p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

Anomalous behavior of rst element in the p-block elements is attributed to

small size, large (charge/radius) ratio, high ionization enthalpy, high electronegativity
and unavailability of d-orbitals in its valence shell.

Consequences :

1. The rst element in p-block element has four valence orbitals i.e., one 2s and
three 2p. Hence maximum covalency of the rst element is limited to four.
The other elements of the p-block have vacant d-orbitals in their valence shell,
e.g., three 3p and ve three 3d orbitals. Hence, these elements show maximum
covalence greater than four. Following questions can be answered :

(i) Nitrogen (N) does not form pentahalide while P forms PCl5, PF5 and
PF6. Why ?

(ii) Sulphur (S) forms SF6 but oxygen does not form OF6. Why ?

(iii) Though nitrogen forms pentoxide but it does not form pentachloride. Why ?

(iv) Fluorine forms only one oxoacid while other halogens form a number of
oxoacids. Why ?

2. The rst member of p-block elements displays greater ability to form p-p
bond(s) with itself, (e.g., C=C, CC, N=N, N N) and with the other elements
of second period, for example, C =O, C N, N=O compared to the subsequent
members of the group.

This is because p-orbitals of the heavier members are so large and diffuse that
they cannot have effective sideways overlapping. Heavier members can form p
-d bonds with oxygen.

Nitrogen rarely forms p-d bonds with heavier elements as in case of

trisilylamine (SiH3)3N.
 Now, the following questions can be explained using the above mentioned
reasoning :
(i) Nitrogen forms N2 but phosphorus forms P4 at room temperature. Why ?
(ii) Oxygen exists as O2 but sulphur as S8. Why ?
(iii) Explain why (CH3) 3P=O is known but (CH3)3N=O is not known.
3. Due to small size and high electronegativity and presence of lone pair(s) of
electrons, elements N, O, F when bonded to hydrogen atom, forms hydrogen
bonds which are stronger than other intermolecular forces. This results in
exceptionally high m.p. and b.p. of the compounds having N  H/O  H/F  H
bonds.
Isostructural species have same number of bond pairs and lone pairs if present
around the central atom in a molecule/ion. Thus, they have the same geometry/
shape/structure and the same hybridisation scheme. For example, ICl 4/XeF4,
BrO3/XeO3, BH4/NH4+ are the pairs of isostructural species.
Inert pair effect : Due to poor shielding effect of intervening d and/or f-electrons,
the effective nuclear charge increases. This increased nuclear charge holds the
ns2 electrons of heavier elements strongly and the tendency of ns2 electrons to
take part in bonding is more and more restricted down the group. Consequently,
more stable lower oxidation state which is two units less than higher oxidation
state, becomes more and more stable than the higher oxidation state. Following
questions can be explained with the help of inert pair effect :
(i) For N and P, + 5 oxidation state is more stable than + 3 oxidation state but
for Bi + 3 oxidation state is more stable than + 5. Explain why ?
(ii) NaBiO3 is a strong oxidizing agent. Why ? [Hint : Bi (V) is least stable.]
 (iii) In group 16, stability of +6 oxidation state decreases and the stability
of + 4 oxidation state increases down the group. Why ?
(iv) SO2 acts as reducing agent. Explain why ?
(v) Why is BrO4 a stronger oxidizing agent than ClO4 ?
[Hint : It is because + 7 oxidation state is less stable in BrO4 due to which
Br – O bond becomes weaker.]
(vi) AsCl5 is less stable than SbCl5.
[Hint : More effective nuclear charge in As than Sb.]
(vii) The stability of highest oxidation state of 4p element is less than those of
3p and 5p elements of the same group. Why ?
Bond length : Resonance averages bond lengths. The two oxygen-oxygen
bond lengths are identical in the O3 molecule because it is resonance hybrid of
following two canonical forms.

In case of HNO3, two nitrogen-oxygen bonds are identical and smaller than
the third nitrogen-oxygen bond. This is because the third N – OH bond is not
involved in resonance.

Now the following questions can be explained on the basis of this concept :
(i) In SO2, the two sulphur-oxygen bonds are identical. Explain why ?
(ii) In NO3 ion, all the three N– O bonds are identical. Why ?
Bond angle : In regular structures (where no lone pairs are present in the
valence shell of the central atom in a molecule/ion), the bond angle does not depend
upon the size/electronegativity of the central or terminal atoms.

In presence of lone pair(s) on the central tom, the geometry is distorted and the
bond angle is changed.
Comparison of HNH and HPH bond angles
Since N is more electronegative than P, the bonding electron pair of N– H bond
will shift more towards N atom than the bonding electron pair of P – H bond would shift
towards P atom. This results in more bond pair-bond pair repulsion in NH3 molecule
than PH3 molecule. Because of more Ip-bp repulsion, the N– H bonds are pushed closer
to a lesser extent than in PH3. Consequently, HNH bond angle is greater than HPH
angle.
Now, the following questions can be explained using the above mentioned concept :
(i) Bond angle in PH4+ ion is higher than in PH3. Why ?
(ii) H– O – H bond in H2O is greater than H– S– H angle in H2S. Why ?
Boiling and melting points of hydrides depends upon the molar mass (or surface
area) of molecules. More the molar mass, the higher is the m.p. and b.p. Hydrides
forming intermolecular hydrogen bonds have exceptionally high m.p. and b.p. since
intermolecular hydrogen bonds are stronger than the van der Waals forces.
Increasing order of melting point and boiling point of hydrides is as given below :
PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 < NH3 Melting point
PH3 < AsH3 < NH3 < SbH3 Boiling point
H2S < H2Se < H2Te < H2O Melting point and boiling point
HCl < HBr < HI < HF Boiling point
HCl < HBr < HF < HI Melting point
(i) NH3 has higher boiling point than PH3.
(ii) H2O is liquid and H2S is gas or H2S is more volatile than H2O.
Thermal stability, reducing power and acid strength of hydrides depend upon
bond dissociation enthalpy of E – H bond (E = group 15, group 16, and group 17
element). Due to the increase in size down the group, bond dissociation enthalpy of E –
H bond decreases. Consequently, thermal stability, reducing power and acid strength of
hydrides increases down the group.
The following questions can be explained using the above concepts.
Explain why :
(i) HF is weaker acid than HCl.
(ii) Among hydrogen halides, HI is the strongest reducing agent.
(iii) H2Te is more acidic than H2S.
(iv) NH3 is mild reducing agent while BiH3 is the strongest reducing agent among
the group-15 hydrides.
(v) H2S is weaker reducing agent than H2Te.
Basic nature of hydrides EH3 of group 15 elements
All the hydrides EH3 of group 15 elements has one lone pair of electrons. In ammonia,
the lone pair of electrons is present in sp3 hybrid orbital of the N-atom. The sp3 hybrid
orbital is directional and further N is more electronegative than H, the bond pair of N
– H is shifted towards N atom which further increases the electron density on N atom.
In PH3, the lone pair of electrons is present in large and more diffuse 3s orbital which
is non-directional. As a result, PH3 is less basic than NH3 and basic character decreases
down the group. NH3 donates electron pair more readily than PH3. (SiH3)3N has less
Lewis basic nature than that of (CH3)3N because lone pair of electrons in p-orbital of N
atom in (SiH3)3N is transferred to the vacant d-orbital of Si atom forming d-p bond.

