortunately, we have had several thefts in the building recently.
2288
Learner example:
So, who was [it] that made this [such a] perfectly-organised theft?
the ground floor /ˌgraʊndˈflɔː/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B1] the floor of a building that is at the same level as the ground outside
Dictionary example:
My office is on the ground floor.
Learner example:
We followed them to a new club in Siena. It is on the ground floor of an old building.
their /ðeər/
DETERMINER
TO AVOID HIS/HERS
[B1] used to refer to what belongs to or relates to a person when you want to avoid
saying 'his' or 'her' or when you do not know if the person is male or female
One of the students has left their book behind.
So did this person give their name?
the last minute /ˌlɑːstˈmɪnɪt/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B2] the latest possible opportunity for doing something
They only told me at the last minute that they couldn't come.
Why do you always leave everything till the last minute?
Learner example:
We were very disappointed to hear that the actor was replaced by [an]other at the last minute.
2289
them /ðem/
PRONOUN
TO AVOID HIM/HER
[B1] used after a verb or preposition to refer to a person when you want to avoid
saying 'him' or 'her' or when you do not know if the person is male or female
Dictionary example:
When each passenger arrives, we ask them to fill in a form.
theme /θiːm/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the subject of a talk, book, film, etc.
Dictionary example:
The theme of loss runs through most of his novels.
Learner example:
I think that the basic theme of the book is very original and the author has written lots of great
novels.
the middle class /ˌmɪd.l

̩ˈklɑːs/
NOUN (ALSO the middle classes)

[C1] the social group consisting of well-educated people who have good jobs and
are neither very rich nor very poor
Dictionary example:
These tax increases will affect the middle class badly.
Learner example:
They also show the efforts parents make to keep the family happy, especially when the middle
class in Argentina started to struggle after the economic crisis in 2001.
2290
themselves /ðəmˈselvz/
PRONOUN
EMPHASIS
[B2] used to emphasize the pronoun 'they' or the particular group of people you are
referring to
The staff themselves were unhappy with the decision.
They themselves had no knowledge of what was happening.
Learner example:
Many times they think they themselves [have taken] part in a car race.
then /ðen/
ADVERB
IN ADDITION
[B2] used in order to add something to what you have just said
I've got two essays to write and then my science project to finish.
This is the standard model, then there's the luxury version which costs more.
now and then

[B2] If something happens now and then, it happens sometimes but not very often.
Dictionary example:
I love chocolate, but I only eat it now and then.
Learner example:
If you really love to have a snack now and then, try to eat fruit and vegetables, instead of sweets.
every now and then

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
then.
2291
theory /ˈθɪə.ri/
Word family:
Nouns: theory
Adjectives: theoretical
Adverbs: theoretically
NOUN
IDEA
[B2] [C] an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something
Darwin's theory of evolution
He has a theory that the hole was caused by a meteorite.
Learner example:
During his full time schedule, he worked [o]n his project about "relative theory".
in theory
[B2] If something is possible in theory, it should be possible, but often it does not
happen in that way.
Dictionary example:
In theory, the journey ought to take three hours, but in practice it usually takes four because of
roadworks.
Learner example:
To sum up, in theory you can find a lot of solutions [to] this problem, but in practi[c]e, actually
some people who hunt without permission [aren't] punished.
therapeutic /ˌθer.əˈpjuː.tɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: therapy, therapist
Adjectives: therapeutic
ADJECTIVE
HEALTH
[C1] helping to cure a disease or improve your health
Dictionary example:
the therapeutic benefits of massage
Learner example:
The drink produced, tsikondia, is one of the ne[c]essary drinks for the cold nights of winter. It is
also believed to have therapeutic effects on people's health.
2292
RELAXED
[C1] helping you to feel happier and more relaxed
Dictionary example:
I find gardening very therapeutic.
Learner example:
Some people consider shopping therapeutic, much like a hobby.
therapist /ˈθer.ə.pɪst/
Word family:
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone whose job is to treat a particular type of mental or physical illness
Dictionary example:
a speech therapist
Learner example:
Teams [for athletes or swimmers] are built of: coach, physiologist, diet therapist, physiotherapist,
doctor and massage therapist.
therapy /ˈθer.ə.pi/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the work of treating mental or physical illness without using an operation
speech therapy
group therapy
Learner example:
In another way, I can say that books [are] the best stress management therapy; they are easy to
carry wherever you go.
2293
there /ðeər/
ADVERB
POINT
[B2] at a particular point in a process or activity
Do you want to play another game or do you want to stop there?
I'll have to stop you there, we've run out of time.
Keep on trying - you'll get there in the end.
Learner example:
My misfortunes don't stop there.
here and there

[B2] in several different places but without any pattern
Dictionary example:
Tall trees were growing here and there.
Learner example:
In the cinemas there were a few broken seats here and there.
thereby /ˌðeəˈbaɪ/
ADVERB FORMAL
[C1] as a result of a particular action or event
Dictionary example:
The new dam will improve the water supply and thereby reduce hunger and disease.
Learner example:
By interacting live with people from all over the world, you can use non-native languages on a
daily basis and thereby help developing your foreign language skills.
therefore /ˈðeə.fɔːr/
ADVERB
[B1] for that reason
Dictionary example:
We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.
2294
Learner example:
[I] want to make it look more modern. Therefore, I've decided to get a CD player and some
speakers.
thermometer /θərˈmɒm.ɪ.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a piece of equipment that measures the temperature of air or of your body
Dictionary example:
Keep the thermometer under your tongue.
the seaside /ˈsiː.saɪd/
NOUN
[B1] an area or town next to the sea
Dictionary example:
We had a picnic at the seaside.
Learner example:
Near the seaside there are so many bars, where you can spend such a nice time.
the second person /ˌsek.əndˈpɜː.sən/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B2] the form of a verb or pronoun that is used when referring to the person being
spoken or written to
Dictionary example:
'You' is a second person pronoun.
thesis /ˈθiː.sɪs/ (PLURAL theses)
NOUN [C]
WRITING
[B2] a long piece of writing that you do as part of an advanced university course
Dictionary example:
a doctoral thesis
2295
Learner example:
For me, this is an advantage because I need to have a lot of information for my doctoral thesis.
the third person /ˌθɜːdˈpɜː.sən/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B2] the form of a verb or pronoun that is used when referring to the person or
thing being spoken about or described
Dictionary example:
'She' is a third person pronoun.
the upper class /ˌʌp.əˈklɑːs/
NOUN (ALSO the upper classes)

[C1] the social group consisting of the people of the highest social class, who are
usually rich
Dictionary example:
The upper class usually send their children to expensive private schools.
Learner example:
I've just chosen to travel south and back in time to be a Roman lady, belonging to the upper class
of course, living an easy life full of pleasure.
the working class /ˌwɜː.kɪŋˈklɑːs/
NOUN (ALSO the working classes)

[C1] the social group consisting of people who do not get paid much money and
who often do physical work
Dictionary example:
He sees the prime minister's comments as an attack on the working class.
Learner example:
A member of the working class, for example, was not expected to wear something smart, as he
didn't represent the company.
2296
they /ðeɪ/
PRONOUN
PERSON
[B1] used to refer to a person when you want to avoid saying 'he' or 'she' or when
you do not know if the person is male or female
Dictionary example:
"There's someone on the phone for you." "What do they want?"
PEOPLE
[B2] people in general
Dictionary example:
They say that breaking a mirror brings you seven years' bad luck.
Learner example:
They say it is getting harder and harder to live without computers. But is it really true?
thick /θɪk/
ADJECTIVE
NOT THIN
[B1] Something that is thick is larger than usual between its opposite sides.
a thick rope
a thick layer of dust
She picked up a thick volume and began to read out loud.
a thick sweater/coat
The walls are two metres thick.
Learner example:
I have to wear thick clothes.
CLOSE TOGETHER
[B1] growing close together and in large amounts
thick forest
thick dark hair
Learner example:
I was looking [at] a land of moor, m[a]rsh, and thick forest.
2297
SMOKE, ETC.
[B2] difficult to see through
Dictionary example:
Thick, black smoke was pouring out of the chimney.
Learner example:
We tried to walk [down] the stairs but the smoke was just getting thicker and thicker so we had to
climb up on the roof.
thief /θiːf/ (PLURAL thieves)
NOUN [C]
[B1] ! someone who steals things
a car thief
Thieves stole £120, 000 worth of computer equipment.
Learner example:
I watched three police officers trying to arrest the thieves but they fail[ed].
thigh /θaɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the top part of your leg above your knee
Dictionary example:
My thighs were aching after the climb.
Learner example:
Cycling is - among other things - very healthy, the heart starts pumping blood, your lungs get
exercised and of course, you get smashing, sexy thighs.
thing /θɪŋ/
NOUN
a thing
[B1] used instead of 'anything' in order to emphasize what you are saying
I haven't got a thing to wear.
Don't worry about a thing. I'll take care of it.
2298
Learner example:
the same thing

[B1] the same
Dictionary example:
Training isn't the same thing as education.
Learner example:
I had lost my favourite watch. Now I have another watch but it isn't the same thing.
things
[B1] what is happening, especially in your life
How are things with you?
Things have been going very well recently.
Learner example:
How are things in your part of the world? Things are fine with me.
things like that

[B1] similar objects, activities or events
We eat a lot of Italian food - pizza, pasta, things like that.
I do a lot of football and running and things like that.
IDEA
[B2] [C] used to refer to an idea or comment
Dictionary example:
I can't believe he would say such a thing!
Learner example:
I got mad and said "How dare you say such a thing."
the whole thing

[B2] everything about a situation
I just want to forget the whole thing.
The whole thing is ridiculous!
Learner example:
And, less than five minutes later, our mother knew the whole thing.
among other things

[B2] used to say that there are other details or examples in addition to the ones you
are mentioning
2299
Dictionary example:
It's worth visiting the museum while you're here. There's an exhibition about Darwin and a good
collection of paintings, among other things.
Learner example:
To go by tram or bus is a waste of time and travelling by car is - among other things - a waste of
money.
no such thing
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
the thing is...

[B2] INFORMAL used to introduce an answer, comment or explanation
I'd love to go out tonight, but the thing is, I've got to finish my report.
The funny/strange thing is that we'd actually met before.
Learner example:
The thing is that on July 23rd I had not found any outfit that suited me yet, which made me feel
desperate.
it's a good thing

[B2] If it's a good thing that something happened, it is lucky or fortunate that it
happened.
Dictionary example:
It's a good thing (that) we booked our tickets early.
Learner example:
I think it's a good thing that your parents [are going to] come, because [...] maybe it would make it
easier for you to convince them to let you spend a week here during Xmas.
not a single thing

[B2] not anything
Dictionary example:
After the guests had gone, there wasn't a single thing left to eat.
Learner example:
I'm terribly sorry, but I hit it with my hand while trying to turn on the light: I wasn't able to see a
single thing because it was pitch-dark all around.
the main thing

[B2] the most important fact in a situation
2300
Dictionary example:
You're happy and that's the main thing.
Learner example:
The main thing is to be happy and to love yourself.
PERSON/ANIMAL
[B2] [C] used to refer to a person or animal when you are expressing your feelings
towards them
You look tired, you poor thing.
He's spending three months in Barbados, lucky thing!
Learner example:
When I go to the zoo I like to see them close by me, [and] look at them carefully; but at the same
time I say: "Poor thing, I wouldn't like to be one of them."

aspects
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
students.
the next best thing

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
a sure thing
[C1] something that is certain to happen
Dictionary example:
Death is the one sure thing about life.
Learner example:
There is only one sure thing, we are not able to even imagine what we will be able to do in the
future to get communicated.
2301
think /θɪŋk/
Word family:
Nouns: thinker
VERB (thought, thought)
USE BRAIN
[B1] [I] to use the brain to plan something, understand a situation, etc.
He thought for a few seconds before answering.
You should think about where you want to live.
I'm so sorry I upset you - I just wasn't thinking.
Learner example:
I thought for a few days and finally decided to buy "Titanic".
think of sth
[B1] to use your imagination and intelligence to produce an idea, a solution to a
problem, or an answer to a question
When did you first think of the idea?
I need to think of a suitable way to fix the door.
Learner example:
Sud[d]enly I thought of a simp[le] way to get money from him.
REMEMBER
[B1] [I] to remember someone or something
I was just thinking about you when you phoned.
I often think of our time in Egypt.
Learner example:
I often think of them. I miss them so much.
CONSIDER PEOPLE
[B2] [I] to consider a person's needs or wishes
Dictionary example:
She's always thinking of others.
Learner example:
If you don't think of your family and private life, at least think of your health.
2302
not think straight
[C1] If you cannot think straight, you are not thinking clearly about something.
Dictionary example:
I was so tired, I couldn't think straight.
Learner example:
My stress wouldn't let me think straight.
think of sb/sth as sth

[C1] to have a particular opinion about someone or something
Dictionary example:
They were thought of as slightly eccentric.
Learner example:
Today's youth is thought of as lazy "couch potatoes" and unhealthy "computer-freaks", but this is
only true for the minority of young people.
think twice
[C1] to carefully consider whether what you are planning is a good idea
Dictionary example:
I'd think twice about spending so much money on one thing, if I were you.
Learner example:
Now I will think twice before I buy your paper again.
not think twice

[C1] to do something immediately, without considering whether it is a good idea
Dictionary example:
When he asked me out, I didn't think twice!
Learner example:
Your advertisement seemed very convincing and as I intended to travel to exotic locations I did
not think twice.
third /θɜːd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of three equal parts of something
Dictionary example:
He cut the cake into thirds.
Learner example:
Two thirds said we should film [the students] playing football.
2303
thirst /θɜːst/
Word family:
Nouns: thirst
Adjectives: thirsty
NOUN [U NO PLURAL]
WANTING DRINK
[B2] the feeling that you want or need to drink something
Dictionary example:
We were all suffering from thirst.
Learner example:
Many animals died of hunger and thirst.
thirty /ˈθɜː.ti/
NUMBER
(be) in your thirties

Dictionary example:
More women are having their first child in their thirties.
Learner example:
He was in his thirties and really handsome.
the thirties
Dictionary example:
They moved to Paris in the thirties.
Learner example:
In the beginning of the thirties in [the] USA the film industry [grew].
this /ðɪs/
ADVERB
[C1] used when describing the size, amount, or state of something or someone
It was only about this high off the ground.
She has never been this late for school before.
2304
thorough /ˈθʌr.ə/
Word family:
Adjectives: thorough
Adverbs: thoroughly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] careful and including every detail
a thorough revision of the manuscript
They did a thorough search of the area but found nothing.
Learner example:
People believe that school aims to give pupils a thorough education in each subject, in order to
enable them to deal with various kinds of situations.
thoroughly /ˈθʌr.ə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: thorough
Adverbs: thoroughly
ADVERB
VERY MUCH
[B2] completely, very much
Dictionary example:
I thoroughly enjoyed the performance.
Learner example:
I thoroughly enjoyed reading "Animal Farm" because it is a satire based on the Russian Revolution.
CAREFULLY
[B2] very carefully
Dictionary example:
Wash the spinach thoroughly before cooking.
Learner example:
The murder had been thoroughly planned.
2305
those /ðəʊz/
DETERMINER; PRONOUN
those who/which/that
[B2] the people or things that
Those who wish to leave may do so now.
Most of the plates are clean. Those that aren't should be put in the dishwasher.
Learner example:
Lately, it has been discussed whether students must study all the subjects or only those which
they prefer.
though /ðəʊ/
CONJUNCTION
DESPITE
[B1] despite the fact that
She hasn't phoned, though she said she would.
Though she's 38, she's still playing tennis at the highest level.
Learner example:
Today the sun is shining and it's quite hot, though it's [only] 9 o'clock in the morning.
even though
[B2] although
Even though it was getting dark, we decided to walk on to the next village.
He still smokes even though he's got asthma.
Learner example:
They didn't give up hope even though they were tired and wet to the bone.
as though
Dictionary example:
It looks as though they're not going.
Learner example:
Sometimes it almost looks as though they are crying.
2306
BUT
[B2] but
Dictionary example:
They're coming next week, though I don't know which day.
Learner example:
I can read and understand French, though I don't speak [it] very well.
ADVERB
[B2] used especially at the end of a sentence, to add a fact or opinion to what you
have just said
Dictionary example:
Okay, I'll come to the party. I'm not staying late though.
Learner example:
It would be fun to work with you. There are a few things we should think about though.
thought /θɔːt/
Word family:
Nouns: thought
Adjectives: thoughtful, thoughtless
Adverbs: thoughtfully
NOUN
IDEA
[B1] [C] an idea or opinion or an image that comes into your mind
Do you have any thoughts about/on where you want to spend Christmas?
The thought of seeing her again filled him with happiness.
If you could let me have your thoughts on that report by Friday, I'd be grateful.
Learner example:
Her thoughts were interrupted by Ben, who asked if she wanted to go for a walk with him.
THINKING
[B2] [U] the activity of thinking, or when you think about something carefully
She sat staring at the picture, deep in thought.
You'll need to give the matter some thought.
Learner example:
I am concerned so please give it some thought.
2307
thoughtful /ˈθɔːt.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: thought
Adjectives: thoughtful, thoughtless
Adverbs: thoughtfully
ADJECTIVE
KIND
[B2] kind and always thinking about how you can help other people
Thank you for phoning when I was ill - it was very thoughtful of you.
She's a very thoughtful person.
Learner example:
It was so thoughtful to think of me and send this letter.
CAREFULLY CONSIDERING
[C1] carefully considering things
Dictionary example:
He has a thoughtful approach to his work.
Learner example:
So we have less time to prepare breakfast, lunch or dinner in a more "thoughtful" manner.
thousand /ˈθaʊ.zənd/ (PLURAL thousand or thousands)
NUMBER
thousands
[B2] INFORMAL a lot
Dictionary example:
She tried on thousands of dresses but didn't like any of them
threat /θret/
Word family:
Nouns: threat
Verbs: threaten
2308
NOUN
DAMAGE
[B2] [C] someone or something that could cause harm or damage
a threat to the environment
Smoking poses a serious threat to your health.
Learner example:
That is the only way to protect human life from this serious threat.
THING SAID
[B2] [C] when someone says they will kill or hurt you, or cause problems for you if
you do not do what they want
a death threat
I was scared he would carry out his threat.
Learner example:
Since then we have been receiving threats.
threaten /ˈθret.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: threat
Verbs: threaten
VERB
HARM
[B2] [T] to tell someone that you will kill or hurt them, or cause problems for them if
they do not do what you want
He threatened the staff with a gun and demanded money.
He threatened to report her to the police.
Learner example:
The others joined us, and they began to threaten us with their knives.
DAMAGE
[C1] [T] to be likely to cause harm or damage to something or someone
Dictionary example:
His knee problem is threatening his cycling career.
2309
Learner example:
In addition to air pollution, more noise will take place and as a result, our city residents' health
will be threatened.
thrill /θrɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: thriller, thrill
Verbs: thrill
Adjectives: thrilled, thrilling
NOUN [C]
[C1] a strong feeling of excitement and pleasure
It was a big thrill meeting the stars of the show.
the thrill of winning a competition
Learner example:
SURFING Riding the waves can be the thrill of a lifetime.
thrilled /θrɪld/
Word family:
Verbs: thrill
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very excited and pleased
Dictionary example:
She was thrilled with your present.
Learner example:
I'm thrilled with the idea of working with you.
thriller /ˈθrɪl.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: thrill
NOUN [C]
[B1] a book or film with an exciting story, often about crime
2310
Dictionary example:
I like reading thrillers.
Learner example:
I'm reading the thriller [by] Dan Brown: "Angeli e Demoni", it's wonderful.
thrilling /ˈθrɪl.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: thrill
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very exciting
Dictionary example:
a thrilling game
Learner example:
What has made me hesitate to join a diving club is that deep water really scares me, [but] at the
same time I feel excited by the thrilling feeling.
thrive /θraɪv/
Word family:
Verbs: thrive
Adjectives: thriving
VERB [I]
[C1] to grow very well, or to become very healthy or successful
The business is thriving.
He seems to thrive on hard work.
Learner example:
She seems to thrive on criticism and wants to get better at everything she does.
throat /θrəʊt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the front of the neck, or the space inside the neck down which food and air
can go
2311
a sore throat
A fish bone got stuck in my throat.
He cleared his throat and started speaking.
Learner example:
I ca[ught] a cold and I have a sore throat too, so I can't talk properly.
through /θruː/
PREPOSITION
START TO END
[B1] from the start to the end of something
He worked through the night.
The phone rang halfway through the programme.
Learner example:
It begins in the evening and goes through the night, because it's a very long play.
BECAUSE OF
[B1] because of someone or something, or with someone's help
I got the job through a friend of my mum's.
He became ill through eating undercooked meat.
Learner example:
I knew her through my husband, she is my husband's friend's wife.
ADVERB
[B1] from one end or side to another
He opened the door and walked through.
The needle just wouldn't go through.
Learner example:
A few bombs crashed close to the car but we managed to get through.
ADJECTIVE
[C1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] A through train goes all the way from one place to another
place without the passenger having to change trains.
Dictionary example:
We caught the through train to Manchester.
2312
Learner example:
Then go to the information desk and ask about the time of departure of through trains to Lodz.
throughout /θruːˈaʊt/
PREPOSITION
WHOLE TIME
[B2] during the whole of a period of time
Dictionary example:
He yawned throughout the performance.
Learner example:
This teahouse is packed throughout [the] day with workers and retired people, who come to sip
tea, talk, and watch the endless stream of passers-by in the old city of China.
EVERYWHERE
[C1] in every part of a place
Dictionary example:
The same laws apply throughout much of Europe.
Learner example:
Being the owner of [a] driving licence has become a dream [for the] majority of young, middle-
aged or even elderly people throughout the world.
ADVERB
[C1] in every part of a place or during the whole of a period of time
Dictionary example:
The house was painted pink throughout.
Learner example:
Children's stories, however, were one of the most successful parts of the Activity Day and all of
the spectators were on the edge of their seats throughout.
throw /θrəʊ/
VERB [I or T] (threw, thrown)
throw sth in/on, etc.

[C1] to put something somewhere quickly and without thinking about it
Dictionary example:
He threw his clothes on the floor and got into bed.
2313
Learner example:
Also we apologise [profuse]ly about the rubbish they throw on the streets.
thumb /θʌm/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the short thick finger on the side of your hand which makes it possible to hold
and pick things up easily
Dictionary example:
She still sucks her thumb.
Learner example:
After, we lit the candles, took our seats round the table, put all [our] hands in front of us above
the table and joined thumbs and little fingers to make a circle.
a rule of thumb
[C1] a way of calculating something, which is not exact but which will help you to
be correct enough
Dictionary example:
As a rule of thumb, you need one egg for every 125g flour.
Learner example:
As a rule of thumb, one third of the people working in central Copenhagen [go] by car, one third
by public transport, and one third by bike.
thunder /ˈθʌn.dər/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the loud noise in the sky that you hear during a storm
Dictionary example:
thunder and lightning
Learner example:
They said something about thunder and rain.
thus /ðʌs/ FORMAL
ADVERB
[B2] used after saying a fact to introduce what then happened as a result
2314
Dictionary example:
They planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs.
Learner example:
As a result of the density, the atmosphere in the halls also became hot and humid, thus making
the whole experience rather unpleasant.
tick /tɪk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a mark that shows that something is correct or has been done
Dictionary example:
Put a tick by/against the names of the people who have accepted the invitation.
VERB
[B1] [T] to make a mark that shows something is correct or has been done
Dictionary example:
Tick the words you hear in the recording.
tide /taɪd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the regular rise and fall in the level of the sea
high/low tide
The tide is out/in.
Learner example:
We visited a marvellous old fishermen's village, that is isolated from the rest of the island during
high tide.
tidy /ˈtaɪ.di/
Word family:
Verbs: tidy
Adjectives: tidy, untidy
VERB [T]
tidy up (sth) or tidy (sth) up PHRASAL VERB
[B1] to make a place or a collection of things tidy
2315
Could you tidy up your toys, please?
I was just tidying up in the sitting room.
Learner example:
I can't believe they broke up - just yesterday I was tidying up my room when I cam[e] across the
photos of our last holiday in Spain, where we were together with Peter and Veronika.
tie /taɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: tie
Verbs: tie, untie
VERB (tying, tied, tied)
FASTEN
[B1] [I or T] to fasten something with string, rope, etc.
The dog was tied to a tree.
This skirt ties at the waist.
She tied the ribbon tightly in a bow/knot.
I tie my hair back when it's hot.
Learner example:
But I knew and felt that my knif[e] was still tied to my leg.
MAKE A KNOT
[B1] [T] to make a knot in a piece of string, rope, etc.
She tied the scarf.
Could you tie this piece of string for me?
Tie (up) your shoelaces, or you'll trip over.
Learner example:
While Jane was tying the lace, she convinced herself that it was just her imagination.
tiger /ˈtaɪ.gər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a large wild cat that has yellow fur with black lines on it
Dictionary example:
The zoo has several tigers.
2316
Learner example:
We saw elephants, tigers, snakes, [and] monkeys.
tight /taɪt/
Word family:
Verbs: tighten
Adjectives: tight
Adverbs: tight, tightly
ADJECTIVE
CLOTHES
[B1] fitting your body very closely
Dictionary example:
a tight skirt
Learner example:
I hate tight trousers.
FIRM
[B2] firm and difficult to move
Make sure the knot is tight.
I kept a tight grip on his arm.
Learner example:
You should always wear a tight s[ea]tbelt because it c[ould] save your life.
CONTROLLED
[B2] controlled and obeying all rules completely
tight security
The school kept tight control of its policy on school uniform.
Learner example:
The building is huge with high technology and construction and [has] tight security.
NOT MUCH
[B2] If money, time, or space is tight, there is only just enough of it.
This holiday destination is good for people on a tight budget.
We should get six people into the car but it will be tight.
Learner example:
Finally, as I am a student on a very tight budget, I would prefer a cheap B and B, or a family.
2317
ADVERB
[B2] very firmly or closely
Hold on tight!
His eyes were shut tight.
Learner example:
He held her tight and kissed her.
tighten /ˈtaɪ.tən/
Word family:
Verbs: tighten
Adjectives: tight
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to become tighter or to make something become tighter
His hand tightened around her arm.
Tighten the straps so they don't rub.
As he struggled, the ropes tightened even more.
We tightened up all the screws.
Learner example:
They simply filled the bathtub with ice cold water and tightened the belts.
tightly /ˈtaɪt.li/
Word family:
Verbs: tighten
Adjectives: tight
ADVERB
[B2] firmly or closely
I gripped the telephone tightly.
She hugged me tightly.
Learner example:
She did not want to be eaten, and held her son tightly to her breast.
2318
till /tɪl/
CONJUNCTION
[B1] until
Dictionary example:
How long is it till your baby is due?
Learner example:
Everything seemed normal till I arrived in Berlin.
time /taɪm/
Word family:
Nouns: time, timing
Verbs: time
NOUN
WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS
[B1] [U NO PLURAL] a particular point of the day, week, month, year, etc. that is
suitable for a particular activity, or at which something is expected to happen
holiday time
party time
When would be a good time for me to call you?
it's time
[B1] used to say that something should happen or be done now
It's time I was leaving.
Is it time to go home yet?
Learner example:
My father called me on the phone and told me it was time to go home!
AVAILABLE OR NEEDED
[B1] [U] a number of minutes, hours, days, etc. that is available for something or
that is needed for something
If I have time, I'll call Sam.
Have you got time for a quick drink after work?
I'd like to learn to sail, but I haven't the time.
I haven't got time to go to the shops today.
She ran out of time and didn't finish the last question.
2319
Learner example:
If you'll have time you can visit the other towns like Cosly' Krumlov or Pisek.
in time
[B1] early or at the right time
Dictionary example:
We arrived in time to catch the train.
Learner example:
If I [don']t come back in time, you can put [a] note on my desk.
on time
[B1] not early or late
Dictionary example:
I got to school on time.
Learner example:
So, I will not be on time for my English class tomorrow.
at the same time

[B1] If two things happen at the same time, they happen together.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
three/eight/nine, etc. times

[B1] used to say how much bigger, better, worse, etc. one thing is than another
thing
Ben earns three times more than me.
He gets paid nearly three times as much as me.
Learner example:
[I]n my opinion, you must visit the cities, [which are] three times better than the countryside.
in a day's/two months', etc. time

[B1] a week, two months, etc. from now
Dictionary example:
I have to go to the doctor again in a month's time.
Learner example:
We are back in 2 weeks' time.
once upon a time

2320
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
HISTORICAL PERIOD
[B2] [C] a period in history
Charles Dickens' novel "A Tale of Two Cities" is set at the time of the French Revolution.
In/During medieval times, women thought to be witches were burnt at the stake.
In times gone by, all crops were harvested by hand.
He is widely regarded as one of the best writers of modern/our times.
We sat and talked about old times.
Learner example:
It was so nice to see all members of the family and have [the] opportunity to talk about old times,
as well [as] old friends.
from time to time

Dictionary example:
From time to time I still think of her.
Learner example:
I wash the dishes from time to time (I sometimes try to avoid this unpleasant duty) and clean our
house.
for some time

[B2] for a long period of time
Dictionary example:
I've been doing yoga for some time.
Learner example:
I have been observing you for some time and it's now quite clear to me that you have been
working too hard since you changed your job.
for the time being

[C1] for now but not permanently
I'm living with my parents for the time being.
Leave the ironing for the time being - I'll do it later.
Learner example:
I think that is all for the time being.
2321
about/high time INFORMAL
[C1] If it is about time that someone did something, it should have been done
sooner or a long time ago.
It's about time (that) the school improved its meals service.
It is high time for Europe to take responsibility for its own defence.
Learner example:
It's high time [we tried] to stop all the troubles which are around us.
IN A PLACE
[C1] [U] the time in a particular place
Dictionary example:
The plane arrives at 20.50, New York time.
Learner example:
My phon[e] number at work is 66291 and at home (after 16.30 local time), 84796.
at times
[C1] sometimes
Dictionary example:
At times, I wish I didn't have to go to school.
Learner example:
STUDYING METHODS All teachers at the college are high[ly]-skilled professionals and can be very
demanding at times, but this is [in] your best interest[s].
make time
[C1] to leave enough time to do something although you are busy
You have to make time to do your homework.
He never made enough time for family life.
Learner example:
I'm terribly sorry for not being able to make time to pick you up when you arrive.
take your time

[C1] to do something without hurrying
Dictionary example:
Take your time choosing - there's no hurry.
Learner example:
If you're going to land at the 'Lugano-Agno' airport, as you told me in your last letter, the first
thing I recommend to you is to be patient and take your time.
behind the times

[C1] not fashionable or modern
2322
Dictionary example:
Dad's a bit behind the times.
Learner example:
We [should] improve our equipment. Otherwise we will be behind the times.
in no time
[C1] very soon
Dictionary example:
We'll be home in no time.
Learner example:
Team work is very important for us and you will make many friends in no time.
it's only a matter of time

[C1] If you say that it is only a matter of time before something happens, you are
sure it will happen but you do not know when.
Dictionary example:
It's only a matter of time before someone gets killed on this road.
Learner example:
In my opinion it is only a matter of time before it is decided to [put] an end to this country being a
kingdom.
VERB [T]
MEASURE HOW LONG
[B2] to measure how long it takes for something to happen or for someone to do
something
Dictionary example:
It's a good idea to time yourself while you do the exercises.
time-consuming /ˈtaɪm.kənˌsjuː.mɪŋ/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] needing a lot of time
Dictionary example:
The legal process was time-consuming and expensive.
Learner example:
SMSs are too short and inconvenient to threat[en] face-to-face communication. They can only
transfer a small amount of information and typing them is time-consuming.
2323
times /taɪmz/
PREPOSITION
[B2] multiplied by
Dictionary example:
What is eight times fourteen?
timetable /ˈtaɪmˌteɪ.bl
̩/
NOUN [C]
BUS/TRAIN
[B1] a list of times when buses, trains, etc. arrive and leave
Dictionary example:
Do you have a Birmingham to London train timetable that I could borrow?
PLAN
[B2] a list of dates and times that shows when things will happen
The timetable for our trip to Paris includes visits to Notre Dame, the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre.
Here is the timetable of events for the day.
Learner example:
Could you kindly send me some information about the activities and timetable of the club?
timing /ˈtaɪ.mɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: time, timing
Verbs: time
NOUN [U]
[B2] the time when something happens
Dictionary example:
"Are we early?" "No, your timing is perfect - dinner is almost ready."
Learner example:
[The] timing was perfect, the car was waiting for us [and] it was really easy.
2324
tin /tɪn/
NOUN
FOOD CONTAINER
[B1] [C] a metal container in which food is sold
a tin of beans
piles of soup tins
Learner example:
The only thing I have is a tin of beans and a laser gun stolen from one of the cyborguards.
FOR STORING
[B2] [C] a metal container with a lid that you keep food or other substances in
a biscuit tin
a tin of paint
Learner example:
Meanwhile it was 11.15 p.m. and I [had] just asked my husband to take away the tins [of] paint
from the stairs when suddenly the lights went out.
tiny /ˈtaɪ.ni/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] extremely small
the baby's tiny hands
a tiny little cottage
I was a tiny bit late.
Learner example:
I got a small cottage in a tiny village, called San Bernardino.
tip /tɪp/
NOUN [C]
ADVICE
[B1] a piece of useful advice
2325
He includes a few tips on growing vegetables.
She's given me a number of useful gardening tips.
Learner example:
Dear Julie, Sam, and Max I'm just writing to give you guys some tips about your trip to Brazil.
PAYMENT
[B1] an extra amount of money that you give to a driver, someone working in a
restaurant, etc. to thank them
a 15% tip
He gave the porter a tip.
Have you left a tip for the waiter?
Learner example:
You could also work in a pub or in a restaurant, the advantage there is get[ting] extra money
besides the agreed salary, because customers give tips.
END
[C1] the end of something long and narrow
the tips of your fingers
the tip of a pencil
Learner example:
These days there are so many [functions] available [o]n your mobile phone that you won't have to
do much, it's all there at the tip of your finger.
tired /taɪəd/
Word family:
Nouns: tiredness
Verbs: tire
Adjectives: tired, tiring
ADJECTIVE
tired of doing sth

