GE6151 Computer Programming Question Bank

UNIT I – INTRODUCTION

PART A (2 MARKS)

1. Define computers?

A computer is a programmable machine or device that performs pre-defined or

programmed computations or controls operations that are expressible in numerical or
logical terms at high speed and with great accuracy.
(Or)

Computer is a fast operating electronic device, which automatically accepts and store
input data, processes them and produces results under the direction of step by step
program.

2.What are the basic operations of Computer?

It accepts data or instructions by way of input.
It stores data.
It can process data as required by the user.
It gives results in the form of output.
It controls all operations inside a computer.

3.What are the characteristics of computers? (JAN 2009)

Speed
Accuracy.
Automation.
Endurance.
Versatility.
Storage.
Cost Reduction.

4.How will you classify computer systems? (JAN2009)

Based on physical size, performance and application areas, we can generally divide
computers into four major categories:
Micro computer
Mini Computer
Mainframe computer and
Super Computer

5.Expand ENIVAC, ABC, EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC. (JAN2010)

ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.
ABC – Atanasoff and Berry Computer.
EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator.
EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator.
UNIVAC – UNIversal Automatic Computer.

6. What are the components of the computer systems?

Basic components of the computer system are Input Unit, Central Processing Unit,
Secondary Storage Unit and Output Unit.
7. What is an ALU?

Arithmetic logic unit, the part of a computer that performs all arithmetic
computations, such as addition and multiplication, and all logical operations such s
comparison operations. The ALU is one component of the CPU (central processing
unit).
8. What are the functions in the input unit?

An input device is a device that is used to input data or information into a computer.
Some examples of input devices include:
Keyboards.
Computer mice.
Light Pen.
Digitizer.
Touchpad.

9.What are the functions in the output unit?

In computers, a unit which delivers information from the computer to an external

device or from internal storage to external storage.
Speakers.
Printer.
Headphone
10. Define Mainframe computer?
Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical
applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer
statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial processing. The term probably
had originated from the early mainframes, as they were housed in enormous, room-
sized metal boxes or frames.

11. Define super computer?

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed
for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical
calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses
of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear
energy research, and petroleum exploration.

12. What is a volatile and non-volatile memory?

Volatile memory: also known as volatile storage is computer memory that requires
power to maintain the stored information, unlike non-volatile memory which does not
require a maintained power supply. It has been less popularly known as temporary
memory.

Non-volatile memory: nonvolatile memory, NVM or non-volatile storage, is

computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not powered.

13.Write the binary and octal equivalent of hexadecimal number 7BD?

(APR2009)
Binary Equivalent of 7BD = (0111 1011 1101)2
Octal Equivalent of 7BD = (011 110 111 101) = (3675)8

14.Convert binary number 100110 into its octal equivalent? (JAN2009)

Octal equivalent of 100110 = (100 110) = (46)8

15. What are registers? (JAN2009)

A special, high-speed storage area within the CPU. All data must be represented in a
register before it can be processed.
For example, if two numbers are to be multiplied, both numbers must be in registers,
and the result is also placed in a register.

16.Differentiate analog and digital computers? (JAN2010) Analog Computer

Digital Computer
Process measured data Process discrete data
Analog computers are not precise Digital computers are more precise
Processing speed is low. Processing speed is high.
Less accuracy. More accuracy.
17.Find the decimal equivalent of hexadecimal number 4D.C8 (JAN2010)

4D.C8 = 4 X 161 + 13 X 162 + 12 X 16-1 + 8 X 16-2= 64 + 13 +0.75 + 0.03125 =

(77.78)2

18.Convert hexadecimal number into binary equivalent of EBC (JAN2010)

Binary equivalent of EBC = (1110 1011 1100)2

19.What is algorithm? (JAN2009)

Algorithm means the logic of a program. It is a step-by-step description of how to

arrive at a solution of a given problem.
20.What are the steps to solve the problem in a computer system?
Problem must be analyzed thoroughly.
Solution method is broken down into a sequence of small tasks.
Based on this analysis, an algorithm must be prepared to solve the problem.
The algorithm is expressed in a precise notation. This notation is known as
“Computer Program”.
The Computer program is fed to the computer.
The instruction in the program executes one after another and outputs the expected
result.
21.What are the characteristics of an algorithm?

