C++ ,C, OPP Questions In Interview:

What is the full form of OOPS?

Object Oriented Programming System.

What is a class?
Class is a blue print which reflects the entities attributes and actions. Technically defining a class
is designing an user defined data type.

What is an object?
An instance of the class is called as object.

List the types of inheritance supported in C++.

Single, Multilevel, Multiple, Hierarchical and Hybrid.

What is the role of protected access specifier?

If a class member is protected then it is accessible in the inherited class. However, outside the
both the private and protected members are not accessible.

What is encapsulation?
The process of binding the data and the functions acting on the data together in an entity (class)
called as encapsulation.

What is abstraction?
Abstraction refers to hiding the internal implementation and exhibiting only the necessary details.

What is inheritance?
Inheritance is the process of acquiring the properties of the existing class into the new class. The
existing class is called as base/parent class and the inherited class is called as derived/child class.

Explain the purpose of the keyword volatile.

Declaring a variable volatile directs the compiler that the variable can be changed externally.
Hence avoiding compiler optimization on the variable reference.

What is an inline function?

A function prefixed with the keyword inline before the function definition is called as inline
function. The inline functions are faster in execution when compared to normal functions as the
compiler treats inline functions as macros.

What is a storage class?

Storage class specifies the life or scope of symbols such as variable or functions.
Mention the storage classes names in C++.
The following are storage classes supported in C++

auto, static, extern, register and mutable

What is the role of mutable storage class specifier?

A constant class object’s member variable can be altered by declaring it using mutable storage
class specifier. Applicable only for non-static and non-constant member variable of the class.

Distinguish between shallow copy and deep copy.

Shallow copy does memory dumping bit-by-bit from one object to another. Deep copy is copy
field by field from object to another. Deep copy is achieved using copy constructor and or
overloading assignment operator.

What is a pure virtual function?

A virtual function with no function body and assigned with a value zero is called as pure virtual
function.

What is an abstract class in C++?

A class with at least one pure virtual function is called as abstract class. We cannot instantiate an
abstract class.

What is a reference variable in C++?

A reference variable is an alias name for the existing variable. Which mean both the variable
name and reference variable point to the same memory location. Therefore updation on the
original variable can be achieved using reference variable too.

What is role of static keyword on class member variable?

A static variable does exist though the objects for the respective class are not created. Static
member variable share a common memory across all the objects created for the respective class.
A static member variable can be referred using the class name itself.

Explain the static member function.

A static member function can be invoked using the class name as it exists before class objects
comes into existence. It can access only static members of the class.

Name the data type which can be used to store wide characters in C++.
wchar_t

What are/is the operator/operators used to access the class members?

Dot (.) and Arrow ( -> )
Can we initialize a class/structure member variable as soon as the same is defined?
No, Defining a class/structure is just a type definition and will not allocated memory for the same.

What is the data type to store the Boolean value?

bool, is the new primitive data type introduced in C++ language.

What is function overloading?

Defining several functions with the same name with unique list of parameters is called as function
overloading.

What is operator overloading?

Defining a new job for the existing operator w.r.t the class objects is called as operator
overloading.

Do we have a String primitive data type in C++?

No, it’s a class from STL (Standard template library).

Name the default standard streams in C++.

cin, cout, cerr and clog.

Which access specifier/s can help to achive data hiding in C++?

Private & Protected.

When a class member is defined outside the class, which operator can be used to associate the
function definition to a particular class?
Scope resolution operator (::)

What is a destructor? Can it be overloaded?

A destructor is the member function of the class which is having the same name as the class name
and prefixed with tilde (~) symbol. It gets executed automatically w.r.t the object as soon as the
object loses its scope. It cannot be overloaded and the only form is without the parameters.

What is a constructor?
A constructor is the member function of the class which is having the same as the class name and
gets executed automatically as soon as the object for the respective class is created.

What is a default constructor? Can we provide one for our class?

Every class does have a constructor provided by the compiler if the programmer doesn’t provides
one and known as default constructor. A programmer provided constructor with no parameters is
called as default constructor. In such case compiler doesn’t provides the constructor.