[B1] bored or annoyed by something that has happened too often
Dictionary example:
I'm tired of listening to her problems.
Learner example:
I never get tired of watching this film, I really love it!
2326
tiredness /ˈtaɪəd.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: tiredness
Verbs: tire
NOUN [U]
[B2] the state of being tired
He said that it was tiredness that led him to make the mistake.
I was overtaken by a sudden wave of tiredness.
Learner example:
I felt so relaxed and my tiredness disappeared almost entirely.
tiring /ˈtaɪə.rɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: tiredness
Verbs: tire
ADJECTIVE
[B1] making you feel tired
I've had a very tiring day.
Looking after three kids is extremely tiring.
Learner example:
The only bad thing is that the trip was a bit tiring.
tissue /ˈtɪʃ.uː/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a soft piece of paper that you use for cleaning your nose
Dictionary example:
I have some tissues in my bag.
Learner example:
P.S. Bring tissues because you won't stop crying when you watch the film.
2327
title /ˈtaɪ.tl
̩/
NOUN [C]
BOOK/FILM, ETC.
[B1] the name of a book, film, etc.
The title of Evelyn Waugh's first novel was 'Decline and Fall'.
And this next record is the title track on the album 'The Red Shoes'.
Learner example:
I can't remember the title of the movie.
to /tuː/
INFINITIVE MARKER
to say the least

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
to do so
[C1] if you do this, or if this is done
They want to build a completely new school, but to do so would cost far too much.
I would strongly advise you against taking out a loan of this size. To do so would be a great risk
to your business.
Learner example:
It is generally believed that if [a] better education is provided, children are better prepared for
adult life. To do so, money is essential.
to spare
[C1] If you have time, money, etc. to spare, you have more than you need.
Dictionary example:
I arrived at the station with more than an hour to spare.
Learner example:
I even started to do the shopping on the Net, and I think this is the perfect solution for the
busines[s] woman with family and little time to spare.
2328
PREPOSITION
POSITION
[B1] used to show the position of someone or something
She stood with her back to the window.
I had my back to them, so I couldn't see what they were doing.
John's standing to the left of Adrian in the photo.
The Yorkshire Dales are twenty miles to the north of the city.
Learner example:
My town is situated to the south of Paris.
AFFECTED
[B1] used to say who is treated in a particular way or who or what is affected by
something
What have you done to your hair?
Her evidence was very helpful to the police.
She was very kind to us.
Learner example:
The waiter was really kind to us. We gave him the key of the car and he drove us home.
RELATIONSHIP
[B1] used to show a relationship with someone
I've been married to Peter for nine years.
She was an assistant to the chief executive.
Learner example:
She's 38 years old and she's married to a Spanish engineer.
COMPARE
[B1] used to compare two things
I prefer football to cricket.
She's earning a reasonable wage, but nothing to what she could make in a big company.
Learner example:
I prefer homemade food to re[s]taurant meals.
UNTIL
[B1] until a particular time, state or level is reached
2329
It's only two weeks to Christmas.
Unemployment has risen to almost eight million.
She nursed me back to health.
CONNECTED
[B1] used to say where something is fastened or connected
The paper was fastened to the wall with tape.
A fast rail service connects us to the city.
Learner example:
My mouth became so dry that my tongue stuck to my palate.
RANGE
[B2] used in phrases which show a range
Dictionary example:
There must have been thirty to thirty-five people there.
to date
[B2] FORMAL up to the present time
Dictionary example:
This is her best work to date.
Learner example:
date.
to my mind
[B2] used to emphasize that you are giving your own opinion
Dictionary example:
To my mind, the play was rather disappointing.
Learner example:
To my mind, The Picture of Dorian Gray is probably his best novel.
to the contrary
[C1] saying or showing the opposite
Dictionary example:
She claimed she hadn't been involved, despite evidence to the contrary.
Learner example:
Despite claims to the contrary, young people [are] get[ting] more involved in sport[s] activities.
2330
toast /təʊst/
NOUN
DRINK
[C1] [C] a time when people lift their glasses and drink because they want someone
to be successful, happy, etc.
Dictionary example:
At the wedding, there was a toast to the happy couple.
Learner example:
During the wedding meal, it is good manner[s] to propose a toast to the bride and the bridegroom
when they come to your table.
tobacco /təˈbæk.əʊ/
NOUN [U]
[C1] dried leaves that are inside cigarettes
Dictionary example:
Twenty-eight per cent of people asked thought that the advertising of tobacco and alcohol should
be banned.
Learner example:
People are becoming more aware also due to the Ministry of Health's propaganda, marketing [a]
healthy diet and exercise plus limiting adverts on alcoholic drinks and tobacco.
today /təˈdeɪ/
ADVERB
PRESENT TIME
[B2] in the period of time that is happening now
Dictionary example:
Today, people are much more concerned about their health than they were in the past.
Learner example:
Today we cannot go to a place without se[e]ing a computer.
NOUN [U]
PRESENT TIME
[B2] the period of time that is happening now
2331
Dictionary example:
With today's technology almost anything seems possible.
Learner example:
However, technology has made immense steps forward and the cars of today come close to
perfection.
toenail /ˈtəʊ.neɪl/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of the hard, flat parts on top of the end of your toes
Dictionary example:
I need to cut my toenails.
together /təˈgeð.ər/
ADVERB
SAME TIME
[B1] at the same time
Everyone seemed to arrive together.
We can deal with the next two items on the list together.
Learner example:
He came to my house early in the morning and then we left together.
CONNECTED
[B2] used to say that two or more things are joined to each other, mixed with each
other, etc.
She tied the two pieces of rope together.
Could you add these figures together for me?
You mix all the dry ingredients together before you add the milk.
You could stick that back together with a bit of glue.
I like both flavours separately but I don't like them together.
COMBINED
[B2] combined
Together they must earn over ninety thousand dollars a year.
The money that I owe you for the telephone together with the rent equals £300.
2332
Learner example:
When you ride a bike on the main road, it's very dangerous to breath[e] the dirty air - together
with the gases from the cars.
token /ˈtəʊ.kən/
NOUN [C]
LOVE/THANKS
[C1] something that you give to someone in order to show them love, to thank
them, etc.
Dictionary example:
I gave Helen some chocolates as a token of thanks for all her help.
Learner example:
Nevertheless, you can also prepare a small present as a token of your friendship or affection.
tolerant /ˈtɒl.ər.ənt/
Word family:
Nouns: intolerance, tolerance
Verbs: tolerate
Adjectives: intolerable, intolerant, tolerant
ADJECTIVE
[C1] allowing people to do what they want especially when you do not agree with it
a tolerant attitude
I think we're becoming more tolerant of children in public places.
Learner example:
During my stay, I was living with a family that was very generous and tolerant.
tolerate /ˈtɒl.ər.eɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: intolerance, tolerance
Verbs: tolerate
Adjectives: intolerable, intolerant, tolerant
2333
VERB [T]
ACCEPT
[B2] to accept or allow something although you do not like it
I will not tolerate that sort of behaviour in my class.
We will not tolerate racism of any sort.
Learner example:
He couldn't tolerate anybody disturbing childrens' lives for the sake of money, because he was a
very moral man.
toll /təʊl/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
MONEY
[C1] money that you pay to use a bridge, road, etc.
Dictionary example:
You have to cross a toll bridge.
Learner example:
The government can introduce road toll fees on some highly used roads, s[o] that some traffic will
be encouraged to use a different route.
tomb /tuːm/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a place where a dead person is buried, usually with a stone structure
Dictionary example:
He is buried in a marble tomb.
Learner example:
My father opened it slowly and we saw a huge marble tomb behind it.
2334
ton /tʌn/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL tons or ton)
WEIGHT
[B2] a unit for measuring weight, equal to 1016 kilograms in the UK and 907
kilograms in the US
Dictionary example:
They generated nearly 6 tons of rubbish.
Learner example:
It was at this point I saw a twenty ton lorry speeding towards them.
tons of sth
[B2] INFORMAL a lot of something
Dictionary example:
We've got tons of things to do before they arrive.
Learner example:
There were tons of handmade items!
tone /təʊn/
NOUN
VOICE
[B2] [C or U] the quality of a sound, especially of someone's voice
I tried to use a sympathetic tone of voice.
It wasn't so much what she said that annoyed me - it was her tone.
Learner example:
Paul, the leader of the group, shouted: "Keep quiet" and he went on [in] a quiet tone: "They want
this kind of reaction, they want to frighten us...
TELEPHONE
[B2] [C] an electronic sound made by a telephone
Dictionary example:
a dialling tone
Learner example:
Quickly, a man got the phone [and was] trying [to] call the police but there was no tone.
2335
tongue /tʌŋ/
NOUN
IN MOUTH
[B1] [C] the large soft piece of flesh in the mouth which you can move and which
you use for tasting, speaking, etc.
Dictionary example:
I burnt my tongue on some soup last night.
Learner example:
My mouth became so dry that my tongue stuck to my palate.
mother tongue
[B2] the first language that you learn when you are a child
Dictionary example:
Italian is my mother tongue but I started to learn English when I was six.
Learner example:
I can speak English and French fluently, added to my mother tongue, Japanese.
too /tuː/
ADVERB
too bad
[B1] used to say that you are sorry about a situation
Dictionary example:
"He didn't get the job." "Oh, that's too bad."
Learner example:
Too bad you couldn't come to my party.
tool /tuːl/
NOUN [C]
MAKE/REPAIR
[B2] a piece of equipment that you use with your hands in order to make or repair
something
2336
power tools
The only tools you need for this job are a hammer and a screwdriver.
Learner example:
And, of course, she got a set of excellent tools and I won only one thing: a tube of model[l]ing
glue.
EQUIPMENT
[B2] a thing that helps you to do a particular activity
Dictionary example:
Computers are an essential tool for modern scientists.
Learner example:
From my personal experience, I can also say that a personal computer is also an amazing tool.
SOMETHING HELPFUL
[C1] something that helps you to do what needs to be done or you want to do
Dictionary example:
We believe the new law will be an effective tool in fighting poverty.
Learner example:
If you look at fame as a tool for helping others you will soon understand it is worth it.
toothpaste /ˈtuːθ.peɪst/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a substance that you use to clean your teeth
Dictionary example:
Put a small amount of toothpaste on the brush.
Learner example:
Modern technology [has] changed our li[v]es in many ways. When I have to wake up earlier, I use
my alarm clock, [and] if I have to [brush] my teeth, I use my toothbrush with a little toothpaste.
top /tɒp/
NOUN
CLOTHES
[B1] [C] a piece of clothing worn on the upper part of the body
2337
a black/striped top
I need a top to go with these trousers.
Learner example:
I like wearing formal clothes but at a party I usually wear jeans and a nice top.
on top of sth
[B2] in addition to something else that is bad
On top of all this bad luck, he lost his mobile phone.
And then, on top of everything else, her car was stolen!
Learner example:
On top of everything, the weather was bad and the se[a] was so cold that I couldn't swim.
HIGHEST PART
[B1] at the highest part of something
There's a dirty mark on the top left-hand corner of the photo.
The offices are on the top floor of the building.
He was standing on the top rung of a ladder.
Learner example:
My bedroom is quite big and on the top floor.
BEST
[B1] the best, most important, or most successful
He's one of the country's top athletes.
So what would be your top choice for a holiday?
As a chess player, he's among the top 10% in the country.
top jobs
top universities
Learner example:
In the future I hope to be a cloth[es] designer or a top model.
ADVERB
[B2] in the position of being most important or successful
Dictionary example:
She came top in the maths test.
2338
topic /ˈtɒp.ɪk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a subject that you talk or write about
Dictionary example:
Our discussion ranged over various topics, such as climate change and nuclear weapons.
Learner example:
Do you know that food is one of my favourite topics of conversation?
torch /tɔːtʃ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small electric light that you hold in your hand
Dictionary example:
She shone the torch into the dark room.
Learner example:
After fifteen minutes of walking, we got into a cave. It was dark, so we [turned on] our torches.
tornado /tɔːˈneɪd.əʊ/ (PLURAL tornados, tornadoes)
NOUN [C]
[B2] an extremely strong and dangerous wind that blows in a circle and destroys
buildings as it moves along
Dictionary example:
A tornado had swept through the north of the state, causing terrible destruction.
Learner example:
The storm was getting very wild outside, she wasn't sure if it [was] a real tornado, she had never
seen one, but somehow she could sense the danger.
torture /ˈtɔː.tʃər/
NOUN [U]
BORING/UNPLEASANT
[C1] ! a very unpleasant experience
2339
Dictionary example:
I had to sit there listening to her for two whole hours - it was torture!
Learner example:
I would be grateful if I could get some of my money back, because the days in Scotland were a
torture to me.
toss /tɒs/
VERB
toss (a coin)
[C1] to throw a coin in the air and guess which side will land facing upwards as a
way of deciding something
Dictionary example:
She tossed a coin to decide who would get the prize.
Learner example:
The question was who would be the person [to] do this action so we tossed a coin, and the result
was me.
total /ˈtəʊ.təl/
Word family:
Nouns: total
Adjectives: total
Adverbs: totally
NOUN [C]
[B1] the amount you get when you add several smaller amounts together
That figure at the bottom of the column is the total.
A total of 21 horses were entered for the race.
We made £700 in total, over three days of trading.
Learner example:
My holiday started from last Sunday morning for a total of ten days.
AMOUNT
[B1] including everything
2340
the total cost
Total losses were $800.
Learner example:
The total cost was only £60, including lunch, and I think it was worth every penny of it.
VERY GREAT
[B2] extreme or complete
total silence
The whole evening was a total disaster.
That's total rubbish.
Learner example:
The room was in total darkness and I couldn't hear anything.
VERB [T] (-ll-)

[C1] to add up to a particular amount
Dictionary example:
This is the eighth volume in the series, which totals 21 volumes in all.
Learner example:
And there has been a significant increase in insurance, up by 5%, totalling 8% of the total
expenses.
totally /ˈtəʊ.təl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: total
Adjectives: total
Adverbs: totally
ADVERB
[B1] completely
They're totally different.
I'd totally forgotten I'd arranged to meet her.
I totally agree with you.
Learner example:
But in the new class, it is totally different.
2341
touch /tʌtʃ/
Word family:
Nouns: touch
Verbs: touch
Adjectives: untouched
VERB
PUT HAND ON
[B1] [T] to put your hand on something
That paint is wet - don't touch it.
He touched the girl on the arm to get her attention.
Learner example:
Suddenly, someone touched my arm and I screamed.
GET CLOSE
[B2] [I or T] If two things touch, they are so close to each other that there is no space
between them.
Dictionary example:
These two wires must not touch.
Learner example:
Out of the blue, I felt the wheels touching the ground.
EMOTION
[B2] [T OFTEN PASSIVE] to affect your emotions, especially so that you feel pleased or a
little sad
Dictionary example:
I was deeply touched by her letter.
Learner example:
Her stories are based on real life, so they're not only easy to read but also touch our hearts.
NOUN
be/get/keep, etc. in touch

[B1] to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by telephoning, or
writing to them
Are you still in touch with any of your old school friends?
Jane and I never kept in touch after college.
Learner example:
I'll be in touch again soon.
2342
lose touch
[B2] to stop communicating with someone, usually because they do not live near
you now
Dictionary example:
We lost touch over the years.
Learner example:
When he went into the information centre, he saw Mary, wh[o] he used to go out with - [for] some
reason, they [had] lost touch with each other.
HAND
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] when you put your hand or finger on something
I felt the touch of his hand on my face.
At the touch of a button, the door opened.
Learner example:
In a shopping centre you may search [for] something for hours, but [on the] internet you can find
everything with the touch of a button.
ABILITY
[B2] [U] the ability to feel things by putting your hand on them
the sense of touch
The material was soft to the touch.
tough /tʌf/
Word family:
Nouns: toughness
Adjectives: tough
ADJECTIVE
DIFFICULT
[B2] difficult
He's had a tough time at work recently.
We've had to make some tough decisions.
Homeless people are facing a tough winter.
Learner example:
You know it was really a very tough decision for me.
2343
STRONG PERSON
[B2] Tough people are mentally strong and not afraid of difficult situations.
Dictionary example:
You have to be tough to be successful in politics.
Learner example:
It is about a tough old fisherman from Cuba who sails out alone in a small boat to fish.
FOOD
[B2] describes food that is difficult to cut or eat
Dictionary example:
This steak is very tough.
Learner example:
Your pork chop was as tough as old boots and the salad dressing was sour!
tour /tʊər/
Word family:
Nouns: tour, tourism, tourist
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to go on a tour somewhere
We spent a month touring (around/round) Kenya.
The New Zealand team will be touring in Europe this winter.
The band are currently touring to promote their new album.
Learner example:
She and her husband came over [to] England for [a] short stay and are touring Europe [on] a
second honeymoon as [it's the] 10th anniversary of their marriage.
tourism /ˈtʊə.rɪ.zəm/
Word family:
Nouns: tour, tourism, tourist
NOUN [U]
[B1] the business of providing services for tourists, including organizing their
travel, hotels, entertainment, etc.
Tourism is Venice's main industry.
These beautiful old towns have remained relatively untouched by tourism.
2344
Learner example:
As you know, Peru is one of the countries with [the] most tourism around the world.
tournament /ˈtʊə.nə.mənt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a competition with a series of games between many teams or players, with one
winner at the end
a tennis/chess/golf tournament
They were defeated in the first round of the tournament.
Learner example:
I met him at a basketball tournament and his name is Mark.
towards /təˈwɔːdz/
PREPOSITION
DIRECTION
[B1] in the direction of someone or something
She stood up and walked towards him.
He leaned towards his wife and whispered, "Can we go home soon?"
She kept glancing towards the telephone.
Learner example:
We took the train from Paris to Bordeaux, and from there we started to cycle towards the sea.
IN RELATION TO
[B2] in relation to something or someone
They've always been very friendly towards me.
He feels a lot of anger towards his father.
She always has a positive attitude towards life.
Learner example:
His parents were very cold towards me.
POSITION
[C1] near to a time or place
2345
Our seats were towards the back of the theatre.
I often get hungry towards the middle of the morning.
We're getting towards winter and it's getting dark earlier.
Learner example:
If I [had] told somebody fifty years ago that women w[ould] have leading political positions
towards the end of the century, he or she would have most probably considered [me] as being
mad.
PURPOSE
[C1] for the purpose of buying or achieving something
I'm saving up to buy a car, and Dad has given me some money towards it.
Would you like to make a contribution towards a present for Linda?
The work that students do during the term counts towards their final grade.
Learner example:
I hope that these recommendations will go a long way towards improving your museum and
having satisfied visitors.
tower /taʊər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a very tall, narrow building, or part of a building
the Eiffel Tower
There's a clock on the church tower.
He works in an office tower in downtown San Francisco.
Learner example:
I think that, first of all, we should visit our capital because it has many old towers, castles and
churches, which you have to see.
toxic /ˈtɒk.sɪk/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] poisonous
Dictionary example:
toxic chemicals/fumes/waste
2346
Learner example:
Paris throws out billions of tons of toxic gases into the atmosphere, and in the summer months,
[it]'s wrapped in a veil of toxic haze, from power station[s], factory chimneys, and from the
exhausts of cars and lorries on the streets.
trace /treɪs/
VERB [T]
FIND
[C1] to find someone or something that was lost
The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital.
Attempts to trace the whereabouts of a man seen leaving the scene of the crime have so far been
unsuccessful.
Their missing daughter was finally traced to Manchester.
Learner example:
So you can hire the best people you can find to trace the bad guy and get rid of him.
ORIGIN
[C1] to discover the cause or origin of something
The outbreak of food poisoning was traced to some contaminated shellfish.
The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient China.
Rivalries between the gangs can be traced back to the 1950s in some black and Hispanic
neighbourhoods.
No one has yet been able to trace the source of the rumour.
Learner example:
It is my firm belief that what is usually refer[r]ed to as "lacking motivation" can always be traced
back to this question of meaning and comradeship.
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] proof that someone or something was in a place
There was no trace of her anywhere.
When she moved out, she left no trace of having been there.
He seems to have disappeared without trace.
Learner example:
There were no traces of anything alive nearby.
2347
track /træk/
NOUN
PATH
[B1] [C] a narrow path or road
Dictionary example:
We followed a dirt track off the main road.
Learner example:
However, on the second day, the sun appeared, and we went [o]n a mountain track.
RACE
[B1] [C] a path, often circular, used for races
a race track
The runners are now on their final lap of the track.
Learner example:
There are 3 football fields, 4 basketball fields, an athletic[s] track, 4 tennis fields, and a bar [and]
changing rooms.
MUSIC
[B2] [C] one song or piece of music on a CD, record, etc.
Dictionary example:
The album includes four previously unreleased tracks.
Learner example:
It is a really good idea to give every CD a book containing information about every track on [the]
disc and about [the] performance.
TYPE OF SPORT
[B2] [U] a sport in which people compete with each other by running a race on a
specially prepared circular path
Dictionary example:
a track event
Learner example:
Since that time I have been reading every article about track and field.
MARKS
[B2] [C USUALLY PLURAL] a mark or line of marks left on the ground or on another
surface by an animal, person or vehicle which has moved over it
2348
Police found tyre tracks in the mud.
The hunters followed the tracks of the deer for hours.
The burglars were careful not to leave any tracks behind them.
Learner example:
I [saw] some tracks on the floor. I went to the bedroom and near the bed I [saw] a big cat with its
kittens.
lose track
[B2] to not know what is happening to someone or something any more
Dictionary example:
I've lost track of how much we've spent.
Learner example:
Time passed like an arrow and they lost track of time until they realised it [was] getting dark.
TRAINS
[C1] [C or U] the long metal lines which a train travels along
a 10-mile stretch of track
Passengers are requested not to walk across the tracks.
Learner example:
When the train enters a small town in Northern Switzerland, the visitor will be surprised by
hundreds of fan posters and flags along the rail track.
on track
[C1] making progress and likely to succeed
A fighter from Edinburgh is on track to become world heavyweight boxing champion.
We've got a lot of work to do but we're on the right track.
Learner example:
The sales teams are well on track and bringing [in] new customers every day.
keep track
[C1] to continue to know about someone or something
He changes jobs so often I can’t keep track any more.
Be sure to keep track of the time so you won't be late.
Learner example:
Trying to keep track of these changes by translating them would be an inappropriate task.
2349
tracksuit /ˈtræk.suːt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] loose, comfortable trousers and a top, especially worn for exercising
Dictionary example:
He was wearing a tracksuit and trainers.
Learner example:
I also like wearing tracksuits, because they are very soft and warm.
trade /treɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: trade, trader
Verbs: trade
NOUN
BUYING AND SELLING
[B1] [U] the buying and selling of large numbers of goods or services, especially
between countries
The country's trade in manufactured goods has expanded in the last ten years.
They rely heavily on trade with Europe.
The two countries have signed a trade agreement for one year only.
Learner example:
You know, I work in a foreign trade company so I have to be well dressed.
JOB
[B2] [C or U] someone's job, especially one which needs skill in using their hands
He's a builder by trade.
He left school at 15 to learn a trade.
Learner example:
At the age of 15 he [left] school and started to learn a trade.
AREA OF BUSINESS
[C1] [C] a particular area of business or industry
Dictionary example:
the building/catering/tourist trade
2350
Learner example:
Having considered the previous factors, I am further convinced that the host country can develop
itself rapidly by enhancing the tourism trade.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to buy and sell goods or services, especially between countries
For centuries, Native Americans traded with European settlers.
The company has been trading in oil for many years.
The two countries have become close trading partners.
Our books are traded right across Asia.
Learner example:
His story is interest[ing]: he first worked in a little shop in Bourges and started trading in France,
then in Europe, [and] in Asia.
tradition /trəˈdɪʃ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: tradition
Adjectives: traditional
Adverbs: traditionally
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] a custom or way of behaving that has continued for a long time in a group of
people or a society
Fireworks have long been an American tradition on the Fourth of July.
There's a long/strong tradition of dance in St Petersburg.
We decided to break with tradition this year and go away for Christmas.
Learner example:
Nevertheless, Leipzig has always been an attractive town for tourists, because of its well-known
fair and its cultural traditions.
traditional /trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: tradition
ADJECTIVE
[B1] following the customs or ways of behaving that have continued in a group of
people or society for a long time
2351
traditional farming methods
The dancers were wearing traditional Hungarian dress/costume.
She's very traditional in her ideas.
Learner example:
If you come to visit me, I'll invite you to "La Provincana" to have traditional Argentinian food.
traditionally /trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: tradition
ADVERB
[B2] according to tradition or in a traditional way
Chestnuts are traditionally eaten at Christmas.
Traditionally, the company's main markets have been Britain and the US.
Learner example:
You will be able to try our special sau[sages], produced traditionally in our city!
traffic jam /ˈtræf.ɪkˌdʒæm/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a line of cars, trucks, etc. that are moving slowly or not moving at all
Dictionary example:
They got stuck in a traffic jam.
Learner example:
Cities are always crowded; there are lots of traffic jams, so they are very polluted.
tragedy /ˈtrædʒ.ə.di/
Word family:
Nouns: tragedy
Adjectives: tragic
Adverbs: tragically
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] an event or situation which is very sad, often involving death
2352
His life was touched by hardship and personal tragedy.
They had only recently arrived in London when tragedy struck - their son was killed in a traffic
accident.
Learner example:
The people who cause those tragedies are irresponsible drivers.
tragic /ˈtrædʒ.ɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: tragedy
Adjectives: tragic
Adverbs: tragically
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very sad, often involving death and suffering
Her tragic death at the age of 36 shocked the world.
He was killed in a tragic accident.
Hospital authorities admitted that a tragic error had taken place.
Learner example:
For instance, the tragic death of Princess Diana is an example of what a journalist must not do.
trail /treɪl/
NOUN [C]
PATH
[B2] a path through the countryside, often made or used for a particular purpose
Dictionary example:
a forest/mountain trail
Learner example:
After 6 miles of the trail we decided to stop and put our blanket on the ground.
train /treɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: trainer, training, trainee
Verbs: train
2353
VERB
SPORT
[B1] [I or T] to practise a sport or exercise, often in order to prepare for a sporting

event, or to help someone to do this
Dictionary example:
He's been training hard for the race for several weeks now.
Learner example:
She told me that they are training for a tournament which is in about four weeks.
TEACH
[B2] [T] to teach someone how to do something, usually a skill that is needed for a
job
We are training all our staff in how to use the new computer system.
The aid workers trained local people to give the injections.
Learner example:
I think I could be suitable for the job because I have some experience [of] training people.
LEARN
[B2] [I] to learn the skills you need to do a job
Dictionary example:
He trained as a lawyer in Vienna.
Learner example:
For example, one of my father's friends who was trained as a computer engineer received the only
job vacancy for economy-related work in a very good company just because he graduated from
the best university in Taiwan.
trainee /treɪˈniː/
Word family:
Verbs: train
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who is learning how to do something, especially a job
Dictionary example:
a trainee accountant/teacher
2354
Learner example:
I work as a trainee at a big international trader company at Brazil, and there we had some
problems of motivation in [the] workplace, and to resolve the problem we made a lot of changes
and arr[a]ng[e]ments in our company.
trainer /ˈtreɪ.nər/
Word family:
Verbs: train
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[B1] a person who teaches skills to people or animals and prepares them for a job,
activity or sport
a teacher trainer
a fitness trainer
They showed pictures of the horse and its trainer.
Learner example:
The trainer is O.K., too, and he told me that I can play in the team in four to five weeks.
training /ˈtreɪ.nɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: train
NOUN [U]
LEARNING SKILLS
[B1] the process of learning the skills you need to do a particular job or activity
a training course
a teacher-training college
New staff have/receive a week's training in how to use the computers.
Learner example:
I decided to join the new class because I [am] tak[ing] training in broadcasting now, so I need to
improve my English.
SPORT
[B1] preparation for a sport or competition
2355
Dictionary example:
football training
Learner example:
After the training, the team invited me to the club party next weekend.
tranquil /ˈtræŋ.kwɪl/
Word family:
Nouns: tranquility
Adjectives: tranquil
ADJECTIVE
[C1] calm and quiet
Dictionary example:
a tranquil garden
Learner example:
Unfortunately, though, this tranquil paradise has been destroyed year by year, by the
uncontrol[l]ed tourism.
transaction /trænˈzæk.ʃən/
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] when someone buys or sells something, or when money is exchanged
a business transaction
Each transaction at the foreign exchange counter seems to take forever.
We need to monitor the transaction of smaller deals.
Learner example:
This new service guarantees you a quick transaction direct from your home.
transfer
VERB /trænsˈfɜːr/ (-rr-)
MOVE
[B1] [T] to move someone or something from one place to another
2356
He has been transferred to a psychiatric hospital.
Police are investigating how £20 million was illegally transferred from the Trust's bank account.
The aim is to transfer power/control/responsibility to self-governing regional councils.
Learner example:
The person described himself as a financial officer of a South African government and needs a
contact person in Switzerland to transfer [the] sum of 200 million dollar[s].
CHANGE JOB/TEAM
[B2] [I or T] to change to a different job, team, place of work, etc., or to make

someone do this
After a year he transferred to University College, Dublin.
Some very high-profile British players have transferred to clubs abroad.
He threatened to give up football if his club didn't transfer him.
Learner example:
I'm talking about Michael Ballack, who was transferred to the Chelsea soccer team at the
beginning of this season.
NOUN [C or U] /ˈtræns.fɜːr/
[B2] when something or someone moves or is moved from one place, position, etc.
to another
the transfer of information
Black's transfer to an Italian football club came as a shock to Coventry supporters.
Learner example:
Most of the transfers are controlled by computers.
transform /trænsˈfɔːm/
Word family:
VERB [T]
[B2] to change something completely, usually to improve it
Within weeks they had transformed the area into a beautiful garden.
The reorganization will transform the British entertainment industry.
Learner example:
Well th[ese] are some ideas that could help transform the cinema with the extra money that is
available.
2357
transformation /ˌtræns.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
NOUN [C or U]
[C1] a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone,

especially so that they are improved
Local people have mixed feelings about the planned transformation of their town into a regional
capital.
I'd never seen Carlo in smart evening clothes before - it was quite a transformation.
Learner example:
Big shops [are] also open[ing] and this transformation of the economy is forcing small family
businesses and shops to close.
transitive /ˈtræn.zə.tɪv/ SPECIALIZED
ADJECTIVE
[B2] A transitive verb always has an object.
Dictionary example:
Transitive verbs, such as 'put', are marked [T].
translate /trænzˈleɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: translation
Verbs: translate
VERB [I or T]
LANGUAGE
[B1] to change written or spoken words from one language to another
We were asked to translate a list of sentences.
She works for the EU, translating from English into French.
Learner example:
I was ashamed because I needed someone to translate [everything] that the people said to me.
2358
translation /trænsˈleɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: translation
Verbs: translate
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] something which has been translated from one language to another, or the
process of translating
It's a translation from the original Spanish.
In the second paper they are asked to do a translation.
Much of the beauty of the rhymes is lost in translation.
Learner example:
We [did] some translations and wrote [a] few letters.
transmit /trænzˈmɪt/ (-tt-)
Word family:
Nouns: transmission
Verbs: transmit
VERB
RADIO/TELEVISION
[C1] [I or T] to broadcast something, or to send out or carry signals using radio,

television, etc.
Radio 6 transmits on DAB digital.
The information is transmitted electronically to the central computer.
Learner example:
I hope that my explanation is thorough enough for you to be reassured, but if you want to know
more about this strike and the problems it has caused, I'd suggest that you see the special
programme about it, which will be transmitted on T.V. next Saturday night.
transparent /trænˈspær.ənt/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] If a substance or object is transparent, you can see through it very clearly.
Dictionary example:
Grow the bulbs in a transparent plastic box, so the children can see the roots developing.
2359
Learner example:
We loved [it] there, because the sky was [a] clear blue and the sea was transparent.
transport
Word family:
Nouns: transport, transportation
Verbs: transport
NOUN [U] /ˈtræn.spɔːt/
VEHICLES
[B1] a vehicle or system of vehicles, such as buses, trains, aircraft, etc. for getting
from one place to another
investment in public transport
Do you have your own transport?
Bicycles are a cheap and efficient form of transport.
Learner example:
We'll stay in a hostel [be]cause it's cheap and we'll use public transport.
GOODS/PEOPLE
[B2] when people or goods are moved from one place to another
the transport of live animals
The company will arrange transport from the airport.
Learner example:
In addition to that, a car is more suitable for the transport of goods.
VERB [T] /trænˈspɔːt/