In algorithms each and every instruction should be precise.

In algorithms each and every instruction should be unambiguous.

The instructions in an algorithm should not be repeated infinitely.

Ensure that the algorithm will ultimately terminate.
The algorithm should be written in sequence.
It looks like normal English.
22.What is Flowchart?

A Flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm. It is often used by

programmer as a program planning tool for organizing a sequence of step necessary to
solve a problem by a computer.

23. What is the need of Flowchart symbols?

Each symbol of different shapes denotes different shapes denote different types of
instructions. The program logic through flowcharts is made easier through the use of
symbol that has standardized planning.

24. What is pseudo code?

“Pseudo” means imitation of false and “code” refers to the instruction written in the
programming language. Pseudo code is programming analysis tool that is used for
planning program logic.

25. Draw the flowchart to find the maximum among three numbers (JAN2009)

PART B

16MARKS

1.Explain the various Generations of Computers in detail.(16)

2. Explain the various Classifications of Computers (16)

3. Briefly explain the basic Organization of computers with neat sketch.

4. Explain the various memory storage systems. (16)

5. Explain the basic function of CPU. (16)

6. Define Flow. Mention the guide lines to be followed to draw a flow chart. List
out the Advantage and disadvantages (16)
UNIT-II

2 MARKS

1. Define Compilation process.

Compilation refers to the processing of source code files (.c, .cc, or .cpp) and the
creation of an 'object' file. This step doesn't create anything the user can actually run.
Instead, the compiler merely produces the machine language instructions that
correspond to the source code file that was compiled.

2. What do you meant by linking?

Linking refers to the creation of a single executable file from multiple object files. In
this step, it is common that the linker will complain about undefined functions
(commonly, main itself). During compilation, if the compiler could not find the
definition for a particular function, it would just assume that the function was defined
in another file. If this isn't the case, there's no way the compiler would know it doesn't
look at the contents of more than one file at a time. The linker, on the other hand, may
look at multiple files and try to find references for the functions that weren't
mentioned.

3. Define Constants in C. Mention the types.

The constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution.
These fixed values are also called literals.

Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating
constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are also enumeration
constants as well.

The constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be
modified after their definition.
4. What are the different data types available in „C‟?

There are four basic data types available in „C‟.

1.int
2.float
3.char
4.double

5.What is meant by Enumerated data type.

Enumerated data is a user defined data type in C language.

Enumerated data type variables can only assume values which have been previously
declared.

Example :

enum month { jan = 1, feb, mar, apr, may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct, nov, dec };

6. What are Keywords?

Keywords are certain reserved words that have standard and pre-defined meaning in
„C‟. These keywords can be used only for their intended purpose.

7.What do you mean by variables in „C‟?

A variable is a data name used for storing a data value.

Can be assigned different values at different times during program execution.
Can be chosen by programmer in a meaningful way so as to reflect its function in
the program.
Some examples are: Sum
8.Difference between Local and Global variable in C.

Local

These variables only exist inside the specific function that creates them. They are
unknown to other functions and to the main program. As such, they are normally
implemented using a stack. Local variables cease to exist once the function that
created them is completed. They are recreated each time a function is executed or
called.

Global

These variables can be accessed (ie known) by any function comprising the program.
They are implemented by associating memory locations with variable names. They do
not get recreated if the function is recalled.

9. What are Operators? Mention their types in C.

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or

logical manipulations. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides following
type of operators:

Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators
Misc Operators

10.What is the difference between „=‟ and „==‟ operator?

Where = is an assignment operator and == is a relational operator.
Example:
while (i=5) is an infinite loop because it is a non zero value and while (i==5) is true
only when i=5.

11.What is type casting?

Type casting is the process of converting the value of an expression to a particular
data type.

Example: int x,y;

c = (float) x/y; where a and y are defined as integers. Then the result of x/y is
converted into float.

12.What is the difference between ++a and a++?