Which operator can be used in C++ to allocate dynamic memory?

‘new’ is the operator can be used for the same.

What is the purpose of ‘delete’ operator?

‘delete’ operator is used to release the dynamic memory which was created using ‘new’ operator.

Can I use malloc() function of C language to allocate dynamic memory in C++?

Yes, as C is the subset of C++, we can all the functions of C in C++ too.

Can I use ‘delete’ operator to release the memory which was allocated using malloc() function of
C language?
No, we need to use free() of C language for the same.

What is a friend function?

A function which is not a member of the class but still can access all the member of the class is
called so. To make it happen we need to declare within the required class following the keyword
‘friend’.

What is a copy constructor?

A copy constructor is the constructor which take same class object reference as the parameter. It
gets automatically invoked as soon as the object is initialized with another object of the same
class at the time of its creation.

Does C++ supports exception handling? If so what are the keywords involved in achieving the
same.
C++ does supports exception handling. try, catch & throw are keyword used for the same.

Explain the pointer – this.

This, is the pointer variable of the compiler which always holds the current active object’s
address.

What is the difference between the keywords struct and class in C++?
By default the members of struct are public and by default the members of the class are private.

Can we implement all the concepts of OOPS using the keyword struct?
Yes.

What is the block scope variable in C++?

A variable whose scope is applicable only within a block is said so. Also a variable in C++ can
be declared anywhere within the block.

What is the role of the file opening mode ios::trunk?

If the file already exists, its content will be truncated before opening the file.
What is the scope resolution operator?
The scope resolution operator is used to

 Resolve the scope of global variables.

 To associate function definition to a class if the function is defined outside the class.
What is a namespace?
A namespace is the logical division of the code which can be used to resolve the name conflict of
the identifiers by placing them under different name space.

What are command line arguments?

The arguments/parameters which are sent to the main() function while executing from the
command line/console are called so. All the arguments sent are the strings only.

What is a class template?

A template class is a generic class. The keyword template can be used to define a class template.

How can we catch all kind of exceptions in a single catch block?

The catch block with ellipses as follows

catch(…)
{
}

What is keyword auto for?

By default every local variable of the function is automatic (auto). In the below function both the
variables ‘i’ and ‘j’ are automatic variables.

void f()
{
int i;

auto int j;
}

NOTE: A global variable can’t be an automatic variable.

What is a static variable?

A static local variables retains its value between the function call and the default value is 0. The
following function will print 1 2 3 if called thrice.
void f()
{
static int i;

++i;
printf(“%d “,i);
}

If a global variable is static then its visibility is limited to the same source code.

What is the purpose of extern storage specifier.

Used to resolve the scope of global symbol

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
extern int i;

cout<<i<<endl;
}
int i=20;

What is the meaning of base address of the array?

The starting address of the array is called as the base address of the array.

When should we use the register storage specifier?

If a variable is used most frequently then it should be declared using register storage specifier,
then possibly the compiler gives CPU register for its storage to speed up the look up of the
variable.

Can a program be compiled without main() function?

Yes, it can be but cannot be executed, as the execution requires main() function definition.

Where an automatic variable is stored?

Every local variable by default being an auto variable is stored in stack memory
What is a container class?
A class containing at least one member variable of another class type in it is called so.

What is a token?
A C++ program consists of various tokens and a token is either a keyword, an identifier, a
constant, a string literal, or a symbol.

What is a preprocessor?
Preprocessor is a directive to the compiler to perform certain things before the actual compilation
process begins.

What are command line arguments?

The arguments which we pass to the main() function while executing the program are called as
command line arguments. The parameters are always strings held in the second argument (below
in args) of the function which is array of character pointers. First argument represents the count
of arguments (below in count) and updated automatically by operating system.

main( int count, char *args[]) {

}

What are the different ways of passing parameters to the functions? Which to use when?
 Call by value: We send only values to the function as parameters. We choose this if we
do not want the actual parameters to be modified with formal parameters but just used.