Covalent/Ionic Character of Halides

Pentahalides are more covalent than trihalides since the element (E) in higher
oxidation state (+ 5) in pentahalides has more polarizing power than element (E) in lower
oxidation state (+ 3) in trihalides, similarly, SnCl4, PbCl2, SbCl3 and UF4 respectively.
Compounds having more ionic character have more m.p. and b.p. than the compounds
having more covalent character.
Following questions can be explained by using this concept.
Explain why :
(i) SnCl2 has more b.p. than SnCl4.
(ii) SbCl5 is more covalent than SbCl3.
(iii) PCl5 has lower boiling point than that of PCl3.
Oxoacids of N, P and halogens :
Strength of Oxo Acids
Strength of oxoacids depends upon the polarity of O – H bond which in turn, depends
on the electron withdrawing power (or electronegativity) of the element E. Strength of
oxoacids increases if the number of oxygen atoms bonded with E increases.
Strength of oxoacids of halogens in the same oxidation state depends on the
electronegativity of the halogen. The more the electronegativity, stronger is the oxoacid.
Strength of oxoacid of a halogen in different oxidation state increases with the
increase in oxidation state. This is because the stabilization of the oxoanion increases
with the number of the oxygen atoms bonded to the halogen atom. More the number
of oxygen atoms, the more the dispersal of –ve charge present on the oxoanion and
stronger will be the oxoacid.
Oxidising Power of Halogens

The more negative the value of rH = ½ diss H – eg H – hyd H the higher will be
oxidizing property of the halogen and more positive will be standard reduction potential
Ered of the halogen.

Following questions can be explained on the basis of parameters, like diss H, eg H
and hyd H.
(i) Why does F2 have exceptionally low bond dissociation enthalpy ?
(ii) Although electron gain enthalpy of uorine (F) is less negative as compared to
chlorine (Cl), Fluorine gas (F2) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Cl2 gas. Why ?
Some Important Reactions
1.   
  

2. FeCl3 (aq) + NH4OH (aq)  Fe2O3.xH2O (s) + NH4Cl (aq)


3. 
   
ƒ      
4. AgCl (s) + 2NH3 (aq)  [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

5.
  
  
6. 4HNO3 + P4O10  4HPO3 + 2N2O5
7. 3Cu + 8HNO3 (dil.)  3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
8. Cu + 4HNO3 (conc.)  Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
9. 4Zn + 10HNO3 (dil.)  4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O
10. Zn + 4HNO3 (conc.)  Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
11. I2 +10HNO3 (conc.)  2HIO3 + 10NO2 +4H2O
12. S8 + 48HNO3 (conc.)  8H2SO4 + 48NO2 + 16H2O
13. P4 + 20HNO3 (conc.)  4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2O
14. Chemistry of ring test :
NO3 + 3Fe2+ + 4H+  NO + 3Fe3+ + 2H2O
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + NO  [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+ + H2O
15. P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O  PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
16. P4 + 8SOCl2  4PCl3 + 4SO2 + 2S2Cl2
17. P4 + 10SO2Cl2  4PCl5 + 10SO2
18. PCl3 + 3H2O  H3PO3 + 3HCl
19. PCl5 + 4H2O  H3PO4 + 3HCl

22. 2Fe3+ + SO2 + 2H2O  2Fe2+ + SO42 + 4H+

23. 5SO2 + 2MnO4 + 2H2O  5SO42 + 4H+ + 2Mn2+
24. 2F2 (g) + 2H2O (l)  4H+ (aq) + 4F (aq) + O2 (g)
25. X2 (g) + H2O (l)  HX (aq) + HXO (aq) (X = Cl, Br)
26. 4I (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + O2  2I2 (s) + 2H2O (l)
27. MnO2 + 4HCl  MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

NaX + NaOX + H2O

5NaX + NaXO3 + 3H2O (X2 = Cl2, Br2, I2)

30. 2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2  Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O

NaHSO4 + HCl
32. XeF2 + PF5  [XeF]+[PF6]
33. XeF6 + MF  M+[XeF7] (M = Na, K, Rb or Cs)
34. 6XeF4 + 12H2O  4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2
35. XeF6 + 3H2O  XeO3 + 6HF
36. XeF6 + H2O  XeOF4 + 2HF
37. XeF6 + 2H2O  XeO2F2 + 4HF
–
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
Q. 1. In group 15 elements, there is considerable increase in covalent radius
from N to P but small increase from As to Bi. Why ?
[Hint : Due to completely lled d- and/or f-orbitals in As, Sb and Bi.]
Q. 2. The tendency to exhibit – 3 oxidation state, decreased down the group in
group 15 elements. Explain.
[Hint : Due to increase in size and decrease in electronegativity down the
groups.]
Q. 3. Maximum covalence of nitrogen is ‘4’ but the heavier elements of group 15
show covalence greater than ‘4’. Why ?
 [Hint : Nitrogen is not having vacant d- orbitals in its octet, hence cannot expand
its octet, while heavier members have vacant d-orbitals to expand their octet.]
Q. 4. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecule with a triple bond between the two
atoms, whereas the heavier elements of the group do not exist as E 2 at room
temperature. Assign a reason.
[Hint : p-p multiple bonds are formed by N due to its small size.]
Q. 5. The ionization enthalpies of group 15 elements are higher than those of
corresponding members of group 14 and 16 elements. Assign the reason.
[Hint : Due to their stable electronic con guration (ns2np3).]
Q. 6. The boiling point of PH3 is lesser than NH3. Why ?
[Hint : NH3 molecules are stabilized by intermolecular H-bonding, while PH3
by weak van der Waals’s forces.]
Q. 7. NO2 dimerises to form N2O4. Why ?
[Hint : Due to presence of odd electron on N.]
Q. 8. Draw the structure of N2O5 molecule.