++a means do the increment before the operation (pre increment) a++ means do the
increment after the operation (post increment)
Example:

a=5;

x=a++; /* assign x=5*/ y=a; /*now y assigns y=6*/ x=++a; /*assigns x=7*/
 13.Distinguish between while..do and do..while statement in C. (JAN 2009)
While DO..while

(i) Executes the statements within the while block (i) Executes the statements within thwhile block at
if only the condition is true. least once.

(ii) The condition is checked at the starting of the (ii) The condition is checked at the end of the loop
loop

14.Mention the various Decisions making statement available in C.

Statement Description

if statement An if statement consists of a

boolean expression followed by one
or more statements.

if...else statement An if statement can be followed by

an optional else statement, which
executes when the boolean
expression is false.

nested if statements You can use one if or else

if statement inside another if or else
if statement(s)
switch statement A switch statement allows a
variable to be tested for equality
against a list of values.

nested switch statements You can use one swicth statement

inside anotherswitch statement(s).

15.What do you meant by conditional or ternary operator?

? : If Condition is true ? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

16. What is the use of sizeof() operator in C.

Sizeof operator is used to return the size of an variable.

Example :sizeof(a), Where a integer, will return 417.Define Looping in C .A loop

statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times
and following is the general from of a loop statement in most of the
programming languages:
18.What are the types of looping statements available in C

C programming language provides following types of loop to handle looping

requirements. Click the following links to check their detail.

19.What are the types of I/O statements available in „C‟?

There are two types of I/O statements available in „C‟.
Formatted I/O Statements
Unformatted I/O Statements

20.Write short notes about main ( ) function in ‟C‟ program. (MAY 2009)

Every C program must have main ( ) function.

All functions in C, has to end with „( )‟ parenthesis.
It is a starting point of all „C‟ programs.

The program execution starts from the opening brace „{„ and ends with
closing brace „}‟, within which executable part of the program exists.
21.Define delimiters in „C‟.

Delimiters Use
: Colon
; Semicolon
( ) Parenthesis
[ ] Square Bracket
{ } Curly Brace
# Hash
, Comma
22. Why header files are included in „C‟ programming?
· This section is used to include the function definitions used in the program. · Each
header file has „h‟ extension and include using ‟# include‟ directive at the beginning
of a program.

23.What is the output of the programs given below?

main() main()
{ {
float a; float a;
int x=6, y=4; int x=6, y=4;
a=x\y; a=(float) x\y;
printf(“Value of a=%f”, a); printf(“Value of a=%f”,a);
} }
Output: Output:
1. 1.500000

24.What is the difference between scanf() and gets() function?

In scanf() when there is a blank was typed, the scanf() assumes that it is an end. gets()
assumes the enter key as end. That is gets() gets a new line (\n) terminated string of
characters from the keyboard and replaces the „\n‟ with „\0‟.

25.What are the Escape Sequences present in „C‟

\n - New Line \b - Backspace \t - Form feed \‟ - Single quote \\ - Backspace \t - Tab

\r - Carriage return \a - Alert

\” - Double quotes

26.What is the difference between if and while statement?

If While

(i) It is a conditional statement (i) It is a loop control statement

(ii) If the condition is true, it executes (ii) Executes the statements within the

some statements. while block if the condition is true.

(iii) If the condition is false then it stops (iii) If the condition is false the control is

the execution the statements. transferred to the next statement of the loop.
27.Differentiate between formatted and unformatted you input and output
functions?

Formatted I/P functions:

These functions allow us to supply the input in a fixed format and let us obtain the
output in the specified form. Formatted output converts the internal binary
representation of the data to ASCII characters which are written to the output file.

Unformatted I/O functions:

There are several standard library functions available under this category-those that
can deal with a string of characters. Unformatted Input/Output is the most basic form
of input/output. Unformatted input/output transfers the internal binary representation
of the data directly between memory and the file.

UNIT II

(16 Marks)
1. Define C language. Mention the basic structure of C programs with
explanation. (16)2. Discuss about the various data types in „C‟. (MAY 2009)

3. What are Operators? Explain the various operators available in C. (16)

4. Explain in detail about managing the Input Output Operations. (16)

5. Explain the various decision making mechanism in C. (16)

6. With example explain the Branching and Looping mechanism in C (16)

GE6151 Computer Programming Question Bank
UNIT –III
2 MARKS
1. What is an array?