 Call by address: We send address of the actual parameters instead of values. We choose
this if we do want the actual parameters to be modified with formal parameters.

 Call by reference: The actual parameters are received with the C++ new reference
variables as formal parameters. We choose this if we do want the actual parameters to be
modified with formal parameters.

What is reminder for 5.0 % 2?

Error, It is invalid that either of the operands for the modulus operator (%) is a real number.

Which compiler switch to be used for compiling the programs using math library with g++
compiler?
Opiton –lm to be used as > g++ –lm <file.cpp>

Can we resize the allocated memory which was allocated using ‘new’ operator?
No, there is no such provision available.
Who designed C++ programming language?
Bjarne Stroustrup.

Which operator can be used to determine the size of a data type/class or variable/object?
sizeof

How can we refer to the global variable if the local and the global variable names are same?
We can apply scope resolution operator (::) to the for the scope of global variable.

What are valid operations on pointers?

The only two permitted operations on pointers are

 Comparision ii) Addition/Substraction (excluding void pointers)

What is recursion?
Function calling itself is called as recursion.

What is the first string in the argument vector w.r.t command line arguments?
Program name.

What is the maximum length of an identifier?

Ideally it is 32 characters and also implementation dependent.

What is the default function call method?

By default the functions are called by value.

What are available mode of inheritance to inherit one class from another?
Public, private & protected

What is the difference between delete and delete[]?

Delete[] is used to release the array allocated memory which was allocated using new[] and delete
is used to release one chunk of memory which was allocated using new.

Does an abstract class in C++ need to hold all pure virtual functions?
Not necessarily, a class having at least one pure virtual function is abstract class too.

Is it legal to assign a base class object to a derived class pointer?

No, it will be error as the compiler fails to do conversion.

What happens if an exception is thrown outside a try block?

The program shall quit abruptly.

Are the exceptions and error same?

No, exceptions can be handled whereas program cannot resolve errors.

What is function overriding?

Defining the functions within the base and derived class with the same signature and name where
the base class’s function is virtual.

Which function is used to move the stream pointer for the purpose of reading data from stream?
seekg()

Which function is used to move the stream pointer for the purpose of writing data from stream?
seekp()

Are class functions taken into consideration as part of the object size?
No, only the class member variables determines the size of the respective class object.

Can we create and empty class? If so what would be the size of such object.
We can create an empty class and the object size will be 1.

What is ‘std’?
Default namespace defined by C++.

What is the full form of STL?

Standard template library

What is ‘cout’?
cout is the object of ostream class. The stream ‘cout’ is by default connected to console output
device.

What is ‘cin’?
cin is the object of istream class. The stream ‘cin’ is by default connected to console input device.

What is the use of the keyword ‘using’?

It is used to specify the namespace being used in.

If a pointer declared for a class, which operator can be used to access its class members?
Arrow (->) operator can be used for the same

What is difference between including the header file with-in angular braces < > and double
quotes “ “
If a header file is included with in < > then the compiler searches for the particular header file
only with in the built in include path. If a header file is included with in “ “, then the compiler
searches for the particular header file first in the current working directory, if not found then in
the built in include path
S++ or S=S+1, which can be recommended to increment the value by 1 and why?
S++, as it is single machine instruction (INC) internally.

What is the difference between actual and formal parameters?

The parameters sent to the function at calling end are called as actual parameters while at the
receiving of the function definition called as formal parameters.

What is the difference between variable declaration and variable definition?

Declaration associates type to the variable whereas definition gives the value to the variable.

Which key word is used to perform unconditional branching?

goto.

Is 068 a valid octal number?

No, it contains invalid octal digits.

What is the purpose of #undef preprocessor?

It will be used to undefine an existing macro definition.

Can we nest multi line comments in a C++ code?

No, we cannot.

What is a virtual destructor?

A virtual destructor ensures that the objects resources are released in the reverse order of the
object being constructed w.r.t inherited object.

What is the order of objects destroyed in the memory?

