A MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

RESTORATION OF ALL THE MINOR IRRIGATION TANKS,

HASANPARTHY, WARANGAL DIST, I&CADD DEPARTMENT

A mini project report submitted to JNTUH in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for award of degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNLOGY IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

BY

AVUNOORI ANIL (17UC5A0122)

BAIRI ANIL (17UC5A0127)
DHARAVATH MANMOHAN NAYAK (17UC5A0125)
MEDIPELLY SRAVANI (17UC5A0110)

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDENCE OF

Asst.Prof.Mrs.K.APARNA (Project Guide)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (2017-2020)

TALLA PADMAVATHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Approved by AICTE new delhi,Affliated to JNTUH HYD

(Recognized by govt. of T.S)

Somidi,Kazipet

Warangal-506003
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (2017-2020)

TALLA PADMAVATHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Approved by AICTE new delhi,Affliated to JNTUH HYD

(Recognized by govt. of T.S)

Somidi,Kazipet

Warangal-506003

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the industrial oriented mini project entitled “RESTORATION OF ALL THE
MINOR IRRIGATION TANKS” is the bonafide work done by AVUNOORI ANIL
(17UC5A0122),BAIRI ANIL (17UC5A0127),DHARAVATH MANMOHAN (17UC5A0125),&
MEDIPELLY SRAVANI (17UC5A0110) under graduate students of department of Civil
engineer, TALLA PADMAVATHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Warangal during the period
of 2019-2020 in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR of TECHNOLOGY is a record of their own work,carried out by them under my
supervision and guidance during the academic year 2019-2020.

Mini Project Guide

Miss K APARNA
Assistant professor
 TALLA PADMAVATHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
WARANGAL -5063003

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DISSERTATION EVALUATION REPORT

This dissertation entitled “RESTORATION OF ALL THE MINOR IRRIGATION TANKS”

submitted by AVUNOORI ANIL (17UC5A0122),BAIRI ANIL (17UC5A0127),DHARAVATH
MANMOHAN NAYAK (17UC5A0125),& MEDIPELLY SRAVANI (17UC5A0110) of
2017-2020 batch in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
degree of bachelor of Technology in CIVIL ENGINEERING in TALLA PADMAVATHI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING WARANGAL has been approved.

External Examiner Supervisor Head of the Department

Mrs K APARNA, Miss M APARNA

Assistant professor Assistant professor

Department of Civil Eng. Department of Civil Eng.

 DECLARATION

We here by declare that the project report entitled “RESTORATION OF ALL

THE MINOR IRRIGATION TANKS” submitted to “ TALLA PADMAVATHI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of degree of B-Tech in CIVIL ENGINEERING by JNTUH.The project done
by us and not has been submitted by any other institute or University for the
award of any degree or equivalent.

Place :

Date :

PROJECT ASSOCIATES :

1. AVNOORI ANIL (17UC5A0127)

2. BAIRI ANIL (17UC5A0127)

3. DHARAVATH MANMOHAN NAYAK (17UC5A0125)

4. MEDIPELLY SRAVANI (17UC5A0110)

 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to take the opportunity to express our deep gratitude to all the
people who have presented their cooperation in various ways during our project
work. It is our pleasure to acknowledge the help of all those individuals.

We specially thank our Prof. DR. P. YELLAIAH, Principal of Talla

Padmavathi College Of Engineering , for his encouragement and valuable
guidance in bringing shape to the Project Report.

We would like to thank Pro. M.APARNA , HEAD OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, for his encouragement and valuable
guidance in bringing in shape to the Industrial Oriented Mini Project.

We would like to thank our project guide Mrs. K. APARNA , Asst .

Professor, Civil Engineering Department for his guidance and help throughout the
development of this Industrial Oriented Mini project by providing us required
information, without his guidance, cooperation and encouragement we couldn’t
have learnt many new things during our project tenure and all my faulty member
have given good cooperation for completing the project report.

In completing this Industrial Oriented Mini Project successfully all

concerned field engineers, technical & non-technical officers have given an
excellent cooperation by guiding us in every aspect.