An array is a group of similar data types stored under a common name. An array is
used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a
collection of variables of the same type.
Example: int a[10];

Here a[10] is an array with 10 values.

2.What are the main elements of an array declaration?

Array name
Type and
Size

3.How to initialize an array?

You can initialize array in C either one by one or using a single statement as
follows:

double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};

The number of values between braces { } cannot be larger than the number of
elements that we declare for the array between square brackets [ ]. Following is
an example to assign a single element of the array:

4. Why is it necessary to give the size of an array in an array declaration?

 When an array is declared, the compiler allocates a base address and reserves enough
space in the memory for all the elements of the array. The size is required to allocate
the required space. Thus, the size must be mentioned.

5. What is the difference between an array and pointer?

Difference between arrays and pointers are as follows.
Array Pointer

Array allocates space automatically 1.Pointer is explicitly assigned to point to an allocated

space.

2.It cannot be resized. 2.It can be resized using realloc ().

3.It cannot be reassigned. 3.Pointers can be reassigned.

4.Size of(array name) gives the 4.Sezeof(pointer name) returns the number of bytes used
to store the pointer variable.
number of bytes occupied by the array.

6. List the characteristics of Arrays.

All elements of an array share the same name, and they are distinguished form one
another with help of an element number. Any particular element of an array can be
modified separately without disturbing other elements.

7.What are the types of Arrays?

1.One-Dimensional Array
2.Two-Dimensional Array
3.Multi-Dimensional Array

8.Define Strings.
Strings:

The group of characters, digit and symbols enclosed within quotes is called as Stirng
(or) character Arrays. Strings are always terminated with „\0‟ (NULL) character. The
compiler automatically adds „\0‟ at the end of the strings.
Example:
char name[]={„C‟,‟O‟,‟L‟,‟L‟,‟E‟,‟G‟,‟E‟,‟E‟,‟\0‟}

9. Mention the various String Manipulation Functions in C.

S.N. Function & Purpose
1 strcpy(s1, s2); Copies string s2 into string s1.
2 strcat(s1, s2); Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1.
3 strlen(s1); Returns the length of string s1.
strcmp(s1, s2); Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same; less than 0 if s1<s2
4
greater than 0 if s1>s2.
strchr(s1, ch); Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character ch
5
string s1.
strstr(s1, s2); Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of string s2 in s
6
s1.

10. What is the use of atoi() function?

C allows us to manipulate characters the same way we do with numbers.

Whenever a character constant or character variable is used in an expression, it is
automatically converted into integer value by the system.

For eg, if the machine uses the ASCII representation, then,

x = „a‟; printf(“%d \n”,x);
will display the number 97 on the screen.

The C library supports a function that converts a string of digits into their
integer values. The function takes the form

x= atoi(string)

11.What is the use of „typedef‟‟?

It is used to create a new data using the existing type.

Syntax: typedef data type name;

Example:
typedef int hours: hours hrs;/* Now, hours can be used as new datatype */

12. What is meant by Sorting?

Sorting refers to ordering data in an increasing or decreasing fashion according to

some linear relationship among the data items. Sorting can be done on names,
numbers and records.

13.What are the types of sorting available in C?

Insertion sort.
Merge Sort.
Quick Sort.
Radix Sort.
Heap Sort
Selection sort
Bubble sort

14.Define Heap Sort.

A sorting algorithm that works by first organizing the data to be sorted into a special
type of binary tree called a heap. The heap itself has, by definition, the largest value at
the top of the tree, so the heap sort algorithm must also reverse the order. It does this
with the following steps:

1.Remove the topmost item (the largest) and replace it with the rightmost leaf.
The topmost item is stored in an array.

2.Re-establish the heap.

3.Repeat steps 1 and 2 until there are no more items left in the heap.
15. Define Bubble sort.

A simple but popular sorting algorithm. Bubble sorting is used frequently as a

programming exercise because it is relatively easy to understand. It is not, however,
particularly efficient. Other sorting algorithms, such as heap sorts, merge sorts and
quick sorts, are used more often in real applications.
16. Define Searching.