The objects are destroyed in the reverse order of their creation.

What is a friend class?

A class members can gain accessibility over other class member by placing the class declaration
prefixed with the keyword ‘friend’ in the destination class.

1. What is difference between C and C++ ?

[This is a usual C or C++ interview question, mostly the first one you will face if you are
fresher or appearing for campus interview. When answering this question please make
sure you don't give the text book type explanations, instead give examples from real
software scenario. Answer for this interview question can include below points, though
its not complete list. This question itself can be a 1day interview !!!]
 1. C++ is Multi-Paradigm ( not pure OOP, supports both procedural and object
oriented) while C follows procedural style programming.
2. In C data security is less, but in C++ you can use modifiers for your class members
to make it inaccessible from outside.
3. C follows top-down approach ( solution is created in step by step manner, like each
step is processed into details as we proceed ) but C++ follows a bottom-up
approach ( where base elements are established first and are linked to make
complex solutions ).
4. C++ supports function overloading while C does not support it.
5. C++ allows use of functions in structures, but C does not permit that.
6. C++ supports reference variables ( two variables can point to same memory
location ). C does not support this.
7. C does not have a built in exception handling framework, though we can emulate
it with other mechanism. C++ directly supports exception handling, which
makes life of developer easy.

2. What is a class?

[Probably this would be the first question for a Java/c++ technical interview for freshers
and sometimes for experienced as well. Try to give examples when you answer this
question.]
Class defines a datatype, it's type definition of category of thing(s). But a class actually
does not define the data, it just specifies the structure of data. To use them you need to
create objects out of the class. Class can be considered as a blueprint of a building, you
can not stay inside blueprint of building, you need to construct building(s) out of that plan.
You can create any number of buildings from the blueprint, similarly you can create any
number of objects from a class.

1. class Vehicle
2. {
3. public:
4. int numberOfTyres;
5. double engineCapacity;
6. void drive(){
7. // code to drive the car
8. }
9. };

3. What is an Object/Instance?

Object is the instance of a class, which is concrete. From the above example, we can
create instance of class Vehicle as given below

1. Vehicle vehicleObject;
 We can have different objects of the class Vehicle, for example we can
have Vehicle objects with 2 tyres, 4tyres etc. Similarly different engine capacities as well.
4. What do you mean by C++ access specifiers ?

[Questions regarding access specifiers are common not just in c++ interview but for
other object oriented language interviews as well.]
Access specifiers are used to define how the members (functions and variables) can be
accessed outside the class. There are three access specifiers defined which are public,
private, and protected

 private:
Members declared as private are accessible only with in the same class and they cannot
be accessed outside the class they are declared.
 public:
Members declared as public are accessible from any where.
 protected:
Members declared as protected can not be accessed from outside the class except a
child class. This access specifier has significance in the context of inheritance.

5. What are the basics concepts of OOP?

[ A must OOP / c++ interview question for freshers (some times asked in interviews for
1-2 years experienced also), which everybody answers as well. But the point is, it's not
about the answer, but how you apply these OOPs concepts in real life. You should be
able to give real life examples for each of these concepts, so prepare yourself with few
examples before appearing for the interview. It has seen that even the experienced
people get confused when it comes to the difference between basic OOP concepts,
especially abstraction and encapsulation.]

 Classes and Objects

Refer Questions 2 and 3 for the concepts about classes and objects

 Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the mechanism by which data and associated operations/methods are

bound together and thus hide the data from outside world. It's also called data hiding. In
c++, encapsulation achieved using the access specifiers (private, public and protected).
Data members will be declared as private (thus protecting from direct access from
outside) and public methods will be provided to access these data. Consider the below
class

1. class Person
2. {
3. private:
 4. int age;
5. public:
6. int getAge(){
7. return age;
8. }
9. int setAge(int value){
10. if(value > 0){
11. age = value;
12. }
13. }
14. };

In the class Person, access to the data field age is protected by declaring it as private and
providing public access methods. What would have happened if there was no access
methods and the field age was public? Anybody who has a Person object can set an
invalid value (negative or very large value) for the age field. So by encapsulation we can
preventing direct access from outside, and thus have complete control, protection and
integrity of the data.