BY-
AVUNOORI ANIL (17UC5A0122)
BAIRI ANIL (17UC5A0127)
DHARAVATH MANMOHAN (17UC5A0125)
MEDIPELLY SRAVANI (17UC5A0110)
 2

ABSTRACT

The object of the project is to study the ELEMENT OF

MINOR IRRIGATION WORKS i.e on Restoration and renovation of tank
named JAGANATHAPURAM TANK, and DANDEPALLY TANK Elkathurthy in
I & CAD DEPARMENT in the jurisdiction of IB Warangal division.

The project work includes Jungle clearance,Restoring the

tank bund to design standards with revetment as per standards,repairs and
replacement of tank sluices and gates,repairs and Re-construction of
surplus weirs,restoring chain tanks,Re-sectioning of canal and feeder
channels including de-silting,Construction of measuring devices,CM/CD
works on canal system,and De-silting of tank and restoring to full capacity.
 3

INDEX

 INTRODUCTION TO IRRIGATION

 IRRIGATION STRUCTURES

 REGULATION OF CANAL

 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

 MISSION KAKATIYA

 WORKS INVOLVED IN MISSION KAKATIYA PROGRAMME

 CASE STUDY: 1 JAGANNATHAPURAM TANK

 CASE STUDY: 2 DANDEPALLY TANK

 INTRODUCTION TO CHECK DAM

 BRIEF STUDY OF BAVUPETA CHECK DAM

 4

INDUSTRY ORIENTED MINI PROJECT (INDUSTRIAL TRAINING)

ON MINOR IRRIGATION PROJECT UNDER MISSION KAKATIYA
PROGRAMME.

INTRODUCTION TO IRRIGATION :-
Irrigation is a science of artificially supplying water to the
land to grow crops. It is the application of controlled intervals. It helps to
grow agriculture crops, re vegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during
periods of less than average rainfall.
TYPES OF IRRIGATION:

Flow irrigation:
In this method water is supplied to the fields by gravity flow

Lifted irrigation:
In this method water is lifted to the level and then allowed to
flow by gravity.
Methods of application of water:
1 surface irrigation
2. Sub surface irrigation
3. Sprinkler irrigation

CROP PERIOD (BASE PERIOD):

Crop period is the time elapsed from sowing
to the instant of harvesting is called crop period it is expressed in days.
The time between the first watering at the time of sowing to the last
watering before harvesting is called base period.
 5

DELTA(∆) OF CROP:
Each crop requires a certain amount of water
at fixed intervals of time through outs its growth period.
Total depth of water required for crop to come to harvest is called its
Delta in cm.
The total quantity of water required for a crop through outs its base period
is expressed as
1) million cubic meters of water
2) Hectre-metre
3) The depth of water standing throughout its crop period.

DUTY OF WATER:
Duty of water is the relationship between the
volume of water and the area of the crop it irrigates.
This is expressed as area irrigated by one cumec discharge running
for base period ‘B’ days i.e, Hectres/cumec or Hectre/ million cumec

RELATION BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA AND BASE PERIOD:

∆= 8.64B/D cm OR ∆= 864B/D mm.

CROPS SEASONS:-
The agricultural crop year in India is from July to June. The
Indian cropping season is classified into two main seasons-(i) Kharif and (ii)
Rabi based on the monsoon. The kharif cropping season is from July –
October during the south-west monsoon and the Rabi cropping season is
from October-March (winter). The crops grown between March and June
are summer crops. Pakistan and Bangladesh are two other countries that are
using the term ‘kharif’ and ‘rabi’ to describe about their cropping patterns.
 6

The term ‘kharif’ and ‘rabi’ originate from Arabic language

where Kharif means autumn and Rabi means spring.
The kharif crops include rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet/bajra,
finger millet/ragi (cereals), arhar (pulses), soyabean, groundnut
(oilseeds), cotton etc. The rabi crops include wheat, barley, oats
(cereals), chickpea/gram (pulses), linseed, mustard (oilseeds) etc .