Searching for data is one of the fundamental fields of computing. Often, the difference
between a fast program and a slow one is the use of a good algorithm for the data set.
Naturally, the use of a hash table or binary search tree will result in more efficient
searching, but more often than not an array or linked list will be used. It is necessary
to understand good ways of searching data structures not designed to support efficient
search.
17.Mention the various types of searching techniques in C
Linear search
Binary search
18.What is linear search?

In Linear Search the list is searched sequentially and the position is returned if the key
element to be searched is available in the list, otherwise -1 is returned. The search in
Linear Search starts at the beginning of an array and move to the end, testing for a
match at each item.

19. What is Binary search?

A binary search, also called a dichotomizing search, is a digital scheme for locating a
specific object in a large set. Each object in the set is given a key. The number of keys
is always a power of 2. If there are 32 items in a list, for example, they might be
numbered 0 through 31 (binary 00000 through 11111). If there are, say, only 29 items,
they can be numbered 0 through 28 (binary 00000 through 11100), with the numbers
29 through31 (binary 11101, 11110, and 11111) as dummy keys.
UNIT III
16MARKS

1.Define array. Explain the array types with an example program for each type.
2. Explain about multi dimensional array with example.
3. Explain String Array with example program.
4. Explain the standard string functions with example to support each type.
5. Write a C program to do the matrix addition using C.
6. Write a program for matrix multiplication in c
7. Write a C program to find out transport of a matrix.
 UNIT IV 2 MARKS

1. What are functions in C?

A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has
at least one function which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define
additional functions.

2. How will define a function in C?

Defining a Function:

The general form of a function definition in C programming language is as follows:

return_type function_name( parameter list )

{
body of the function
}

A function definition in C programming language consists of a function header and

a function body. Here are all the of a function:
Return Type
Function Name
Parameters
Function Body
3.What are the steps in writing a function in a program?

a) Function Declaration (Prototype declaration):

Every user-defined functions has to be declared before the main().

b) Function Callings:
The user-defined functions can be called inside any functions like main(),user-
defined function, etc.
 c) Function Definition:

4.What is the purpose of the function main()? (MAY 2009)

The function main () invokes other functions within it. It is the first function to be
called when the program starts execution.

5.Is it better to use a macro or a function?

Macros are more efficient (and faster) than function, because their corresponding code
is inserted directly at the point where the macro is called. There is no overhead
involved in using a macro like there is in placing a call to a function.

However, macros are generally small and cannot handle large, complex coding
constructs. In cases where large, complex constructs are to handled, functions are
more suited, additionally; macros are expanded inline, which means that the code is
replicated for each occurrence of a macro.

6. Distinguish between Call by value Call by reference.

Call by value Call by reference.

a) In call by value, the value of actual agreements a) In call by reference, the address of actual
is passed to the formal arguments and the operation argurment values is passed to formal argument
is done on formal arguments. values.

b) Formal arguments values are photocopies of b) Formal arguments values are pointers to the
actual arguments values. actual argument values.
c) Changes made in formal arguments valued do c) Since Address is passed, the changes made in the
not affect the actual arguments values. both arguments values are permanent

7. What is meant by Recursive function?

If a function calls itself again and again, then that function is called Recursive
function.
Example:

void recursion()
{
recursion(); /* function calls itself */
}

int main()
{
recursion();
}

8. Write a C program for factorial using recursion function.

Following is an example which calculates factorial for a given number using a

recursive function:

#include <stdio.h>

int factorial(unsigned int i)

{
if(i <= 1)
{
return 1;
}
return i * factorial(i - 1);
}
int main()
{
int i = 15;
printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", i, factorial(i)); return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Factorial of 15 is 2004310016

9. What is dynamic memory allocation?

Allocating the memory at run time is called as dynamic memory allocation.

10. What are the various dynamic memory allocation functions?

malloc() - Used to allocate blocks of memory in required size of bytes.free() - Used to

release previously allocated memory space.

calloc() - Used to allocate memory space for an array of elements.

realloac() - Used to modify the size of the previously allocated memory space.