 Data abstraction

Data abstraction refers to hiding the internal implementations and show only the
necessary details to the outside world. In C++ data abstraction is implemented using
interfaces and abstract classes.

1. class Stack
2. {
3. public:
4. virtual void push(int)=0;
5. virtual int pop()=0;
6. };
7.
8. class MyStack : public Stack
9. {
10. private:
11. int arrayToHoldData[]; //Holds the data from stack
12.
13. public:
14. void push(int) {
15. // implement push operation using array
16. }
17. int pop(){
18. // implement pop operation using array
19. }
20. };
 In the above example, the outside world only need to know about the Stack class and
its push, pop operations. Internally stack can be implemented using arrays or linked lists
or queues or anything that you can think of. This means, as long as the push and pop
method performs the operations work as expected, you have the freedom to change the
internal implementation with out affecting other applications that use your Stack class.

 Inheritance

Inheritance allows one class to inherit properties of another class. In other words,
inheritance allows one class to be defined in terms of another class.

1. class SymmetricShape
2. {
3. public:
4. int getSize()
5. {
6. return size;
7. }
8. void setSize(int w)
9. {
10. size = w;
11. }
12. protected:
13. int size;
14. };
15.
16. // Derived class
17. class Square: public SymmetricShape
18. {
19. public:
20. int getArea()
21. {
22. return (size * size);
23. }
24. };

In the above example, class Square inherits the properties and methods of
class SymmetricShape. Inheritance is the one of the very important concepts in
C++/OOP. It helps to modularise the code, improve reusability and reduces tight coupling
between components of the system.
6. What is the use of volatile keyword in c++? Give an example.

Most of the times compilers will do optimization to the code to speed up the program. For
example in the below code,
 1. int a = 10;
2. while( a == 10){
3. // Do something
4. }

compiler may think that value of 'a' is not getting changed from the program and replace
it with 'while(true)', which will result in an infinite loop. In actual scenario the value of 'a'
may be getting updated from outside of the program.
Volatile keyword is used to tell compiler that the variable declared using volatile may be
used from outside the current scope so that compiler wont apply any optimization. This
matters only in case of multi-threaded applications.
In the above example if variable 'a' was declared using volatile, compiler will not optimize
it. In shot, value of the volatile variables will be read from the memory location directly.

1. What is OOPS?

OOPS is abbreviated as Object Oriented Programming system in which programs are

considered as a collection of objects. Each object is nothing but an instance of a class.

2. Write basic concepts of OOPS?

Following are the concepts of OOPS and are as follows:.

1. Abstraction.
2. Encapsulation.
3. Inheritance.
4. Polymorphism.
3. What is a class?

A class is simply a representation of a type of object. It is the blueprint/ plan/ template that
describe the details of an object.

4. What is an object?

Object is termed as an instance of a class, and it has its own state, behavior and identity.

5. What is Encapsulation?

Encapsulation is an attribute of an object, and it contains all data which is hidden. That
hidden data can be restricted to the members of that class.

Levels are Public,Protected, Private, Internal and Protected Internal.

6. What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is nothing butassigning behavior or value in a subclass to something that

was already declared in the main class. Simply, polymorphism takes more than one form.
7. What is Inheritance?

Inheritance is a concept where one class shares the structure and behavior defined in
another class. Ifinheritance applied on one class is called Single Inheritance, and if it
depends on multiple classes, then it is called multiple Inheritance.

8. What are manipulators?

Manipulators are the functions which can be used in conjunction with the insertion (<<) and
extraction (>>) operators on an object. Examples are endl and setw.

9. Define a constructor?

Constructor is a method used to initialize the state of an object, and it gets invoked at the
time of object creation. Rules forconstructor are:.

 Constructor Name should be same asclass name.

 Constructor must have no return type.
10. Define Destructor?

Destructor is a method which is automatically called when the object ismade ofscope or
destroyed. Destructor name is also same asclass name but with the tilde symbol before the
name.