Ans.

Q. 9. How does ammonia solution react with Ag+ (aq) ? Write the balanced
chemical equation.
[Hint : Ag+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq)  [Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq)]
Q. 10. Why does NH3 forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds whereas PH3 does
not ?
[Hint : Due to strong electronegativity, small size of nitrogen atom and presence
of lone pair of electrons on N atom.]
Q. 11. Write disproportionation reaction of H3PO3 ?
[Hint : 4H3PO3  3H3PO4 + PH3]
Q. 12. How does NH3 acts as a complexing agent ?
[Hint : Metal hydroxides are dissolved in excess of NH4OH. Ammonia acts as
a Lewis base. It can donate electron pair to central metal atom or ion.]
Q. 13. Write the reaction of PCl5 with heavy water.
[Hint : PCl5 + D2O  POCl3 + 2DCl]
Q. 14. What is laughing gas ? How is it prepared ?
[Hint : N2O, NH4NO3  N2O + 2H2O]
Q. 15. Why is white phosphorus kept under water ?
[Hint : Due to high angular strain, it is highly reactive and catches re in air,
hence kept under water.]
Q. 16. “Hydrophosphorus acid is a good reducing agent.” Justify with an example.
[Hint : 4AgNO3 + H3PO2 + 2H2O  4Ag + 4HNO3 + H3PO4]
Q. 17. Draw the structure of H4P2O7 and nd out its basicity.

[Hint :

As four –OH groups are present, hence basicity is 4.]

Q. 18. Why is Bi (V) a stronger oxidant than Sb (V) ?
[Hint : Due to inert pair effect; + 3 oxidation state is more stable than + 5
oxidation state in Bi.]
Q. 19. How many P – O – P bonds are there in cyclotrimetaphosphoric acid ?
[Hint : 3 bonds]
Q. 20. Give reason : In the solid state, PCl5 behaves as an ionic species.
[Hint : It exists as an ionic solid [PCl4]+[PCl6]]
Q. 21. Give reason : BiCl3 is less covalent than PCl3.
[Hint : Due to more polarization power of P3+ ion than Bi3+ ion.]
Q. 22. Draw the structure of (HPO3)3.
Hint :

Q. 23. In the structure of HNO3 molecule, the N – O bond (121 pm) is shorter than
N – OH bond (140 pm).
[Hint : Due to resonance N – O bond is having partial double bond character
hence shorter than N – OH bond which is pure single bond character.]

Q. 24. Write the name and formula of neutral oxide of nitrogen.

[Hint : (i) Nitrous oxide/Dinitrogen oxide/Nitrogen (I) oxide N2O.
(ii) Nitrogen monoxide/Nitrogen (II) oxide/Nitric oxide NO.]
SHORT ANSWER-I TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
Complete the following reactions :

(ii) NH4Cl (aq) + NaNO2 (aq) 

2. (i) NH2CONH2 + H2O 
(ii) FeCl3 (aq) + NH4OH (aq) 
3. (i) Ca3P2 + H2O (l) 
(ii) I2 + HNO3 (conc.) 

5. (i) PH4I + KOH 

(ii) HgCl2 + PH3 
6. (i) PCl3 + 3H2O 
(ii) PCl5 + H2O 
7. (i) NO3 + Fe2+ + H+ 
(ii) Zn + HNO3 (dil.) 
8. (i) Zn + HNO3 (conc.) 
(ii) P4 + HNO3 (conc.) 

(ii) P4 + NaOH + H2O 

10. (i) NH3 (excess) + Cl2 
(ii) NH3 + Cl2 (excess) 
11. (i) P4 + HNO3 (conc.) 
(ii) Cu + HNO3 (conc.) 
Q. 12. Why is red phosphorus denser and less chemically reactive than white
phosphorus ?
[Hint : Because it have polymeric structure consisting chains of P 4 tetrahedra,
hence denser than white P while red P is not having angular strain as in white P,
hence less reactive than white P.]
Q. 13. (i) The acidic character of hydrides of group 15 increases from NH3 to
BiH3. Why ?
(ii) Phosphorus show marked tendency for catenation. Why ?
 [Hint : (i) Because from NH3 to BiH3 thermal stability decreases hence acidic
character increases from NH3 to BiH3.
(ii) Because phosphorus do not form p-p multiple bond due to its bigger
size.]
Q. 14. Arrange the following trichlorides in decreasing order of bond angle :
NCl3, PCl3, AsCl3, SbCl3
[Hint : NCl3 < PCl3 < AsCl3 < SbCl3]
Q. 15. How many P – O – P bonds are there in (i) H4P2O7 (ii) P4O10 ?
[Hint : (i) H4P2O7 = 01 (ii) P4O10 = 05]
Q. 16. At low temperature, NO2 becomes colourless. Why ?
[Hint : NO2 gets condensed to N2O4.]

Q. 17. Give chemical reaction in support of the statement that all the bonds in
PCl5 molecule are not equivalent.

[Hint : PCl5 dissociates into PCl3 and Cl2 on heating.]