11. What is a Pointer? How a variable is declared to the pointer? (MAY 2009)

Pointer is a variable which holds the address of another variable.

Pointer Declaration:datatype *variable-name;

Example:int *x, c=5; x=&a;

12. What are the uses of Pointers?
Pointers are used to return more than one value to the function

·Pointers are more efficient in handling the data in arrays

·Pointers reduce the length and complexity of the program
·They increase the execution speed
·The pointers save data storage space in memory
13. What is the output of the program?
main() junk(int i, int j)
{ {
int i=5;j=2; i=i*j;
junk(i,j); j=i*j;
printf(“\n %d %d”,i,j); }
}
Output:
1. 2
2.
14. What are * and & operators means?

„*‟ operator means „value at the address‟ „&‟

operator means „address of‟

15. What is dangling pointer?

In C, a pointer may be used to hold the

address of dynamically allocated memory.
After this memory is freed with the free()
function, the pointer itself will still contain
the address of the released block. This is
referred to as a dangling pointer. Using the
pointer in this state is a serious programming
error. Pointer should be assigned NULL
after freeing memory to avoid this bug.

16. What is meant by Recursive function?

If a function calls itself again and again, then
that function is called Recursive function.
Example:
void recursion()
{
recursion(); /* function calls itself */
}

int main()
{
recursion();
}

17. Write a C program for factorial using

recursion function.

Following is an example which calculates

factorial for a given number using a
recursive function:

#include <stdio.h>

int factorial(unsigned int i)

{
if(i <= 1)
{
return 1;
}
return i * factorial(i - 1);
}
int main()
{
int i = 15;
printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", i, factorial(i)); return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result:

Factorial of 15 is 2004310016

18. What is dynamic memory allocation?

Allocating the memory at run time is called as dynamic memory allocation.

19. What are the various dynamic memory allocation functions?

malloc() - Used to allocate blocks of memory in required size of bytes.free() - Used to

release previously allocated memory space.
calloc() - Used to allocate memory space for an array of elements.
realloac() - Used to modify the size of the previously allocated memory space.

UNIT IV

FUNCTIONS AND POINTERS

16 Marks

1 .What is Function? Explain with example.

2. Explain various types of functions in detail with an example program for each
type
3. Define Recursion in C. Explain the concept of recursion with example.

4. (i) Explain (i)Call by value (ii) Call by reference with example.

5. What is pointer? Explain with example.

6. How array elements are accessed using pointers?

7. How can you pass a array as a parameter in C. Give an example

8. How can you pass a pointer as a parameter in C?. Give an example.

 UNIT V
2 MARKS
1. Compare arrays and structures.
Comparison of arrays and structures is as follows.
Arrays Structures

An array is a collection of data items of same data A structure is a collection of data items of different
type.Arrays can only be declared. data types. Structures can be declared and defined.

There is no keyword for arrays. The keyword for structures is struct.

An array name represents the address of the starting A structrure name is known as tag. It is a
element.
Shorthand notation of the declaration.

An array cannot have bit fields. A structure may contain bit fields.

2. Compare structures and unions.

Structure Union

Every member has its own memory. All members use the same memory.

The keyword used is struct. The keyword used is union.

All members occupy separate memory location, Different interpretations for the same memory
hence different interpretations of the same memory location are possible.
location are not possible.
Conservation of memory is possible
Consumes more space compared to union.
 3. Define Structure in C.

C Structure is a collection of different data types which are grouped together and
each element in a C structure is called member.

If you want to access structure members in C, structure variable should be declared.

Many structure variables can be declared for same structure and memory will be
allocated for each separately.
It is a best practice to initialize a structure to null while declaring, if we don‟t assign
any values to structure members.

4.What you meant by structure definition?

A structure type is usually defined near to the start of a file using a typedef statement.
typedef defines and names a new type, allowing its use throughout the program.
typedefs usually occur just after the #define and #include statements in a file.

Here is an example structure definition.

typedef struct { char name[64];

char course[128]; int age;
int year; } student;

This defines a new type student variables of type student can be declared as follows.

student st_rec;
5. How to Declare a members in Structure?