IRRIGATION STRUCTURES :-
HEAD WORKS:
A head work is a combination of hydraulic
structures constructed at the head of a canal at the point of take off to
divert the water from the river to the head canal.
Classification of head work:
• Diversion head work
• Storage head work
Diversion head work:-
In diversion works a weir or anicut is constructed across the river
and the water is discharge or diverted in to a canal for irrigation purpose.
Storage head work:-
In storage worker a dams is constructed across the river to
store for irrigation or power generation purpose.
COMPONENT PARTS OF DIVERSION WORKS:-
1) A weir or barrage across the river
2) Scouring sluices
3) Dividing wall or groyne
4) Head regulator
5) Flood banks
6) Fish ladder
 Restoration of tanks

More cost effective that building

new ones Where possible, it is much more cost effective
to restore existing tanks, than to build new tanks.
Restoration can involve silt removal to increase the
storage capacity of the tank and reduce evaporative loss.
The silt can be used to restore the earthen bund, and any
remaining silt can be applied to nearby farmland. The
outflow structure can also be improved.

Care should be taken during silt

removal not to expose highly permeable soils, which
would lead to excessive seepage loss (unless the goal is
to increase infiltration). Perhaps a small area that is silted-
in could be retained if it has become habitat for wetland
plants and wildlife. In urban or industrial areas, silt that is
removed during a tank restoration program may be
contaminated, and should be tested to ensure proper
management.
RESTORATION OF TANK
IRRIGATION TANKS

An irrigation tank or tank is an

artificial reservoir of any size. They are mainly found in
India. It can also have a natural or man-made spring
included as part of a structure. Tanks are part of an
ancient tradition of harvesting and preserving the local
rainfall and water from streams and rivers for later use,
primarily for agriculture and drinking water, but also for
sacred bathing and ritual. Often a tank was constructed
across a slope so to collect and store water by taking
advantage of local mounds and depressions.Tank use is
especially critical in parts of South India without perennial
rainfall where water supply replenishment is dependent on
a cycle of dry seasons alternating with monsoon seasons.
ADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION TANKS :

1. It is a cheap and popular method of irrigation.

2. It maintains level of groundwater.

3. Where construction of wells is very costly due to

hard rock surface, irrigation by tank is cheaper.

4. Expenditure is much less as compared to canals.

5. Use of additional water from rainfall is possible

through tanks.

6. An individual farmer can have his own tank. Tanks

are generally constructed on rocky bed and have longer
life span. In many tanks, fishing is also carried on. This
supplements both the food resources and income of the
farmer.

7. In many tanks, fishing is also carried on. This

supplements both the food resources and income of the
farmer.

8. Water deficit irrigation can be done.

DISADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION TANKS :

1. Source of water in tanks is only from rainfall. If there is

variation in rainfall, it has adverse effects on agriculture.

2. Rain water flowing towards tanks carries sediments

also which reduces the depth of tanks. It requires de-
silting from time to time, which is very costly,

3. Taking water from tanks for irrigation is very costly.

4. Tanks occupy large space because many natural

tanks are very extensive.
Types of Irrigation Projects in Telangana :

Irrigation projects in Telangana have been divided into

three categories based on the size of the irrigated area i.e.
Cultivable Command Area (CCA) .

Definition of Cultivable Command Area (CCA):

The area which can be

irrigated from a scheme and is fit for cultivation.

1. Major irrigation scheme:

A scheme having CCA more

than 10,000 hectares is major irrigation scheme.

2. Medium irrigation scheme:

A scheme having CCA more

than 2,000 hectares and up to 10,000 hectares individually
is a medium irrigation scheme.

3. Minor irrigation scheme:

 A scheme having CCA up to
2,000 hectares individually is classified as minor irrigation
scheme and usually include smaller irrigation schemes
such as lift irrigation or schemes with water sources like
tanks, diversion weirs, and open head channels. The main
sources of water are tanks, small reservoirs and
groundwater pumping. A number of minor irrigation
projects may exist individually within the command area of
a major or medium irrigation project.

The Major and Medium Irrigation (MMI) projects are

further classified into two types based on irrigation method
adopted.They are,

1. Direct Irrigation method: In this method water is

directly diverted from the river into the canal by the
construction of a diversion structure like weir or barrage
across the stream without attempting to store water. This
method is practiced where the stream has adequate
perennial supply. Direct irrigation is usually practiced in
deltaic tracts that is, in areas having even and plane
topography.

2. Indirect or Storage Irrigation Method: In this system,

water is stored in a reservoir during monsoon by
construction of a dam across the river. The stored water is
diverted to the fields through a network of canals during
the dry period. Evidently indirect irrigation is adopted
where the river is not perennial or flow in the river is
inadequate during lean period.