PCl3 + Cl2
Q. 18. (i) What is the covalency of N in N2O5 ?
(ii) Explain why phosphorus forms pentachloride whereas nitrogen and
bismuth do not ?
[Hint : (i) 4
(ii) Because due to presence of vacant d-orbitals in the octet of ‘p’, it can
expand its octet to form PCl5, while N cannot expand its octet.]
Q. 19. Arrange the following in the decreasing order of their basicity. Assign the
reason :
PH3, NH3, SbH3, AsH3, BiH3.
[Hint : NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3]
Q. 20. Write the conditions that favour the formation of ammonia gas along with
the reactions involved in Haber’s process.
2NH3(g)
(i) High pressure (200 atm).
(ii) Moderate temperature (700 K).
(iii) Presence of catalyst Fe/FeO, with small amount of K2O and Al2O3 to
increase the rate of attainment of equilibrium.]
Q. 21. Explain the Ostwald’s process to manufacture nitric acid. Give any two

4NO (g) + 6H2O (l)

2NO (g) + O2 (g) 
ƒ 2NO2 (g)
3NO2 (g) + H2O (l)  2HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)
(68% by mass)
Uses :(i) Used in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives.
(ii) Used as lab reagent.]
Q. 22. Why does PCl3 fumes in moisture ? Give reaction also.
[Hint : PCl3 hydrolyses in the presence of moisture giving fumes of HCl.
PCl3 + 3H2O  H3PO3 + 3HCl ]
Q. 23. Draw the structure of white phosphorus and red phosphorus. Which one of
these two types of phosphorus is more reactive and why ?
[Hint : White phosphorus exists as discrete P4 tetrahedral molecule, while red
phosphorus is polymeric consisting of chains of P 4 tetrahedra linked together.

White P is more reactive than red P, due to angular strain in it.]

SHORT ANSWER-II TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
Q. 1. (i) How is HNO3 prepared commercially ?
(ii) Write chemical equations of the reactions involved.
(iii) What concentration by mass of HNO3 can be obtained ?
[Hint : Refer to Q. 21 SA-I type]
Q. 2. An unknown salt X reacts with hot conc. H2SO4 to produce a brown coloured
gas which intensi es on addition on copper turnings. On adding dilute
ferrous sulphate solution to an aqueous solution of X and then carefully
adding conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube, a brown complex Y is
formed at the interface between the solution and H2SO4. Identify X and Y
and write the chemical equation involved in the reaction.
[Hint : X = NO3 salt,] [Y = [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2+]
NO3 + 3Fe2+ + 4H+  NO + 3Fe3+ + 2H2O
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + NO  [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2+] + H2O
(Brown complex)
Q. 3. Explain each of the following :
(i) The bond angles (ONO) are not of the same value in NO2 and
NO2+.
(ii) BiH3 is the strongest reducing agent amongst all the hydrides of group
15 elements.
(iii) Ammonia has greater af nity for protons than phosphine.
[Hint : (i) Due to presence of lone pair of electron on N in NO2.
(ii) BiH bond dissociation enthalpy is least and releases hydrogen most
easily.
(iii) NH3 is stronger Lewis base than PH3.]
Q. 4. Write balanced equation for the following reactions :
(i) Zn is treated with dilute HNO3.
(ii) Copper metal with conc. HNO3.
(iii) Iodine is treated with conc. HNO3.
[Hint : (i) 4Zn + 10HNO3 (dil.)  4Zn(NO3)2 + 5H2O + N2O
(ii) 3Cu + 8HNO3 (dil.)  3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
(iii) I2 + 10HNO3 (conc.)  2HIO3 + 10NO2 + 4H2O]
Q. 5. A transluscent white waxy solid (A) on heating in an inert atmosphere is
converted to its allotropic form (B). Allotrope (A) on reaction with very
dilute aqueous NaOH liberates a highly poisonous gas (C) having a rotten
sh smell. (A) with excess of chlorine forms (D) which hydrolyses to form
compound (E). Identify the compounds (A) to (E).
[Hint : A : White phosphorus, B : Red phosphorus, C : PH3, D : PCl5, E : H3PO4]
Q. 6. Assign the appropriate reason for the following :
(i) Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and phosphorus as P4 at room
temperature. Why ?
(ii) Why does R3P = O exist but R3N = O does not ? (R = an alkyl group).
(iii) Why is N2 unreactive at room temperature ?
[Hint : (i) Due to its small size and high electronegativity, N forms p  p
multiple bond (N  N) whereas P does not form p  p bonds but forms P – P
single bond.
(ii) In R3N = O, N should have a covalence of 5 so the compound R 3N = O
does not exist since maximum covalence shown by N cannot exceed 4.]
 GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
Q. 1. Explain why SF4 is easily hydrolysed, whereas SF6 is resistant to hydrolysis ?
[Hint : Water molecule cannot attack ‘S’ atom due to steric hinderance and ‘S’
atom is also coordinately saturated in SF6 molecule.]
Q. 2. In group 16, the stability of + 6 oxidation state decreases and that of + 4
oxidation state increases down the group. Why ?
[Hint : Due to inert pair effect.]
Q. 3. Draw the structure of H2S2O8 and nd the number of S – S bond, if any.
[Hint :

Number of S – S bond  0.]