[B2] to move people or goods from one place to another
The goods are packed in boxes and transported overseas.
The pipeline was constructed to transport oil to ports on the coast.
Such heavy items are expensive to transport by plane.
Learner example:
At first we chase them in the forests and then put them in small and narrow boxes to be
transported to a zoo.
2360
transportation /ˌtræn.spɔːˈteɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Nouns: transport, transportation
Verbs: transport
NOUN [U]
[C1] when people or goods are moved from one place to another
Dictionary example:
transportation costs
Learner example:
There are also a lot of imp[r]ovements in transportation.
trap /træp/
NOUN [C]
CATCHING ANIMALS
[B2] a piece of equipment for catching animals
a mouse trap
The fox got its foot caught in a trap.
Learner example:
Angel's horse hurt its leg in a trap for foxes.
DANGEROUS SITUATION
[B2] [USUALLY NO PLURAL] a dangerous or unpleasant situation which is difficult to

escape from
The undercover agents went to the house knowing that it might be a trap.
She's too clever to fall into the trap of doing any unpaid work.
Learner example:
With this trap Miss Marple reveals Dr. Quimper's real motive and has him arrested by the police.
VERB [T] (-pp-)
be trapped
[B2] If someone or something is trapped, they are unable to move or escape from a
place or situation.
The two men died when they were trapped in a burning building.
Fire officers used cutting equipment to free his legs, which were trapped under a steel beam.
2361
Learner example:
We had been trapped in the snowy, almost vertical slopes of the "Mont-Blanc de Cheilou" for more
than ten hours by then.
travel /ˈtræv.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: traveller
Verbs: travel
VERB (-ll-)
MOVE
[B1] [I] to move or go from one place to another
Supersonic planes can travel faster than the speed of sound.
News of the accident travelled fast.
Learner example:
[In the film,] there were a lot of space-shuttles that travelled around stars and planets.
NOUN [U]
ACTIVITY
[B1] the activity of travelling
air/space travel
business travel
We share a love of literature, food and travel.
I heard on the travel news that there'd been an accident.
Learner example:
In the travel industry they are looking for Advanced English.
sb's travels
[C1] someone's journey
Dictionary example:
I meet all kinds of interesting people on my travels.
Learner example:
In these travels I learnt a lot because we had to deal with very different people.
2362
travel agent /ˈtræv.əlˌeɪ.dʒənt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone whose job is making travel arrangements for people
Dictionary example:
She worked for many years as a travel agent.
Learner example:
I am living with a family in London which the travel agent recommended [to] me.
traveller /ˈtræv.əl.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: traveller
Verbs: travel
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who travels
Dictionary example:
This hotel is for serious travellers, rather than tourists on two-week package holidays.
Learner example:
Singapore - 'The Island of Paradise' - is a place travellers from all around the world would not
want to miss.
tray /treɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a flat object, usually with raised edges, used for carrying food and drinks
Dictionary example:
She was carrying a tray of drinks.
Learner example:
Our table had to be cleaned up, so I took a couple of trays, crossed the room and put the trays
[o]nto a shelf.
2363
treasure /ˈtreʒ.ər/
NOUN
GOLD/JEWELS, ETC.
[B2] [U] very valuable things, usually in the form of a store of precious metals,
precious stones or money
Stories about pirates often include a search for buried treasure.
When they opened up the tomb they found treasure beyond their wildest dreams.
Learner example:
It was said that King Arthur had hid[d]en his treasure in a cave near his castle and he was the only
[one] who knew where [it] was located.
treat /triːt/
Word family:
Nouns: treatment
Verbs: treat
VERB [T]
DEAL WITH
[B2] to behave towards or deal with someone in a particular way
My parents treated us all the same when we were kids.
He treated his wife very badly.
They treat her like one of their own children.
She felt she'd been unfairly treated by her employer.
Learner example:
I'll treat them like my own son and daughter.
MEDICAL
[B2] to give medical care to someone for an illness or injury
He is being treated for a rare skin disease.
Western medicine tends to treat the symptoms and not the cause.
Learner example:
I have also worked for the "Red Cross" so I know how to treat injuries, if someone gets hurt.
CONSIDER
[B2] to consider something in a particular way
2364
Dictionary example:
He treated my suggestion as a joke.
Learner example:
It was [a] horrible experience, beli[e]ve me, but now we treat it as an adventure.
SPECIAL
[B2] to do or buy something special for someone
Dictionary example:
I'm going to treat them to dinner at that new restaurant.
Learner example:
There is one nice pub, of course I'll treat you!
treatment /ˈtriːt.mənt/
Word family:
Nouns: treatment
Verbs: treat
NOUN [C or U]
MEDICAL
[B2] the use of drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of an illness or injury
free dental treatment
Perhaps it's time to try a new course of treatment.
This disease doesn't generally respond to treatment.
There are various treatments for this complaint.
Learner example:
For instance, if I had a child who need[ed] special medical treatment and I [was] rich then it would
make me very happy to be able to pay for an expensive operation and to see my child growing up.
DEALING WITH
[B2] the way you deal with or behave towards someone or something
There have been complaints about the treatment of prisoners.
Peter gets special treatment because he knows the boss.
Learner example:
My pet doesn't need special treatment. All it needs is care and love.
2365
trek /trek/
Word family:
Nouns: trekking, trek
NOUN [C]
[C1] a long, difficult journey that you make by walking
Dictionary example:
They started out on the long trek across the mountains.
Learner example:
SPECIAL ACTIVITIES include a trek through a dense forest and then climbing a hill which is a
unique experience for everyone. For the bolder there is something more extreme.
trekking /ˈtrek.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: trekking, trek
NOUN [U]
[B2] when you go on a long, difficult journey on foot
Dictionary example:
We want to go trekking in the Himalayas.
Learner example:
I hear she's going to Africa for some trekking.
tremble /ˈtrem.bl
̩/
VERB [I]
[B2] to shake slightly, usually because you are cold, frightened, or very emotional
When he came out of the water, he was trembling with cold.
Her bottom lip trembled and tears welled up in her eyes.
His voice started to tremble and I thought he was going to cry.
Learner example:
It was Tuesday the 13th and the fact that I was very superstitious made me tremble with fear.
2366
tremendous /trɪˈmen.dəs/
Word family:
Adjectives: tremendous
Adverbs: tremendously
ADJECTIVE
GOOD
[B2] extremely good
I think she's doing a tremendous job.
He's been a tremendous help.
Learner example:
I think it would be a tremendous idea to work with you.
LARGE
[B2] very large, great, strong, etc.
Dictionary example:
a tremendous amount of money
Learner example:
I think I certainly could live without watching television for a week, but it would put a tremendous
strain on my everyday life.
tremendously /trɪˈmen.də.sli/
Word family:
Adjectives: tremendous
Adverbs: tremendously
ADVERB
[B2] very or very much
They've worked tremendously hard.
We all enjoyed ourselves tremendously.
Learner example:
I enjoyed it tremendously.
2367
trend /trend/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a general development or change in a situation or in the way that people are
behaving
I'm not familiar with the latest trends in teaching methodology.
The trend at the moment is towards a more natural and less made-up look.
Surveys show a trend away from home-ownership and towards rented accommodation.
There's been a downward/upward trend in sales in the last few years.
Learner example:
So the most important thing [about] shopping is that you can talk about the [lat]est news with
your friend and look for the newest trends.
trial /traɪəl/
NOUN [C or U]
IN COURT
[B2] a legal process to decide if someone is guilty of a crime
The two men are now on trial for attempted murder.
He will be taken to the US to stand trial.
Trial by jury is a fundamental right.
It was a very complicated trial that went on for months.
the trial proceedings
Learner example:
The trial was long and had wide coverage [in the] media.
TEST
[C1] a test of something new to find out if it is safe, works correctly, etc.
They're doing clinical trials on a new drug.
They've employed her for a six-month trial period.
Learner example:
At the moment we have [a] special offer which is a free three-month trial period, so you can have
an idea of how the Club works.
2368
triangle /ˈtraɪ.æŋ.gl
̩/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a flat shape with three straight sides
an equilateral triangle
There's a small triangle of land to one side of the house.
Learner example:
On the right, two cherry trees and an apple tree are placed [in the] shape [of] a triangle.
tribe /traɪb/
Word family:
Nouns: tribe
Adjectives: tribal

[B2] a group of people who live together, usually in areas far away from cities, and
who share the same culture and language and still have a traditional way of life
a tribe of Amazonian Indians
the Masai tribe
Learner example:
Then I went South to Mali and visited the Dagan tribe whose mythology and rituals interest me a
great deal.
trick /trɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: trick
Verbs: trick
Adjectives: tricky
NOUN [C]
DECEIVE
[B1] something you do to deceive or cheat someone, or to make someone look

stupid as a joke
She played a really nasty trick on me - she put syrup in my shampoo bottle!
It's a bit of trick photography - she's meant to look like she's walking on water.
2369
Learner example:
At my first lesson, Jim decided to play a trick [on] us!
MAGIC
[B1] something that is done to entertain people and that seems to be magic
a card trick
My niece likes to do magic tricks for us.
Learner example:
She [did] some magic tricks.
METHOD
[B2] an effective or quick way of doing something
What's the trick to getting this chair to fold up?
On page 21, twenty tricks to speed up your beauty routine.
Learner example:
I like all kinds of sports: swimming, volleyball, football, bowling, golf, and so on. I hope that [by]
joining your club I will learn all the rules and tricks of these sports.
VERB [T]
[B2] to deceive someone
Dictionary example:
They tricked him into signing the papers.
Learner example:
After they explained everything to him, he then knew he was being tricked by them.
tricky /ˈtrɪk.i/
Word family:
Nouns: trick
Verbs: trick
Adjectives: tricky
ADJECTIVE
[B2] difficult to deal with or do
Those bird models are quite tricky to make, aren't they?
I'm in a tricky situation really - whatever I do I'll offend someone.
Learner example:
I think Chris is more sensitive than you and she has taken into account how tricky that route could
turn out [to be].
2370
trigger /ˈtrɪg.ər/
VERB [T]
[C1] to make something begin to happen
Some people find that certain foods trigger their headaches.
The racial killings at the weekend have triggered off a wave of protests.
Learner example:
Motivation is triggered and influenced by many factors.
trip /trɪp/
VERB [I] (-pp-)

[B2] to fall or almost fall because you hit your foot on something when you are
walking or running
Careful you don't trip over the cat!
He tripped on a stone and hurt his ankle.
Learner example:
We got in the house and it was so dark in there that I couldn't see anything. Then I tripped over a
box, I believe.
triumph /ˈtraɪ.ʌmpf/
NOUN
SUCCESS
[C1] [C] an important success, achievement, or victory
Barcelona's 3-1 triumph over Manchester United
The book celebrates the hostages' remarkable triumph over appalling adversity.
The signing of the agreement was a personal triumph for the Prime Minister.
It was the Republican Party's third election triumph in a row.
The eradication of smallpox by vaccination was one of medicine's greatest triumphs.
Learner example:
In addition to this the dinner we had on Monday afternoon was a triumph.
2371
trivial /ˈtrɪv.i.əl/
ADJECTIVE
It's a fairly trivial offence.
It may seem trivial to you but it matters to me.
Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a trivial matter.
Learner example:
All this may seem trivial [and] unimportant to an ordinary man addicted to [his] TV set.
trolley /ˈtrɒl.i/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a metal object with two or four wheels that you push or pull to transport large
or heavy objects on
a shopping/supermarket trolley
The hospital is so overcrowded that some patients are being treated on trolleys in the corridors.
Learner example:
Sometimes customers' trolleys run into each other and they have to wait ages to go through
check-[out].
trophy /ˈtrəʊ.fi/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a prize, such as a silver cup, that you get for winning a race or competition
He's an excellent snooker player, but he's never won a major trophy.
The Duchess of Kent will be presenting the trophies.
Learner example:
How about organising some competitions with pri[z]es, like a trophy??
tropical /ˈtrɒp.ɪ.kəl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] from or in the hottest parts of the world
2372
a tropical island/region/climate
a tropical storm
She specialises in tropical medicine.
The Amazon river basin contains the world's largest tropical rainforest.
Learner example:
There were special tropical flowers from Brazil and East Asia.
trouble /ˈtrʌb.l
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: trouble
Adjectives: troubled
NOUN
DIFFICULTIES
[B1] [C or U] problems, difficulties, or worries
Parents often have trouble finding restaurants that welcome young children.
The form was terribly complicated and I had a lot of trouble with it.
The trouble started when my father came to live with us.
I should get it finished over the weekend without too much trouble.
I'd like to go to the party, but the trouble is my parents won't let me.
Learner example:
I've decided to take this class because I felt I had some trouble spelling words.
PUNISHMENT
[B1] [U] when you have done something wrong and are likely to be punished
Her children are always in trouble.
They got into trouble with the police.
He's never been in trouble with his teachers before.
She'll be in big trouble if she's late again.
It's a great way of getting kids off the street and keeping them out of trouble.
Learner example:
Telling the truth keeps me out of trouble.
EXTRA WORK
[B2] [U] when you use extra time or energy to do something
2373
He took the trouble to write to each of them personally.
"Would you like to have a meal with us?" "Only if it's not too much trouble."
I could give you a lift - it's no trouble.
Learner example:
I hope it's not too much trouble and I swear I will not break anything again.
DIFFICULT SITUATION
[B2] [U] a difficult, unpleasant or dangerous situation
The company was in serious trouble with massive debts.
He got into financial trouble after his divorce.
The marriage ran into trouble because of her husband's heavy drinking.
Learner example:
She opened her eyes and saw that she was in serious trouble because it was much to[o] late.
the trouble with sb/sth

[B2] used to say what is wrong with someone or something
The trouble with a white floor is that it gets dirty so quickly.
The trouble with John is that he doesn't think before he speaks.
Learner example:
In fact he thought that the trouble with going by bicycle is that you are always late if you live far
from school.
FIGHTING
[B2] [U] a situation in which people are fighting or arguing
The trouble started after a group of drunken football fans started to throw bottles.
Listen, I don't want any trouble in here, so please just finish your drink and leave.
Learner example:
When we arrived, there had been two men eating on the table just next to us, but they had
disap[p]eared when the trouble started.
troubled /ˈtrʌb.l
̩d/
Word family:
Nouns: trouble
Adjectives: troubled
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having problems or difficulties
2374
a troubled expression
The survival package involves selling off the unprofitable parts of the troubled company.
This troubled region has had more than its fair share of wars over the the centuries.
In these troubled times, it makes a change to hear some good news.
Learner example:
But you realize how much you can cope with if only you help each other and stick together in
troubled times.
truck /trʌk/
NOUN [C]
[B1] (UK ALSO lorry) a large road vehicle for carrying goods from place to place
The road was completely blocked by an overturned truck.
a truck driver
Learner example:
My bed[room] ha[s] drawings of trucks and motorbike[s].
true /truː/
Word family:
Nouns: truth
Adjectives: true
Adverbs: truly
ADJECTIVE
REAL
[B1] [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] real
true love
a true friend
The true horror of the accident did not become clear until the morning.
Learner example:
The film we saw was so nice. It [was] about true friends.
come true
[B1] If a dream or hope comes true, it really happens.
2375
I'd always dreamt of owning my own house, but I never thought it would come true.
After all the problems I'd had, Oliver's birth was a dream come true.
Learner example:
I had been dreaming of going to London since I started learning English, and now that my dream
had come true, I was over[w]helmed by joy and feeling very lucky.
truly /ˈtruː.li/
Word family:
Nouns: truth
Adjectives: true
Adverbs: truly
ADVERB
Yours truly, FORMAL US
[B1] used to end a letter
Dictionary example:
I look forward to hearing from you. Yours truly, Taylor Champinski.
Learner example:
Dear Clyde, . . . I hope my advice helps you [with] your decision. Yours truly,
VERY
[B2] used to emphasize a description of something
This is a truly remarkable achievement.
It was a truly terrifying experience.
Learner example:
Those concerts are truly eye-opening.
SINCERELY
[C1] used to emphasize that something is sincere or honest
Truly I could not have done this without you.
He truly believes he can cure himself by willpower alone.
Learner example:
It would probably take years to achieve it but in the long run I truly believe it would work, as long
as everyone is willing to [make] an effort.
2376
trumpet /ˈtrʌm.pɪt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a metal musical instrument that you play by blowing into it and pressing
buttons to make different notes
Dictionary example:
Liz used to play the trumpet.
Learner example:
I play the guitar and John plays the trumpet.
trunk /trʌŋk/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the thick stem of a tree that the branches grow from
Dictionary example:
The trunks of these trees can be more than two metres wide.
Learner example:
Paula found a small hole in the trunk, just near Laura's feet.
trust /trʌst/
VERB [T]
BELIEVE
[B1] to believe that someone is good and honest and will not harm you, or that
something is safe and reliable
My sister warned me not to trust him.
Trust me - I know about these things.
I trust her to make the right decision.
That man is not to be trusted.
I wouldn't trust him with my car.
Learner example:
Do not trust him and be careful.
I trust (that) FORMAL
[C1] used to say that you hope something is true
2377
Dictionary example:
I trust that you had an enjoyable stay.
Learner example:
I trust that the suggestions outlined in this report will receive your serious consideration and meet
with your approval.
NOUN [U]
[B2] the belief that you can trust someone or something
a relationship based on trust and understanding
We were obviously wrong to put our trust in her.
He's in a position of trust.
Learner example:
Now the trial is starting and, as a result, I have lost trust in my friends.
trustworthy /ˈtrʌstˌwɜː.ði/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Someone who is trustworthy can be trusted.
Dictionary example:
Bob assured me she was completely trustworthy.
Learner example:
In addition to aforementioned character traits, John could be best described as [a] conscientious,
imaginative, creative, sensible and trustworthy man.
truth /truːθ/
Word family:
Nouns: truth
Adjectives: true
Adverbs: truly
NOUN
the truth
[B1] the real facts about a situation, event or person
But was he telling the truth?
I don't suppose we'll ever know the truth about what happened that day.
To tell (you) the truth I'm quite pleased he's not coming.
2378
Learner example:
To tell the truth, I don't enjoy shopping for clothes.
BEING TRUE
[B2] [U] the quality of being true
There may be some truth in what she says.
There is no truth in the reports of his resignation.
And yet what he says contains at least a grain of truth.
Learner example:
My humble opinion is that this statement is absolute, even though there is a great deal of truth
behind it.
try /traɪ/
VERB
TEST
[B1] [T] to do, test, taste, etc. something to discover if it works or if you like it
I tried that recipe you gave me last night.
He tried the door, but the handle was broken.
Why don't you try using a different shampoo?
Learner example:
You should try Hungarian food.
[B2] an attempt to do something
They might just have a place left on the course - why don't you give it a try?
Give it here - I'll have a try.
You could ask him if he's willing - it's worth a try.
This will be her third try at jumping the bar.
Learner example:
I can assure that you will like it, so give it a try.
2379
tube /tjuːb/
NOUN
CONTAINER
[B1] [C] a long, thin container for a soft substance, that you press to get the
substance out
Dictionary example:
a tube of toothpaste
Learner example:
And, of course, she got a set of excellent tools and I won only one thing: a tube of modelling glue.
the tube/the Tube

[B1] the system of underground trains in London
Dictionary example:
I got the tube to Russell Square.
Learner example:
The cinema we are going to is near Marble Arch Tube Station.
PIPE
[B2] [C] a pipe made of glass, plastic, metal, etc., especially for liquids or gases to
flow through
Dictionary example:
Gases produced in the reaction pass through this tube and can then be collected.
Learner example:
I threw the tube into the river.
tuition /tjuˈɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
[C1] the teaching of one person or of a small group of people
Dictionary example:
French tuition
Learner example:
The high level of the tuition received from a professional trainer definitely pays off.
2380
tuna /ˈtjuː.nə/
NOUN [C or U] (PLURAL tuna)

[B1] a large sea fish, or the meat from this fish
Dictionary example:
I had a tuna sandwich for lunch.
Learner example:
I'll make tuna with tomatoes, it's delici[o]us.
tune /tjuːn/
NOUN [C]
MUSICAL NOTES
[C1] a series of musical notes that are pleasant to listen to
That's a very catchy tune.
He was humming a tune as he dried the dishes.
Learner example:
The music to the 2nd video is more light-hearted, and it has a catchy tune that makes you want to
tap your foot to its r[h]ythm.
out of tune
[C1] singing or playing the wrong notes
Dictionary example:
The piano is out of tune.
Learner example:
Even if you sing out of tune please call us.
in tune
[C1] singing or playing the right notes
Dictionary example:
Try to stay in tune.
Learner example:
The public was singing in tune with Jag, hands were raised and bodies were slowly [sway]ing.
2381
tunnel /ˈtʌn.əl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a long passage under the ground or through a mountain
Dictionary example:
The train went into the tunnel.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, the tunnel was closed so I just had to continue walking on the pathway.
turkey /ˈtɜː.ki/
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] a bird that looks like a large chicken, or the meat of this bird
Dictionary example:
We had turkey for dinner.
Learner example:
I asked for a turkey pie [but] they gave me a beef pie, so they change[d] it for me.
turn /tɜːn/
Word family:
Nouns: turn, turning
Verbs: turn
VERB
MOVE YOUR BODY
[B1] [I] to move your body so that you are facing a different direction
Ricky turned and saw Sue standing in the doorway.
She put out the light, turned over and went to sleep.
Learner example:
I turned around and looked into the eyes of my favourite football player Timo Hildebrand.
CHANGE POSITION
[B1] [T] to move something round so that it faces a different direction
Dictionary example:
Ella turned the cup to hide the crack in it.
2382
Learner example:
I turned it over in my hands and looked at it quite carefully.
PAGE
[B1] [I or T] to move a page in a book or magazine in order to see the next one
Now turn the page, please, and start Exercise 2.
He turned over two or three pages.
Now turn to page 23 and look at the first paragraph.
Learner example:
Television helps a lot to make our life easier. But, where is the poetry of handling a book? Yes,
there is a lot of poetry, first you handle it, you turn the pages, second you can read any passage,
where and when you want.
GO ROUND
[B2] [I or T] to move around a central point in a circle, or to make something do this
Turn the steering wheel as quickly as you can.
The Earth turns on its axis once every 24 hours.
The wheels started to turn (round).
She turned the door knob and quietly opened the door.
Learner example:
It's not like sitting on a bike and just turning the pedals, in this case you work only your legs.
turn blue/cold/nasty, etc.

[B2] to become blue, cold, nasty, etc.
The sky turned black and it started to rain.
The weather has suddenly turned cold.
When I refused to pay, he turned nasty.
She turned pale and started to shiver.
Learner example:
His friends began to laugh and my face turned red.
turn 16/21, etc.

[C1] to become a particular age
Dictionary example:
He turned 18 last May.
Learner example:
One of the best thing[s] when you turn 17 in Britain is that you can start to take driving lessons.

2383
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
in turn
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
NOUN
TIME
[B1] [C] the time when you can or must do something, usually before or after
someone else
Is it my turn yet?
It's your turn to do the washing up!
In this game if you give the wrong answer you have to miss a turn.
Learner example:
I really enjoy[ed] the holidays in England with you, so now it's my turn to invite you to come to my
country, Peru.
take turns or take it in turns

[B2] When a number of people take turns, they do the same thing one after the
other.
We take turns to answer the phone.
They all took turns carrying the suitcase.
Learner example:
I suggest that each family takes turns to cut the grass once a week.
CHANGE IN DIRECTION
[B2] [C] a change in the direction in which you are moving or facing
a left/right turn
We got as far as the school, and there we had to make a right turn.
in turn
[C1] one after the other
2384
Each of us collects the mail in turn.
He spoke to the three boys in turn.
Learner example:
We had two different teachers in the mornings and in the afternoons in turn.
in turn
[C1] as a result of something
Dictionary example:
He took out more loans, which, in turn, led to more debt.
Learner example:
People will study for a range of degrees, which may imply that a lot of new jobs, mainly related to
computers, will gain importance, which, in turn, could result in a better organization of the jobs
and, as a consequence, a reduction in the unemployment rate.
turning /ˈtɜːn.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: turn, turning
Verbs: turn
NOUN [C]
[B1] a corner where one road meets another
Dictionary example:
Take the first turning on the left.
Learner example:
Then, take the second turning on the left and go along that road until you get to the roundabout.
turnover /ˈtɜːnˌəʊ.vər/
NOUN
BUSINESS
[C1] [C or U] the amount of business that a company does in a period of time
Dictionary example:
Large supermarkets have a high turnover of inventory.
Learner example:
For instance, clothes shops in Barcelona expect a big turnover in August because of the amount of
tourists that will visit the city.
2385
tutor /ˈtjuː.tər/
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who teaches one person or a very small group of people
Dictionary example:
a private tutor
Learner example:
We could afford t[rips] abroad, modern labour-saving devices and private tutors.
twenty /ˈtwen.ti/
NUMBER
(be) in your twenties

Dictionary example:
Most of the staff are in their twenties.
Learner example:
Teenagers and people in their twenties will enjoy themselves in the atmosphere of the rock-café.
the twenties
Dictionary example:
I love the fashions of the twenties.
Learner example:
You can find the car [that] won the first car race in the world, [and] lost movies from the twenties.
twice /twaɪs/
ADVERB
think twice
[C1] to carefully consider whether what you are planning is a good idea
Dictionary example:
I'd think twice about spending so much money on one thing, if I were you.
Learner example:
Now I will think twice before I buy your paper again.
2386
not think twice
[C1] to do something immediately, without considering whether it is a good idea
Dictionary example:
When he asked me out, I didn't think twice!
Learner example:
Your advertisement seemed very convincing and as I intended to travel to exotic locations I did
not think twice.
twin /twɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] one of two children who are born to the same mother at the same time
My sister has twin sons.
a twin sister
Learner example:
I have twin cousins there and I love them [very] much.
twist /twɪst/
Word family:
Verbs: twist
Adjectives: twisted
VERB
INJURE
[C1] [T] If you twist a part of your body, such as your knee, you injure it by turning
it suddenly.
Dictionary example:
I tripped and twisted my ankle.
Learner example:
The worst part is, that we had an older lady within our group who had twisted her an[k]le so she
was somewhat disabled at the time.
NOUN [C]
[C1] an unexpected change in a situation or in a story
Dictionary example:
His arrest was just the latest twist in the story of his life.
2387
Learner example:
The plot takes several twists and turns till the conclusion which sums up the contents of the film.
twisted /ˈtwɪs.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: twist
Adjectives: twisted
ADJECTIVE
BENT
[B2] bent so that the original shape is changed or destroyed
a twisted tree trunk
a twisted ankle
twisted metal
Learner example:
When I got there, a very nice nurse told me that I['ve] got a twisted ankle and I [can]not walk for
one week!
two /tuː/
NUMBER
or two
[C1] used to talk about a small number of something
Dictionary example:
I may bring a friend or two.
Learner example:
I also refused to eat any meal a day or two before the test but my mother made me, she said I
needed the energy to be happy and celebrate afterwards.
be in two minds
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
2388
type /taɪp/
Word family:
Nouns: type
Adjectives: typical
Adverbs: typically
NOUN [C]
PERSON
[C1] someone who has particular qualities or interests
Dictionary example:
He's the outdoor type.
Learner example:
Usually these adults are the hardworking type and save money for the future.
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to write something using a keyboard
She asked me to type a couple of letters.
He can type very quickly.
I was typing away into the early hours of the morning just to get the thing finished.
Learner example:
I'm typing this email to ask your permission to borrow your bicycle.
typical /ˈtɪp.ɪ.kəl/
Word family:
Nouns: type
Adjectives: typical
Adverbs: typically
ADJECTIVE
[B1] having all the qualities you expect a particular person, object, place, etc. to
have
I must look like the typical tourist with my shorts and my camera.
This sort of hot and spicy food is very typical of the food in the south of the country.
Typical symptoms would include severe headaches, vomiting and dizziness.
Learner example:
This film is a typical horror film.
2389
typically /ˈtɪp.ɪ.kli/
Word family:
Nouns: type
Adjectives: typical
Adverbs: typically
ADVERB
USUALLY
[B1] used for saying what usually happens
Typically, a doctor will see about thirty patients a day.
Tickets for such events will typically cost around thirty dollars.
Learner example:
The climate of Brazil is typically tropical so the weather is gorgeous.
EXPECTED CHARACTERISTICS
[B2] in a way that shows all the characteristics that you would expect from the
stated person, thing or group
She has that reserve and slight coldness of manner which is typically English.
Paul, in typically rude fashion, told him he was talking rubbish.
Learner example:
Your wife really made an effort to cook me typically English dishes.
2390
U
ugly /ˈʌg.li/
ADJECTIVE
NOT BEAUTIFUL
[B1] unpleasant to look at
Dictionary example:
an ugly building/city
Learner example:
There are lots of trees and bushes, [and] lots of fresh air, but the city itself is quite ugly.
ultimate /ˈʌl.tɪ.mət/
Word family:
Adjectives: ultimate
Adverbs: ultimately
MOST
[B2] better, greater or worse than all similar things
Climbing Mount Everest is the ultimate challenge.
the ultimate luxury cruise
For me, rats are the ultimate horror.
Learner example:
Being on the road is always better than the arrival, so this journey would be the ultimate journey
for me as well.
FINAL
[C1] final or most important
Dictionary example:
the ultimate aim/solution
Learner example:
The ultimate aim [when] I joined your tour was to meet one of my friends in St Andrews.
2391
ultimately /ˈʌl.tɪ.mət.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: ultimate
Adverbs: ultimately
ADVERB
FINALLY
[C1] finally, after a series of things have happened
Everything will ultimately depend on what is said at the meeting with the directors next week.
Ultimately, of course, he'd like to have his own business but that won't be for some time.
Learner example:
Ultimately, it leads to a lot of d[i]seases and early death.
unable /ʌnˈeɪ.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: enable
ADJECTIVE
be unable to do sth
[B1] to not be able to do something
Dictionary example:
We were unable to contact him at the time.
Learner example:
I was just shocked, and unable to speak at all, or to breathe.
unacceptable /ˌʌn.ækˈsep.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: acceptance
Verbs: accept
ADJECTIVE
[B2] too bad to be allowed to continue
2392
The water contains unacceptable levels of pollution.
I find that sort of behaviour completely unacceptable.
The unions have described the latest pay offer as unacceptable.
Learner example:
So I waited for 45 minutes until the show started. [T]hat is an unacceptable delay.
unaffordable /ʌn.əˈfɔː.də.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: afford
Adjectives: unaffordable
ADJECTIVE
[C1] too expensive for people to be able to buy
Dictionary example:
Such clothes are unaffordable for most people.
Learner example:
£5 per session is obviously unaffordable for students.
unattractive /ˌʌn.əˈtræk.tɪv/
Word family:
Nouns: attraction
Verbs: attract
ADJECTIVE
NOT BEAUTIFUL
[B2] not beautiful or nice to look at
I felt old and unattractive.
Their new building is very unattractive.
Learner example:
This information is useful for [a person] who thinks his/her body is unattractive.
NOT INTERESTING
[C1] not interesting or useful
Dictionary example:
an unattractive proposition
2393
Learner example:
In our opinion, despite the friendly atmosphere of our club's meetings we find them very
unattractive and rather "dull".
unavailable /ʌn.əˈveɪ.lə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: availability
Adjectives: available, unavailable
ADJECTIVE
IMPOSSIBLE TO GET
[B2] impossible to buy or get
Dictionary example:
The book is unavailable in Britain.
Learner example:
The third point was that the discount[ed] tickets were unavailable.
CANNOT DO SOMETHING
[C1] not able to talk to someone or meet them, especially because you are doing
other things
Dictionary example:
The manager was unavailable for comment.
Learner example:
Furthermore, a role-model for the younger generation could be the famous tennis player Joe Hill,
who unfortunately is unavailable to give an interview.
unavoidable /ˌʌn.əˈvɔɪ.də.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: avoid
Adjectives: unavoidable
Adverbs: unavoidably
ADJECTIVE
[C1] impossible to avoid or prevent
Dictionary example:
an unavoidable delay
2394
Learner example:
Being aware of the two proposals our local government is considering in order to solve the
apparently unavoidable matter of traffic in our beloved city, I feel compelled to offer my views on
such a delicate subject.
unaware /ˌʌn.əˈweər/
[B2] not knowing about something
He was unaware that the police were watching him.
I was quite unaware of the problem.
Learner example:
Although you may be an expert in one subject you can be unaware [of] some basics in others.
unbearable /ʌnˈbeə.rə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: bear
Adjectives: unbearable
ADJECTIVE
[B2] too painful or unpleasant for you to continue to experience
Dictionary example:
The heat was almost unbearable.
Learner example:
Life can be very difficult, almost unbearable sometimes.
unbelievable /ˌʌn.bəˈliː.və.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: belief
Verbs: believe
ADJECTIVE
SURPRISING
[B1] extremely bad or good and making you feel surprised
2395
It's unbelievable how lucky she's been.
You've had such bad luck - it's unbelievable.
Learner example:
The food is unbelievable and I'm sure you'll love it.
UNLIKELY
[B2] not probable and difficult to believe
Dictionary example:
I found most of the characters in the play totally unbelievable.
Learner example:
They made up unbelievable stories which almost made them cry in the end.
uncertain /ʌnˈsɜː.tən/
Word family:
Adverbs: certainly
ADJECTIVE
NOT SURE
[B2] not sure or not able to decide about something
She's uncertain whether to go to New Zealand or not.
Bridie was uncertain about meeting him.
Learner example:
[There are] things that I am uncertain about, and [that I would] be grateful if you c[ould] explain.
NOT KNOWN
[B2] not known or fixed, or not completely certain
New arrivals face an uncertain future.
The political outlook is still uncertain.
Learner example:
Please do not bother posting them since we do not have a zip code where I live, and they might
get lost with our uncertain Post Service.
2396
uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜː.tən.ti/
Word family:
Adverbs: certainly
NOUN [U]
[C1] the state of being uncertain
Dictionary example:
There was a lot of uncertainty about whether or not he would attend the event.
Learner example:
The shortages of almost everything we have to face and cope with have made our lives full of
uncertainty and helplessness, but on the other hand they released in some Poles enormous
energy, in the effort to support their families and provide them with food, clothing and fuel.
unchanged /ʌnˈtʃeɪndʒd/
Word family:
Nouns: change
Verbs: change
ADJECTIVE
[B2] staying the same
Dictionary example:
The area has remained virtually unchanged in fifty years.
Learner example:
All the big and small things which defin[e] people's personal environment will be left nearly
unchanged - the furniture, the pictures on the wall.... I suppose our future homes will be a mix of
new technologies and good old tradition.
unclear /ʌnˈklɪər/
Word family:
Verbs: clear
Adverbs: clearly
ADJECTIVE
DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND
[B2] not easy to understand
2397
The situation at the moment is unclear.
It's unclear what actually happened that night.
It's unclear whether he arrived before or after the shot was fired.
Learner example:
If something is unclear please give me a call.
be unclear about sth

[B2] If you are unclear about something, you are not certain about it.
Dictionary example:
I'm unclear about a couple of points in your proposal - could you go over them again?
uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌmpf.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: comfort
ADJECTIVE
NOT COMFORTABLE
[B1] not feeling comfortable and pleasant, or not making you feel comfortable and
pleasant
I've eaten so much, I'm really quite uncomfortable.
These shoes are really uncomfortable.
Learner example:
The thing[s] I most hate wearing are shirts, I think they're very uncomfortable.
EMBARRASSED
[C1] slightly embarrassed, or making you feel slightly embarrassed
Dictionary example:
an uncomfortable silence
Learner example:
It is interesting how people get embar[r]assed and uncomfortable when they have to face an
English speech.
2398
uncomfortably /ʌnˈkʌmpf.tə.bli/
Word family:
Verbs: comfort
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is not comfortable or pleasant
Dictionary example:
I was warm but not uncomfortably so.
Learner example:
I saw faces I see every day, but in uncomfortably long dresses and with starched white collars, I
saw their effort to look nice, attractive and not to disturb the rules set by the society of their time.
uncommon /ʌnˈkɒm.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: common
Adverbs: commonly
ADJECTIVE
[C1] unusual
Dictionary example:
It's not uncommon for people to become ill when they travel.
Learner example:
NEW TRENDS: Vegetarian food is not uncommon nowadays.
unconscious /ʌnˈkɒn.tʃəs/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
AS THOUGH SLEEPING
[B2] in a state as though you are sleeping, for example because you have been hit
on the head
2399
Dictionary example:
She was hit on the head by a stone and knocked unconscious.
Learner example:
In the morning, Mrs Crozier went to visit Miss Appleford in number 42 only to find her lying on
the floor unconscious.
unconventional /ˌʌn.kənˈven.ʃən.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: convention
ADJECTIVE
[C1] doing things in a way that is different from most people
Dictionary example:
an unconventional lifestyle
Learner example:
CHILDREN'S STORIES This event was successful and satisfied the kids since the heroes were
exhilarating, with amazingly unconventional behaviour.
uncountable noun /ʌnˌkaʊnt.ə.bl

̩ˈnaʊn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a noun which does not have a plural form and cannot be used with 'a' or 'one'
Dictionary example:
'Information' and 'furniture' are uncountable nouns.
uncover /ʌnˈkʌv.ər/
Word family:
VERB [T]
[C1] to discover something that had been secret or hidden
Dictionary example:
The inspectors uncovered evidence of corruption.
2400
Learner example:
Sitting in a restaurant and discussing provisions of the contract you will find much easier and feel
happier than [just sitting] and look[ing] at [an] enormous number of clauses, trying unsuccessfuly
to uncover what your client really thought when he wrote this or that.
undeniable /ˌʌn.dɪˈnaɪ.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: denial
Verbs: deny
Adjectives: undeniable
Adverbs: undeniably
ADJECTIVE
[C1] certainly true
Dictionary example:
an undeniable fact
Learner example:
It is undeniable that he has made a positive contribution to [the] history of my country.
under /ˈʌn.dər/
PREPOSITION
IN A PARTICULAR STATE
[B2] in a particular state or condition
The President is under pressure to resign.
Under no circumstances should the festival become too specialized.
Learner example:
I am used to working under pressure.
under attack/control/investigation, etc.