11. What is Inline function?

Inline function is a technique used by the compilers and instructs to insert complete body of
the function wherever that function is used in the program source code.

12. What is avirtual function?

Virtual function is a member function ofclass and its functionality can be overridden in its
derived class. This function can be implemented by using a keyword called virtual, and it
can be given during function declaration.

Virtual function can be achieved in C++, and it can be achieved in C Languageby using
function pointers or pointers to function.

13. What isfriend function?

Friend function is a friend of a class that is allowed to access to Public, private or protected
data in that same class. If the function is defined outside the class cannot access such
information.

Friend can be declared anywhere in the class declaration, and it cannot be affected by
access control keywords like private, public or protected.

14. What is function overloading?

Function overloading is defined as a normal function, but it has the ability to perform
different tasks. It allowscreation of several methods with the same name which differ from
each other by type of input and output of the function.

Example
void add(int& a, int& b);
void add(double& a, double& b);
void add(struct bob& a, struct bob& b);
15. What is operator overloading?

Operator overloading is a function where different operators are applied and depends on
the arguments. Operator,-,* can be used to pass through the function , and it has their own
precedence to execute.

Example:

1 class complex {
2 double real,
3 imag; public: complex(double r, double i) : real(r),
4 imag(i) {} complex operator+(complex a, complex b);
5 complex operator*(complex a, complex b);
6 complex& operator=(complex a, complex b);
7}

a=1.2, b=6

16. What is an abstract class?

An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated. Creation of an object is not

possible with abstract class , but it can be inherited. An abstract class can contain only
Abstract method. Java allows only abstract method in abstract class while for other
language it allows non-abstract method as well.

17. What is a ternary operator?

Ternary operator is said to be an operator which takes three arguments. Arguments and
results are of different data types , and it is depends on the function. Ternary operator is
also called asconditional operator.

18. What is the use of finalize method?

Finalize method helps to perform cleanup operations on the resources which are not
currently used. Finalize method is protected , and it is accessible only through this class or
by a derived class.

19. What are different types of arguments?

A parameter is a variable used during the declaration of the function or subroutine and
arguments are passed to the function , and it should match with the parameter defined.
There are two types of Arguments.

 Call by Value – Value passed will get modified only inside the function , and it returns the
same value whatever it is passed it into the function.
 Call by Reference – Value passed will get modified in both inside and outside the functions
and it returns the same or different value.

20. What is super keyword?

Super keyword is used to invoke overridden method which overrides one of its superclass
methods. This keyword allows to access overridden methods and also to access hidden
members of the superclass.

It also forwards a call from a constructor to a constructor in the superclass.

21. What is method overriding?

Method overriding is a feature that allows sub class to provide implementation of a method
that is already defined in the main class. This will overrides the implementation in the
superclass by providing the same method name, same parameter and same return type.

22. What is an interface?

An interface is a collection of abstract method. If the class implements an inheritance, and

then thereby inherits all the abstract methods of an interface.

23. What is exception handling?

Exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program. Exceptions can be of
any type – Run time exception, Error exceptions. Those exceptions are handled properly
through exception handling mechanism like try, catch and throw keywords.

24. What are tokens?

Token is recognized by a compiler and it cannot be broken down into component elements.
Keywords, identifiers, constants, string literals and operators are examples of tokens.

Even punctuation characters are also considered as tokens – Brackets, Commas, Braces
and Parentheses.

25. Difference between overloading and overriding?

Overloading is static binding whereas Overriding is dynamic binding. Overloading is nothing
but the same method with different arguments , and it may or may not return the same
value in the same class itself.

Overriding is the same method names with same arguments and return types associates
with the class and its child class.

26. Difference between class and an object?

An object is an instance of a class. Objects hold any information , but classes don’t have
any information. Definition of properties and functions can be done at class and can be
used by the object.

Class can have sub-classes, and an object doesn’t have sub-objects.