Q. 4. What happens when sulphur dioxide gas is passed through an aqueous
solution of a Fe(III) salt ?
[Hint : It converts Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions.
2Fe3+ + SO2 + 2H2O  2Fe2+ + SO22 + 4H+]
Q. 5. All the bonds in SF4 are not equivalent. Why ?
[Hint : It is having see-saw shape. (4BP + 1LP)]
Q. 6. O3 acts as a powerful oxidizing agent. Why ?
[Hint : Due to the ease with which it liberates atoms of nascent oxygen.]
O3  O2 + [O]
Q. 7. Which one of the following is not oxidized by O3 ? State the reason :
KI, FeSO4, K2MnO4, KMnO4
[Hint : KMnO4, since Mn is showing maximum oxidation state of + 7.]
Q. 8. Why does oxygen not show an oxidation state of + 4 and + 6 ?
[Hint : Due to absence of vacant d-orbitals in the octet of oxygen.]
Q. 9. Oxygen and sulphur in vapour phases are paramagnetic in nature. Explain
why ?
[Hint : Due to presence of unpaired electrons in anti-bonding molecular orbitals
in them.]
Q. 10. Thermal stability of hydrides of group 16 elements decreases down the
group. Why ?
[Hint : Because down the group E – H bond dissociation enthalpy decreases.]
Q. 11. Why are the two S – O bonds in SO2 molecule have equal strength ?
[Hint : Due to resonance, two S – O bonds have partial double bond character,
hence have equal strength.]
Q. 12. Ka2 << Ka1 for H2SO 4 in water, why ?
[Hint : H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)  H3O+ (aq) + HSO4 (aq); Ka1 > 10
HSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)  H3O+ (aq) + SO42 (aq); Ka2 = 102
Ka2 is less than Ka1 because HSO4 ion has much less tendency to donate a
proton.]
Q. 13. H2O is a liquid while inspite of a higher molecular mass, H2S is a gas.
Explain.
[Hint : H2O molecules are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding,
while H2S by weak van der Waal’s forces.]
Q. 14. The electron gain enthalpy with negative sign for oxygen ( 141 KJ mol1)
is numerically less than that for sulphur ( 200 KJ mol1). Give reason.
[Hint : Due to smaller size of oxygen than sulphur electron-electron repulsion
is more in oxygen than sulphur.]
Q. 15. Dioxygen O2 is a gas while sulphur (S8) is a solid. Why ?
[Hint : Because oxygen is smaller in size hence have capacity to form p-p
multiple bond, exists as dioxygen (O2), whereas due to bigger size sulphur do
not form multiple bond and exist as S8.]
Q. 16. In the preparation of H2SO4 by contact process, why is SO3 not absorbed
directly in water to form H2SO4 ?
[Hint : Because it forms a dense fog of sulphuric acid which does not condense
easily.]

SHORT ANWER-I TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

Q. 1. Write the chemical equations of the following reactions :
(a) Glucose is heated with conc. H2SO4.
(b) Sodium nitrate is heated with conc. H2SO4.
[Hint : (a)
(b) NaNO3 + H2SO4  NaHSO4 + HNO3]
Q. 2 Mention the favourable conditions for the manufacture of sulphuric acid
by contact process.
[Hint : (i) Low temperature (operating temperature is 720 K).
(ii) High pressure (2 bar).
(iii) Presence of catalyst (V2O5).
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g) H =  196.6 KJ mol1]
Q. 3. Complete the following reactions :
(a) PbS + O3 
(b) KI + H2O + O3 
(c) MnO4 + SO2 + H2O 
(d) S8 + H2SO4 (conc.) 
Q. 4. Explain why :
(a) H2S is more acidic than H2O.
(b) Two S – O bonds in SO2 are identical.
(c) SF6 is inert and stable but SF4 is reactive.
(d) Sulphur has greater tendency for catenation than oxygen.
[Hint : (iii) Because six F atoms protect the sulphur atom from attack by any
reagent due to steric hindrance but four F atoms in SF4 cannot offer much steric
hindrance, hence reactive.]
Q. 5. How is O3 estimated quantitatively ?
[Hint : O3 reacts with an excess of KI solution buffered with a borate buffer, I 2
is liberated which is titrated against standard solution of sodium thiosulphate.]
2I (aq) + H2O (l) + O2 (g)  I2 (s) + O2 (g) + 2OH (aq)
Q. 6. Explain why O3 is thermodynamically less stable than O2 ?
[Hint : Because O3 is endothermic compound/decomposition of O3 is exothermic
and G is negative/decomposition of O3 is spontaneous.]
Q. 7. Draw the structure of :
(i) H2SO5
(ii) SO32

[Hint : (i) (ii)

– –
SHORT ANSWER-II TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
Q. 1. (i) How does O3 react with lead sulphide ? Write chemical equation.
(ii) What happens when SO2 is passed in acidi ed KMnO4 solution ?
(iii) SO2 behaves with lime water similar to CO2. Explain why ?
[Hint : (i) PbS (s) + 4O3 (g)  PbSO4 (s) + 4O2 (g)
(ii) It decolourises acidi ed KMnO4 solution.
5O2 + 2MnO4 + 2H2O  5SO42 + 4H+ + 2Mn2+
(iii) It turns lime water milky due to the formation of insoluble CaSO3.
Ca(OH)2 + SO2  CaSO3 + H2O
(milkiness)
Q. 2. Complete the reactions :
(i) CaF2 + H2SO4 (conc.) 
(ii) C12H22O11 + H2SO4 (conc.) 
(iii) SO2 + MnO4 + H2O 
Q. 3. An amorphous solid ‘A’ burns in air to form a gas ‘B’ which turns lime
water milky. The gas is also produced as a by-product during roasting of
sulphide ore. This gas decolourises acidi ed aq. KMnO4 solution. Identify
the solid ‘A’ and the gas ‘B’ and write the reaction involved.
[Hint : A = S8; B = SO2 (g)]
(i) How is SO2 prepared in laboratory ?
(ii) What happens when SO2 is passed through water and reacts with
NaOH ? Write balanced equation.
(iii) Write its any two uses.
Hint :(i) Na2SO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  SO2 (g) + Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
(ii) 2NaOH + SO2 (g)  Na2SO3 (aq) + H2O
Na2SO3 (aq) + SO2 + H2O  2NaHSO3 (aq)
(iii) It is used as bleaching agent and disinfectant.
Q. 4. Assign reason for the following :
(i) Sulphur in vapour state exhibits paramagnetism.
(ii) H2O is less acidic than H2Te.
(iii) In spite of having same electronegativity, oxygen forms hydrogen
bond while chlorine does not.
[Hint : (iii) Due to bigger size of Cl.]
Q.5 Write contact process for the manufacture of king of chemicals.