[B2] being affected by something at the present time
The town is once again under attack.
The cause of the fire is still under investigation.
A new 16-screen cinema is under construction.
Several different plans are under discussion.
We are working hard to get the situation under control.
2401
Learner example:
Everything was under control, the remote detonator had worked perfectly well.
be under the impression

[B2] to think or understand a particular stated thing
I was under the impression (that) you didn't get on too well.
He was under the mistaken impression (that) you were married.
Learner example:
I am under the impression that people generally exercise a little, but if they eat the wrong food
every day, it won't help.
underestimate /ˌʌn.dəˈres.tɪ.meɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: estimate
VERB [T]
NOT KNOW SIZE
[B2] to fail to understand how large, strong, or important something is
Many people underestimate the cost of owning a car.
We shouldn't underestimate the part that exercise plays in good health.
Learner example:
The report also seemed to underestimate the number of people that had attended.
PERSON
[C1] to not understand how powerful or clever someone is
Dictionary example:
I thought it would be an easy game but I had underestimated my opponent.
Learner example:
At the beginning she will ask you many questions about yourself. But don't underestimate Ms
Bates (that's her name).
undergo /ˌʌn.dəˈgəʊ/
VERB [T] (undergoing, underwent, undergone)

[C1] to experience something, especially a change or medical treatment
2402
The country is currently undergoing major political change.
He is undergoing surgery for a heart problem.
Learner example:
Nowadays, my country is undergoing a very difficult financial and social situation.
underground1
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB /ˌʌn.dəˈgraʊnd/

[B2] below the surface of the ground
an underground cave/passage
Some animals, such as moles, live underground.
Learner example:
As it was expected, Harry was seen, and then he went underground t[h]rough a tunnel which
crossed from the inner city to the Russian zone.
underground2 /ˌʌn.dəˈgraʊnd/
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
[B2] below the surface of the ground
an underground cave/passage
Some animals, such as moles, live underground.
Learner example:
As it was expected, Harry was seen, and then he went underground t[h]rough a tunnel which
crossed from the inner city to the Russian zone.
underline /ˌʌn.dəˈlaɪn/ (ALSO underscore)
VERB [T]
DRAW LINE
[B1] to draw a line under a word or sentence, especially in order to show its
importance
Dictionary example:
All the technical words have been underlined in red.
2403
Learner example:
And, another disadvantage in my opinion is that is more difficult to underline or to write some
notes if you study from the computer.
EMPHASIZE
[B2] to emphasize the truth or importance of something
Dictionary example:
The report underlines the need for more teachers in schools.
Learner example:
It is true that museums do not show the past as well as they could, but we must underline that
they are always good enough if we are really interested in knowing about our past.
underneath /ˌʌn.dəˈniːθ/
PREPOSITION
[B1] under or below something
The tunnel goes right underneath the city.
They found a bomb underneath the car.
Learner example:
She was dressed like a princess, after spending the whole day looking for an appropriate dress,
which she finally managed to find underneath her bed.
ADVERB
[B2] under or below
Dictionary example:
Florian was wearing a dark jacket with a red shirt underneath.
Learner example:
The rock was about 70m high and there was water underneath.
underpaid /ˌʌn.dəˈpeɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: pay, payment
Verbs: pay, repay
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not earning enough for your work
Dictionary example:
Her staff felt they were underpaid.
2404
Learner example:
They claim that they are overworked and underpaid (it's [the] usual reason for striking, isn't it?)
underpants /ˈʌn.dəˌpænts/
NOUN [PLURAL]
[B1] a piece of underwear that covers the area between your waist and the top of
your legs
Dictionary example:
I need some new underpants.
Learner example:
Was that woman me, standing there in those ugly-looking underpants, but with a smart sports
bra, with everybody laughing around her?
understand /ˌʌn.dəˈstænd/ (understood, understood)
Word family:
VERB [I or T]
KNOW FEELINGS
[B1] to know how someone feels or why they behave in a particular way
I don't understand James sometimes.
I understand why she's so angry.
Learner example:
Maybe now you can understand why I hate shopping. kisses,
I/we understand (that)... FORMAL
[C1] used to say that you believe something is true because someone has told you
it is
Dictionary example:
I understand that the school is due to close next year.
Learner example:
I understand that the job entails enterta[in]ing people.
2405
make yourself understood
[C1] to say something to someone in a way that they understand
Dictionary example:
I had a little difficulty making myself understood.
Learner example:
(Find enclosed a paper slip on which I have written a destination, number of tickets, etc., in the
German language - use it just in case you can't make yourselves understood.)
understandable /ˌʌn.dəˈstæn.də.bl
̩/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] An understandable feeling or action is one that you would expect in that
particular situation.
"I still feel really angry about it." "That's understandable."
Their refusal to help is perfectly/completely understandable, considering the circumstances.
Learner example:
I guess they wouldn't give me permission [to stay] at a female friend's home, but that's
understandable.
understandably /ˌʌn.dəˈstæn.də.bli/
Word family:
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is expected in a particular situation
Dictionary example:
She's understandably upset.
Learner example:
Furthermore, the use of the computer system caused long waiting times because everyone wanted
- understandably - to find out more about suitable working opportunities.
2406
understanding /ˌʌn.dəˈstæn.dɪŋ/
Word family:
NOUN
KNOWLEDGE
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] knowledge about a subject, situation, etc. or about how something
works
She doesn't have any understanding of politics.
My understanding of the agreement is that they will pay £50, 000 over two years.
It was my understanding that she would come alone.
Learner example:
It was my understanding that discounts were available on the tickets, as the advertisement
showed, but there were no discounts.
SYMPATHY
[B2] [U] sympathy
Dictionary example:
Thank you for your understanding - I do appreciate it.
Learner example:
Thank you for your understanding.
ADJECTIVE
[B2] showing sympathy for someone's problems
Dictionary example:
Fortunately, my boss is very understanding.
Learner example:
They are famous, but they need to be alone sometimes. I think [the] media must be more
understanding.
undertake /ˌʌn.dəˈteɪk/ (undertook, undertaken)
Word family:
Nouns: undertaking
Verbs: take, undertake
2407
VERB [T]
DO
[C1] FORMAL to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a

long time or be difficult
Dictionary example:
Students are required to undertake simple experiments.
Learner example:
To achieve it the above mentioned steps should be undertaken.
underwater /ˌʌn.dəˈwɔː.tər/
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
[B2] under the surface of water
an underwater camera
Seals can hear very well underwater.
Learner example:
If you have diving equipment, you will spend a very good time underwater.
underwear /ˈʌn.də.weər/
NOUN [U]
[B1] the clothes that you wear next to your skin, under your other clothes
Dictionary example:
They sell a wide range of underwear.
Learner example:
If I see some nice underwear, I will buy it too.
undo /ʌnˈduː/ (undoing, undid, undone)
VERB [T]
OPEN
[B2] to open something that is tied or fastened
2408
I took off my hat and undid my coat.
Can you undo this knot for me?
Can someone help me to undo my seat belt?
CHANGE BACK
[B2] to make a computer get rid of the last change you made to a document and
make it the way it was before
Dictionary example:
You need to undo that change.
undoubtedly /ʌnˈdaʊ.tɪd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: doubt
Verbs: doubt
ADVERB
[B2] used to emphasize that something is true
Dictionary example:
Stress has undoubtedly contributed to her illness.
Learner example:
This trip will undoubtedly be a wonderful experience.
undress /ʌnˈdres/
Word family:
Nouns: dress
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to remove your clothes or someone else's clothes
Dictionary example:
She undressed the children and put them to bed.
Learner example:
The chair is for my clothes when I undress.
2409
undressed /ʌnˈdrest/
Word family:
Nouns: dress
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not wearing any clothes
Dictionary example:
I got undressed and went to bed.
Learner example:
We got undressed quicker than ever and ran into the waterfall.
uneasy /ʌnˈiː.zi/
Word family:
Nouns: ease
ADJECTIVE
[B2] worried because you think something bad might happen
Dictionary example:
I feel a bit uneasy about her travelling alone.
Learner example:
Anyway I was getting uneasy because of all that silence, so I began to sing.
unemployed /ˌʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: employ
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not having a job that provides money
Dictionary example:
He's been unemployed for over a year.
Learner example:
I have been unemployed for four months.
2410
NOUN
the unemployed
[C1] people who are unemployed
Dictionary example:
We want to get the unemployed back into work.
Learner example:
I am a lawyer and not so long ago I worked in Poznan Unemployment Office where I happened to
use English - not talking to the unemployed of course.
unemployment /ˌʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/
Word family:
Verbs: employ
NOUN [U]
[B1] the number of people who are unemployed
a rise/fall in unemployment
Unemployment has fallen/risen again for the third month in a row.
Learner example:
Later, after a discussion about unemployment, we did reading, writing and listening.
unexpected /ˌʌn.ɪkˈspek.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: expectation
Verbs: expect
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not expected
Dictionary example:
His death was completely unexpected.
Learner example:
Last week I had an unexpected visit from my best friend - Mark.
2411
unexpectedly /ˌʌn.ɪkˈspek.tɪd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: expectation
Verbs: expect
ADVERB
[B2] in a way or at a time that is not expected
Retail sales unexpectedly fell last month.
He called in quite unexpectedly last week.
Learner example:
He called me really unexpectedly at work, and told me to go [to] his office at once.
unfair /ʌnˈfeər/
Word family:
Nouns: fairness
ADJECTIVE
NOT EQUAL
[B1] not treating people in a equal way
an unfair system
The test was unfair because some people had seen it before.
Learner example:
He [always] gave me horrible marks and was very unfair.
NOT TRUE
[B2] not true and morally wrong
Dictionary example:
It's unfair to blame Roger for everything.
Learner example:
Furthermore, it's unfair [to] say that there is nothing to do in the evenings, because there is lots to
do.
2412
unfairly /ʌnˈfeə.li/
Word family:
Nouns: fairness
ADVERB
[B2] in an unfair way
Dictionary example:
His employers treated him very unfairly.
Learner example:
Your report not only gave wrong information to your readers but also criti[c]ized a music festival
unfairly.
unfamiliar /ʌn.fəˈmɪl.i.ər/
Word family:
Verbs: familiarize
Adjectives: familiar, unfamiliar
ADJECTIVE
NOT KNOWN
[B2] not known to you
I noticed several unfamiliar faces in the meeting room.
His name was unfamiliar to me.
Learner example:
On the other hand, you may not like some dishes, because they may be unfamiliar to you.
be unfamiliar with sth

[B2] to not have any knowledge or experience of something
Dictionary example:
A lot of people are unfamiliar with the system.
unfashionable /ʌnˈfæʃ.ən.ə.bl
̩/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not fashionable or popular at a particular time
2413
Dictionary example:
This kind of cooking is very unfashionable now.
Learner example:
I think that museums became a little bit unfashionable [as a] way of knowing or showing
something.
unfit /ʌnˈfɪt/
ADJECTIVE
NOT HEALTHY
[B1] not healthy because you do too little exercise
Dictionary example:
I really must do some exercise - I'm so unfit.
Learner example:
I was interested in practicing some sport, because I was feeling quite unfit.
NOT GOOD ENOUGH
[B2] not suitable or good enough
Dictionary example:
The building was declared unfit for human habitation.
Learner example:
Cars also emit carbon monoxide and make the air unfit to breath[e].
unfold /ʌnˈfəʊld/
VERB
OPEN
[C1] [I or T] to become open and flat, or to make something become open and flat
Dictionary example:
I unfolded the map.
Learner example:
Well, you will be if you saw our slide show and talk - members can hardly forget that relaxing
afternoon when we unfolded the sails on the lake and enjoyed the tranquility of the area.
2414
unforeseen /ˌʌnfɔːˈsiːn/
Word family:
Verbs: foresee
Adjectives: foreseeable, unforeseen
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not expected
Dictionary example:
The concert was cancelled due to unforeseen circumstances.
Learner example:
Finally, owing to unforeseen circumstances, the half-day visit to St Andrews was cancel[l]ed and I
was told about it only in the late morning, which prevented me from doing what I had planned.
unforgettable /ˌʌn.fəˈget.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: forget
Adjectives: unforgettable
ADJECTIVE
[B1] Something that is unforgettable is so good, interesting, etc. that you

remember it for a long time.
Dictionary example:
Seeing Niagara Falls was an unforgettable experience.
Learner example:
I've just arrived home and I'd like to thank you for the unforgettable weekend.
unfortunate /ʌnˈfɔː.tʃən.ət/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
BAD SITUATION
[B2] used to show that you wish something was not true or had not happened
an unfortunate mistake
It was so unfortunate that she lost her job just as her husband became ill.
2415
Learner example:
It is unfortunate that he couldn't inform you about the conference.
UNLUCKY
[B2] unlucky
Dictionary example:
One unfortunate person failed to see the hole and fell straight into it.
Learner example:
He was always an unfortunate person, because bad things happen[ed] to him all the time.
unfriendly /ʌnˈfrend.li/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not friendly
Dictionary example:
I found her rather unfriendly.
Learner example:
My last teacher was very unfriendly.
unhappiness /ʌnˈhæp.ɪ.nəs/
Word family:
Adverbs: happily
NOUN [U]
[B2] the state of being unhappy
Dictionary example:
Her unhappiness was obvious to everyone.
Learner example:
They feel very unhappy living in a zoo, since for them it is like a prison, and their unhappiness can
bring about their death.
2416
unhappy /ʌnˈhæp.i/
Word family:
Adverbs: happily
ADJECTIVE
NOT SATISFIED
[B1] not satisfied
I'm unhappy about the situation.
We were very unhappy with the service at the hotel.
Learner example:
I'm still unhappy about my present accommodation [for] the following reasons.
unhealthy /ʌnˈhel.θi/
Word family:
Nouns: health
Adjectives: healthy, unhealthy
ADJECTIVE
[B1] likely to become ill or likely to damage your health
Dictionary example:
He has a very unhealthy lifestyle.
Learner example:
The city is unsafe and unhealthy because [of] the pollution and the violence.
unhelpful /ʌnˈhelp.fʊl/
Word family:
Nouns: helper
Verbs: help
ADJECTIVE
NO HELP
[B2] not wanting to help someone, in a way that seems unfriendly
Dictionary example:
The taxi driver was rude and unhelpful.
2417
Learner example:
However, The Taverna has no uniform and the waiters there are sometimes pushy and unhelpful.
NOT IMPROVE
[C1] not improving a situation
Dictionary example:
an unhelpful remark
Learner example:
Because of the unhelpful and useless solution from [this] company, called Energy Plus, I am
looking for advice.
unimportant /ˌʌn.ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/
Word family:
Nouns: importance
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not important
Dictionary example:
Staffing is still a relatively unimportant issue compared to the other problems that we're facing.
Learner example:
Pat told him some unimportant things such as she learnt to swim at the age of five or that she
loved ants.
uninterested /ʌnˈɪn.trə.stɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: interest
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not interested
Dictionary example:
He's completely uninterested in politics.
Learner example:
He is uninterested in his father['s] money.
2418
uninteresting /ʌnˈɪn.trə.stɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: interest
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not interesting
Dictionary example:
His later work is uninteresting in comparison with his first novel.
Learner example:
My neighbours are particularly uninteresting, they bore me stiff!
union /ˈjuː.ni.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: union, reunion
NOUN
WORKERS
[B1] [C] (ALSO trade union) an organization that represents people who do a particular
job
Dictionary example:
a teachers'/firefighters' union
Learner example:
Otherwise there will be some problems with trade unions.
JOINING
[B2] [U NO PLURAL] when two or more countries, groups, etc. join together to make
one country, group, etc.
the European Union
Meanwhile, the debate on European political and monetary union continues.
2419
unique /jʊˈniːk/
ADJECTIVE
DIFFERENT
[B2] different from everyone and everything else
Dictionary example:
Everyone's fingerprints are unique.
Learner example:
Every book is unique because every writer is unique, with his own style and his own character.
SPECIAL
[B2] unusual and special
Dictionary example:
Do not miss this unique opportunity to buy all six pans at half the recommended price.
Learner example:
First of all, I would like to tell you that I really enjoyed my stay and it was a unique experience for
me.
be unique to sb/sth
[C1] to exist in only one place, or be connected with only one person or thing
Dictionary example:
It's a method of education that is unique to this school.
Learner example:
I strongly believe that every country needs its local shops with products that are unique to the
particular country, not only because it is very good for local development but also because this
way the world will stay colo[u]rful and interesting.
unit /ˈjuː.nɪt/
NOUN [C]
SINGLE THING
[B1] a single thing or a separate part of something larger
The first year of the course is divided into four units.
Each unit of the course book focuses on a different grammar point.
Learner example:
I'm sorry but I can't come [to] tomorrow's class because my father [had a] car crash and I have to
take care [of] him but don't worry I can do the unit of my workbook and do the exercise.
2420
PEOPLE
[C1] a group of people living or working together, especially for a particular

purpose
the traditional family unit
an anti-terrorist unit
Dr Nussbaum is director of the Civil Liberties Research Unit at King's College, London.
Both soldiers spent two weeks in training before being allowed to rejoin their unit.
Learner example:
This is very important because once they [have] grown up, they have to be together in the family
unit with their [own] kids.
unite /juːˈnaɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: unity
Verbs: unite
Adjectives: united
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to join together as a group, or to make people join together as a group
Dictionary example:
We need a leader who can unite the party.
Learner example:
A barbecue would unite all members in a rarely seen way, because we would all be together for a
day or an afternoon which would be enough to make some new friends and get to know the other
members better.
united /jʊˈnaɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: unity
Verbs: unite
Adjectives: united
ADJECTIVE
JOINED
[B2] joined together as a group, organization, etc.
The whole village was united in their grief.
It was the first film festival to take place in a united Germany.
2421
Learner example:
Despite all these advantages, I deeply miss the times [when] I had almost no technological
facilities, but a very happy and united family.
IN AGREEMENT
[B2] If people are united, they all agree about something.
Dictionary example:
On the issue of education the party is united.
Learner example:
We have the authority to make changes, that is if we stand united.
unity /ˈjuː.nə.ti/
Word family:
Nouns: unity
Verbs: unite
Adjectives: united
NOUN [U]
[C1] when everyone agrees with each other or wants to stay together
national/party unity
family unity
Learner example:
I would conclude by saying that [some] healthy competition is good, but your main goal has to be
to work together as a group and work towards the achievement of goal[s] - as the saying goes,
"united we stand, divided we fall" and unity is strength.
universal /ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.səl/
Word family:
Nouns: universe
Adjectives: universal
Adverbs: universally
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to everyone in the world, or to everyone in a particular group
a universal truth
Food is a subject of almost universal interest.
The new reforms have not met with universal approval within the government.
Kittens and puppies have an almost universal appeal.
2422
Learner example:
I think [the film] Yasujino Ozo has something universal in [relation to] our daily life, a kind of
feeling or emotion.
universally /ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.səl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: universe
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that involves everyone in the world, or everyone in a particular group
She is universally adored.
Water is one of the most common and universally known substances.
Learner example:
Furthermore fame can [give] people the feeling that they are universally loved.
universe /ˈjuː.nɪ.vɜːs/
Word family:
Nouns: universe
NOUN
the universe
[B1] everything that exists, including all the stars, space, etc.
Dictionary example:
Is there intelligent life elsewhere in the universe?
Learner example:
I'm the last survivor of a great civilization that is now extinguished. I've been looking for a planet
like yours for ages, to transmit the secret of my people. Take this box: this source of energy
means strength, it is the most powerful item in the universe!
2423
unjustified /ʌnˈdʒʌs.tɪ.faɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: justify
ADJECTIVE
[C1] done without a reason and not deserved
Dictionary example:
unjustified criticism
Learner example:
The location turned out to be far too small and the costs unjustified.
unkind /ʌnˈkaɪnd/
Word family:
Nouns: kindness
Adverbs: kindly
ADJECTIVE
[B1] slightly cruel
an unkind remark
I didn't tell her the truth because I thought it would be unkind.
Learner example:
His daughter-in-law was most unkind towards him.
unknown /ʌnˈnəʊn/
Word family:
Verbs: know
Adverbs: knowingly
ADJECTIVE
NOT KNOWN
[B1] not known
2424
The exact number of people carrying the virus is unknown.
Unknown to me, she'd organized a party for my birthday.
Learner example:
There w[ere] few words and the address was unknown.
NOT FAMOUS
[B1] not famous
Dictionary example:
an unknown actor
Learner example:
Two unknown actors were being filmed while they were acting.
NOUN
the unknown
[C1] things that you have not experienced and know nothing about
Dictionary example:
It's normal to fear the unknown.
Learner example:
The most important factor when learning English is the hunger for knowledge, the hunger for the
unknown.
unless /ʌnˈles/
CONJUNCTION
[B1] except if
I won't call you unless there are any problems.
You can't get a job unless you've got experience.
Unless you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.
Learner example:
I never go shopping unless it's necessary.
unlike /ʌnˈlaɪk/
PREPOSITION
DIFFERENT
[B2] different from someone or something
2425
The furniture was unlike anything she had ever seen.
Dan's actually quite nice, unlike his father.
Unlike you, I'm not a great dancer.
Learner example:
In fact the Hotel Astrid is now closed so I had to stay at the Riverside Hotel, [whi]ch offers great
savings for students, unlike the Hotel Royal [whi]ch is quite expensive.
unlikely /ʌnˈlaɪ.kli/
Word family:
Nouns: likelihood
Adjectives: likely, unlikely
ADJECTIVE
NOT LIKELY
[B1] not likely
It's unlikely that we'll see them again.
We might see them there but it's fairly unlikely.
He's unlikely to arrive before midday.
Learner example:
Unfortunately, it is very unlikely that I would be able to go and collect the keys at that time,
because I have arranged an appointment with my doctor to see him about my leg.
unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: limit
ADJECTIVE
[B2] without any limits
Dictionary example:
a service that offers unlimited Internet access
Learner example:
Moreover, who has the freedom to buy [whatever they need] with an unlimited budget?
2426
unload /ʌnˈləʊd/
Word family:
Nouns: load, overload
Verbs: load, unload
VERB
SHIP/AIRCRAFT
[C1] [I] If a ship, aircraft, etc. unloads, goods are taken off it.
Dictionary example:
The ship unloaded in Marseilles.
Learner example:
Old fishing boats from everywhere unload their merchandise there.
unlock /ʌnˈlɒk/
Word family:
Nouns: lock
Verbs: lock, unlock
VERB [T]
[B2] to open something which is locked using a key or an electronic device
Dictionary example:
They haven't unlocked the computer room yet.
Learner example:
She unlocked the door and went in.
unlucky /ʌnˈlʌk.i/
Word family:
Nouns: luck
Adverbs: luckily
ADJECTIVE
[B1] having or causing bad luck
They played well and were unlucky to lose.
Some people think it's unlucky to walk under ladders.
Learner example:
I'm going to tell you a story of an unlucky man.
2427
unmarried /ʌnˈmær.ɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: marriage
Verbs: marry
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not married
Dictionary example:
She lives with her unmarried son.
Learner example:
It has even been proved by research carried out by [a] sociologist that the woman of today prefers
to stay unmarried to keep her own identity.
unnatural /ʌnˈnætʃ.ər.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: nature
Adverbs: naturally
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not normal or right
an unnatural silence
unnatural conditions
Learner example:
Animals live in unnatural conditions, and die early.
unnecessarily /ʌnˌnes.əˈser.əl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: necessity
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is not necessary
Dictionary example:
Of course we don't want to alarm people unnecessarily, but they should be alerted to potential
dangers.
2428
Learner example:
[The] community should understand the reality of the effects [of] using private cars unnecessarily.
unnecessary /ʌnˈnes.ə.ser.i/
Word family:
Nouns: necessity
ADJECTIVE
[B1] describes something that could be avoided or that is not needed
You don't want to make any unnecessary car journeys in this weather.
The aim is to kill the animal as quickly as possible without causing unnecessary suffering.
Learner example:
Don't waste too much time with unnecessary TV shows or computer games.
unnoticed /ʌnˈnəʊ.tɪst/
Word family:
Nouns: notice
Verbs: notice
ADJECTIVE
[C1] without being seen or noticed
Dictionary example:
We managed to slip away unnoticed.
Learner example:
But by the time we stop and look around us, it is usually too late to say goodbye to things that
were with us, watched us grow and then disappeared, alone and unnoticed.
unpack /ʌnˈpæk/
Word family:
Verbs: pack, unpack
Adjectives: packed
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to remove things from a suitcase, bag or box
2429
Dictionary example:
I haven't even had time to unpack my bag/case/clothes/suitcase.
Learner example:
After I unpacked, I asked if I c[ould] have a guide to show me [around the] town.
unpaid /ʌnˈpeɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: pay, payment
Verbs: pay, repay
ADJECTIVE
NOT PAID
[C1] An unpaid debt, tax, etc. has not been paid.
Dictionary example:
They had nearly £20,000 in unpaid debts.
Learner example:
This amount was unpaid by [the] previous owner.
WORK FOR FREE
[C1] working without getting any money
Dictionary example:
unpaid work
Learner example:
At the time he was mostly doing unpaid work, living on a low budget and going to painting night-
classes.
unpleasant /ʌnˈplez.ənt/
Word family:
Nouns: pleasure
Verbs: please
Adverbs: pleasantly
ADJECTIVE
NOT PLEASANT
[B1] not enjoyable or pleasant
Dictionary example:
an unpleasant experience/smell
2430
Learner example:
On top of that, if you stay in the countryside, you will avoid the smog and the noise of the city,
which are very unpleasant!
RUDE
[C1] rude and angry
Dictionary example:
The waiter got quite unpleasant with us.
Learner example:
The driver showed rather unpleasant behaviour and his uniform was untidy, while the stewardess
on board was not helpful at all and did not care much about the appalling conditions we had to
suffer [o]n the coach.
unpopular /ʌnˈpɒp.jʊ.lər/
Word family:
Nouns: popularity
ADJECTIVE
[B2] disliked by most people
Night flights from the airport are deeply unpopular.
The government is becoming increasingly unpopular.
Learner example:
In addition, the outdoor swimming pool, sup[p]osedly unpopular, happens to be constantly full of
people, since waterpolo classes are given for free and there is a bar just next to it.
unpredictable /ˌʌn.prɪˈdɪk.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: prediction
Verbs: predict
ADJECTIVE
[B2] changing so much that you do not know what will happen next
The weather there can be a bit unpredictable - one minute it's blue skies and the next minute it's
raining hard.
The hours in this job are very unpredictable - you sometimes have to work late at very short
notice.
2431
Learner example:
By that time I was nervous because there were too many unpredictable things [happening].
unproductive /ˌʌn.prəˈdʌk.tɪv/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not producing anything of value
There were months of unproductive bureaucracy.
The meeting was totally unproductive.
Learner example:
Especially if these graduates are unemployed and they can't find a job easily, they would feel
unproductive by staying home.
unprofessional /ˌʌn.prəˈfeʃ.ən.əl/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not showing the standard of behaviour or skills that are expected of a person
in a skilled job
an unprofessional attitude
Doctor Rivers was charged with unprofessional conduct and improper use of dangerous drugs.
Learner example:
Your reporter was so inattentive and unprofessional that he did not [bother] to check the figures
and mixed up 35 and 45.
unqualified /ʌnˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪd/
Word family:
2432
ADJECTIVE
[C1] without the qualifications or knowledge to do something
Dictionary example:
She was totally unqualified to look after children.
Learner example:
Polish schools lag behind the European ones. Moreover, the teachers are sometimes unqualified or
unprepared.
unquestionably /ʌnˈkwes.tʃən.ə.bli/
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is obvious and causes no doubt
Dictionary example:
She is unquestionably the best person for the job.
Learner example:
Although the content of the Conference was unquestionably well prepared, some organisational
problems appeared.
unreal /ʌnˈrɪəl/
Word family:
Nouns: reality
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Something that is unreal seems so strange that it is difficult to believe.
Dictionary example:
For a while I couldn't believe she was dead - it all seemed unreal.
Learner example:
To sum up, the reality of reality shows is that they want to simulate reality and therefore appear to
be credible, a plausible opportun[it]y for the audience to become participant and master at the
same time: the most unreal situation [of] all.
2433
unrealistic /ˌʌn.rɪəˈlɪs.tɪk/
Word family:
Nouns: reality
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not thinking about what is likely to happen or what you can really do
I think these sales forecasts are unrealistic, considering how slow sales are at present.
It's unrealistic to expect an answer before next week.
Learner example:
There must be an alternative to today's zoo, some may suggest a release of all confined animals,
but I realise that is unrealistic.
unreasonable /ʌnˈriː.zən.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not fair or acceptable
unreasonable behaviour/demands
It seems unreasonable to expect one person to do both jobs.
Learner example:
So it's unreasonable to think that a country can base its scholastic system only on the few things
that students like.
unreasonably /ʌnˈriː.zən.ə.bli/
Word family:
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is not fair
2434
I thought the prices were unreasonably high.
He acted unreasonably.
Learner example:
Informing students and residents about the means of transport and reducing the unreasonably
high ticket price are the keys to incite more people use such means.
unrelated /ˌʌn.rɪˈleɪ.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: relate
Adverbs: relatively
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having no connection
Dictionary example:
Police said his death was unrelated to the attack.
Learner example:
On top of that, and completely unrelated to these strikes, the medical services in the community
broke down when the doctors and nurses went on a strike on their own.
unreliable /ˌʌn.rɪˈlaɪə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Verbs: rely
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not able to be trusted or depended on
Dictionary example:
The trains were noisy, dirty, and unreliable.
Learner example:
This article has 4 main errors which makes it unreliable and I am disappointed [in] it.
2435
unsafe /ʌnˈseɪf/
Word family:
Nouns: safety
Adverbs: safely
ADJECTIVE
DANGEROUS
[C1] dangerous
The building is unsafe.
The water was dirty and unsafe to drink.
Learner example:
It was extremely unsafe as the safety belts were broken.
IN DANGER
[C1] If you feel unsafe, you feel that you are in danger.
Dictionary example:
Many women feel unsafe on the streets at night.
Learner example:
It was then that I began to feel unsafe; I thought, if something happens, this mob will become
something truly hard to control, and this idea frightened me for some time.
unsatisfactory /ˌʌn.sæt.ɪsˈfæk.tər.i/
Word family:
Verbs: satisfy
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not good enough
Dictionary example:
We had a rather unsatisfactory meal.
Learner example:
It was a great idea, but I think I need to make some points about the things that I found
unsatisfactory.
2436
unsolved /ʌnˈsɒlvd/
Word family:
Nouns: solution
Verbs: solve
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having no answer or solution
Dictionary example:
an unsolved mystery/murder/crime
Learner example:
Consequently, a lot of problems remained unsolved.
unspoiled /ʌnˈspɔɪlt/
Word family:
Verbs: spoil
Adjectives: unspoiled
ADJECTIVE (ALSO UK unspoilt)