 WEIR OR ANICUT :



A weir is a concrete or masonry structure
which is constructed across the open channel (such as a
river) to change its water flow characteristics. Weirs are
constructed as an obstruction to flow of water. These are
commonly used to measure the volumetric rate of water
flow, prevent flooding and make rivers navigable.The
weir is constructed just below the off take point of canal.
FUNCTIONS OF A WEIR :

1. To rise the water level in river.

2. To store small capacity of water.

3. To discharge flood water of the river.

4. To measure the flood discharge of river.

5. To control silt enrty into the canals.

6. To delay floods.

Component parts of a weir :

Body wall of weir :

1 It is a wall which is constructed to raise the water level

on u/s.

2. To raise water level on u/s.

3. Strong enough to resist water pressure.

4. Strong enough to resist uplift pressure.

Upstream Apron :

1. Protect weir from erosive forces during floods.

2. Length of apron depends upon discharge in river and

length of weir .

3. Strong enough to withstand downward water pressure.

Downstream apron :

1. To reduce the kinetic energy of water

2. Length depends upon height of fall of water nature of

soil discharge in river

3. Apron is extended up to the point where there is

no scope for erosion.

Upstream curtain wall :

1. To reduce uplift pressure.

2. Length depends on nature of sub soil.

3. To increase length of the creep.

4. To reduce exit gradient.

Downstream curtain wall :

1. Protect downstream flow from uplift pressure.

2. Strong enough to resist kinetic energy of water

increase length of creep.

Creep :

1 Top of weir is called crest

2. Strong enough to resist excessive pressure

during floods

3.Shutter will laid flat during floods over the crest .

Types of Weirs :
Weirs are classified according to,

1. Types of Weirs based on Shape of

the Opening :
 Rectangular weir.
 Triangular weir.
 Trapezoidal weir
2. Types of Weirs based on Shape of the Crest :
 Sharp-crested weir.
 Broad- crested weir.
 Narrow-crested weir.
 Ogee-shaped weir.

3. Types of weirs based on Effect of the sides

on the emerging nappe :
 Weir with end contraction (contracted weir).
 Weir without end contraction (suppressed weir).
BARRAGE :

The function of a barrage s similar to a weir.

But in barrage the discharge is controlled by gates.

STORAGE WORKS :

An artificial reservoir is formed by conducting

a dam across a river. The water so stored may be relaxed
through controlled by opening provided in the body of dam
for irrigation and other purpose. The excess flood water are
discharge through a spillway of the dam.

TYPES OF RESERVIOR :

1. Single purpose reservoir

2. Multi purpose reservoir
3. Storage or conservation reservoir
4. Distribution reservoir
 8

DAM:-
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or
underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress
floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human
consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability.
Classification of dams:-
1) Gravity dam:- A gravity dam s a masonry or concrete dam which resists
the sliding and other forces by its weight.
2) Arch dam:- Arch dams are curved in plan which resists the
disturbing forces by arch action.
3) Embankment dam:- It is a non rigid dam which resists the
disturbing forces by its shear strength.
Dams are also classified depending on the functions performed by its as:-
1) Storage Dam
2) Diversion Dam
3) Detention Dam
4) Coffer Dam
5) Debris Dam
DISTRIBUTION WORKS:
Distribution works includes the canals and channel to convey water
from head works to the fields for irrigation together with the
masonry works required for regulation of water.
Classfication of canals:-
Based on source of supply:-
1) Permanent Canals
2) Inundation Canals

Based on financial output from the canals:-

1) Productive canals
2) Protective canals

Based on function of canal:-

1) Feeder canal
2) Carrier canal
 9

Based on Discharge:-
1) Main canal
2) Branch canal
3) Distributaries
4) Field channels
Based on alignment:-
1) Contour canal
2) Ridge or watershed canal
3) Side slope canal
REGULATION OF CANAL:
The discharge through canals is regulated by means of regulators
or according to the demand.
1) Head regulator (sluice):-
It is provided at the head or off-take point of a
distributory channel and controls the supply of water in to the channel.
2) Cross regulators:-
A cross regulator is provided in the main canal towards
to downstream side of the of taking channel and operated when necessary
so as to rise the water in the main canal thus ensure required supply in the
off take channel.
3) Canal Drop or falls:-
Whenever the natural ground slope is steeper than
the designed bed slope of the canal. The difference of elevations are
adjusted by constructing vertical falls or drops in the canal bed at suitable
intervals. It is constructed so as to maintain design slope of bed.
 10

4) Cross Drainage works:-

A cross drainage works is a structure which is
constructed at the crossing of canal with a natural stream, so as to
dispose of the drainage water without interrupting the canal supply.

CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS:-

1) Aqueduct:-
An aqueduct is provided to take the canal over the natural drain.
An aqueduct is constructed when the bed level of the natural drain and
sufficient vent way is available for the flood discharge to pass in the natural
drain below the canal.

2) Syphon aqueduct:-
In a syphon aqueduct, canal water is carrier above the drainage but
the high flood level (HFL) of drainage is above the canal trough. The
drainage water flows under syphonic action and there is no presence of
atmospheric pressure in the natural drain.The construction of the
syphon aqueduct structure is such that, the flooring of drain is
depressed downwards by constructing a vertical drop weir to discharge
high flow drain water through the depressed concrete floor.
 11

3) Super passage:-
Super passage structure carries drainage above canal as the canal
bed level is below drainage bed level. The drainage trough is to be
constructed at road level and drainage water flows through this from
upstream to downstream and the canal water flows through the piers
which are constructed below this drainage trough as supports.The full
supply level of canal is below the drainage trough in this structure. The
water in canal flows under gravity and possess the atmospheric
pressure. This is simply a reverse of Aqueduct structure.

4) Level crossing:-
When the bed level of canal is equal to the drainage
bed level, then level crossing is to be constructed. This
consists of following steps:
1. Construction of weir to stop drainage water behind it
2. Construction of canal regulator across a canal
3. Construction of head regulator across a Drainage

Functioning of a level crossing:

In peak supply time of canal water parallel to drainage, both the

regulators are opened to clear the drainage water from that of canal
for certain time interval. Once the drainage is cleared, the head
regulator is closed down. Anyhow, cross regulator is always in open
condiion throughout year to supply canal water continuously.
12
 DESCRIPTION:

MISSION KAKATIYA

Introduction :

Kakatiya is a program for restoring all the

minor irrigation tanks and lakes in Telangana
states,India. The uses of mission Kakatiya was to enhance
the development of agriculture based income for small and
marginal farmers, by accelerating the
development of minor irrigation for small farmers.
Strengthening community based irrigation management
and also adopting a comprehensive program for
restoration of tanks.

By doing this Kakatiya helped in reviving

the tanks, the program also helped in increasing the
ground water level, Which resulted in an increase in gross
area irrigated under tanks irrigated areas.

The Complete credits go to Irrigation

Minister T. Harish Rao. The main scope of the mission
kakatiya is to digging the rivers and ponds in entire
Telangana state. This Project is one of the biggest projects
ever in the Irrigation Department since past decades.

Construction of tanks in Telangana has

been an age old activity since pre Satavahana era. During
the Kakatiya era, the construction of tanks was carried out
with utmost technical expertise. Tanks such as Ramappa,
Pakhala, Laknavaram, Ghanapuram, Bayyaram which
were built by Kakatiyas resemble seas and they greatly
helped agriculture and overall development and prosperity
of the Kakatiya kingdom.

This vision and legacy of Kakatiyas

were carried forward by Qutubshahis and Asafjahis who
ruled this region for centuries. Hundreds of big and small
tanks were built in Telangana region during their rule.
Government desires to uphold the vision of Kakatiyas
which envisages revival and restoration of Minor Irrigation
Sources in Telangana State.
Uses Of Mission Kakatiya:

The water retention capacity of the

soil will increase thereby decreasing the number of
wettings.De-silting will improve ground water recharging
capabilities and enhance the ability of the tank thereby
increasing the availability of water even during the summer
for irrigation & drinking water purposes.As per studies
conducted, it is observed that due to de-silting the fluoride
content in the ground water will be reduced considerably.

Silt can be used as nutrient/fertilizer to

the plant which generally reduces the usage of fertilizer.20
to 30% increases the yield of the crops like cotton and
chilies.The primary use is for AGRICULTURE, the Crops
to be in Stable Position to get more yield and better
MSP.By using the dug mud in the field, the output of the
plants will be increased compared to previous ones.The
project increases the water level strength of well and Bore-
Wells which was turned dry for more than three decades in
Telangana region.
 14

Works involved:

(i) Jungle clearance:-

Cutting off and clearing the bushes and their roots from the existing tank
bund and adjacent areas. This improves the bondage between the freshly
laid soil and the existing embankment.