[Hint : (i) 4FeS2 + 11O2  2Fe2O3 + 8SO2

(ii) 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)
(iii) SO3 + H2SO4 (98%)  H2S2O7 (oleum)
(iv) H2S2O7 + H2O  2H2SO4]

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
Q. 1. Explain why uorine forms only one oxoacid, HOF.
[Hint : Because of unavailability of d-orbitals in its valence shell.]
Q. 2. Why HF is the weakest acid and HI is the strongest ?
[Hint : Ka (HF) = 7  104 Ka (HI) = 7  1011
Intermolecular H-bonds in H – F and high bond dissociation enthalpy of H – F
makes it weakest and weak bond in H – I makes it strongest.]
Q. 3. Explain why halogens are strong oxidizing agents.
[Hint : High electronegativity and more negative electron gain enthalpies of
halogens.]
Q. 4. I2 is more soluble in KI than in water. Why ?
[Hint : KI + I2  KI3]
Q. 5. What is cause of bleaching action of chlorine water ? Explain it with
chemical equation.
[Hint : Formation of nascent oxygen.]
Q. 6. Electron gain enthalpy of uorine (F) is less negative than that of chlorine
(Cl). Why ?
[Hint : Due to small size of F atom and compact 2p orbitals there are strong
interelectronic repulsions in the relatively smaller 2p orbitals of uorine. So the
incoming electron does experience more repulsion in F than in Cl.]
Q. 7. Why can’t we prepare HBr by heating KBr with sulphuric acid ?
[Hint : As HBr readily reduces H2SO4 forming Br2.]
Q. 8. Explain why : ICl is more reactive than I2 ?
[Hint : Because I – Cl bond is weaker than I – I bond.]
Q. 9. Which oxide of iodine is used for the estimation of carbon mono oxide ?
[Hint : I2O5]
Q. 10. Arrange the following oxoacids of chlorine in increasing order of acid
strength :
HOCl, HOClO, HOClO2, HOClO3
[Hint : HOCl < HOClO < HOClO2 < HOClO3]
Q. 11. Why does uorine not play the role of a central atom in interhalogen
compounds ?
[Hint : Due to smallest size of F.]
Q. 12. Fluorine exhibit only – 1 oxidation state whereas other halogens exhibit
+ve oxidation states also. Explain why ?
[Hint : Due to absence of vacant d-orbitals in the octet of F.]
Q. 13. ClF3 exists but FCl3 does not. Why ?
[Hint : Because F does not show oxidation state other than – 1.]
Q. 14. Despite lower value of its electron enthalpy with negative sign, uorine is a
stronger oxidizing agent than chlorine. Explain.
[Hint : Due to its low bond dissociation enthalpy (F –F bond) and high hydration
enthalpy of F.]
Q. 15. ClF3 molecule has a bent T-shaped structure and not a trigonal planar
structure. Explain.
[Hint : Due to presence of 2LP and 3BP.]
Q. 16. What happens when NaCl is heated with H2SO4 in the presence of MnO2 ?
[Hint : 4NaCl + MnO2 + 4H2SO4  MnCl2 + 4NaHSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2]
Q. 17. With what neutral molecule ClO is isoelectronic ?
[Hint : ClF or OF2.]
Q. 18. Why HF acid is stored in wax coated glass bottle ?
[Hint : HF is corrosive, hence HF attacks glass surface.]
Q. 19. Bond dissociation enthalpy of F2 is less than that of Cl 2. Explain why ?
[Hint : F2 is having higher electron-electron repulsion due to its smaller size, as
compared to Cl2.]

SHORT ANSWER-I TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

Q. 1. (i) Interhalogen compounds are more reactive than halogens except F2.
Why ?
(ii) Give one important use of ClF3.
 [Hint : (i) Because X – X bond in interhalogens is weaker than X – X bond in
halogens except F – F bond.
(ii) ClF3 is used for the production of UF6.]
Q. 2. (i) Write the composition of bleaching powder.
(ii) What happens when NaCl is heated with conc. H2SO 4 in the presence
of MnO2. Write the chemical equation.
[Hint : (i) Ca(OCl)2.CaCl2.Ca(OH)2.2H2O]
Q. 3. A colourless pungent smelling gas, which easily lique es to a colourless
liquid and freezes to a white crystalline solid, gives dense white fumes
with ammonia. Identify the gas and write the chemical equation for its
laboratory preparation.
[Hint : NaCl + H2SO4 (conc.)  NaHSO4 + HCl]
Q. 4. NO2 readily dimenise, whereas ClO2 does not. Why ?
[Hint : Due to bigger size of Cl than N.]
Q. 5. Compare the oxidizing powers of F2 and Cl2 on the basis of bond dissociation
enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy of halogens and hydration enthalpy of
halide ions.
[Hint : It is due to low enthalpy of dissociation of F – F bond and high hydration
enthalpy of F.]
Q. 6. Which uorinating agent are oftenly used instead of F2 ? Write chemical
equation showing their use as urorinating agents.
[Hint : U (s) + 3ClF3 (l)  UF6 (g) + 3ClF (g)]
Q. 7. Draw the structure of BrF3.

Hint :

Complete the following reactions :

8. (i) Al2O3 (s) + NaOH (aq) + H 2O (l) 
(ii) HCl + O2 
9. (i) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 
(ii) N2 (excess) + Cl2 
10. (i) Na2SO3 + Cl2 + H2O 
(ii) N2 + Cl2 (excess) 
11. (i) Cl2 + NaOH (cold & dil.) 
(ii) Cl2 + NaOH (hot & conc.) 
12. (i) Fe + HCl 
(ii) Cl2 + F2 (excess) 
13. (i) U + ClF3 
(ii) FeSO4 + H2SO4 + Cl2 
Q. 14. Draw the structure of : (a) I3 (b) ICl2.
Hint :

Linear Linear
[I – I  I ]
[Cl – I  Cl]
SHORT ANSWER-II TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
Q. 1. Give appropriate reason for each of the following :
(i) Metal uorides are more ionic than metal chlorides.
(ii) Perchloric acid is stronger than sulphuric acid.
(iii) Addition of chlorine to KI solution gives it a brown colour but excess
of Cl2 makes it colourless.
[Hint : (i) According to Fajan’s Rule, bigger ions are more polarized than the
smaller ions by a particular cation.
(ii) ClO4 is more resonance stabilized than SO42 since dispersal of negative
charge is more effective in ClO4 as compared with SO42.
(iii) 2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2
5Cl2 (excess) + I2 + 6H2O  2HIO3 + 10HCl
(colourless)
Q. 2. X2 is a greenish yellow gas with pungent offensive smell used in puri cation
of water. It partially dissolves in H2O to give a solution which turns blue
litmus red. When X2 is passed through NaBr solution, Br2 is obtained.
(i) Identify X2, name the group to which it belongs.
(ii) What are the products obtained when X2 reacts with H2O ? Write
chemical equation.
 (iii) What happens when X2 reacts with hot and conc. NaOH ? Give
equation.
[Hint : (i) Cl2, 17 group.
(ii) Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (l)  HCl (aq) + HOCl (aq)