[C1] An unspoiled place is beautiful because it has not been changed or damaged
by people.
Dictionary example:
an island with clean, unspoiled beaches
Learner example:
I [hope] that one day this unfriendly place will become once more the peaceful, unspoiled and
beautiful village that enchanted every passenger with its beauty.
unsuccessful /ˌʌn.səkˈses.fəl/
Word family:
Nouns: success
Verbs: succeed
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not achieving what was wanted or intended
They made several unsuccessful attempts to reach the men.
His application was unsuccessful.
2437
Learner example:
We tried very hard to score a second goal but all our effo[rt]s were unsuccessful.
unsuccessfully /ˌʌn.səkˈses.fəl.i/
Word family:
Nouns: success
Verbs: succeed
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that is not successful
Dictionary example:
We tried unsuccessfully to climb the wall.
Learner example:
I tried to reach the company several times in the last two months, unsuccessfully.
unsuitable /ʌnˈsjuː.tə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: suitability
Verbs: suit
Adverbs: suitably
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not acceptable or right for someone or something
Dictionary example:
The software blocks material that is unsuitable for children.
Learner example:
If the date of [the] meeting is unsuitable for you, just inform me.
unsure /ʌnˈʃɔːr/
Word family:
Verbs: ensure
Adverbs: surely
2438
ADJECTIVE
NOT CERTAIN
[B2] not certain or having doubts
I'm a bit unsure about what to do.
I was unsure of the directions.
I was unsure what/how to tell them.
Learner example:
As I have not been there before, I am rather unsure of what to wear.
unthinkable /ʌnˈθɪŋk.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: thinker
ADJECTIVE
[C1] If something is unthinkable, it is so strange that you cannot imagine it will

ever happen.
Dictionary example:
Thirty years ago a no-smoking restaurant would have been unthinkable.
Learner example:
Nowadays it is simply unthinkable to live without [a] computer.
untidy /ʌnˈtaɪ.di/
Word family:
Verbs: tidy
Adjectives: tidy, untidy
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not tidy
an untidy room
She's really untidy at home.
Learner example:
Now we need to buy some drawers to put our clothes away, which are for the moment kept in our
suitcase and look very untidy!
2439
untie /ʌnˈtaɪ/ (untying, untied, untied)
Word family:
Nouns: tie
Verbs: tie, untie
VERB [T]
[B2] to open a knot or something that has been tied with a knot
Dictionary example:
I untied my shoelaces and kicked off my shoes.
Learner example:
She tried to untie the ropes but they were too strong.
until /ʌnˈtɪl/ (ALSO till)
PREPOSITION
not until
[B1] not before a particular time or event
We didn't eat until past midnight.
It doesn't open until 7:00.
Learner example:
Two weeks ago I rec[ei]ved your letter but I couldn't answer you until now.
CONJUNCTION
TIME
[B1] continuing to happen before a particular time or event and then stopping
Hadn't we better wait until Antony arrives?
I waited until they'd gone before I started clearing up.
Whisk the egg whites until they look white and fluffy.
Learner example:
I had always wanted to travel by plane to another country but I [di]dn't have the op[p]ortunity until
I was eleven years old.
DIRECTIONS
[B1] as far as
Dictionary example:
Go straight on until you reach the roundabout and then take the second exit.
2440
Learner example:
On the second day, we cycled [for] approximately 4 hours until we reached a beautiful castle.
not until
[B1] not before a particular time or event
Dictionary example:
We won't start the meeting until Jeanne is here.
Learner example:
We didn't stop laughing until the movie finished.
untouched /ʌnˈtʌtʃt/
Word family:
Nouns: touch
Verbs: touch
Adjectives: untouched
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not changed or damaged in any way
Dictionary example:
Most of the island remains untouched by tourism.
Learner example:
The starting point is in Lokken, an idyl[l]ic fishing village b[eside] the North Sea, still untouched by
tourism.
untrue /ʌnˈtruː/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] false
Dictionary example:
We knew the rumours were untrue.
Learner example:
They realized that almost everything mentioned in your advertisement appeared to be untrue.
unusually /ʌnˈjuː.ʒu.əl.i/
Word family:
Adjectives: unusual, usual
Adverbs: unusually, usually
2441
ADVERB
unusually big/strong/good,etc.
[B2] bigger, stronger, better, etc. than is normal
Dictionary example:
unusually warm weather
Learner example:
On you[r] free afternoon I suggest you visit our local museum, which is unusually large for such a
small town.
unwanted /ʌnˈwɒn.tɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: want
Adjectives: unwanted
ADJECTIVE
[C1] not wanted
Dictionary example:
an unwanted gift
Learner example:
Children feel alone, unwanted and become very often latch-key children who come back to a sad
home where nobody is waiting for them.
unwell /ʌnˈwel/
Word family:
Adjectives: unwell, well
ADJECTIVE [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] FORMAL
[B1] ill
Dictionary example:
to feel/look unwell
Learner example:
I won't be able to go to your English class tomorrow morning because my sister is unwell and I will
have to stay with her.
2442
unwilling /ʌnˈwɪl.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: willingness, unwillingness
Adjectives: unwilling, willing
Adverbs: willingly, unwillingly
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not wanting to do something
Dictionary example:
A lot of people are unwilling to accept change.
Learner example:
I was unwilling to face the truth and the reality that my best friend had already left me.
unwillingly /ʌnˈwɪl.ɪŋ.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[C1] in a way that shows that you do not want to do something
Dictionary example:
He unwillingly agreed to take her home.
Learner example:
What was worse, ours broke down on our way to the safari park, so we had to give it a miss
unwillingly.
unwillingness /ʌnˈwɪl.ɪŋ.nəs/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[C1] a state of not being willing to do something
Dictionary example:
Both sides have shown unwillingness to negotiate.
2443
Learner example:
In the 70s some women also beg[a]n to wear short skirts, which might be seen as a way to
express their unwillingness to obey certain dress codes or as a symbol of their independence.
unwind /ʌnˈwaɪnd/
Word family:
Verbs: wind, unwind
Adjectives: winding
VERB (unwound)
RELAX
[C1] [I] INFORMAL to relax, especially after working
Dictionary example:
Music helps me to unwind.
Learner example:
The houses will be semi-detached to [allow] neighbours to chat and unwind.
up /ʌp/
ADVERB
go/walk, etc. up to sb/sth

[B1] to walk directly towards someone or something until you are next to them
Dictionary example:
He came straight up to me and introduced himself.
Learner example:
She came up to him to help him with the luggage.
NOT IN BED
[B1] not in bed
Dictionary example:
I stayed up all night finishing this report.
Learner example:
That night we were up until late talking and after a couple of days she left.
be up to sb
[B1] If an action or decision is up to someone, they are responsible for doing or
making it.
2444
I can't decide for you, Jack, it's up to you.
It's up to Sophie to decide whether she wants to enter the competition.
Learner example:
This is my opinion but it's up to you.
be up to sth
[B1] INFORMAL to be doing or planning something
What are you up to at the moment?
They're up to something - I can tell.
Learner example:
What have you been up to?
INCREASE
[B2] to a greater degree, amount, volume, etc.
Please speak up, I can't hear you.
The fire heats the room up within minutes.
The cost of car insurance is up, but not very much.
Learner example:
Moreover the microphone suddenly wouldn't work anymore, and even though I desperately tried
to speak up, people began to lose interest in both my speech and me and simply started to talk to
each other instead.
COMPLETE
[B2] used to emphasize that an action or process is complete
Come on, Maria, drink up your lemonade.
By the time we left, she had bought up half of the shop.
Learner example:
Anna, I broke one of your beautiful vase[s] accidentally when I was trying to clean up the house
one evening.
up and down
[B2] rising and falling
Dictionary example:
They were jumping up and down with impatience.
Learner example:
Well, you should be bouncing up and down with joy (just kidding)!
2445
PREPOSITION
up to 10, 20, etc.

[B1] any amount or number under 10, 20, etc.
Dictionary example:
We can invite up to 65 people.
Learner example:
A wedding can cost up to 10,000 SFr.
up to/until/till, etc.
[B1] until a particular time
Dictionary example:
You can call me up until midnight.
Learner example:
The party will be in my house up to 1:00 a.m., then we will go to Jean's house.
up and down
[B2] from one end to the other and back again
Dictionary example:
They were running up and down the corridors.
Learner example:
Almost a thousand people [were] running up and down the ballroom shouting in panic: "Who's got
matches?" "Turn the lights on!"
up to speed
[C1] having all the most recent information about a subject or activity
Dictionary example:
The course should bring you up to speed with the latest techniques.
Learner example:
Apart [from] this you can keep yourself up to speed with what's happening around the world on
various fronts.
upbringing /ˈʌpˌbrɪŋ.ɪŋ/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B2] the way that your parents look after you and the things that they teach you
when you are growing up
a middle-class/religious upbringing
She had a very strict upbringing.
2446
Learner example:
Now, as a grown-up person, I am trying to evaluate [my] upbringing objectively.
upcoming /ˈʌpˌkʌm.ɪŋ/
[C1] An upcoming event will happen soon.
Dictionary example:
the upcoming elections
Learner example:
This is a good way to keep our members informed about upcoming events.
update
VERB [T] /ʌpˈdeɪt/
ADD INFORMATION
[B1] to add new information
The website has just been updated.
We'll update you on this news story throughout the day.
Learner example:
Besides, I can also always update my knowledge by visiting the information and new technology
websites on the Internet from time to time.
MAKE MORE MODERN
[B2] to make something more modern
Dictionary example:
They need to update their image.
Learner example:
On the other hand, the movies shown are updated regularly, I guess that part is under control.
NOUN [C] /ˈʌp.deɪt/
NEW INFORMATION
[B2] new information
Dictionary example:
I'll need regular updates on your progress.
2447
Learner example:
Television offers different program[me]s, such as documentaries, program[mes] on culture and
updates on [the] news.
NEW FORM
[B2] a new form of something which existed at an earlier time
a software update
It's an update of an old 60's movie.
upgrade
VERB [T] /ʌpˈgreɪd/

[B2] to improve something so that it is of a higher quality or is a newer model
to upgrade a computer
The system has been upgraded.
Learner example:
The computer [has] upgraded most existing inventions, and made them more efficient, faster and
[more] user friendl[y].
NOUN [C] /ˈʌp.greɪd/

[B2] a piece of software or equipment that improves the quality, power or
usefulness of a computer or machine
a hardware upgrade
The upgrade to version 5.0 costs £395.
upload /ʌpˈləʊd/
VERB [T]
[B1] to send a computer program or a document electronically from your computer,

using the Internet
Dictionary example:
All the files have been uploaded to the server.
Learner example:
You should upload it [to] the website.
2448
upon /əˈpɒn/
PREPOSITION
once upon a time

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
ON
[B2] FORMAL on
Upon her head she wore a black velvet hat.
Please report to the reception desk upon arrival.
Learner example:
He answered with a smile upon his face, 'As I just told everybody else, you will have the results by
the end of June.'
upper /ˈʌp.ər/
HIGH POSITION
[B1] at a higher position or level than something else
the upper lip/body
The office block's upper floors were being repainted.
Learner example:
I am doing the upper intermediate level and last summer I was in London [for] three months.
upper-class /ˌʌp.əˈklɑːs/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] belonging to or relating to the upper class
Dictionary example:
He spoke with a distinctly upper-class accent.
2449
Learner example:
Talking about fashion, one always tends to think of glamorous designer dresses, catwalks in Paris,
Rome or New York, and upper-class societies, able to spend huge amounts of money on luxurious
clothing.
upright /ˈʌp.raɪt/
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
[B2] straight up or vertical
Dictionary example:
Please return your seats to an upright position and fasten your seat belts.
Learner example:
Immediately the pilot informed the passengers that the weather conditions were not good and
[told us] to fasten our seatbelt, put the seat upright and [ado]pt the emergency position.
upset /ʌpˈset/
upset stomach
[B2] an illness in the stomach
Dictionary example:
I had an upset stomach after I ate that fish.
Learner example:
I wasn't feeling well at all with an upset stomach and headache.
VERB [T] (upsetting, upset, upset)

[B2] to make someone feel unhappy or worried
The phone call had clearly upset her.
It still upsets him when he thinks about the accident.
Don't upset yourself by thinking about what might have happened.
Learner example:
This really upset me as no notice w[as] given before the show.
2450
upside down /ˌʌp.sɑɪdˈdaʊn/
ADVERB; ADJECTIVE
[B2] having the part which is usually at the top turned to be at the bottom
Turn the jar upside down and shake it.
The plane was flying upside down at high speed.
One car landed on its side and the other was upside down.
Learner example:
The furniture was upside down and neither money nor cash were left.
upstairs
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] /ˈʌp.steəz/

[B1] on or at a higher level of a building
Dictionary example:
an upstairs window
Learner example:
Suddenly, Robert [and I] heard a strange noise coming from an upstairs room but we kept on
reading quietly.
up-to-date /ˌʌp.təˈdeɪt/ ALSO (up to date)
ADJECTIVE
[B1] modern, recent, or containing the latest information
The website contains up-to-date information on live football matches.
The Internet keeps us up to date.
It is essential to have an up-to-date dictionary.
Learner example:
I will write more later - I do need to give you up-to-date information on my love life!
upward /ˈʌp.wəd/
[C1] moving towards a higher place or level
2451
an upward glance
an upward trend in sales
Learner example:
The third age group, 35-49 year olds, has also been experiencing an upward trend regarding [the]
percentage of the group attending [the] cinema at least once a year.
upwards /ˈʌp.wədz/
ADVERB
HIGHER LEVEL
[C1] towards a higher position, level or value
Dictionary example:
The cost of completion has been revised upwards again due to inflation.
Learner example:
In evaporation the water drops from seas are carried upwards and form clouds.
urban /ˈɜː.bən/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] belonging or relating to a town or city
urban areas
urban development
Learner example:
We are generally more interested in [an] urban lifestyle than [living in] the countryside.
urge /ɜːdʒ/
VERB [T]
urge sb to do sth
[C1] to try to persuade someone to do something
Dictionary example:
His parents urged him to go to university.
2452
Learner example:
Finally, on behalf of the charity organisation, I urge you to print a new article, apologising and
correcting the inaccuracies already published.
urgent /ˈɜː.dʒənt/
Word family:
Adjectives: urgent
Adverbs: urgently
ADJECTIVE
[B1] very important and needing you to take action immediately
an urgent message
He's got to sign that paper - will you tell him it's urgent?
Many people are in urgent need of food and water.
Learner example:
I want to apologise for missing tomor[r]ow's class, because I have to attend an urgent family
meeting at my grandparents' house.
urgently /ˈɜː.dʒənt.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: urgent
Adverbs: urgently
ADVERB
[B1] in a way that is urgent
Dictionary example:
Help is urgently needed.
Learner example:
I have e-mailed you to tell you that I need your bicycle urgently.
usage /ˈjuː.sɪdʒ/
NOUN
WORDS
[C1] [C or U] the way that words are used
Dictionary example:
a guide to English grammar and usage
2453
Learner example:
That is why I couldn't solve all my problems with English usage.
AMOUNT
[C1] [U] the amount of something that is used, or the way that something is used
Dictionary example:
restrictions on water usage
Learner example:
We have therefore decided that, at our company, we will try to keep our energy usage as low as
possible.
use
Word family:
Verbs: use, misuse
VERB [T] /juːz/
REDUCE
[B1] to take an amount from a supply of something
Taking a shower uses less water than having a bath.
These bulbs use a lot of electricity.
Learner example:
The equipment in the kitchen is very old and use[s] a lot of electricity and gas.
WORD
[B2] to say or write a particular word or phrase
Dictionary example:
'Autumn' is used in British English and 'fall' in American English.
NOUN /juːs/
PURPOSE
[B1] [C or U] a purpose for which something is used
A food processor has a variety of uses in the kitchen.
I'd have no use for a boat.
Don't throw that cloth away, you'll find a use for it one day.
Learner example:
We need computers in many places, and [for] many uses today.
2454
WORD
[B2] [C] one of the meanings of a word, or the way that a particular word is used
Dictionary example:
Can you list all the uses of the word 'point'?
be (of) any/some use

[B2] to be useful
Dictionary example:
Is this bag of any use to you?
Learner example:
I hope my remarks [will] be of some use.
be (of) no use
[B2] to not be useful
Dictionary example:
His advice turned out to be no use at all.
Learner example:
My mother came immediately, but it was no use because my brother isn't afraid of her, so she
called my father.
be no use doing sth

[B2] used to say that trying to do something has no effect
Dictionary example:
It was no use talking to him - he just wouldn't listen.
Learner example:
It was no use [trying to] smoke cigarettes in this pub.
make use of sth

[B2] to use something that is available
Dictionary example:
We were encouraged to make use of all the facilities.
Learner example:
Finally, I think the designers will make use of the raw materials and create an innovative look for
all of us.
used /juːst/
ADJECTIVE
be used to sb/sth/doing sth

[B1] to be familiar with something or someone
2455
We're used to tourists here - we get thousands every year.
He's used to working long hours.
She was not used to speaking Cantonese.
Learner example:
When I'm working, I'm used to wearing something more conservative.
get/become used to sb/sth/doing sth

[B1] to become familiar with something or someone
You'll get used to Ted eventually.
Climbers soon become used to the thinner air at 5000 metres.
Learner example:
In addition, I've got used to look[ing] after them.
used to /ˈjuːst.tuː/
MODAL VERB
used to do/be sth

[B1] If something used to happen or a situation used to exist, it happened regularly
or in the past but it does not happen or exist now.
She used to live in Detroit.
He used to be a pilot.
You don't come and see me like you used to.
When we were younger, we didn't used to drink coffee.
Learner example:
It's an American film about a girl that used to live in Africa.
usefulness /ˈjuːs.fəl.nəs/
Word family:
Verbs: use, misuse
NOUN [U]
[C1] the quality of being useful
Dictionary example:
He explained the usefulness of having a wi-fi connection.
2456
Learner example:
They came back yesterday and I have interviewed them to find out what they think about the
usefulness of the programme.
useless /ˈjuː.sləs/
Word family:
Verbs: use, misuse
ADJECTIVE
NO HELP
[B1] If something is useless, it does not work well or it has no effect.
This umbrella's useless - there's a big hole in it.
It's useless arguing with her.
Learner example:
I started digging, but it was useless.
user /ˈjuː.zər/
Word family:
Verbs: use, misuse
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who uses a product, machine or service
drug users
Unemployed people are the main users of this advice centre.
When you log in, you will be asked for your user name and password.
Learner example:
I would like to meet other experienced computer users in order to share programs as well as tips
and tricks about programming.
2457
usual /ˈjuː.ʒu.əl/
Word family:
Adjectives: unusual, usual
Adverbs: unusually, usually
ADJECTIVE
NORMAL
[B1] normal and happening most often
I went to bed at my usual time.
You'll find the box in its usual place.
There was more rain than usual this summer in the mountain areas.
Learner example:
We are going to meet at 5 pm at the station and then go for a pizza - you know where, the usual
place "Pizza Express".
utmost /ˈʌt.məʊst/
ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN] FORMAL
EMPHASIS
[C1] used to emphasize how important or serious something is
a matter of the utmost importance
The situation needs to be handled with the utmost care.
Learner example:
In my opinion, there are features of utmost importance that should be [careful]ly checked.
NOUN
do your utmost
[C1] to try as hard as you can to do something
Dictionary example:
We did our utmost to finish the project on time.
Learner example:
In addition, we l[i]ve in a materialistic society where we all do our utmost in order to make ends
meet, but we are never satisfied.
2458
utterly /ˈʌt.ə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: utter
Adverbs: utterly
ADVERB
[C1] completely
Dictionary example:
It's utterly ridiculous.
Learner example:
The information provided in your report about the final goal was utterly wrong.
2459
V
vacancy /ˈveɪ.kən.si/
Word family:
Nouns: vacancy
Adjectives: vacant
NOUN [C]
JOB
[C1] a job that is available for someone to do
Dictionary example:
Tell me if you hear of any vacancies for secretaries.
Learner example:
We look forward to meeting you at your ea[r]liest convenience to discuss details, go over our
salary and health package as well as any other questions you might have, before starting the
procedure of finding suitable candidates for the job vacancies.
ROOM
[C1] a room that is available in a hotel
Dictionary example:
Do you have any vacancies?
Learner example:
The hotels have no vacancies, the tourists are everywhere.
vacant /ˈveɪ.kənt/
Word family:
Nouns: vacancy
Adjectives: vacant
ADJECTIVE
EMPTY
[B2] Somewhere that is vacant is available because it is not being used.
a vacant building
The room next to ours is vacant at the moment.
2460
Learner example:
You see, we have plenty of vacant rooms so you would not cause any trouble.
JOB
[B2] A vacant job is available for someone to do.
Dictionary example:
The assistant marketing post is vacant - why don't you apply?
Learner example:
Therefore, I believe I am suitable for your vacant position.
vague /veɪg/
Word family:
Adjectives: vague
Adverbs: vaguely
ADJECTIVE
NOT CLEAR
[C1] not clear or certain
I have a vague idea of where the hotel is.
He was a bit vague about directions.
Learner example:
Do not misunderstand me: I greatly enjoyed the conference but it did not give me the satisfaction
of having even a vague idea of what I would like to do...
vain /veɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: vanity
Adjectives: vain
ADJECTIVE
in vain
[C1] without any success
Dictionary example:
I tried in vain to start a conversation.
Learner example:
We looked in vain for the guide through three London parks.
2461
valid /ˈvæl.ɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: validity
Adjectives: valid
ADJECTIVE
GOOD REASON
[B2] based on good reasons or facts that are true
a valid excuse/reason
a valid argument/criticism
My ideas might be different from yours, but they're equally valid.
Learner example:
You could hardly think of Dr Quimper as guilty, because every one of the Crackenthorpe family
had a valid reason to kill.
OFICIALLY ACCEPTABLE
[B2] officially or legally acceptable
The ticket is valid for three months.
My passport is valid for another two years.
You need to enter a valid password.
Learner example:
Is this offer valid for the weekends, as well?
valley /ˈvæl.i/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river running
through it
the Nile Valley
the Thames valley
There was snow on the hill tops but not in the valley.
Learner example:
My home town is situated in a valley.
2462
valuable /ˈvæl.jʊ.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: value
Verbs: value
ADJECTIVE
OBJECTS
[B1] Valuable objects are worth a lot of money.
valuable paintings
These antiques are extremely valuable.
Learner example:
So as you can imagine, not only is the ring valuable but it also means a lot to me since it makes
me remember Brazil!
INFORMATION
[B2] Valuable information, advice, etc. is very helpful or important.
Dictionary example:
He was able to provide the police with some valuable information.
Learner example:
This trip will allow me to gain valuable knowledge and experience.
value /ˈvæl.juː/
Word family:
Nouns: value
Verbs: value
NOUN
MONEY
[B1] [C or U] how much money something could be sold for
The new road has affected the value of these houses.
She had already sold everything of value that she possessed.
Cars quickly go down in value.
The value of the pound fell against other European currencies yesterday.
Learner example:
"Well, there was nothing of value in [the suitcase]," my mother remarked, but I was close to tears.
2463
good value (for money)
[B1] If something is good value, it is of good quality or you think the amount of
money you spent on it was right.
Dictionary example:
The meal was very good value.
Learner example:
It's real[l]y good value for money, including all equipment, accom[m]odation and food.
IMPORTANCE
[B1] [U] how useful or important something is
The documents are of great historical value.
The necklace had great sentimental value.
Learner example:
I was really sad because th[ese] shoes had a lot of sentimental value for me, and they were made
of genuine le[a]ther!
values
[B2] the beliefs people have about what is right and wrong and what is most
important in life, which control their behaviour
Dictionary example:
family/moral/traditional values
Learner example:
A tragedy occurs which causes Andrew to rediscover his moral values.
at face value
implications.
Learner example:
VERB [T]
IMPORTANCE
[B2] to consider something important
Dictionary example:
I've always valued her advice.
2464
Learner example:
I will learn how other people live and I will also learn to value the things I have.
van /væn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a vehicle that is used for carrying things but which is smaller than a truck
a delivery van
a van driver
Learner example:
I looked in my mirror and saw [a] white van.
vanish /ˈvæn.ɪʃ/
VERB [I]
[B2] to disappear suddenly
The sun vanished behind the clouds.
The child vanished while on her way home from school.
Learner example:
I [went after] the thief but he vanished into the crowd.
variable /ˈveə.ri.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: variation, variety, variable
Verbs: vary
Adjectives: varied, various, variable
Adverbs: invariably
ADJECTIVE
[C1] changing often
Dictionary example:
The sound quality on the recording is variable.
Learner example:
By contrast the figure is more variable regarding the other topics.
2465
NOUN [C]
[C1] a number, amount, or situation which can change
Dictionary example:
A patient's recovery time depends on so many variables, such as age, weight, and general health.
Learner example:
There are too many variables and happiness may also depend on the soci[al] background of a
person.
variation /ˌveə.riˈeɪ.ʃən/
Word family:
Verbs: vary
Adverbs: invariably
NOUN
DIFFERENCE
[B2] [C or U] a difference in amount or quality
variations in price/temperature
There was some variation in the quality of the prints.
Learner example:
Apart from this, there is very little variation in temperature between day and night.
varied /ˈveə.rɪd/
Word family:
Verbs: vary
Adverbs: invariably
ADJECTIVE
[B2] consisting of many different things or types
a varied diet
a long and varied career
Learner example:
Remember you should always eat a varied diet.
2466
variety /vəˈraɪə.ti/
Word family:
Verbs: vary
Adverbs: invariably
NOUN
BEING DIFFERENT
[B1] [U] the quality of often changing or of being made of many different things
Factory work often lacks variety.
I think you need a bit more variety in your diet.
Learner example:
You know, I like variety a lot and don't like my friends to see me with [the same] clothes.
vary /ˈveə.ri/
Word family:
Verbs: vary
Adverbs: invariably
VERB
BE DIFFERENT
[B2] [I] If things of the same type vary, they are different from each other.
Car prices vary greatly/widely across Europe.
The samples varied in quality but were generally acceptable.
Learner example:
The price of the dishes varies.
CHANGE
[B2] [I or T] to change or to cause something to change
Temperatures vary depending on/according to the time of year.
I try to vary what I eat.
2467
Learner example:
To vary the pictures of cultural events, I would recommend [visiting] the Wednesday market, which
starts at 8 am.
vase /vɑːz/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a container that you put flowers in
a glass vase
a vase of flowers
Learner example:
Yesterday I went to a shopping centre with my mother, and bought a small desk, a radio, a vase,
and a small s[ofa].
vast /vɑːst/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] extremely big
a vast amount/sum of money
vast areas of forest
The vast majority of pupils attend state schools.
Learner example:
Among the vast choice of interesting buildings to photograph I can name the "National Portrait
Museum", a huge building in renaissance style, [and] the old "Castle of Sforza", built in the
eleventh century.
vegetarian /ˌvedʒ.ɪˈteə.ri.ən/
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone who does not eat meat or fish
Dictionary example:
Of the four million people who have become vegetarians in Britain, nearly two-thirds are women.
Learner example:
I've heard that even the non-vegetarian food is good there, but I'm a vegetarian.
2468
ADJECTIVE
[B1] not eating, containing or using meat or fish
All her children are vegetarian.
vegetarian cooking/food
a vegetarian dish/meal
She's recently gone/become vegetarian.
Learner example:
Do you like vegetarian food?
vegetation /ˌvedʒ.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
NOUN [U]
[C1] the plants and trees that grow in a particular area
Dictionary example:
They hacked a path through the dense vegetation.
Learner example:
vehicle /ˈviː.ɪ.kl
̩/
NOUN [C]
TRANSPORT
[B1] something such as a car or bus that takes people from one place to another,
especially using roads
Dictionary example:
The driver of the vehicle was unhurt.
Learner example:
Sometimes I watch programmes about cars and other vehicles, because I'm keen on them.
veil /veɪl/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a thin piece of material that covers a woman's face
2469
Dictionary example:
She wore a thin veil.
Learner example:
And most brides wear a long veil so grooms can't see their wife's face.
vein /veɪn/
NOUN
[C1] [C] one of the tubes in your body that carries blood to the heart
Dictionary example:
the veins in the leg/neck
Learner example:
Do you love the sensation of your blood rushing in your veins, your knees trembling slightly and
your hair standing [to] attention? Well, I do, and dangerous sports are the thing for me.
venue /ˈven.juː/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a place where a sports game, musical performance, or special event happens
The hotel is an ideal venue for conferences and business meetings.
The stadium has been specifically designed as a venue for European Cup matches.
Learner example:
This festival has already got [a] good reputation as [an] alternative venue for both artists and
audience.
verify /ˈver.ɪ.faɪ/
VERB [T]
[C1] to prove that something is true, or do something to discover if it is true
Dictionary example:
It was impossible to verify her statement.
Learner example:
The Canadian Patent Office Branch will be responsible for verifying if new inventions are truly new
or have already been invented somewhere in the world.
2470
verse /vɜːs/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of the parts that a song or poem is divided into
I only know the first verse of the poem.
Each verse was sung as a solo and then everyone joined in on the chorus.
Learner example:
But I was so puzzled that when I tried to sing, I couldn't remember a word of the verse I had
written.
version /ˈvɜː.ʒən/
NOUN [C]
FORM
[B2] one form of something that is slightly different to other forms of the same
thing
An English-language version of the book is planned for the autumn.
The original version of the film is much better.
a new/updated version
Learner example:
Who has never said that the original book was better than the film version?
DESCRIPTION
[C1] someone's description of what has happened
Dictionary example:
Bates gave his version of events to the police.
Learner example:
For that reason, I have to ask you for a formal apology in print, where you could give the correct
version of events and also change the bad image you gave to the readers of the people of my
organisation.
2471
versus /ˈvɜː.səs/
PREPOSITION
AGAINST
[C1] used to say that one team or person is competing against another
Dictionary example:
Tomorrow's game is Newcastle versus Arsenal.
Learner example:
Starting in chronological order you can see the first game - Argentina versus Germany - which
was a revenge for the final competition in the previous World Cup, '88.
COMPARED WITH
[C1] used to compare two things or ideas, especially when you have to choose
between them
Dictionary example:
private education versus state education
Learner example:
Mobile phones - fashion versus utility Nowadays, [everywhere] you look, there is someone
speaking [on] a mobile phone.
vertical /ˈvɜː.tɪk.əl/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] pointing straight up from a surface
Dictionary example:
a vertical line
Learner example:
The vertical axis shows the percentage of age groups attending the cinema at least once in a year,
while the horizontal axis represents the years from 1990 to 2010.
vest /vest/
NOUN [C]
UNDERWEAR
[C1] a piece of underwear that you wear under a shirt
Dictionary example:
You'll need a vest in this weather.
2472
Learner example:
The contents include two [items of male] underwear, size medium, white colour. Also a pair of
white sock[s] and one vest medium size.
vet /vet/
NOUN [C]
[B1] someone whose job is to give medical care to animals that are ill or hurt
Dictionary example:
Helen is training to become a vet.
Learner example:
Sorry Mr Smith but I'[ll miss] tomorrow's class as I have to go to the vet with my dog.
via /vaɪə/
PREPOSITION
JOURNEY
[B1] going through or stopping at a place on the way to another place
Dictionary example:
The train to Utrecht goes via Amsterdam.
Learner example:
Two years ago I travel[l]ed to Canada via Italy.
USING
[B1] using a particular machine, system or person to send or recieve something
Reports are coming in via satellite.
I only found out about it via my sister.
Learner example:
I hate shopping via [the] internet.
vice versa /ˌvaɪsˈvɜː.sə/
ADVERB
[C1] used for referring to the opposite of what you have just said
Dictionary example:
Never use indoor lights outside and vice versa.
2473
Learner example:
The piles of cash are not far away from any celebrity and we all know that time equals money and
vice versa.
victim /ˈvɪk.tɪm/
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who has suffered the effects of violence, illness or bad luck
victims of crime
The children are the innocent victims of the fighting.
The new drug might help save the lives of cancer victims.
Learner example:
His wife was his last victim.
victory /ˈvɪk.tər.i/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] when you win a game, competition, election, fight, war, etc.
Phoenix managed a 135-114 victory over Denver.
Grant won/achieved/gained a comfortable/easy victory over Cooper in yesterday's match.
This result is a victory for democracy.
Learner example:
They were all celebrating their victory with a gorgeous dinner.
video clip /ˈvɪd.i.əʊˌklɪp/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a short video recording that you can see on a website
Dictionary example:
The website has several video clips of Murray's recent matches.
Learner example:
It shows how a band or a singer do their video clips.
2474
view /vjuː/
Word family:
Nouns: view, viewer
Verbs: view
NOUN
OPINION
[B1] [C] your opinion
We have different views about/on education.
In my view, her criticisms were justified.
I take the view that everyone should be free to decide for themselves.
It's my view that everyone should have the right to choose.
We had a friendly exchange of views.
Learner example:
Well, in my view, spending time in a city is more sensible.
ABILITY TO SEE
[B2] [NO PLURAL] how well you can see something from a particular place
We had a great view of the procession.
Don't stand in front of me - you're blocking my view of the stage.
She turned a corner, and disappeared from view.
Learner example:
In a few seconds, he disappear[ed] out of my view.
in view of sth
[B2] FORMAL because of
Dictionary example:
In view of recent events, we have decided to cancel the meeting.
Learner example:
In view of what happened, I would advise you not to try to mislead people like this [again].
with a view to doing sth FORMAL
[C1] so that you can do something
Dictionary example:
He's doing some improvements on the house with a view to selling it.
Learner example:
The purpose of this report is to assess the success of the latest tour our sports club organised
and make relevant suggestions with a view to enhancing future trips.
2475
viewer /ˈvjuː.ər/
Word family:
Nouns: view, viewer
Verbs: view
NOUN [C]
[B2] someone who watches a television programme
Dictionary example:
Millions of viewers will be watching this match.
Learner example:
He's an extraordinary person and TV viewers will love him because of his good sense of humo[u]r
and his honesty.
viewpoint /ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a way of thinking about a situation
Dictionary example:
From his viewpoint the action seemed entirely justified.
Learner example:
As a student, I feel concerned [about] the traffic issue and I asked some people about their
viewpoints on the two proposals.
vine /vaɪn/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a plant that grapes grow on
Dictionary example:
The wall was covered in a vine.
Learner example:
After follow[ing] the walking path through the vines at Canon-Fronsac you could climb the Canon
Mountain to have a view all over the region.
vinegar /ˈvɪn.ɪ.gər/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a sour liquid that is used in cooking, often made from wine
2476
Dictionary example:
red wine vinegar
violence /ˈvaɪə.lənts/
Word family:
Nouns: violence
Verbs: violate
Adjectives: violent
Adverbs: violently
NOUN [U]
HURT
[B2] ! when someone tries to hurt or kill someone else
an act of violence
A number of people were killed in the violence.
Violence against women has increased in recent years.
The recent outbreak of violence in the region is very disturbing.
Learner example:
Today, it is important that children and teenagers do something with their free time and do not
get in contact with criminality and violence.
violent /ˈvaɪə.lənt/
Word family:
Nouns: violence
Verbs: violate
Adjectives: violent
Adverbs: violently
ADJECTIVE
ACTION
[B2] ! involving violence
a violent crime
a violent protest
His films tend to be very violent.
Learner example:
Some say that television can affect people in bad ways and sometimes causes violent incidents.
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PERSON
[B2] ! using force to hurt or attack someone else
a violent criminal
He shouts a lot but I don't think he's ever been physically violent towards her.
Learner example:
Now Mary knew what happened at Jamaica Inn and it was very dangerous for her because her
uncle was a violent man.
violently /ˈvaɪə.lənt.li/
Word family:
Nouns: violence
Verbs: violate
Adjectives: violent
Adverbs: violently
ADVERB
[B2] in a way that involves violence
He often behaved violently and they were terrified of him.
He claimed to have been violently assaulted while in prison.
Learner example:
Sometimes they behave violently because of their [imprison]ment.
virtual /ˈvɜː.tju.əl/
Word family:
Adjectives: virtual
Adverbs: virtually
USING COMPUTER
[B2] using computer images and sounds that make you think an imagined situation
is real
Dictionary example:
a virtual art gallery online
Learner example:
However, I go far away from my family and other people and have virtual relationships.
2478
ALMOST
[C1] almost a particular thing or quality
Ten years of bad government had brought about the virtual collapse of the country's economy.
War in the region now looks like a virtual certainty.
Learner example:
However the growth of our cities and townships co[up]led with an exponential increase in traffic
and facilities have transformed these areas into virtual no-go zones
virtually /ˈvɜː.tju.ə.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: virtual
Adverbs: virtually
ADVERB
ALMOST
[B2] almost
I've virtually finished.
Their twins are virtually identical.
That wine stain on my shirt has virtually disappeared.
Learner example:
Virtually everyone today can go out and buy their own personal computer.
COMPUTER
[B2] in a way that uses computer images and sounds that make you think an
imagined situation is real
Dictionary example:
Nowadays all these things can be experienced virtually.
Learner example:
I also have the possibility of making new friends: I can connect to a special site which will enable
me to [meet people] virtually.
virtual reality /ˌvɜː.tju.əl.riːˈæl.ə.ti/
NOUN [U]
[B2] when a computer produces images and sounds that make you think an
imagined situation is real
2479
virtual reality games
virtual reality software
Learner example:
Magnificent scientific pro[j]ects are done by computers, [as well as] daily shopping,
com[m]unication with people in other parts of the world, games, getting any kind of information
and, soon, virtual reality!
virus /ˈvaɪə.rəs/
NOUN [C]
COMPUTER PROBLEM
[B1] a program that is secretly put onto a computer in order to destroy the
information that is stored on it
Dictionary example:
My computer has been behaving oddly and I suspect it's a virus.
Learner example:
That document was a "virus" and erased all my documents [o]n my computer.
SMALL ORGANISM
[B2] an infectious organism too small to be seen that causes disease, or an illness
that it causes
a flu virus
I don't know exactly what's wrong with her - I think it's some sort of virus.
Learner example:
My "friend" Pat told everybody that my brother died and that he died because he got a virus -
that's why I didn't have friends because all the people thought that I had the virus too.
visa /ˈviː.zə/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an official mark in your passport which allows you to enter or leave a particular
country
Dictionary example:
We travelled to Argentina on a tourist visa.
Learner example:
Tomorrow I am not going to attend [the] class because I have to apply for my visa at 9.00.
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visible /ˈvɪz.ə.bl
̩/
Word family:
Nouns: vision
Adverbs: visibly
ADJECTIVE
CAN BE SEEN
[B2] able to be seen
You should wear something light-coloured when you're cycling at night so that you're more
visible.
The fire was visible from five kilometres away.
There are few visible signs of the illness that kept her in hospital for so long.
The comet should be visible to the naked eye.
Learner example:
He waited curiously for her to become visible through the fog, which seemed to have [become]
denser in the last few seconds.
OBVIOUS
[C1] obvious or noticeable
She is a higly visible environmental spokesperson.
There is a visible improvement in your essay writing.
Learner example:
After about three months I noticed a visible improvement.
vision /ˈvɪʒ.ən/
Word family:
Nouns: vision
Adverbs: visibly
NOUN
IDEA
[B2] [C] an idea or image in your mind of what something could be like in the future
a vision of a better society
We see in his novels his grim vision of the future.
2481
Learner example:
All in all, I think you must write a new report to apologize for having been so pessimistic and
having given such a bleak vision of this Festival.
SIGHT
[B2] [U] the ability to see
Dictionary example:
He has poor vision in his left eye.
Learner example:
Her hands were sweating and her vision had become a blur because of the tension in the air.
ABILITY TO PLAN
[C1] [U] the ability to make plans for the future that are imaginative and wise
Dictionary example:
As a leader, he lacked vision.
Learner example:
A man of vision, Eleftherios Venizelus played a significant role in the history of my country, as in
his time it became, with [few] changes, what it is today.
visit /ˈvɪz.ɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: visit, visitor
Verbs: visit
NOUN [C]
[B1] when you visit a place or a person
the President's visit to Argentina
I think I'll pay a visit to the hairdresser's while I'm in town.
We had a visit from the school inspector last week.
Learner example:
The problem is that my mother arranged a visit [to] the doctor, and after that [to] the dentist.
visual /ˈvɪʒ.u.əl/
Word family:
Nouns: vision
Adverbs: visibly
2482
ADJECTIVE
[B2] relating to seeing
Dictionary example:
The film has some powerful visual effects.
Learner example:
It also provides a clear idea of how people's lives were in a particular period by showing us the
visual images of that time.
vital /ˈvaɪ.təl/
Word family:
Adjectives: vital
Adverbs: vitally
ADJECTIVE
[B2] necessary or extremely important
Tourism is vital to the country's economy.
The kidney plays a vital role/part in the removal of waste products from the blood.
It's absolutely vital that you follow the instructions exactly.
Learner example:
If you don't mind I would like to ask you some vital questions.
vitamin /ˈvɪt.ə.mɪn/
NOUN [C]
[B2] one of a group of natural substances that you need to be healthy
a vitamin pill
Oranges are full of vitamin C.
Learner example:
On the one hand, we eat a lot of sweet [or] fat food, which lack[s] vitamins.
vivid /ˈvɪv.ɪd/
Word family:
Adjectives: vivid
Adverbs: vividly
2483
ADJECTIVE
DESCRIPTIONS
[B2] Vivid descriptions or memories produce strong, clear images in your mind.
He gave a very vivid account/description of life in Havana.
I still have a very vivid memory of the evening.
She has a very vivid imagination.
Learner example:
Each memory is still so vivid.
COLOURS
[B2] A vivid colour is very bright.
Dictionary example:
She was wearing a vivid pink shirt.
Learner example:
Students would like to have some vivid colours or pictures on the walls but the best solution
would be to repaint the walls.
vividly /ˈvɪv.ɪd.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: vivid
Adverbs: vividly
ADVERB
[B2] in a vivid way
Dictionary example:
I vividly remember my first day at school.
Learner example:
She could vividly remember the last time he hurt her, only then it was with a razor.
vocabulary /vəʊˈkæb.jʊ.lər.i/
NOUN
LANGUAGE
[C1] [NO PLURAL] all the words that exist in a language, or that are used when
discussing a particular subject
2484
Dictionary example:
Computing has its own specialist vocabulary.
Learner example:
The tuition is well adapted to our needs, I mean a specialized vocabulary and the ability to speak
with our clients from the English-speaking areas in a fluent way even for technical matters.
voice /vɔɪs/
NOUN
SOUNDS
[B1] [C] the sounds that are made when people speak or sing
She has a very loud/quiet/soft voice.
a clear/deep voice
You could tell from her voice that she wasn't pleased.
She lowered her voice to a whisper.
Could you please keep your voices down?
Learner example:
Her voice is so clear and she has the nicest eyes which I've ever seen.
lose your voice