A struct in C programming language is a structured (record) type[1] that aggregates a

fixed set of labeled objects, possibly of different types, into a single object. The
syntax for a struct declaration in C is:

struct tag_name
{

type attribute;type attribute2;

/* ... */
};

6. What is meant by Union in C.?

A union is a special data type available in C that enables you to store different data
types in the same memory location. You can define a union with many members, but
only one member can contain a value at any given time. Unions provide an efficient
way of using the same memory location for multi-purpose.

7. How to define a union in C.

To define a union, you must use the union statement in very similar was as you did
while defining structure. The union statement defines a new data type, with more than
one member for your program. The format of the union statement is as follows:
union [union tag]
{

member definition;member definition;

...
member definition;
} [one or more union variables];

8. How can you access the members of the Union?

To access any member of a union, we use the member access operator (.). The
member access operator is coded as a period between the union variable name and the
union member that we wish to access. You would use union keyword to define
variables of union type

9.What are the pre-processor directives?

Macro Inclusion
Conditional Inclusion
File Inclusion

10.What are storage classes?

A storage class defines the scope (visibility) and life time of variables and/or
functions within a C Program.

11. What are the storage classes available in C?

There are following storage classes which can be used in a C Program

auto
register
static
extern

12.What is register storage in storage class?

Register is used to define local variables that should be stored in a register instead of
RAM. This means that the variable has a maximum size equal to the register size
(usually one word) and cant have the unary '&' operator applied to it (as it does not
have a memory location).

{
register int Miles;
}

13.What is static storage class?

Static is the default storage class for global variables. The two variables below (count
and road) both have a static storage class.

static int Count; int Road;

{
printf("%d\n", Road);
}

14. Define Auto storage class in C.

auto is the default storage class for all local variables.

int Count; auto int Month;

}

The example above defines two variables with the same storage class. auto can only
be used within functions, i.e. local variables.

15. Define pre-processor in C.

The C Preprocessor is not part of the compiler, but is a separate step in the
compilation process. In simplistic terms, a C Preprocessor is just a text substitution
tool. We'll refer to the C Preprocessor as the CPP.

Example:
#define Substitutes a preprocessor macro
#include Inserts a particular header from another file
16. Define Macro in C.

A macro definition is independent of block structure, and is in effect from

the #define directive that defines it until either a corresponding #undef directive or the
end of the compilation unit is encountered.
Its format is: #define identifier replacement
Example:
#define TABLE_SIZE 100 int table1[TABLE_SIZE];int table2[TABLE_SIZE];

17. What are conditional Inclusions in Preprocessor Directive?

Conditional inclusions (#ifdef, #ifndef, #if, #endif, #else and #elif)

These directives allow including or discarding part of the code of a program if a

certain condition is met. #ifdef allows a section of a program to be compiled only if
the macro that is specified as the parameter has been defined, no matter which its
value is.

For example:

1 #ifdef TABLE_SIZE
2 int table[TABLE_SIZE];
3 #endif

18. What you meant by Source file Inclusion in Preprocessor directive?

Source file inclusion (#include)

This directive has also been used assiduously in other sections of this tutorial. When
the preprocessor finds an #include directive it replaces it by the entire content of the
specified file. There are two ways to specify a file to be included:

1 #include "file"
2 #include <file>

19. What is Line control?

Line control (#line)

When we compile a program and some error happens during the compiling process,
the compiler shows an error message with references to the name of the file where the
error happened and a line number, so it is easier to find the code generating the error.
The #line directive allows us to control both things, the line numbers within the code
files as well as the file name that we want that appears when an error takes place. Its
format is:

#line number "filename"

Where number is the new line number that will be assigned to the next code line. The
line numbers of successive lines will be increased one by one from this point on.

UNIT V
16MARKS

1.Define Structures. Explain structures in detail. (JAN 2009 / MAY2009)

2. Explain Array of structure in C.

3. How can pass a structure to function in C.

4. How can you insert structure with in another structure?

5. Explain the concept of pointer to structure.

6. Define Union. Explain Union in detail. (JAN 2009)

7. What are storage classes? Explain each with example.

8. Describe in detail about the Preprocessors in C. (MAY 2009)