(iii) 3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O]
Q. 3. Arrange the following in the order of the property indicated for each set :
(i) F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (Increasing bond dissocation energy)
(ii) HF, HCl, HBr, HI (decreasing acid strength)
(iii) NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, BiH3 (Decreasing base strength)
[Hint : (i) F2 has exceptionally low bond dissociation enthalpy. Lone pairs
in F2 molecule are much closer to each other than in Cl2 molecule. Stronger
electron-electron repulsions among the lone pairs in F2 molecule make its bond
dissociation enthalpy exceptionally low.
(ii) Acid strength depends upon H – X bond dissociation enthalpy. As the size
of ‘X’ atom increases, bond dissociation enthalpy of H – X decreases.
(iii) Electron availability on the central atom ‘E’ in EH3 decreases down the
group.]
Q. 4. Draw the structure of :
(i) Hypochlorous acid
(ii) Chlorous acid
(iii) Perchloric acid
Hint :

(a) (b) (c)

Q. 5. Which is more acidic among HClO4 and HIO4 ? Why ?
[Hint : HClO4 is more acidic than HIO4. Because Cl is more electronegative
than Br, due to which ClO3 group have more tendency to withdraw electrons of
O – H bond towards itself as compared to BrO3 group.]

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

Q. 1. What inspired N. Barlett for carrying out reaction between Xe and PtF6 ?
[Hint : Almost same ionization enthalpy of oxygen and Xe.]
Q. 2. Predict the shape and the asked angle (90º or more or less) in the following
case :
XeF2 and the angle F – Xe – F
[Hint : Linear, 180º]
Q. 3. Structure of Xenon uoride cannot be explained by valence bond approach.
Why ?
[Hint : Due to fully lled octet of Xe.]
Q. 4. Why do some noble gases form compounds with uorine and oxygen only ?
[Hint : Due to high electronegativity of F and oxygen.]
Q. 5. XeF2 has a straight linear structure and not a bent angular structure. Why ?
[Hint : In XeF2, 2 bond pairs and 3 lone pairs are present hence linear structure.]
Q. 6. Why do noble gases have very low boiling point ?
[Hint : Because noble gases are stabilized by weak van der Waal’s forces.]
Q. 7. Write the chemical equation involved in the preparation of XeF4.
[Hint : Xe (g) + 2F2 (g) XeF4 (s)]
Ratio 1 : 5
Q. 8. Write IUPAC name of O2+[PtF6].
[Hint : Dioxygenyl hexa uoroplatinate(iv).]

SHORT ANSWER-I TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

Q. 1. Suggest reason why only known binary compounds of noble gases are
uorides and oxides of Xenon and to a lesse extent of Kryton.
[Hint : F and O are most electronegative elements Kr and Xe both have low
ionization enthalpies as compared to He and Ne.]
Q. 2. (i) Hydrolysis of XeF6 is not regarded as a redox reaction. Why ?
(ii) Write a chemical equation to represent the oxidizing nature of XeF4.
[Hint : (i) Because oxidation number of Xe do not change during hydrolysis of
XeF6.
(ii) XeF4 + 2H2  Xe + 4HF]
Q. 3. Write chemical equations when :
(i) XeF2 is hydrolysed.
(ii) PtF6 and Xenon are mixed together.
[Hint : (i) 2XeF2 (s) + 2H2O (l)  2Xe (g) + 4HF (aq) + O2 (g)
(ii) Xe + PtF6 Xe+[PtF6]]
Q. 4. Complete the reactions :
(i) XeF6 + H2O 
(ii) XeF6 + H2O 
Q. 5. Draw the structure of BrF3, XeOF4, XeO3 using VSEPR theory.
[Hint :

Q. 6. Account for the following :

(i) XeF2 has linear structure and not a bent structure.
(ii) The majority of known noble gas compounds are those of Xenon.
Why ?
[Hint : (ii) Xe has low ionization enthalpy as compared to other noble gases.]
Q. 7. Write the chemical reactions :
(i) XeF2 (s) + H2O (l) 
(ii) XeF4 + O2F2 

SHORT ANSWER-II TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

Q. 1. Assign reason to the following :
(i) Noble gases have large positive values of electron gain enthalpy.
(ii) Helium is used by scuba divers.
(iii) No chemical compound of helium is known.
[Hint : (i) Due to their electron con guration.
(ii) Due to its less solubility in blood.
(iii) Due to its high ionization enthalpy.]
Q. 2. Draw the structure of :
(i) XeOF4 (ii) XeF6 (iii) XeO3
[Hint :
Q. 3. Complete the reactions :
(i) XeF2 + NaF 
(ii) XeF4 + SbF5 
(iii) XeF4 + H2O 
Q. 4. (i) How is XeO3 prepared from XeF6 ? Write the chemical equation for
the reaction.
(ii) Draw the structure of XeF4.
[Hint : (i) XeF6 + 3H2O  XeO3 + 6HF
Or
6XeF4 + 12H2O  4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2

(ii)

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)