[B2] to become unable to speak, often because of an illness
Dictionary example:
She had a bad cold and was losing her voice.
Learner example:
I immediately became agitated and at the precise moment of my speech I lost my voice
completely.
raise your voice

[C1] to speak loudly and angrily to someone
Dictionary example:
He never raised his voice at the children.
Learner example:
Not every au-pair family is pleasant. And believe me, mine was giving me hell on earth. [...] After I
returned home I took some time to learn not to freak out when someone raised his voice and
eventually I started to see my time in Germany as a great [lesson in] life.
2485
volcano /vɒlˈkeɪ.nəʊ/ (PLURAL volcanoes or volcanos)
NOUN [C]
[B2] a mountain with a large hole at the top which sometimes explodes and
produces hot, melted rock and smoke
an extinct/active volcano
Erupting volcanoes discharge massive quantities of dust into the atmosphere.
Learner example:
Finally, I think that a good place to go is Santorini, a beautiful island which has a volcano.
volume /ˈvɒl.juːm/
NOUN
SOUND
[B1] [U] the level of sound produced by a television, radio, etc.
Dictionary example:
Could you turn the volume up/down, please.
Learner example:
After we went to the disco and we danced together, but the volume of the music was too high to
talk!
AMOUNT
[B2] [U] the number or amount of something, especially when it is large
I was put off by the volume of work involved.
The volume of traffic in the city is causing problems.
Learner example:
Nowadays, marketing volume is rapidly increased in Internet business, according to one of [the]
major newspaper[s].
voluntary /ˈvɒl.ən.tər.i/
Word family:
Nouns: volunteer
Verbs: volunteer
Adjectives: voluntary
Adverbs: voluntarily
2486
ADJECTIVE
[C1] Voluntary work is done without being paid and usually involves helping
people.
She does voluntary work for Doctors Without Borders.
voluntary organizations
Learner example:
I did voluntary work for a whole year in 1998 in Britain.
volunteer /ˌvɒl.ənˈtɪər/
Word family:
Nouns: volunteer
Verbs: volunteer
Adjectives: voluntary
Adverbs: voluntarily
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who does something, especially helping other people, willingly and
without being forced or paid to do it
a Red Cross volunteer
The charity relies on volunteers to run the office and answer the telephones.
Learner example:
Well the concert was Friday night and I went there with the Red Cross volunteers, did you know I'm
one of them?
VERB
[C1] [I or T] to offer to do something without being asked or told to do it
Dictionary example:
Rob volunteered to look after the kids.
Learner example:
One of my classmates, Maria, has volunteered to talk about the different courses and summer
activities that the school offers.
vote /vəʊt/
Word family:
Nouns: vote, voter
Verbs: vote
2487
VERB [I or T]
[B1] to show your choice or opinion in an election or meeting by writing a mark on

an official piece of paper or by putting your hand up
Who did you vote for?
The unions voted against strike action.
Staff have voted to accept the pay offer.
She was too young to vote in the national election.
The committee voted on the proposal, and accepted it.
Learner example:
Then the audience and the ju[dg]es voted w[hi]ch country was the best.
NOUN
SHOW CHOICE
[B1] [C] when someone shows their choice or opinion in an election or meeting by
writing a cross on an official piece of paper or putting their hand up
He lost the election by twenty votes.
The suggestion was approved, with 25 votes in favour, and 7 against.
She cast her vote for the Green Party.
Learner example:
[T]he one who get[s] the most votes will get 1000 Baht as first prize.
DECIDE
[B2] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] a way of making a decision by asking a group of people to

vote
Dictionary example:
We called a meeting in order to take a vote on the issue.
the vote
[C1] when someone is officially allowed to vote
Dictionary example:
In some countries women still don't have the vote.
Learner example:
Women acquired the vote only 70 years ago.
2488
vowel /vaʊəl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a speech sound that you make with your lips and teeth open, shown in English
by the letters a, e, i, o, or u
A short vowel is a short sound as in the word 'cup'.
A long vowel is a long sound as in the word 'shoe'.
Learner example:
[In the game,] he let the student[s] cho[o]se [a] vowel or consonant.
voyage /ˈvɔɪ.ɪdʒ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a long journey, especially by ship, or in space
Dictionary example:
Cook's voyage to Australia
Learner example:
Besides, I have a good command of French and I speak English fluently, which might be also
useful during the voyage around the world.
2489
W
wage /weɪdʒ/
NOUN [NO PLURAL] (ALSO wages)

[B1] the amount of money a person regularly receives for their job
weekly wages
He earns/gets good wages at the factory.
a very low/high wage
the minimum wage
an hourly/daily/weekly wage
Learner example:
I know it is not nice for my family but I [earn] a good wage for that.
waist /weɪst/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the part of the body above and slightly narrower than the hips
a small/narrow/tiny/large waist
These trousers are a bit tight around my waist.
She has a 26-inch waist.
Learner example:
Chris was holding his arm tight[ly] around Claire's waist.
wait /weɪt/
VERB [I]
keep sb waiting
[B1] to be late so that someone has to wait for you
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
The dentist kept me waiting for ages.
2490
Learner example:
I'm sorry for keep[ing] you waiting.
wait a minute/moment
Now, wait a moment - I don't agree with that.
Wait a minute - I've just had an idea.
Learner example:
Oh! Wait a minute...
wait and see

[C1] to wait to discover what will happen
Dictionary example:
We'll wait and see what she says.
Learner example:
NOT DO SOMETHING
[C1] to not do something until something else happens
Dictionary example:
We'll wait till Jane gets here before we start eating.
Learner example:
The wedding will be at midday, but bec[a]use Spanish [people] are the most unpunctual people in
the world, maybe we'll have to wait until half past twelve to start the ceremony.
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
[B2] when you stay in one place until someone or something arrives, or someone or
something is ready for you
a long wait
well worth the wait
We had a three-hour wait before we could see the doctor.
The long wait for the doctor/to see the doctor really made me anxious.
wake /weɪk/
VERB [I or T] (woke, woken)

[B1] to stop sleeping or to make someone else stop sleeping
2491
Dictionary example:
Please wake me early tomorrow.
Learner example:
Hey Dan, I didn't want to wake you, that's why I left this note.
walk /wɔːk/
Word family:
Nouns: walk, walking, walker
Verbs: walk
VERB [I or T]
walk sb home/to sth

[B1] to walk with someone in order to guide them or keep them safe
Dictionary example:
He walked me to my house.
Learner example:
Then we went to the bar beside the restaurant to have a last drink and he walked me home.
walk the dog

[B1] to walk with a dog to give the dog exercise
Dictionary example:
I walk the dog twice a day.
Learner example:
Well, I suppose in my opinion you should walk the dog three times a day.
NOUN [C]
a short/ten-minute, etc. walk

[B2] a journey that takes a short time/ten minutes, etc. when you walk
Dictionary example:
The station is just a five-minute walk from the house.
Learner example:
A fi[f]teen-minute walk was necessary to reach it and there were no neighbours around.
PATH
[C1] a path or route where people can walk for enjoyment
Dictionary example:
There are some lovely walks in the forest.
2492
Learner example:
The walk ends in Valli del Natisone, but from here there are 2 other different routes that can be
chosen.
walker /ˈwɔː.kər/
Word family:
Nouns: walk, walking, walker
Verbs: walk
NOUN [C]
[C1] someone who walks for exercise or enjoyment
Dictionary example:
This pub is popular with walkers.
Learner example:
If you are a keen walker and you like unspoilt nature, the walk between Granna and Tranas in the
South [of] Sweden will be the one.
wander /ˈwɒn.dər/
VERB [I]
WALK SLOWLY
[B2] to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose or
direction
We spent the morning wandering around the old part of the city.
He was here a moment ago but he's wandered off somewhere.
Learner example:
If you can't afford it you can just wander around the city and enjoy meeting people.
ward /wɔːd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a room or area in a hospital, where people receiving treatment stay
Dictionary example:
She's in a ward on the fourth floor.
Learner example:
I spent two days alone in a ward [in] Biarritz's hospital.
2493
wardrobe /ˈwɔː.drəʊb/
NOUN
FURNITURE
[B1] [C] a large cupboard for keeping clothes in
Dictionary example:
She was showing me her new built-in/fitted wardrobes.
Learner example:
I want to sell a wooden wardrobe, because I've bought a new one.
CLOTHES
[C1] [NO PLURAL] all the clothes that you own
Dictionary example:
She has an extensive wardrobe.
Learner example:
Our wardrobe seemed to have changed from neutral colours which symbolised no freedom of
expression to purple-green outfits that tell you: ".. that's me, if you don't like it, get...".
warm /wɔːm/
Word family:
Nouns: warmth
Verbs: warm
Adjectives: warm
Adverbs: warmly
ADJECTIVE
FRIENDLY
[B1] friendly and loving
They're a very warm family.
He has a lovely warm smile.
I'd like to give a warm welcome to our guests this evening.
Learner example:
He is warm and friendly.
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to become warm or make something become warm
2494
You're so cold - come and warm your hands by the fire.
Your supper's just warming through in the oven.
We can warm (up) the room quite quickly with this electric fire.
Learner example:
After they save[d] me, I put those gloves on to warm my hands.
warmly /ˈwɔːm.li/
Word family:
Nouns: warmth
Verbs: warm
Adjectives: warm
Adverbs: warmly
ADVERB
KEEP WARM
[B2] in a way that keeps you warm
Dictionary example:
You're not dressed warmly enough - put a sweater on.
FRIENDLY
[B2] in a friendly or loving way
Dictionary example:
He shook my hand warmly.
Learner example:
He embraced me warmly and whispered 'You wouldn't have believed me.'
warmth /wɔːmθ/
Word family:
Nouns: warmth
Verbs: warm
Adjectives: warm
Adverbs: warmly
NOUN [U]
HEAT
[B2] the heat that is produced by something
Dictionary example:
I've put a T-shirt on under my sweater for extra warmth.
2495
Learner example:
We lay down on the sand enjoying the warmth of the sun and listening to the birds.
FEELING
[B2] a friendly and loving quality in someone or something
Dictionary example:
I still remember the warmth of their welcome.
Learner example:
They gave us so much when we were children, their love and their warmth, and now it is up to us
to stay with them and give back the love we [recei]ved.
warn /wɔːn/
Word family:
Nouns: warning
Verbs: warn
VERB [T]
[B1] to make someone realise a possible danger or problem, especially one in the
future
We were warned not to eat the fish.
Have you warned them (that) there will be an extra person for dinner?
I was warned against/off going to the east coast because it was so full of tourists.
This particular curry is extremely hot - be warned!
Put that ball down and come over here, Laura - I'm warning you!
Learner example:
I tried to warn him that there would be a lot of people looking at him.
warning /ˈwɔː.nɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: warning
Verbs: warn
NOUN [C or U]
[B1] something that tells or shows you that something bad may happen
There's a warning on the cigarette packet that says 'Tobacco seriously damages health'.
The bombs fell completely without warning.
Just a word of warning - restaurants in this area can be very expensive.
The government have today issued a warning about the dangers of sunbathing.
2496
Learner example:
Without any warning he pushed [me].
warrior /ˈwɒr.i.ər/
NOUN [C]
[C1] a person who has experience and skill in fighting in a war, especially in the
past
Dictionary example:
These warriors used spears made from iron.
Learner example:
It is true that the Vikings were warriors, some would say bloodthirsty as well, but that is
something I will leave to you to judge.
wasp /wɒsp/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a black and yellow flying insect that can sting you
There's a wasps' nest in that old tree.
a wasp sting
Learner example:
We were sitting in the garden and suddenly a wasp entered my T-shirt.
waste /weɪst/
NOUN
BAD USE
[B1] [U NO PLURAL] an unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time, energy,

abilities, etc.
That meeting achieved absolutely nothing - it was a complete waste of time.
She's been unemployed for two years and it's such a waste of her talents.
This food mixer's been a total waste of money - we never use it.
Learner example:
I don't [watch] m[uch] television because I think it's a waste of time.
2497
UNWANTED MATTER
[B2] [U] unwanted matter or material of any type, often that which is left after useful
substances or parts have been removed
Britain produces 20 million tonnes of household waste each year.
He opposes any kind of nuclear waste being dumped at sea.
Oil spills are common, as is the dumping of toxic waste.
Learner example:
What I did to get it was send them an article based on some possible solutions to the problem of
nuclear waste in my local area.
ADJECTIVE
[B1] Waste material is no longer needed and can be got rid of.
Dictionary example:
The Japanese recycle more than half of their waste paper.
Learner example:
In addition, some waste materials are carried to the incinerator where they are burnt completely at
very high temperatures.
VERB [T]
USE TOO MUCH
[B1] to use too much of something or use something badly when there is a limited
amount of it
You waste a lot of water by having a bath instead of a shower.
Come on, let's get started - we've wasted enough time already.
Don't waste your money on me, love, keep it for yourself.
Learner example:
It's nice to hear that you want to go to Colombia and I'm really happy because I can tell you all the
details so you won't waste time and money.
watch /wɒtʃ/
VERB
BE CAREFUL
[B2] [T] to be careful about something
2498
I have to watch my weight now I'm not doing so much sport.
Watch how you cross the road!
Watch (that) you don't get glue on your fingers, won't you?
Watch what you're doing with that knife, Jim, it's sharp.
Learner example:
The odd glass of wine is fine but watch what you [eat].
water /ˈwɔː.tər/
NOUN [U]
running water
[C1] If a place has running water, it has a working water system.
Dictionary example:
They bought an old house with no electricity or running water.
Learner example:
It is hilarious to think that at the same time people in [the] north of Europe were still living a
primitive and uncivilized life not even able to invent an axe, the Romans managed to install
running water in their huge houses.
VERB
PLANTS
[B2] [T] to pour water on to plants or the soil that they are growing in
Dictionary example:
I've asked my neighbour to water the plants while I'm away.
Learner example:
I cleaned [the flat] every day and watered your flowers.
waterfall /ˈwɔː.tə.fɔːl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] water, especially from a river or stream, dropping from a higher to a lower
point, sometimes from a great height
Learner example:
We walked for an hour and arrived at the waterfall.
2499
waterproof /ˈwɔː.tə.pruːf/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] not allowing water to go through
Dictionary example:
Canvas boots are all right but they're not as waterproof as leather.
Learner example:
Probably warm jumpers and a waterproof coat would do, don't you think so?
wave /weɪv/
VERB [I or T]
HAND
[B1] to raise your hand and move it from side to side in order to attract someone's
attention or to say goodbye
I waved to/at him from the window but he didn't see me.
She was so annoyed she wouldn't even wave us goodbye/wave goodbye to us.
She waves her hands about/around a lot when she's talking.
Learner example:
She waved at me and I smiled.
MOVE SIDE TO SIDE
[C1] (ALSO wave about/around) to move from side to side in the air or make
something move this way
The long grass waved in the breeze.
He started waving his arms about wildly.
Learner example:
I can picture myself standing in front of the "Casa Prosada", waving my arms and cheering with all
the other patriots.
NOUN [C]
WATER
[B1] a line of higher water which moves across the surface of an area of water,
especially the sea
Dictionary example:
At night, I listened to the sound of the waves breaking/crashing against the shore.
2500
Learner example:
I already know you surf and the waves at Reserva will be huge this weekend [so] we will surely surf
together.
ENERGY
[B2] the pattern in which some types of energy, such as sound, light and heat, are
spread or carried
Dictionary example:
radio waves
Learner example:
Indeed, it is thought that using a mobile phone may cause brain damage owing to magnetic
waves.
way /weɪ/
NOUN
DIRECTION
[B1] [C] the direction in which something is facing or travels
"Which way does the room face?" "North."
This bus is going the wrong way.
Which way up should this box be?
The numbers are the wrong way round - it should be 71, not 17.
Learner example:
Although he had told us he knew this address, he went [the] wrong way.
DISTANCE
[B1] [NO PLURAL] a distance or a period of time
We walked a long way yesterday.
The holidays seem like they're a long way away/off.
Learner example:
I like this best because [it] is not a long way from home.
no way INFORMAL
[B1] used to tell someone that something is impossible
I'm sorry but there's no way we can help you.
No way will she agree to you leaving early.
2501
Learner example:
Don't worry, there is no way I'm going to miss it!
a/sb's way of life

[B1] the manner in which a person lives
Dictionary example:
She told us all about her way of life in Japan.
Learner example:
He told me about his hobbies, his way of life and especially about his love [of] learning languages.
either way
[B1] used to talk about two possibilities where the result will be the same
You can get there by train or bus - either way it'll take an hour.
He might have to resign or he might be given a desk job, but either way, his career is effectively
over.
Learner example:
If that doesn't work, you can ask them to talk to your friends' parents so you could all go together.
Either way, I know you will have lots of fun this summer.
one way or another

[B2] in some way that is not stated
One way or another these bills have to be paid.
Everyone at the party was related in one way or another.
Learner example:
All of them made a big difference [to] our personal life and have affected it one way or another.
one way or the other

[B2] in any way that is possible
Dictionary example:
We have to make a decision one way or the other about what needs to be done.
Learner example:
Our transportation system nowadays is also very well organised and there is a wide range of
buses, subways, etc. with which you can reach your destination one way or the other.
the other way round/around

[B2] happening in the opposite way
Dictionary example:
I thought the older people would be more offended than the young people, but it was the other
way round.
Learner example:
As you know, I did that the other way round for the States.
2502
make your way
[B2] to get to a place
We slowly made our way down the river.
It's getting late - we should make our way home soon.
Learner example:
She made her way slowly to the waiting room and patiently waited for the train to arrive.
all the way

[B2] the complete distance
Dictionary example:
They cycled all the way to London.
Learner example:
I drove all the way to Bergen in only one day.
in a way; in some/many ways

[B2] used to say that you think something is partly true
In a way, I would prefer it if they didn't come because it would mean extra work.
In some ways it would be better if we met on Monday rather than Wednesday.
He was a remarkable politician in many ways.
Learner example:
I think that many people would like shops to be open all the time, and it might be good in some
ways.
MANNER
[C1] [NO PLURAL] the manner in which someone behaves or thinks, or in which
something happens
Don't be alarmed - it's just his way.
He looked at me in a sinister way.
It's amazing the way she manages to stay so calm.
The way he was shouting, you'd have thought he was badly hurt.
To my way of thinking, they shouldn't be building so many roads.
It's always the way at work - either I've got nothing to do or I'm rushed off my feet!
Learner example:
To my way of thinking, despite all the problems I have mentioned, this company will suc[c]eed.
in no way/not in any way

[C1] not at all
Dictionary example:
This is in no way your fault.
2503
Learner example:
This magazine will be loved by students as it will help them learn English in the best way and in
no way will students find it boring.
by way of sth
[C1] as a type of something
Dictionary example:
He sent me some flowers by way of apology.
Learner example:
The Academy however provided nothing whatsoever by way of entertainment, though with a
group of interesting young people and a little imagination this should not be a pro[b]lem.
get/have your (own) way

[C1] to get what you want, although it might upset other people
Dictionary example:
She always gets her own way in the end.
Learner example:
They are provided with what they desire, and [the] majority of them are used to getting their own
way.
(take) the easy way out

[C1] to do what is easiest in a difficult situation
Dictionary example:
I know you don't approve of his working methods, but why not take the easy way out this time
and agree to his request?
Learner example:
On the other hand you cannot survive without your pay-check and to be able to both make a
car[ee]r and have the time to be green, sometimes you just have to take the easy way out.
we /wiː/
PRONOUN
ALL PEOPLE
[B1] used to refer to people generally
Dictionary example:
The world in which we live today is very different.
Learner example:
Why can't we live without computers?
2504
weak /wiːk/
Word family:
Nouns: weakness
Verbs: weaken
Adjectives: weak
ADJECTIVE
BODY
[B1] not physically strong
Dictionary example:
It's not surprising you feel weak if you haven't eaten properly for days.
Learner example:
I felt so weak that I wasn't able to tidy and wash up.
NOT GOOD
[B1] not good at something
Dictionary example:
She reads well but her spelling is weak.
Learner example:
Listening is my weak point so I have to improve.
CHARACTER
[B2] not powerful, or not having a strong character
Dictionary example:
a weak leader/government/king
Learner example:
At the beginning of the story, [Mary] seemed to be a weak person, but in the end she
demonstrated that she could overcome her fears in order to protect someone.
TASTE
[B2] containing little taste or alcohol
Dictionary example:
weak coffee/beer
SLIGHT
[B2] difficult to see or hear
Dictionary example:
He spoke in a weak voice.
Learner example:
I could hardly see with the weak light of the candle and I couldn't remember the last time I had
used it.
2505
REASON
[C1] A weak reason, argument or excuse is one that can easily be proved to be
false.
Dictionary example:
He gave the weakest of excuses when asked why he was late.
LIKELY TO FAIL
[C1] likely to fail
a weak economy
a weak team
Learner example:
A very difficult aspect currently is our weak economy, we could nearly speak of a recession.
weaken /ˈwiː.kən/
Word family:
Nouns: weakness
Verbs: weaken
Adjectives: weak
VERB [I or T]
LOSE POWER
[C1] to become less strong or powerful, or to make someone or something less

strong or powerful
Dictionary example:
A number of factors have weakened the economy.
Learner example:
If we get rid of the factories to save the river, it is obvious that our economy will be weakened.
weakness /ˈwiːk.nəs/
Word family:
Nouns: weakness
Verbs: weaken
Adjectives: weak
NOUN
NOT STRONG
[B2] [U] when someone or something is not strong or powerful
2506
Dictionary example:
Asking for help is not a sign of weakness.
Learner example:
I believe that I'll be able to cover my physical weakness with my experience and knowledge.
NOT EFFECTIVE
[B2] [C] a particular part or quality of someone or something that is not good or
effective
There are definite weaknesses in their security arrangements.
His main weakness as a manager is his inability to delegate.
The later novels show none of the weaknesses of his earlier work.
Learner example:
However, I have to complain about a few weaknesses in this festival.
wealth /welθ/
Word family:
Nouns: wealth
Adjectives: wealthy
NOUN [U]
MONEY
[B2] a large amount of money or valuable possessions that someone has
Dictionary example:
During a successful business career, she accumulated a great amount of wealth.
Learner example:
On the other hand, having a mobile phone can also create social distinctions between people as it
can [be] a sign of wealth.
wealthy /ˈwel.θi/
Word family:
Nouns: wealth
Adjectives: wealthy
ADJECTIVE
[B2] rich
He's a very wealthy man.
With its natural resources it is potentially a very wealthy country.
2507
Learner example:
But how can anyone satisfy a wealthy woman like her without giving her an expensive present?
weapon /ˈwep.ən/
NOUN [C]
[B2] ! any object used in fighting or war, such as a gun, bomb, sword, etc.
chemical/nuclear/biological weapons
The youths were dragged from their car and searched for weapons.
Learner example:
Technology is used [to] create new types of weapons.
wear /weər/
VERB [T] (wore, worn)
HAIR
[B2] to arrange or grow your hair in a particular way
Dictionary example:
She usually wears her hair in a ponytail.
Learner example:
I now wear my long hair loose and I dyed it black.
weather forecast /ˈweð.əˌfɔːr.kɑːst/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a description of what the weather will be like
Dictionary example:
Have you heard the weather forecast for tomorrow?
Learner example:
The weather forecast is not so good for the next two days: rain and wind.
2508
web /web/
NOUN [C]
SPIDER
[B1] a type of net made by a spider to catch insects
Dictionary example:
a spider's web
Learner example:
On the way coming back to [the] hotel I almost got lost because the underground was like a
spider['s] web.
webcam /ˈweb.kæm/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a camera that records moving pictures and sounds and allows these to be
shown on the Internet as they happen
Dictionary example:
I see my grandchildren via the webcam.
wedding /ˈwed.ɪŋ/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a marriage ceremony and any celebrations such as a meal or a party that
follow it
a wedding cake/dress/invitation/present/reception
Do you know the date of Cathy and Matthew's wedding?
It was their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary last week.
Learner example:
Some couples prefer to [have] a traditional wedding in an old village.
weigh /weɪ/
Word family:
Nouns: weight
2509
VERB [T]
HEAVINESS
[B1] to have a heaviness of a stated amount, or to measure the heaviness of an

object
How much do you weigh?
She weighs herself every week on the scales in the bathroom.
Your luggage must be weighed before it is put on the aircraft.
Learner example:
You can [see] monkeys that weigh only 100g.
CONSIDER CAREFULLY
[B2] (ALSO weigh up) to consider something carefully, especially in order to make a
decision
Dictionary example:
He needs to weigh up the pros and cons of going to college.
Learner example:
Having weighed the pros and cons, I thought you [ought] to be conscious of the fact that... you're
working too hard.
weight /weɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: weight
NOUN
AMOUNT
[B1] [U] the amount that something or someone weighs
He's about average height and weight.
I need to lose a bit of weight.
Graham's put on a lot of weight recently.
These drugs can cause patients to gain weight.
Learner example:
So let me describe Fabian: he has brown hair and his weight is about 75 kg.
HEAVINESS
[B2] [U] the quality of being heavy
2510
Dictionary example:
The shelf collapsed under the weight of the books.
Learner example:
The weight of the snow broke the branches of the trees.
OBJECT
[B2] [C] something that is heavy
Try not to lift heavy weights.
I lift weights twice a week at the gym.
Learner example:
[...] my long training periods in lifting weights.
weird /wɪəd/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] very strange and unusual, unexpected or not natural
Her boyfriend's a bit weird but she's all right.
That's weird - I thought I'd left my keys on the table but they're not there.
There is nothing to rival the weird and wonderful things that come out on the streets at carnival
time.
Learner example:
She was hearing all sorts of weird noises.
welcome /ˈwel.kəm/
VERB [T]
MEET
[B1] to greet someone who has arrived in a place
Both families were there to welcome us.
The visitors to the college were warmly welcomed by the principal.
Learner example:
Everyone welcomed us to their village.
ENCOURAGE
[B2] to be pleased about something and encourage or support it
2511
The decision has been widely welcomed.
I would welcome your advice.
Learner example:
The time will arrive [when] all of us will accept and welcome this "beautiful machine"! [the
computer]
ADJECTIVE
PLEASED
[B1] If you are welcome, people are pleased that you are there.
You will always be welcome here.
She makes us (feel) welcome whenever we visit her.
Learner example:
You know that you are very welcome in my country.
be welcome to do sth
[B1] used to tell someone that they can certainly do something, if they want to
Dictionary example:
Anyone who is interested is welcome to come along.
Learner example:
You're very welcome to join too if you want.
PLEASING
[B2] If something is welcome, people are pleased about it and want it to happen.
a welcome change
Your comments are always welcome.
Learner example:
And, since all these new things only make our life easier, technology is welcome.
NOUN [C or U]
FRIENDLY TREATMENT
[B1] when someone is met and spoken to in a friendly way when they arrive in a
place
They were given a warm welcome.
She referred to his previous visit in her welcome speech.
Learner example:
Dear Bertha, Once again I want to thank you very much for your hospitality and the warm welcome
you gave me.
2512
welfare /ˈwel.feər/
NOUN [U]
HEALTH
[B2] Someone's welfare is their health and happiness.
Dictionary example:
He is concerned about the welfare of young men in prison.
Learner example:
To take care of the visitor's wishes must be a priority: his welfare has to be enforced by structural
measures (facilities, services, activities) and cultural ones.
well /wel/
Word family:
Adjectives: unwell, well
ADVERB (better, best)
may/might as well
We might as well walk there.
As you already know so much about the subject, you might as well skip this lecture.
Learner example:
In my opinion, you might as well ask your neighbours if they can look after your flat for one day.
may/might/could well
[B2] used to say that something is likely to be true
She might well be the best person to ask.
He could well be at Michelle's house.
Learner example:
Laura could well imagine [that] she would stand opposite the examiners and not answer any
question in the right way.
EMPHASIS
[B2] used to emphasize some adjectives
The police are well aware of the situation.
The museum is well worth a visit.
2513
Learner example:
Finally I would like to recommend a visit to Lampton Castle; in addition to the paintings and
furniture there is now a new collection of musical instruments, which is well worth seeing.
CONSIDERABLY
[C1] used to emphasize some prepositions
The results are well above/below what we expected.
Keep well away from the edge of the cliff.
It cost well over £100.
Learner example:
The hospital received well over 80% of the profits, and that as you can see is much more than just
60%.
may/might as well do sth