27. What is an abstraction?

Abstraction is a good feature of OOPS , and it shows only the necessary details to the client
of an object. Means, it shows only necessary details for an object, not the inner details of an
object. Example – When you want to switch On television, it not necessary to show all the
functions of TV. Whatever is required to switch on TV will be showed by using abstract
class.

28. What are access modifiers?

Access modifiers determine the scope of the method or variables that can be accessed
from other various objects or classes. There are 5 types of access modifiers , and they are
as follows:.

 Private.
 Protected.
 Public.
 Friend.
 Protected Friend.
29. What is sealed modifiers?

Sealed modifiers are the access modifiers where it cannot be inherited by the methods.
Sealed modifiers can also be applied to properties, events and methods. This modifier
cannot be applied to static members.

30. How can we call the base method without creating an instance?

Yes, it is possible to call the base method without creating an instance. And that method
should be,.

Static method.

Doing inheritance from that class.-Use Base Keyword from derived class.

31. What is the difference between new and override?

The new modifier instructs the compiler to use the new implementation instead of the base
class function. Whereas, Override modifier helps to override the base class function.

32. What are the various types of constructors?

There are three various types of constructors , and they are as follows:.

– Default Constructor – With no parameters.

– Parametric Constructor – With Parameters. Create a new instance of a class and also
passing arguments simultaneously.

– Copy Constructor – Which creates a new object as a copy of an existing object.

33. What is early and late binding?

Early binding refers to assignment of values to variables during design time whereas late
binding refers to assignment of values to variables during run time.

34. What is ‘this’ pointer?

THIS pointer refers to the current object of a class. THIS keyword is used as a pointer which
differentiates between the current object with the global object. Basically, it refers to the
current object.

35. What is the difference betweenstructure and a class?

Structure default access type is public , but class access type is private. A structure is used
for grouping data whereas class can be used for grouping data and methods. Structures are
exclusively used for dataand it doesn’t require strict validation , but classes are used to
encapsulates and inherit data which requires strict validation.

36. What is the default access modifier in a class?

The default access modifier of a class is Private by default.

37. What is pure virtual function?

A pure virtual function is a function which can be overridden in the derived classbut cannot
be defined. A virtual function can be declared as Pure by using the operator =0.

Example -.

1 Virtual void function1() // Virtual, Not pure

2
3 Virtual void function2() = 0 //Pure virtual
38. What are all the operators that cannot be overloaded?

Following are the operators that cannot be overloaded -.

1. Scope Resolution (:: )

2. Member Selection (.)
3. Member selection through a pointer to function (.*)

39. What is dynamic or run time polymorphism?

Dynamic or Run time polymorphism is also known as method overriding in which call to an
overridden function is resolved during run time, not at the compile time. It means having two
or more methods with the same name,same signature but with different implementation.

40. Do we require parameter for constructors?

No, we do not require parameter for constructors.

41. What is a copy constructor?

This is a special constructor for creating a new object as a copy of an existing object. There
will be always only on copy constructor that can be either defined by the user or the system.

42. What does the keyword virtual represented in the method definition?

It means, we can override the method.

43. Whether static method can use non static members?

False.

44. What arebase class, sub class and super class?

Base class is the most generalized class , and it is said to be a root class.

Sub class is a class that inherits from one or more base classes.

Super class is the parent class from which another class inherits.

45. What is static and dynamic binding?

Binding is nothing but the association of a name with the class. Static binding is a binding in
which name can be associated with the class during compilation time , and it is also called
as early Binding.

Dynamic binding is a binding in which name can be associated with the class during
execution time , and it is also called as Late Binding.

46. How many instances can be created for an abstract class?

Zero instances will be created for an abstract class.

47. Which keyword can be used for overloading?

Operator keyword is used for overloading.

48. What is the default access specifier in a class definition?

Private access specifier is used in a class definition.

49. Which OOPS concept is used as reuse mechanism?

Inheritance is the OOPS concept that can be used as reuse mechanism.

50. Which OOPS concept exposes only necessary information to the calling functions?

Data Hiding / Abstraction