Q. 1. How is PH3 prepared in the laboratory ? How is it puri ed ? How does the
solution of PH3 in water react on irradiation with light and on adsorption
in CuSO4 ? How can you prove that PH3 is basic in nature ?
Write chemical equations for all the reactions involved.
[Hint : P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O  PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
It is puri ed by absorbing it in HI to form PH4I which on treating with KOH
gives off phosphine.
PH4I + KOH  KI + H2O + PH3
PH3 in water decomposes into red phosphorus and hydrogen in presence of
light.
4PH3 P4 + 6H2
Reaction with CuSO4 :
3CuSO4 + 3PH3  Cu3P2 + 3H2SO4]
Q. 2. Identify A, B, C, D and E in the following sequence of reactions :
 Complete the reactions of the above mentioned sequence.
[Hint : A is P4, B is PCl3.
PCl3 + 3H2O  H3PO3 + 3HCl
(C)
3CH3COOH + PCl3  3CH3COCl + H3PO3
P4 + 10Cl2  4PCl5 , PCl5 + 4H2O  H3PO4 + 3HCl
(D) (E)
Q. 3. Write the structure of A, B, C, D and E in the following sequence of reactions :
NH3 + O2 A + H2O
A + O2  B (Brown fumes)
B + H2O  C + A (C is an oxoacid)
C + I  D (Violet vapours)
Complete the reactions of the above mentioned sequence and name the
process by which ‘C’ is obtained.
[Hint : A is NO and Ostwald process for the manufacture of HNO 3.
2NO + O2  2NO2
(A)
3NO2 + H2O  2HNO3 + NO
(B) (C)
6I + 2NO3 + 8H+  3I2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Q. 4. A waxy transluscent solid, M, insoluble in water but soluble in CS2 glows in
dark. M dissolves in NaOH in an inert atmosphere giving a poisonous gas
(N). Also M catches re to give dense white fumes of Q.
(a) Identify M, N and Q and write the chemical equations of the reactions
involved.
(b) ‘M’ exists in the form of discrete tetrahedral molecules. Draw its
structure.
(c) ‘M’ on heating at 573K is changed into other less reactive form, R,
which is non-poisonous, insoluble in water as well as in CS2 and does
not glow in dark. Identify R and draw its structure.
[Hint : (a) M is white phosphorus.
P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O  PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
(N)
 P4 + 5O2  P4O10
white fumes (Q)

(b)

Red phosphorus
(R)

Q. 5. Assign a possible reason for the following :

(a) Stability of + 5 oxidation state decreased and that of + 3 oxidation
state increases down the group 15 elements.
(b) H2O is less acidic than H2S.
(c) SF6 is inert while SF4 is highly reactive towards hydrolysis.
(d) H3PO2 and H3PO3 act as reducing agents while H3PO4 does not.
(e) Helium gas is used by scuba divers.
[Hint : (a) Due to inert pair effect.
(b) Due to more bond dissociation enthalpy of O – H as compared to S – H
bond.
(c) Due to more steric hindrance offered by six F in SF6 as compared to SF4.
(d) Due to presence of P – H bond in them.
(e) He is very less soluble in blood.]
Q. 6. (a) How is XeF6 prepared from the XeF4 ? Write the chemical equation
for the reaction.
(b) Deduce the structure of XeF6 using VSEPR theory.
(c) How does XeF2 reacts with PF5 ?
(d) Give one use each of helium and neon.
(e) Write the chemical equation for the hydrolysis of XeF4.
[Hint : (a) XeF4 + O2F2  XeF6 + O2
(b) Distorted octahedral (6BP + 1LP)
 (c) XeF2 + PF5  [XeF]+[PF6]
(d) He is used in lling balloons/used by scuba divers.
Ne is used in discharge tubes, advertisement display purposes.
(e) 6XeF4 + 12H2O  4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2]

MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Match the compounds given in Column I with the hybridisation ans shape given
in Column II and mark the correct option :
Column I Column II
(A) XeF6 (1) sp3d3 – distorted octahedral
(B) XeO3 (2) sp3d2 – square planar
(C) XeOF4 (3) sp3 – pyramidal
(D) XeF4 (4) sp3d2 – square pyramidal
Q. 2. Match the formula of oxides given in Column I with the type of oxide given in
Column II and mark the correct option :
Column I Column II
(A) Pb3O4 (1) Neutral oxide
(B) N2O (2) Acidic oxide
(C) Mn2O7 (3) Basic oxide
(D) Bi2O3 (4) Mixed oxide
Q. 3. Match the items of Columns I and II and mark the correct option :
Column I Column II
(A) H2SO4 (1) Highest electron gain enthalpy
(B) CCl3NO2 (2) Chalcogen
(C) Cl2 (3) Tear gas
(D) Sulphur (4) Storage batteries
Q. 4. Match the species given in Column I with the shape given in Column II and
mark the correct option :
Column I Column II
(A) SF4 (1) Tetrahedral
(B) BrF3 (2) Pyramidal
(C) BrO3 (3) Sea-saw shaped
(D) NH 4
+
(4) Bent T-shaped
Q. 5. Match the items of Columns I and II and mark the correct option :
Column I Column II
(A) Its partial hydrolysis does not change (1) He
oxidation state of central atom
(B) It is used in modern diving apparatus (2) XeF6
(C) It is used to provide inert atmosphere (3) XeF4
for lling electrical bulbs
(D) Its central atom is in sp3d2 hybridisation (4) Ar

ANSWERS
1. (A)  (1) (B)  (3) (C)  (4) (D)  (2)
2. (A)  (4) (B)  (1) (C)  (2) (D)  (3)
3. (A)  (4) (B)  (3) (C)  (1) (D)  (2)
4. (A)  (3) (B)  (2) (C)  (1) (D)  (4)
5. (A)  (2) (B)  (3) (C)  (2) (D)  (4)

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS (4 Marks)

Q. 1. Chloro uorocarbons (CFCs) and gas emitted from the exhaust system of
supersonic aeroplanes might be slowly depleting the concentration of the ozone
layer in the upper atmosphere.
(i) Name the gas emitted from the exhaust of supersonic aeroplanes.
(ii) Name the element of CFCs which depletes ozone.
(iii) Write the chemical reactions involved in the ozone layer depletion.
(iv) Mention the values that are learnt by the students in the depletion of ozone
layer.
Q. 2. A student accidently spills concentrated H2SO4 on his hand. Before the teacher
gets to know, his friend washed his hands with water and also with soap but the
burning sensation on hand was still going on. The friend then rubs the paste of
sodium bicarbonate on his hand and then washed with water, nally the burning
sensation is relieved.
(i) Mention the values shown by student’s friend.
(ii) Can you recommend another substance available in the laboratory which
can be used instead of sodium bicarbonate ?
(iii) Write the chemical reaction involved in the treatment of acid burn with
sodium bicarbonate.
(iv) Can we use NaOH solution in place of NaHCO3 ? If not, why ?
Q. 3. Ramu, a caretaker of swimming pool was using chlorine for disinfecting
swimming pool water. His friend Jagat, also a swimming pool caretaker, was
using ozone in place of chlorine.
(i) How do chlorine and ozone disinfect water ?
(ii) In your opinion, which is better way of disinfecting water in a swimming
pool ?
(iii) Mention the values associated with your reply.