[C1] If you may/might as well do something, it will not spoil the situation if you do
that thing.
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
I might as well go with her and if you like, you can join us too.
it's just as well

[C1] used to say that it is lucky that something happened
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
ADJECTIVE (better, best)
all is well
[B1] everything is in a good or acceptable state
Dictionary example:
I hope all is well with Jack.
Learner example:
I hope all's well.
it's just as well

[B2] used to say that it is lucky that something happened
Dictionary example:
2514
Learner example:
be all very well

[C1] used to show that you do not agree with something or that you are annoyed
about something
Dictionary example:
It's all very well for her to say everything's fine, she doesn't have to live here.
Learner example:
That's all very well for most of the people but according to my desires [i]t's not enough. I envisage
a more sophisticated flat.
EXCLAMATION
Oh well
[B1] used to say that a situation cannot be changed although it might be
disappointing
Dictionary example:
Oh well, it doesn't matter, I can always buy another one.
Learner example:
I always dreamed [of going] sailing, but not even a little boat [is] left, some other people [have]
already booked them! Oh well.
well-balanced /ˌwelˈbæl.ənst/
ADJECTIVE
FOOD
[B2] A well-balanced diet or meal includes all the different types of food that the
body needs to be healthy.
Dictionary example:
I try to have a well-balanced diet.
Learner example:
So my advice for you would be to try and have some break times during the day, [do] some sports
and follow a well-balanced diet.
PERSON
[C1] Well-balanced people are calm and have good judgment.
Dictionary example:
She's very well-balanced considering her past.
2515
Learner example:
Linda has a good temper, is well-balanced and is able to cope with unforeseen or complicated
situations.
well-being /ˌwelˈbiː.ɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[C1] when someone is healthy, happy, and comfortable
Dictionary example:
I found that yoga increased my sense of well-being.
Learner example:
The beautiful countryside which surrounds the fields can generate a feeling of well-being and
make exercise more pleasant.
well-built /ˌwelˈbɪlt/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] having a large, strong body
Dictionary example:
He was a well-built man, in his forties.
Learner example:
When I was twenty three years old, I was married to a handsome, well-built business man.
well-dressed /ˌwelˈdrest/
ADJECTIVE
[B1] wearing attractive, good-quality clothes
Dictionary example:
She is a very well-dressed woman.
Learner example:
It is a party for the students who take part in the conference, so you do not need to be well-
dressed.
2516
well-educated /ˌwelˈedʒ.ʊ.keɪ.tɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having had a good education
We have some very well-educated employees in the department.
Most of our employees are pretty well educated.
Learner example:
Increasing numbers of well-educated young people are compelled to stay at home.
well-equipped /ˌwel.ɪˈkwɪpt/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having plenty of good quality equipment
Dictionary example:
He has a very well-equipped kitchen.
Learner example:
There is a well-equipped gym which is supervised by experienced staff.
well-informed /ˌwel.ɪnˈfɔːmd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] knowing a lot of useful information
Dictionary example:
Some visitors to our museum are very well-informed.
Learner example:
In fact, well-informed teenagers are now aware of the necessity to [do] a sport to stay fit.
well-off /ˌwelˈɒf/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having a lot of money
Dictionary example:
His parents are very well-off.
2517
Learner example:
If you belong to a well-off family then you are considered lucky, but if you are not this, good luck
to you.
well-organized (ALSO UK well-organised) /ˌwelˈɔː.gəˌnɑɪzd/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] working in an effective and successful way because of good organization
Dictionary example:
She's always extremely well-organized at work.
Learner example:
In my opinion it was a very well-organised festival with good performers.
well-paid /ˌwelˈpeɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] earning a lot of money
Dictionary example:
a well-paid job
Learner example:
[She had] an interesting and well-paid job in Paris as a fashion model.
well-qualified /ˌwelˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪd/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] having suitable experience or formal qualifications
Dictionary example:
He seems well-qualified for the job.
Learner example:
That is why fore[ig]n employers look for well-qualified Polish specialists.
west (ALSO West) /west/
Word family:
Nouns: west
Adjectives: western
2518
NOUN [U]
(the) West
[B2] the countries of North America and western Europe
There has been concern in/throughout the West about the effects of this measure.
East-West relations
western (ALSO Western) /ˈwes.tən/
Word family:
Nouns: west
Adjectives: western
ADJECTIVE
DIRECTION
[B1] in or from the west part of an area
western Europe
California and other western states
Learner example:
It is in the western part of Kyoto.
COUNTRIES
[B1] relating to countries in the west part of the world, especially North America
and countries in the west of Europe
western opinion/culture
a Western-educated engineer
western medicine
Learner example:
Nowadays, most young people would like to wear suits and dresses like Westerners because,
they're more interested in western culture.
2519
wet /wet/
ADJECTIVE (wetter, wettest)
NOT DRY YET
[B1] describes paint, ink, or a similar substance when it has not had time to dry and
become hard
The paint's still wet.
a sign saying 'Wet paint!'
whale /weɪl/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a very large sea mammal that breathes air through a hole at the top of its head
Learner example:
One month ago I saw a programme about whales [that] are fished near Japan.
what /wɒt/
PRONOUN
THE THING
[B1] used to refer to something without naming it
Do you know what I mean?
She wouldn't tell me what he said.
What I like most about her is her honesty.
The letter showed clearly what they were planning.
I can't decide what to do next.
Have you thought about what to send as a present?
Learner example:
I don't know what to do now.
What about ...?

Dictionary example:
What about Ava - is she nice?
2520
Learner example:
I also enjoy shopping for shoes, what about you?
What if ...?
[B1] used to ask about something that could happen in the future, especially
something bad
What if the train's late?
What if you don't pass your exams?
Learner example:
What if the children were in trouble?
What's up? INFORMAL
[B1] used to ask how things are with someone
Dictionary example:
What's up? Nice to see you again.
Learner example:
Hi Teresa What's up? I am good.
What ...for?
[B2] used to ask about the reason for something
What are these tools for?
What are you doing that for?
"We need a bigger car." "What for?"
Learner example:
People love spending hours in their stuffy cars, [gett]ing stuck in traffic jams and breathing
polluted air. What for?
what's/what is more
[B2] used to add something surprising or interesting to what you have just said
Dictionary example:
They turned up nearly an hour late, and what's more, they didn't bring anything!
Learner example:
What is more, I will have an opportunity to visit the most exotic countries.
DETERMINER
STRONG OPINION
[B1] used to give your opinion, especially when you have strong feelings about
something
2521
What rubbish!
What a mess!
What an awful day!
Learner example:
Last Saturday we decided to watch the film "Pinocchio" by Roberto Benigni. What a beautiful
soundtrack! What an interesting fable!
whatever /wɒtˈevər/
PRONOUN
ANYTHING
[B1] anything or everything
The children are allowed to do whatever they want.
I eat whatever I want and I still don't seem to gain weight.
Whatever I say I always seem to get it wrong.
Learner example:
I think people should wear whatever they want to.
NO DIFFERENCE
[B2] used to say that what happens is not important because it does not change a
situation
Whatever happens, you know that I'll stand by you.
Learner example:
Whatever you decide, I hope you enjoy a wonderful summer.
or whatever
[B2] or other things of the same kind
Dictionary example:
If you need to wash, or whatever, we can meet you later.
DETERMINER
NO DIFFERENCE
situation
2522
We'll go whatever the weather.
Whatever else may be said of him, Mr. Meese is not scared of a fight.
But whatever the reason, most people who move from one region to another are under 35 years
old.
Learner example:
Whatever you decide, I hope you enjoy a wonderful summer.
whatsoever /ˌwɒt.səʊˈev.ər/
ADVERB (ALSO whatever)
no ... whatsoever
[C1] none at all
Dictionary example:
There's no evidence whatsoever that she was involved.
Learner example:
Moreover, the hotel we were finally dumped in was situated miles from Edinburgh city centre and
there was no entertainment whatsoever arranged for the evening, even though all the travellers
were more or less stuck there.
wheat /wiːt/
NOUN [U]
[B2] a plant whose yellowish brown grain is used for making flour, or the grain
itself
wheat fields
Wheat is an important crop for millions of people across the world.
Learner example:
[In the painting, a man and woman] are sleeping in a wheat field.
wheel /wiːl/
NOUN [C]
the wheel
[B2] a steering wheel
2523
Dictionary example:
You should keep both hands on the wheel when driving.
Learner example:
On the continent Barbara and I took turns at the wheel and early next morning we reached the
Spanish border.
wheelchair /ˈwiːl.tʃeər/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a chair with wheels used by someone who cannot walk
Dictionary example:
My brother uses a wheelchair.
Learner example:
In the hospital, I was sentenced to be confined to [a] wheelchair for the rest of my life.
when /wen/
CONJUNCTION
ALTHOUGH
[B2] used to say something that is surprising after what has already been said
He says he hasn't got any money when in fact he's got thousands of dollars in his account.
I don't understand how he can say that everything's fine when it's so obvious that it's not.
Why is she training to be a teacher when she doesn't even like children?
How can you say you don't like something when you've never even tried it!
Learner example:
In your advertisement it was said that I would find stars and artists from around the world, when,
in fact, they were from only six countries.
when it comes to sth/doing sth

[C1] used to introduce a new idea that you want to say something about
Dictionary example:
When it comes to baking cakes, she's an expert.
Learner example:
But when it comes to computers, they just impose some knowledge on students, without any
interaction.
2524
whenever /wenˈev.ər/
CONJUNCTION
EVERY TIME
[B1] every time or any time
Dictionary example:
Whenever I go there they seem to be out.
Learner example:
I read whenever I can, specially at night.
whenever possible
Dictionary example:
I try to use olive oil whenever possible.
Learner example:
My friends have always regarded me as a cheerful, active girl, who is glad to help out whenever
possible.
where /weər/
CONJUNCTION
PROCESS/ACTIVITY
[B2] used when referring to a particular stage in a process or activity
You reach a point in any project where you just want to get the thing finished.
I've reached the stage where I just don't care anymore.
Learner example:
We've come to a point where we have forgotten how to read or talk to each other.
whereas /weərˈæz/
CONJUNCTION
[B2] compared with the fact that
Dictionary example:
He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty.
2525
Learner example:
For example, it takes two hours by plane from Switzerland to Spain, whereas it takes
approximately one day by train.
wherever /werˈev.ər/
CONJUNCTION
EVERY PLACE
[B1] in or to any or every place
You can sit wherever you like.
Wherever you choose to live there are always going to be disadvantages.
Learner example:
I will be able to take you wherever you want in [a] matter of minutes.
wherever possible
Wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar.
We try to sell local fruit and vegetables wherever possible.
Learner example:
We can work together [in a] number of ways, for e[xample], we can plant trees wherever possible
and we can place bins [i]n the necessary areas which will help the public to dispose [of] waste
items.
whether /ˈweð.ər/
CONJUNCTION
IF
[B1] used especially in reporting questions and when expressing doubt to mean if
I wasn't sure whether you'd like it.
She asked me whether I was interested in working for her.
I doubt whether it'll work.
It all depends on whether or not she's got the time.
Learner example:
It's very expensive and I'm so broke that I don't know whether I can afford to buy one.
2526
whether... or
[B1] used to talk about a choice between two or more possibilities
I'm going, whether she likes it or not.
Someone's got to tell her, whether it's you or me.
Let's face it - you're going to be late whether you go by bus or train.
Learner example:
I don't know whether to stay or to go.
which /wɪtʃ/
PRONOUN
ADDING INFORMATION
[B1] used to give extra information about something
Dictionary example:
The book, which includes a map, gives you all the information you need about Budapest.
Learner example:
Turning to the end-of-conference party, it is going to be held in a nearby buffet restaurant,
Valentine's, which has good quality food and reasonable prices.
AFTER PREPOSITION
[B2] used after a preposition to show what thing is being referred to
Is that the film in which she sings?
The death of his son was an experience from which he never fully recovered.
It isn't a subject to which I devote a great deal of thought.
Learner example:
According to your advertisement in a language magazine you have a vacancy in your campsites, in
which I am very interested.
GIVING OPINION
[B2] used when you give an opinion or comment about what you have just said
Dictionary example:
He showed me round the town, which I thought was very kind of him.
Learner example:
I am very interested in being able to help [o]n such a project, which I think is a very good one.
2527
whichever /wɪˈtʃev.ər/
DETERMINER
ANY
[B2] any of a group of similar things
Let's go out on Thursday or Friday - you choose whichever day is best for you.
You can have whichever bedroom you want in the apartment.
Learner example:
The meeting will take place [on] either the 15th or 22nd February, whichever one suits you best.
NOT IMPORTANT
situation
It's going to be expensive whichever way you do it.
Whichever option we choose there'll be disadvantages.
Learner example:
In Japan, there are two major style[s] of tea. One is Omote and the other is Ura. Both style[s] have
only one top family. Whichever they are, the top family uses [a] special bowl made by [the] Raku
family.
PRONOUN
[B2] any of a group of similar things
We can go to the seven o'clock performance or the eight - whichever suits you best.
You can choose whichever of those dates is best for you.
Learner example:
This job in a bookshop is in Central London, and you can choo[se] part-time or full time,
whichever you want.
while /waɪl/
CONJUNCTION
COMPARING
[B1] used to compare two different facts or situations
He gets fifty thousand pounds a year while I get only twenty!
Tom is very confident while Katy is shy and quiet.
2528
Learner example:
In Italy, weddings [are] very traditional! The girls [wear] a long, white dress, while the boys,
normally, [wear] dark [clothes].
ALTHOUGH
[B2] (UK FORMAL ALSO MAINLY whilst) despite the fact that; although
While I accept that he's not perfect in many respects, I do actually quite like the man.
While I fully understand your point of view, I do also have some sympathy with Michael's.
Learner example:
While it is true that everyone should have a computer at home because it is useful, on the other
hand hardly anybody [can] afford [one].
NOUN
a while
[B1] a length of time
I only stayed for a short while.
You were there a while, weren't you?
"When did that happen?" "Oh, it was a while ago".
After a while, Roberto came back inside.
I haven't seen him for a while.
I'll be fine in a while.
Learner example:
After a while, a girl invited me to play darts with her and her friends.
quite a while
[B1] a long time
I hadn’t seen Rebecca in quite a while.
It took quite a while to clean out the garage.
Learner example:
But although I have what you could call "simple" tastes, it takes me quite a while to decide what to
buy.
(every) once in a while

Dictionary example:
We do go to the beach once in a while.
Learner example:
She did not say very much except for "oh" and "yes, yes" every once in a while.
2529
whisky /ˈwɪs.ki/
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] ! a strong, pale brown alcoholic drink, originally produced in Scotland, that is
made from barley
Dictionary example:
The whisky from the island of Islay is excellent.
Learner example:
We stayed in various small inns, where we met a lot of interesting people, for example an old man
from a small village outside Aberdeen who accompanied us to a neighbouring whisky distillery,
where a most exquisite malt whisky is produced.
whisper /ˈwɪs.pər/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to speak extremely quietly so that other people cannot hear
She leaned over and whispered something in his ear.
What are you two girls whispering about?
"Where are the toilets?" she whispered.
Learner example:
When I went to the school canteen everybody was staring at me and whispering to each other.
whistle /ˈwɪs.l
̩/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to make a sound by breathing air out through a small hole made with your
lips, or through a whistle
On the days when she wore a skirt the men on the building site would whistle at her.
Someone was whistling Beatles tunes outside my window.
Learner example:
I stood up and many of my companions clap[p]ed their hands, although some of them whistled in
a very rude way.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small, simple instrument that makes a sound when you blow through it
2530
Dictionary example:
The referee blew his whistle to end the game.
Learner example:
I was so nervous and I was thinking about that scream and those whistles, so I decided to go
outside to have a look.
white /waɪt/
ADJECTIVE
PERSON
[B1] Someone who is white has skin that is pale in colour.
He had a black mother and a white father.
He's described as a white man in his early thirties.
Learner example:
He had just been beaten by a group of white men.
who /huː/
PRONOUN
ADDING INFORMATION
[B1] used to give more information about someone
Dictionary example:
My brother, who's only 17, has already passed his driving test.
Learner example:
The bad guys tr[y] to take over the world and the good guys, who are the heroes [, try] to stop
them from doing so.
Who cares?
[B2] INFORMAL used to emphasize that you do not think something is important
Dictionary example:
"Chelsea should have reached the final!" "Who cares?"
Learner example:
"Who cares?" he answered.
2531
whoever /huːˈev.ər/
PRONOUN
PERSON
[B2] the person who
Whoever broke the window will have to pay for it.
Could I speak to whoever is in charge of international sales, please?
Learner example:
I have to admit that whoever invented cars [produce]d the [best] invention [in] the world.
NOT IMPORTANT
[B2] used to say that it is not important which person or group does something
Can whoever leaves last please lock up?
You're likely to get the same answer, whoever you ask.
Learner example:
The main advantage is obvious - you can communicate whenever you want with whoever you want
and wherever you are.
whole /həʊl/
NOUN
the whole of sth

[B1] all of something
I'll be on holiday the whole of next week.
His behaviour affects the whole of the class.
The whole of the village had come out for the party.
Learner example:
Moreover, you can see the whole of Hong Kong from the Peak.
on the whole
[B1] generally
Dictionary example:
We've had a few problems, but on the whole we're very happy.
Learner example:
On the whole I don't like watching television.
2532
as a whole
[B2] when considered as a group and not in parts
Dictionary example:
The population as a whole is getting healthier.
Learner example:
To sum up, I can say that the greatest ever invention is the invention of computers, that has
affected both indivi[d]uals and society as a whole.
whom /huːm/
PRONOUN FORMAL
[B2] used instead of 'who' as the object of a verb or preposition
I met a man with whom I used to work.
There were 500 passengers, of whom 121 drowned.
To whom do you wish to speak?
Learner example:
This is just to let you know with whom I worked.
whose /huːz/
DETERMINER
ASKING WHO
[B1] used to ask who something belongs to or who someone or something is

connected to
Whose bag is this?
Whose car shall we use?
Learner example:
Whose fault is [it]?
MORE INFORMATION
[B1] used for adding information about a person or thing just mentioned
Cohen, whose contract ends next week, is likely to move to play for a European club.
It was an old house, whose basement had been flooded.
Learner example:
My new friend, whose name is Mark, is my co-worker.
2533
PRONOUN
[B1] used to ask who something belongs to or who someone or something is

connected to
Whose is this bag?
Whose is that book?
why /waɪ/
ADVERB
TALK ABOUT REASON
[B1] used to talk about the reason for something
I don't know why she isn't here.
Quite why he isn't here today is a mystery.
There is no reason why we shouldn't succeed.
Learner example:
Also, you didn't say why the photography and painting courses were so popular.
why not?
[B1] used to agree with something that someone has suggested
Dictionary example:
"Let's have an ice cream." "Yes, why not?"
Learner example:
She said, I have two tickets for a new film [with] Tom Cruise - would you like to come with me?
Well I said why not, so I went with her to see this film.
wide /waɪd/
Word family:
Nouns: width
Verbs: widen
Adjectives: wide
Adverbs: widely
ADJECTIVE
5 miles/10 metres, etc. wide

[B1] having a distance of 5 miles/10 metres, etc. from one side to the other
2534
Dictionary example:
The swimming pool is five metres wide.
Learner example:
From the two metres wide window I can overlook the city and the lake.
a wide range/selection/variety, etc.

[B1] a lot of different types of thing
The library has a wide range of information.
They sell a wide selection of chocolates.
Learner example:
There is a very wide choice of activities!
ADVERB
APART
[B2] farther than usual or as far as possible
Dictionary example:
She ran towards me, her arms open wide.
Learner example:
She came into the living room and saw me standing on the stairs with my eyes opened wide.
widely /ˈwaɪd.li/
Word family:
Nouns: width
Verbs: widen
Adjectives: wide
Adverbs: widely
ADVERB
INCLUDING A LOT
[B2] including a lot of different places, people, subjects, etc.
They have both travelled widely.
English is widely spoken around the world.
His work is widely known/accepted.
Learner example:
It is widely known that the Japanes[e] and Chines[e] people are often very healthy.
differ/vary widely
[B2] to be very different
2535
Dictionary example:
Prices vary widely from shop to shop.
Learner example:
People's opinions on the protection of the environment differ widely.
widen /ˈwaɪ.dən/
Word family:
Nouns: width
Verbs: widen
Adjectives: wide
Adverbs: widely
VERB [I or T]
MAKE WIDER
[B2] to become wider, or to make something wider
They are widening the road.
As it approaches the sea, the river begins to widen (out).
Learner example:
So I suggest widening the [main road].
INCREASE
[B2] to increase or make something increase in number or degree
Dictionary example:
Why not widen the discussion to include other points of view?
Learner example:
It could help me to widen my knowledge about stamps.
widespread /ˈwaɪd.spred/
ADJECTIVE
[C1] affecting or including a lot of places, people, etc.
a widespread problem
widespread support
Learner example:
It is because of widespread use of deep-freezing and preservatives.
2536
widow /ˈwɪd.əʊ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a woman whose husband has died and who has not married again
Dictionary example:
Many of her friends are also widows.
Learner example:
Roland was a rich man and now you are a rich widow.
width /wɪtθ/
Word family:
Nouns: width
Verbs: widen
Adjectives: wide
Adverbs: widely
NOUN [C or U]
[B2] the distance across something from one side to the other
It is 5 metres in width.
The needle is seven times smaller than the width of a human hair.
Learner example:
The width of a car hinders driv[ing] on the pavement, for instance.
wild /waɪld/
Word family:
Adjectives: wild
Adverbs: wildly
ADJECTIVE
LAND
[B2] describes land that is not used to grow crops and has few people living in it
Dictionary example:
a wild mountainous region
Learner example:
This area is still wild.
2537
ENERGETIC
[B2] very energetic and not controlled
a wild party
wild dancing
The audience burst into wild applause.
When I told him what I'd done, he went wild.
The children were wild with excitement.
Learner example:
When Jorge went up [on] the stage to get his award, he sang the song and the crowd went wild!
wildlife /ˈwaɪld.laɪf/
NOUN [U]
[B1] animals and plants that grow independently of people in their natural
environment
a documentary on Peruvian wildlife
wildlife groups/conservation
Learner example:
The countryside will be the best place because we [will be] able to see the old castles, mountains
and natural areas with forests and wildlife.
wildly /ˈwaɪld.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: wild
Adverbs: wildly
ADVERB
WITHOUT CONTROL
[B2] in a very energetic way and without control
He was dancing wildly.
They cheered wildly.
Learner example:
When I arrived at the party, I knew immediately that something was wrong ... people were sleeping
on the floor, the house furniture was all torn apart, [and] people with beverages were dancing
wildly.
2538
will /wɪl/
MODAL VERB
will have
[B2] used to form the future perfect tense
Next month, Gary will have been working here for 10 years.
He'll have reached Berlin by tonight.
Learner example:
First of all, if you go to work by bicycle every day, at the end of the month you will have saved
more money because you won't have spent it buying petrol.
NOUN
MENTAL POWER
[B2] [C or U] the mental power used to control and direct your thoughts and actions,
or a determination to do something, despite any difficulties or opposition
From an early age she had a very strong will.
After six months in hospital she began to lose the will to live.
Learner example:
How would you find the will to look for another job?
WHAT SOMEONE WANTS
[C1] [U] what someone wants to happen
Against their will, they were forced to hold a meeting.
The government has failed to impose its will upon regional communities.
Learner example:
But if you go [and] learn a language against your will, then it's better not to go at all.
willing /ˈwɪl.ɪŋ/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
be willing (to do sth)

[B1] to be happy to do something if it is needed
2539
If you're willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.
You said you needed a volunteer - well, I'm willing.
Apparently John and Gabriel are willing for us to use their garden.
Learner example:
Would you be willing to go to the restaurant (where we were) and find my watch?
willingly /ˈwɪl.ɪŋ.li/
Word family:
ADVERB
[B2] in a willing way
He would willingly risk his life for her.
I would willingly help you if I weren't going away tomorrow.
Learner example:
Of course, I'll willingly help you, even though I'm going to stay there only for a couple of weeks.
willingness /ˈwɪl.ɪŋ.nəs/
Word family:
NOUN [U]
[B2] the state of being willing
Dictionary example:
I was impressed by her willingness to listen.
Learner example:
Thank you for your willingness [to organise] the trip.
win /wɪn/
Word family:
Nouns: winner, win
Verbs: win
2540
VERB (winning, won, won)
ELECTION
[B1] [I or T] to get the most votes in an election
Dictionary example:
Who do you think will win the election?
ARGUMENT
[B2] to be successful in a war, fight, or argument
They won the war, but with heavy losses.
Everyone likes winning an argument.
Learner example:
After a short battle on the floor I won the fight.
NOUN [C]
[C1] when someone wins a game, competition or election
It was United's sixth consecutive win this season.
Everyone was predicting a Republican win at the last election and look what happened.
Learner example:
It was a really interesting, ex[c]iting game which ended with a deserving 'One-Nil' win to Scotland.
wind2 /waɪnd/
Word family:
Verbs: wind, unwind
Adjectives: winding
VERB (wound, wound)
wind (sth) around/round, etc. sth

[B2] to turn or twist something long and thin around something else several times,
or to turn or twist in this way
Dictionary example:
She wound the rope around the tree.
Learner example:
The door opened and a[n] enormous worm in [the] shape of a finger rushed toward them. It
wound around them and pulled them out of the house.
wind along/through, etc.

[B2] If a river, road, etc. winds somewhere, it bends a lot and is not straight.
2541
Dictionary example:
The path winds along the edge of the bay.
Learner example:
The camp is situated [among] colourful meadows, there is a deep forest and, of course, the river
winds through this lovely countryside.
winding /ˈwɑɪnd.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: wind, unwind
Adjectives: winding
ADJECTIVE
[B2] describes a path, road, river, etc. which repeatedly turns in different directions
Dictionary example:
There's a very long, winding path leading up to the house.
Learner example:
Moreover, I agree with Chris when he thinks the route through the mountain may be very difficult:
it is a winding and quite hazardous road.
window /ˈwɪn.dəʊ/
NOUN [C]
COMPUTER
[B1] a separate area on a computer screen showing information and which you can
move around
Dictionary example:
to minimize/maximize a window
windscreen /ˈwɪnd.skriːn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] the window at the front end of a car, bus, etc.
Dictionary example:
A small stone shattered the windscreen as I was driving home.
Learner example:
Mending your bicycle by yourself is easy. That's not the case with cars: try repair[ing] the engine,
or changing the windscreen if it's broken.
2542
windsurfing /ˈwɪndˌsɜː.fɪŋ/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a sport in which you sail across water by standing on a board and holding onto
a large sail
Dictionary example:
We had a great holiday by the beach with lots of windsurfing.
Learner example:
On Thursday if the weather is better we'll go windsurfing.
wing /wɪŋ/
NOUN [C]
CREATURE
[B1] one of the body parts that a bird or insect uses to fly
Dictionary example:
The eagle took off, flapping its wings to gain height.
Learner example:
I enjoyed this place because there w[ere] [a] lot of trees and [a] lot of birds with colo[u]rful wings.
AIRCRAFT
[B2] one of the two long, flat parts at the sides of an aircraft that allow it to fly
Dictionary example:
I could see the plane's wing out of the window.
Learner example:
Everything looked good but then, he made a wrong move and crashed into a[nother] plane with
the wing.
wipe /waɪp/
VERB [T]
CLEAN
[B2] to clean or dry something by moving a cloth across it
Have you got a cloth that I can wipe the floor with?
I'll just wipe the table.
2543
Learner example:
If you accept my application, I can join any group you've made to help clean the street, [and] wipe
the walls or doors of [a] public place.
wipe sth away/from/off, etc.

[B2] to remove dirt, water, a mark, etc. from something with a cloth or your hand
Dictionary example:
He wiped a tear from his eye.
Learner example:
My father gave her a tissue and she wiped her tears away.
wire /waɪər/
NOUN
METAL THREAD
[B2] [C or U] thin, metal thread used to fasten things or to make fences, cages, etc.
Dictionary example:
a wire fence
ELECTRICITY
[B2] [C] a long, thin piece of metal thread, usually covered in plastic, that carries
electricity, telephone signals, etc.
Dictionary example:
Don't touch those wires whatever you do - they're live.
Learner example:
After carrying stuff like lights, microphones, wires and some other equipment for about three
hours, I was e[x]hausted.
wisdom /ˈwɪz.dəm/
Word family:
Nouns: wisdom
Adjectives: wise, unwise
Adverbs: wisely
NOUN [U]
KNOWLEDGE
[B2] the ability to use your knowledge and experience to make good decisions and
judgments
2544
One certainly hopes to gain a little wisdom as one grows older.
I tend to doubt the wisdom of separating a child from its family whatever the circumstances.
Did we ever stop to question the wisdom of going to war?
Before I went off to university my father gave me a few words of wisdom.
Learner example:
However, these two [subjects] are vital for us to obtain the wisdom needed in [later] life.
conventional wisdom
[C1] what most people believe
Dictionary example:
These ideas about childcare go against the conventional wisdom on the subject.
Learner example:
Thus, against conventional wisdom, I think that while a lot of adult problems are caused by money
or the lack of it, it is really the ability to deal with money and to see money as a means rather than
an end.
wise /waɪz/
Word family:
Nouns: wisdom
Adverbs: wisely
ADJECTIVE
[B2] having or showing the ability to make good judgments, based on a deep
understanding and experience of life
I think you made a wise choice.
Looking at the weather, I think we made a wise decision not to go to the coast this weekend.
I think it would be wiser to wait and see how much money you've got left before you make any
decisions.
I never used to save money, but now I'm a little older and wiser I can see the sense in it.
Learner example:
So, you are coming to my country, that's a wise decision.
wisely /ˈwaɪz.li/
Word family:
Nouns: wisdom
Adverbs: wisely
2545
ADVERB
[C1] in a wise way
Dictionary example:
She wisely advised me to wait.
Learner example:
In my opinion, computer learning offers very interesting opportunities, especially to learn new
languages, but such a powerful medium as the computer should be used wisely.
wish /wɪʃ/
VERB
wish (that)
[B1] to want a situation that is different from the one that exists
I wish that I was/were a bit taller.
I wish I didn't have to go to work today.
I wish he would leave.
I wish I had been there.
Learner example:
I wish you were here, then you could see how nice it is.
wish sb luck/success, etc.

[B1] to say that you hope someone will be lucky, successful, etc.
I wished him luck for his test.
I'm running in the 5000 metres - wish me luck!
Learner example:
I wish you luck for your exams.
wish to do sth
[B2] FORMAL to want to do something
I wish to make a complaint.
Passengers wishing to take the Kings Cross train should go to platform 9.
Learner example:
Dear Sir/Madam, I wish to apply for the post of helper which was advertised on the college
noticeboard last Monday.
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NOUN [C]
WANT
[B2] what you want to do or what you want to happen
Did he express any wish to see me?
The hospital always tries to respect the wishes of its patients.
It was his greatest wish that one of his grandchildren would become a doctor.
Learner example:
It was always his dream to become a singer and he [did] everything to make his wish come true.
wit /wɪt/
Word family:
Nouns: wit
Adjectives: witty
NOUN [U]
[C1] the ability to say things that are funny and clever
a woman of great intelligence and wit
He was known for his dry/sharp wit.
Learner example:
His wit and charm drew many people's attention to the topic and we gained [a] deeper insight
in[to] the tourist industry.
witch /wɪtʃ/
NOUN [C]
[C1] in stories, a woman who has magical powers that she uses to do bad or
strange things
Dictionary example:
It was a story about an old witch.
Learner example:
A famous actress and her friend, a librarian, get the 'elixir of eternal youth' from the mysterious
witch (Isabella Rossellini) and then their troubles begin...
2547
with /wɪð/
PREPOSITION
WHAT
[B1] used to say what fills, covers, etc. something
a bucket filled with water
She filled the jug with cream.
Learner example:
It was like throwing her into a pool filled with ice.
HOW
[B1] used to describe the way someone does something
Dictionary example:
He plays with great skill.
Learner example:
People can do more things and with more energy when [they are] listening to music.
CAUSE
I was shaking with fear.
I can't work with all that noise going on.
Learner example:
It was Tuesday the 13th and the fact that I was very superstitious made me tremble with fear.
RELATING TO
[B2] relating to something or someone
Dictionary example:
There's something wrong with the car.
Learner example:
[It]'s such a shame when people use [computers] badly, just for damaging and making things
worse, because if there's something wrong with them, almost everything is wrong [with] us too.
with respect to sth FORMAL
[B2] relating to a particular thing
Dictionary example:
I am writing with respect to your letter of 24 June.
Learner example:
With respect to the ages of the members, they are between fifteen and twenty years old.
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with the aid of sth
[C1] using something to help you
Dictionary example:
She can walk with the aid of a stick.
Learner example:
The newest computer can handle data that human brains cannot and therefore all scientific
research [is] carried out with the aid of computers.
with flying colours

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
with a view to doing sth FORMAL
[C1] so that you can do something
Dictionary example:
He's doing some improvements on the house with a view to selling it.
Learner example:
The purpose of this report is to assess the success of the latest tour our sports club organised
and make relevant suggestions with a view to enhancing future trips.
withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/
Word family:
Nouns: withdrawal
Verbs: withdraw
VERB (withdrew, withdrawn)
MONEY
[C1] [T] to take money out of a bank account
Dictionary example:
She withdrew $50.
Learner example:
Apart from this, without credit cards I would have to look for a bank to withdraw money, and this
is not very easy for a student.
REMOVE
[C1] [T] to remove something, especially because of an official decision
2549
This product has been withdrawn from sale.
He has threatened to withdraw his support.
Learner example:
But the government stepped back, withdrew the proposal and fired three ministers.
within /wɪˈðɪn/
PREPOSITION
TIME
[B1] before a particular period of time has finished
The ambulance arrived within 10 minutes.
This product should be eaten within three days.
Learner example:
I will return it to you within four days.
DISTANCE
[B1] less than a particular distance from something
Two-thirds of Californians live within 15 miles of the coast.
The hotel is within easy reach of the airport.
Learner example:
By the way, [the] receptionist told me that the scenery round the lake is very beautiful and that the
Butterfly Farm and the monument shown on your map are within easy reach.
LIMIT
[B2] not outside the limits of something
We came within five points of beating them.
The project was completed well within budget.
Learner example:
Similarly [the] visitor has also shown responsibility to remain within [the] limits of the society he is
moving [in], so that he cannot cause any hurt or harm to local culture.
INSIDE
[C1] inside an area, group, or system
a dispute within the department
There's a pharmacy within the hospital building.
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Learner example:
Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to you, as requested, in order to ensure that the training - whose
purpose is to help the staff improve its communications with the other departments within the
company - is effective and not just a waste of time.
without /wɪˈðaʊt/
PREPOSITION
without delay
[B1] immediately
Dictionary example:
This problem needs to be dealt with without delay.
Learner example:
Firstly, the programme began on time at midday without delay.
witness /ˈwɪt.nəs/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident
Police are appealing for witnesses to the accident to come forward.
According to (eye) witnesses, the robbery was carried out by two teenage boys.
Learner example:
Furthermore, the witness was assassinated.
VERB [T]
[B2] to see something happen, especially an accident or crime
Dictionary example:
Did anyone witness the attack?
Learner example:
Finally, if you witness an accident you can inform the police quickly, which can save lives.
witty /ˈwɪt.i/
Word family:
Nouns: wit
Adjectives: witty
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ADJECTIVE
[B2] using words in a clever and funny way
a witty comment/remark
He was witty and very charming.
Learner example:
I have read it many times and [the] author's witty remarks and elegant style have always been a
source of entertainment to me.
wolf /wʊlf/
NOUN [C] (PLURAL wolves)

[B2] a wild animal of the dog family
Wolves hunt in groups known as packs.
We could hear wolves howling in the distance.
Learner example:
Before we knew it, Nick leap[t] onto the wolf and they started to fight.
wonder /ˈwʌn.dər/
Word family:
Verbs: wonder
Adjectives: wonderful
VERB [I or T]
QUESTION
[B1] to ask yourself questions or express a wish to know about something
Hadn't you better phone home? Your parents will be wondering where you are.
He's starting to wonder whether he did the right thing in accepting this job.
Will this turkey be big enough for eight, I wonder?
"Have you decided where you're going next summer?" "I've been wondering about going to
Florida."
Learner example:
You might wonder why I decided to do so.
POLITE REQUEST
[B1] used in phrases, at the beginning of a request, to make it more formal and
polite
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I wonder - could you help me carry these books?
I wonder whether you could pass me the butter?
I was wondering if you could give me some information about places to visit in the area?
Learner example:
I wonder if there is a way that I would be able to cover the work I have missed?
NOUN
no wonder
[B2] it is not surprising
No wonder the children are excited - this is the first time they've been abroad.
"If brutal killers like these two are at work, it is no wonder that so many people have fled," he said.
Learner example:
No wonder that people are more tired and are not interested in reading books as much as in the
past.
word /wɜːd/
NOUN
not believe/understand/hear/say, etc. a word

[B1] to not believe/understand/hear/say, etc. anything
Dictionary example:
I don't believe a word he says.
Learner example:
Peter took my hand and asked me to leave, so I said goodbye to Roger and his girlfriend - who
never said a word.
have a word (with sb)

[B2] to talk to someone for a short time
Could I have a word about the sales figures today?
Perhaps you would have a quiet word with Simon about the problem.
Learner example:
The nurse sitting beside me said to me, 'Your mother would like to have a word with you,' then
she went out.
in other words
[B2] used to explain what something means in a different way
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Dictionary example:
He said he's too busy - in other words he isn't interested.
Learner example:
They had had a great time before and had drunk too much alcohol. In other words, they were
totally drunk.
give sb your word

[C1] to promise someone something
Dictionary example:
Paolo gave me his word that he wouldn't tell anyone.
Learner example:
I give you my word that it will never happen again.

[C1] to believe what someone says without any proof
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
You can take my word for it that she is absolutely capable of carrying out this job - fond of
children, patient, good-natured and competent.
keep your word

[C1] to do what you said you would do
Dictionary example:
He agreed to come and I'm sure he'll keep his word.
Learner example:
It turned out that the company that had been hired to organize it did not keep their word.
work /wɜːk/
Word family:
Nouns: work, worker
Verbs: work
NOUN
EFFORT
[B1] [U] when you use physical or mental effort to do something
Carrying heavy loads around all day is hard work.
I can certainly do a report for you but it will be a lot of work.
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Learner example:
The lessons are very good but the teacher is going very quickly. It will be hard work.
CREATION
[B2] [C] a painting, book, piece of music, etc.
The museum has many works by Picasso as well as other modern painters.
the complete works of Shakespeare
Learner example:
We agreed that something had to be done to promote the popularity of local films, some of them
being great works of art.
VERB
SUCCEED
[B1] [I] If something works, it is effective or successful.
Her plan to increase sales worked.
The tablets will start to work in a few minutes.
Learner example:
I changed cars several times to fool the police. It worked very well.
can work sth; know how to work sth

[C1] to know how to use a machine or piece of equipment
Dictionary example:
Do you know how to work the video camera?
Learner example:
At that time, I also learned how to work the lighting during the play.
worker /ˈwɜː.kər/
Word family:
Nouns: work, worker
Verbs: work
NOUN [C]
a quick/slow/good, etc. worker

[B1] someone who works quickly/slowly/well, etc.
Dictionary example:
He's rather a slow worker, but he is very thorough.
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Learner example:
I'll recom[men]d you [as] a hard worker and a very nice person.
workforce /ˈwɜːk.fɔːs/
NOUN [GROUP]
COMPANY
[C1] all the people who work for a company or organization
Dictionary example:
We have a highly skilled workforce.
Learner example:
Before giving them rewards, companies need to train their workforce and identify their potential.
working /ˈwɜː.kɪŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: work, worker
Verbs: work
JOB
[B1] relating to your job
a 37-hour working week
working hours
Working conditions in the mill have hardly changed over the last twenty years.
She has a difficult working relationship with many of her staff.
Learner example:
As you know, I work in [a] bank, so I have to [dress] smartly during working hours.
a working knowledge of sth

[B2] knowledge about something which is good enough to be useful
Dictionary example:
She has a working knowledge of German and Russian.
Learner example:
Furthermore, I have a working knowledge of English, Spanish, Catalan and Italian.
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workout /ˈwɜː.kaʊt/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a period of physical exercise
Dictionary example:
a light workout
Learner example:
Are there many fitness-cent[res] where we can practise our daily workout?
workplace /ˈwɜːk.pleɪs/
NOUN [C]
[C1] the place where you work
Dictionary example:
We are trying to get rid of bullying in the workplace.
Learner example:
Nowadays, our jobs consume more and more of our time so a good atmosphere at the workplace
is important.
workshop /ˈwɜːk.ʃɒp/
NOUN [C]
[C1] when a group of people meet to learn more about something by discussing it
and doing practical exercises
Dictionary example:
a workshop on crime prevention
Learner example:
All in all, I thoroughly enjoyed this event, but I think there ought to be more computers provided
and the numbers of participants to a single workshop should be limited.
world /wɜːld/
NOUN
GROUP
[B1] [C USUALLY NO PLURAL] the people and things that are involved in a particular
activity or subject
2557
the entertainment world
the world of politics
Learner example:
Well, as you know, I'm not very interested in the fashion world, so I rarely spend much time
shopping for clothes.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
worldwide /ˈwɜːld.waɪd/
ADJECTIVE; ADVERB
[B2] existing or happening in all parts of the world
a worldwide success
An increase in average temperature by only a few degrees could cause environmental problems
worldwide.
Learner example:
You can visit the main monuments of Paris, known worldwide, like Notre-Dame Cathedral or the
Eiffel Tower, built in 1903.
worm /wɜːm/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a small creature with a long, thin, soft body and no legs
Dictionary example:
Blackbirds eat worms, insects, and berries.
Learner example:
Fishing is my hobby and that's why I bought these plastic worms, that are not [very] good - it's
better to use live worms!
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worry /ˈwʌr.i/
Word family:
Verbs: worry
Adjectives: worried, worrying
VERB
MAKE SOMEONE ANXIOUS
[B2] [T] to make someone feel anxious because of problems or unpleasant things
that might happen
It worries me that he hasn't phoned yet.
The lack of rain is starting to worry people.
Learner example:
Unemployment is increasing too, and today, it worries every single citizen of the world, specially
the ones who live in [a] third world country.
NOUN
PROBLEM
[B1] [C] a problem that makes you feel anxious
health/financial worries
Keeping warm in the winter is a major worry for many old people.
Learner example:
My worries proved to be wrong.
BEING ANXIOUS
[B2] [U] when you are anxious about something
She's been sick with worry.
Unemployment, bad health - all sorts of things can be a cause of worry.
Learner example:
You really need to spend a whole month without any kind of worry.
worrying /ˈwʌr.i.ɪŋ/
Word family:
Verbs: worry
Adjectives: worried, worrying
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ADJECTIVE
[B2] making you feel unhappy and afraid
Dictionary example:
It's a very worrying situation.
Learner example:
But the most worrying thing about this matter is you.
worse /wɜːs/
Word family:
Nouns: worse
Verbs: worsen
Adjectives: worse
Adverbs: worse
ADJECTIVE
get worse
[B1] to become more ill, unpleasant, difficult, severe, etc. than before
My cold seems to be getting worse.
If the rain gets any worse, we'll have to stop walking.
Learner example:
I thought, it couldn't get worse.
worse and worse

[B2] used to emphasize how unpleasant, difficult, severe, etc. something is
becoming
Dictionary example:
The economic climate is getting worse and worse.
Learner example:
The traffic situation in all big towns is getting worse and worse, so that bicycles or public
transport must become more attractive.
NOUN [U]
[C1] something that is more unpleasant or difficult
By the third month of the expedition they had endured many hardships, but worse was to follow.
"What about the bride's dress - wasn't it appalling?" "I don't know, I've seen worse."
Learner example:
But worse was to come at 19:30 when we went to see one of London's musicals.
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ADVERB
COMPARATIVE
[B1] comparative of badly
He did worse than he was expecting in the exams.
He was treated much worse than I was.

Dictionary example:
Learner example:
worsen /ˈwɜːsən/
Word family:
Nouns: worse
Verbs: worsen
Adjectives: worse
Adverbs: worse
VERB [I or T]
[C1] to become worse or to make something become worse
Dictionary example:
His condition suddenly worsened last week.
Learner example:
I believe erecting a car park in the cent[re] could worsen the situation drastically.
worship /ˈwɜː.ʃɪp/
VERB (-pp- or US ALSO -p-)
RELIGION
[C1] [T] to have or show a strong feeling of respect and admiration for God or a god
Dictionary example:
In the various regions of India, Hindus worship different gods and observe different religious
festivals.
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Learner example:
The Revolution was of such importance because Greece became a free country again and the
people were free to talk, worship their God and have Greek schools.
ADMIRE
[C1] to love and admire someone or something very much
Dictionary example:
She worshipped her mother.
Learner example:
Firstly, many famous people are considered as idols who are worshipped and imitated, which
might make them believe they are important, especially when they have a certain media presence.
worst /wɜːst/
NOUN [NO PLURAL]
MOST UNPLEASANT/DIFFICULT
[B1] the most unpleasant or difficult thing, person, or situation
Dictionary example:
That was the worst I've seen him play in several years.
Learner example:
This situation was the worst I have lived [through].
worst of all
[B2] used to emphasize the worst thing, situation, etc.
Dictionary example:
We had no food or light, but worst of all, we had no water.
Learner example:
And worst of all, her mother had been always against that relationship and had given her advice
many times.
ADVERB
[B2] (superlative of badly) the most badly
Small businesses have been worst hit by the recession.
Roads in the Tayside region were worst affected by the snow.
worth /wɜːθ/
Word family:
Adjectives: worth, worthless, worthy
2562
ADJECTIVE
be worth
[B1] to have a particular value in money
Dictionary example:
Our house is worth about £400 000.
be worth sth/doing sth

[B1] to be important or interesting enough to receive a particular action or to cause
you to do something
When you're in Reykjavik, the National Museum is worth a visit.
His latest book is definitely worth reading.
Learner example:
It's really worth visiting.
be worth it
[B1] to be useful or enjoyable despite needing a lot of effort
It was a long climb to the top of the hill, but it was worth it for the view.
Don't tire yourself out, Geri, it's really not worth it.
Forget him, love - he's just not worth it.
Learner example:
There were a lot of hills in the park, [and] it was very tiring to go up riding a bike, but when you
got to the top, and stared at the amazing view, it was worth it.
worthless /ˈwɜːθ.ləs/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
NOT IMPORTANT
[C1] not important or useful
Dictionary example:
He made me feel stupid and worthless.
Learner example:
One important aspect is, of course, that they will feel worthless.
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worthwhile /ˌwɜːθˈwaɪl/
ADJECTIVE
[B2] useful and enjoyable, despite needing a lot of effort
She considers teaching a worthwhile career.
The time and expense involved in keeping up to date with all the changes has been worthwhile.
If you need him on this project, you've got to make it financially worthwhile for him.
Learner example:
It's a worthwhile trip. You'll have the op[p]ortunity to visit beautiful places and learn lots of
history.
worthy /ˈwɜː.ði/
Word family:
ADJECTIVE
DESERVING RESPECT
[C1] FORMAL deserving respect, admiration or support

He is unlikely to succeed in getting his bill through Congress, however worthy it is.
Every year she makes a large donation to a worthy cause.
Learner example:
The performers are all neatly dressed and on the whole, they have all made a worthy effort.
would /wʊd/
MODAL VERB
IF
[B1] used to say what might happen if something else happens
What would you do if you lost your job?
They knew there would be trouble unless the report was finished by the next day.
Learner example:
I was just wondering if you would ask me that, because if you didn't, I would - I just love
shopping!
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SAID/THOUGHT
[B1] used as the past form of 'will' to talk about what someone said or thought
Archie said he would see his brother tomorrow.
They thought that she would never recover.
Learner example:
He said to me he would like to come back soon.
WILLING/ABLE
[B1] (ALSO 'd) used as the past form of 'will' to talk about what someone was willing
to do or what something was able to do
The car wouldn't start this morning.
I asked her to talk to him, but she wouldn't.
Learner example:
My parents wouldn't let me stay in a hotel alone.
IMAGINE
[B1] (ALSO 'd) used to talk about a situation that you can imagine happening
Dictionary example:
It would be lovely to go to New York.
Learner example:
It would be great to join you and your friends in the mountains.
Would you mind...?

[B1] used to request something politely
Dictionary example:
Would you mind sharing a room?
Learner example:
Would you mind if I called you, to know what I've missed?
would rather
[B1] used to show that you prefer to have or do one thing more than another
I'd rather have a beer.
Which would you rather do - go swimming or play tennis?
Wouldn't you rather finish it tomorrow?
OFTEN
[B2] (ALSO 'd) used to talk about things that happened often in the past
Dictionary example:
He would always turn and wave at the end of the street.
2565
Learner example:
Since my childhood I have always been fond of swimming. I would usually spend my summer
holidays on a campsite near a river with my family.
wound /wuːnd/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an injury, especially one that is made with a knife or bullet
a gunshot wound
a chest/leg wound
a flesh wound
Learner example:
Rollo discovered that his best friend was implicated in the penicillin racket: the racketeer would
put sand into penicillin without worrying about the great suffering that they caused to people who
needed penicillin for their wounds.
VERB [T USUALLY PASSIVE]
[B2] to injure someone, especially with a knife or gun
Dictionary example:
The police chief was badly wounded in the explosion.
Learner example:
Harry was wounded on his leg.
wrap /ræp/
VERB [T] (-pp-)
COVER
[B1] to cover or surround something with paper, cloth or other material
She wrapped the present and tied it with ribbon.
Wrap the chicken in foil and cook it for two hours.
PROTECT
[B2] to cover someone with material in order to protect them
She wrapped the baby in a blanket.
He wrapped a towel around his shoulders.
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Learner example:
After a few seconds I gathered my wits and wrapped the towel around myself again.
wrist /rɪst/
NOUN [C]
[B2] the part of the body between the hand and the arm
Dictionary example:
I sprained my wrist playing squash.
Learner example:
I fell [o]n [some] stair[s] and hurt my wrist.
write /raɪt/ (wrote, written)
Word family:
Adjectives: written
VERB [I or T]
CREATE
[B1] to create a book, story, article, etc. or a piece of music
He's writing a book on Colombia.
She writes for Time magazine.
Walton wrote the Cello Concerto in 1956.
Learner example:
Stephen King wrote this book.
PHRASAL VERB
write sth down or write down sth PHRASAL VERB
[B1] to write something on a piece of paper so that you do not forget it
Dictionary example:
Did you write Jo's phone number down?
Learner example:
I wrote the address down and left the restaurant.
2567
write sth up or write up sth PHRASAL VERB
[C1] to write something on paper or on a computer in a complete or final form,

often using notes you have made
Dictionary example:
Have you written up that report yet?
writer /ˈraɪ.tər/
Word family:
Adjectives: written
NOUN [C]
[B1] a person who writes books or articles to be published
a travel/sports/fiction/crime writer
She is a well-known writer of children's books.
Learner example:
The last book I read was a true story written by a young South-American writer.
writing /ˈraɪ.tɪŋ/
Word family:
Adjectives: written
NOUN [U]
STYLE
[B1] the way that someone writes
Dictionary example:
Do you recognise the writing on the envelope?
WORK
[B2] the activity of creating pieces of written work, such as books, stories, poems,
etc., or the written work of one person or a group of people
I did a course in creative writing.
She is studying women's writing of the 1930s.
2568
Learner example:
Black humo[u]r is a distinguishable feature of his writing.
in writing
[B2] An agreement that is in writing is official and is proof of that agreement.
Dictionary example:
Please confirm your reservation in writing.
Learner example:
I [am] tell[ing] you in writing that I would like to help you.
written /ˈrɪt.ən/
Word family:
Adjectives: written
ADJECTIVE
[B1] expressed in writing, or involving writing
written instructions
a written exam
Learner example:
I would like you to tell me what subject you're teaching tomorrow and the pages of the homework,
so I can do the written test [in the] next class.
wrong /rɒŋ/
Word family:
Adjectives: wrong
Adverbs: wrong, wrongly
ADJECTIVE
get sth wrong

[B1] to produce an answer or result that is not correct, or to say or write something
that is not correct
I got most of the answers wrong.
The newspapers got the story completely wrong.
PROBLEM
[B1] [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] If something is wrong, there is a problem.
2569
You've been quiet all evening. Is there anything wrong?
What's wrong?
There's something wrong with my computer.
Learner example:
I didn't kn[o]w him, so I thought that there was something wrong.
NOT MORAL
[B2] [NEVER BEFORE NOUN] not considered morally acceptable by most people
Children should be taught that violence is wrong.
It is wrong to tell lies.
What's wrong with having a bit of fun?
Learner example:
To sum up, I think it is wrong to keep animals in zoos.
NOT SUITABLE
[C1] not suitable or correct, or not as it should be
She's the wrong person for the job.
She got in with the wrong crowd at university.
Learner example:
Personally I prefer to think that you gave the job to the wrong person.
ADVERB
go wrong
[B1] to develop problems
Dictionary example:
Learner example:
Despite all that went wrong, there was something I really enjoyed. It was visiting the Diamond
Cave.
wrongly /ˈrɒŋ.li/
Word family:
Adjectives: wrong
Adverbs: wrong, wrongly
2570
ADVERB
INCORRECTLY
[B2] not correctly
Dictionary example:
It has been said - wrongly - that Americans hate government.
Learner example:
Equally, the point about 'staying' is erroneous: we stayed at Riverside Hotel instead of Hotel
Astrid, [which] closed last year, [and] Hotel Royal [was] wrongly [described as having] 'special
rates' for students.
wrongly accused/convicted/imprisoned, etc.

[C1] accused or punished unfairly or illegally
Dictionary example:
She was wrongly convicted of drug smuggling.
Learner example:
You have also wrongly accused the organisers of spending too much money on organising the
event.
2571
X
X-ray /ˈeks.reɪ/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a photograph that shows the inside of your body
Dictionary example:
They took an X-ray of his leg.
Learner example:
I was with my last patient trying to operate [on] his damage[d] tooth when I realized the X-Ray
was on the wrong side and that I wasn't working on the damage[d] tooth.
2572
Y
yacht /jɒt/
NOUN [C]
[B2] a boat with sails and sometimes an engine, used for either racing or travelling
on for pleasure
a luxury yacht
a yacht club
Learner example:
The class of boat that best fits my physical condition is the one called [S]nipe, that seems to be
available at your yacht club.
yard /jɑːd/
NOUN [C]
[B1] a unit of measurement equal to three feet or approximately 91.4 centimetres
Dictionary example:
The garden is about 100 yards long.
Learner example:
I'm not a fitness maniac and I don't go to a shop which is 50 yards away from my house just to
buy a newspaper, but if you go to school, why not go by bike[?]
yawn /jɔːn/
VERB [I]
[B2] to take a deep breath with your mouth wide open, because you are tired or
bored
Dictionary example:
I can't stop yawning - I must be tired.
Learner example:
I think that the maths lesson is the most suitable one to be recorded. Watching ourselves yawning
and nearly asleep would really reflect how boring maths [is].
2573
year /jɪər/
NOUN
for years
[B1] for a long time
Dictionary example:
Roz and I have been going there for years.
Learner example:
I had not seen him for years.
yell /jel/
VERB [I or T]
[B2] to shout something very loudly
Our neighbours were yelling at each other this morning.
The child yelled out in pain.
"Just get out of here!" she yelled.
Learner example:
"Cut," yelled the director.
NOUN [C]
[B2] a loud shout
Dictionary example:
Suddenly there was a loud/great yell from the bathroom.
Learner example:
Suddenly a big yell came out of my throat.
yet /jet/
ADVERB
the best/worst, etc. yet

[B2] the best or worst, etc. until now
Of all the songs I've heard tonight, that's the best yet.
That was my worst exam yet.
2574
Learner example:
And that was my worst experience yet.
yet again
[B2] again after something has happened or been done many times before
Dictionary example:
The bus was late yet again.
Learner example:
Tom, thank you so much yet again for your interest. This talk is very important to me and to count
on you is an honour for our college.
IN THE FUTURE
[C1] from now and for a particular period of time in the future
She won't be back for a long time yet.
Our holiday isn't for weeks yet.
Learner example:
It's a fact that everybody knows that living in Poland is not easy now and it won't be for a long
time yet.
as yet
[C1] FORMAL until and including this time
We haven't needed extra staff as yet, but may do in the future.
No ambulances had as yet managed to get across the river.
Learner example:
I would like to do something about it, but as I can't imagine building anything near my beautiful
house (because I'm afraid it would destroy its wonderful harmony), I have no idea as yet how to
solve this problem.
CONJUNCTION
[B1] used to connect two words, phrases, or clauses when the second part adds
something surprising to the first part
simple yet effective
I agree it's unlikely, yet she knows what she's talking about.
Learner example:
It was huge and yet gracious.
2575
yoga /ˈjəʊ.gə/
NOUN [U]
[B1] a set of exercises for the mind and body, based on the Hindu religion
Dictionary example:
She does yoga three times a week.
Learner example:
We do yoga in a heated room so we sweat a lot.
you /juː/
PRONOUN
you see
[C1] used when you are giving an explanation about something
I didn't know she was Welsh, you see.
You see, it was already late by that time.
Learner example:
Family matters had to stay in the family, you see.
young /jʌŋ/
Word family:
Nouns: youngster
Adjectives: young
NOUN
the young
[B2] young people generally
it's the sort of music that appeals mainly to the young.
I have nothing against mini-skirts, but I think they're strictly for the young.
Learner example:
In my opinion the young should work rather than wait for their pocket money.
2576
youngster /ˈjʌŋ.stər/
Word family:
Nouns: youngster
Adjectives: young
NOUN [C]
[C1] a young person, especially an older child
Dictionary example:
He talked to the youngsters about the dangers of drugs.
Learner example:
Like many other nations worldwide, with mastering much more knowledge and skills of
information technology than [the] elder group of people, it is not surprising that Chinese
youngsters learn more than their previous generations did about what is happening around the
world.
your /jɔːr/
DETERMINER
PEOPLE GENERALLY
[B1] belonging or relating to people generally
Of course you want the best for your children.
Garlic is good for your blood.
Learner example:
Riding [a] bicycle is a good [way of maintaining] personal fitness and doesn't harm your health
either.
yours /jɔːz/
Word family:
Nouns: faith
Adverbs: faithfully
PRONOUN
Yours sincerely
[B1] FORMAL used at the end of formal letters when you know the name of the person
you are writing to
2577
Dictionary example:
Yours sincerely, Emma Clarke.
Learner example:
I'm going to ask Tom for the [work] I will miss. Yours sincerely,
Yours faithfully
[B2] used to end a formal letter to someone whose name you do not know
Dictionary example:
Yours faithfully, Katherine Smith
Learner example:
Yours faithfully, SAMSON LAM (READER)
yourself /jɔːˈself/ (PLURAL yourselves)
PRONOUN
EMPHASIS
[B2] used to give special emphasis to the subject of the sentence
Dictionary example:
If you yourself ever need help, would you know where to get it?
Learner example:
If you are thinking of taking it up yourself always do [a] warm-up exercise before you run, don't
go too fast at the beginning, and don't overdo it.
PEOPLE GENERALLY
[B2] used when both the subject and object of the verb are 'you', and 'you' is also
being used to refer to people generally
Dictionary example:
You tell yourself everything's all right but you know it's not really.
Learner example:
You help yourself by doing some exercise.
youth /juːθ/
NOUN
YOUNG PEOPLE
[B1] [U + SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB] young people generally
2578
the youth of today
a youth club
Learner example:
Finally I decided to join a new youth club in my town.
sb's youth
[B2] the period of time when someone is young
Dictionary example:
I was a fairly good football player in my youth.
Learner example:
I played several kinds of sports during my youth, but now I am not a member of any club.
2579
Z
zebra /ˈzeb.rə/
NOUN [C]
[B2] an African animal like a horse with black and white lines
Dictionary example:
We saw a zebra in the distance.
Learner example:
Otherwise there would be many children and grown-ups who [would have] never seen an
elephant, a tiger, a zebra etc.
zero /ˈzɪə.rəʊ/
NUMBER (PLURAL zeros or zeroes)
TEMPERATURE
[B1] the temperature at which water freezes in degrees centigrade
Dictionary example:
The temperature is expected to drop to ten degrees below zero tonight.
Learner example:
We have to learn that [it] is not natural for a lion [to live] in a country where, in winter, [the]
temperature can fall below zero.
zip /zɪp/
NOUN
[B2] [C] a thing for fastening clothes, bags, etc. consisting of two rows of very small
parts that connect together
to do up/undo a zip
I can't open my bag - the zip has stuck.
Learner example:
Suddenly the zip of my new dress broke.
2580
zone /zəʊn/
NOUN [C]
[B1] an area where a particular thing happens, that is used for a particular purpose,
or where there are particular rules
an earthquake zone
a nuclear-free zone
He was charged with driving 75 mph in a 55 mph zone.
The UN Security Council has established a no-fly zone.
Learner example:
It is a very clean city with a lot of car-free zones.
2581

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WORD LIST FOR LEVELS

Compiled electronically by Efthimios Mavrogeorgiadis.

[B2] to leave someone or something somewhere, sometimes not returning to get

[B2] left empty or not working

[B2] having been left somewhere, intentionally

[C1] on or onto a plane, ship, bus, or train

[B2] to officially end something, especially a law or system

How/What about ...?

[B2] to or in different parts of a place, often without purpose or order

be (just) about to do sth

[B1] higher on the page

ADVERB [ALWAYS AFTER VERB]

[B1] in or to a foreign country

[B2] [C or U] when someone is not where they are usually expected to be

[B2] [U] when something does not exist

ADJECTIVE [ALWAYS BEFORE NOUN]

[B2] complete and definite

[B2] to take something in, especially gradually

[C1] to understand and remember facts that you read or hear

[B2] relating to ideas and not real things

[B2] very silly

[B2] ! [C or U] bad or cruel treatment of people or animals

[C1] ! [C or U] an action or activity that is morally wrong or not allowed

[B2] relating to schools, colleges and universities, or to subjects which involve

[C1] [I or T] to start to happen more quickly, or to make something start to happen

[B1] [I or T] to agree to take something that is offered to you

[B2] [T] to admit that something is true, often something unpleasant

[B2] [T] to allow someone to join an organization or become part of a group

[B1] good enough

[C1] allowed or approved of

[C1] when you accept something

[C1] agreed or approved by most people

[B1] the right or opportunity to use or look at something

[B2] to find or see information, especially using a computer

[B2] able to be reached or easily got

[C1] something extra which is not necessary but is attractive or useful

[B2] happening by chance

[B2] by chance or by mistake

[C1] praised by a lot of people

[B1] a place where you live or stay

[B1] to go somewhere with someone

[C1] to succeed in doing something good

in accordance with sth

[B1] as said by someone or shown by something

[B2] in a way that agrees with

[B2] [C] a written or spoken description of something that has happened

take account of sth

take into account sth

[C1] to increase in amount over a period of time, or to make something increase

[B2] how correct or exact something is

[B1] correct, exact and without any mistakes

[B1] in an accurate way

[B2] to say that someone has done something bad

accustomed to sth/doing sth

[B2] to have a continuous pain that is unpleasant but not strong

[B1] to succeed in doing something good, usually by working hard

[C1] to accept that something is true or exists

[C1] someone who you know but do not know well