(ai) Restoring the tank bund to design standards with revetment as

per standards:-
(a) The base shall be stripped to a depth of 150mm below existing level.
(b) The requisite slopes of existing embankment shall be benched in steps
of 0.3m x0.6m on the front and the rear slope of the embankment such that
there is a little slope towards the inside of the benching as shown in figure
below

c) Before laying the soil, the initial moisture content of the material
shall be determined at the source of supply.
(d) After the soil is added the water shall be added to it through sprinklers.
 15

(e) After adding the required quantity of water, the soil shall be processed
by means of harrows, rotary mixers or as specified, till the layer is uniform
with OMC.
This gives good grip to the embankment soil with the subgrade.
(f) The compaction of this soil embankment is done up to 98%
Proctor’s density.
(g) Soil Compaction Equipment, Vibratory Roller, Pneumatic
Compaction Device, Slope Compaction Machine e.t.c., are
the machinery utilized for compacting the bank.
(h) Each earth-fill shall be laid in suitable layers not exceeding 25cm before
compaction and should be spread over full width of embankment.
(i) Rolling shall commence at edges and progress towards
centre longitudinally, in a direction parallel to the axis.

(j) Each layer shall be prepared to have uniformly distributed

moisture content.
(k) At least, one field density test shall be taken for each layer.
 16

(l) After rolling, density test shall be made (minimum 3 tests) to

ensure 98% maximum Dry Density.
(m) Embankment shall not be widened by dumping earth from top. The
top of each layer shall be kept slightly depressed in the centre after rolling.
(n) Extra width of 600mm thickness perpendicular to the slope shall be
provided on either side, so that the lines of finished embankment slope
shall have required specified density after compaction.

(o) The soils used for the embankment shall be as determined by Engineer
In-Charge and shall be obtained from required excavation or from
approved borrow areas and shall confirm to clause 6.4 of IS 4701.
(p) The compaction shall be ensured that 98% of the maximum dry
density at OMC is obtained. The OMC shall be determined
in accordance with IS2720 (Part VII)– 1973.
(q) Chute drains shall be provided at suitable intervals on down-stream
connected to toe drain all along the bund in order to prevent the
erosion of soil in the bund during the times of rains or overflow.
(bi) Repairs and replacement of tank sluices and gates:-
(a) Irrigation Sluices, approach RCC platforms, plugs with screw gear
operated shutters e.t.c., are repaired in accordance with clause 9.1,
9.2 of IS 1597 – Part 1.
(b) All the required designs are to be obtained from the CDO (Central
Designs Organization), Hyderabad.
 17

(iv) Repairs and Re-construction of surplus weirs:-

(a) Damage to pointing of joints in the body wall – This can be
repaired with cement mortar.
(b) Leakages through the bottom of weir and through the body wall of
weirs – This problem can be overcome by external plastering of the body
wall or by constructing a concrete skin wall. In case where leakages are
through the bottom of the weir, the provision of the skin wall may not be
taken to the full height of the weir, but be restricted to about 0.6m to 0.7m.
(c) Pot holes in the solid apron – These pot holes are to be filled with plain
cement concrete of M10 grade (equivalent to 1:3:6) duly consolidated.

(v) Re-sectioning of canal and feeder channels including de-silting:-

(a) Quick ‘Colour Test’ will be conducted by field engineers at site to
determine the suitability of sand in respect of any injurious (harmful)
quantities of organic impurities. Sand shall be tested with 3% solution
of caustic soda, called Colour Test.
1) A colourless liquid shall indicate clean and sand free from organic matter.
2) A straw coloured liquid indicates presence of some organic matter
but not enough to be objectionable.
3) A dark colour means that the sand contains injurious quantities and
accordingly, it is not to be used unless it is washed and a re-test shows that
it is satisfactory.
(b) If the colour test gives satisfactory result, then the lining work of
the banks of thecanal is taken up.
(c) Side Slopes – In the locations where unlimited reaches are proposed
to be converted into lined ones (for selective lining), the side slopes be
preferably kept as 1.5:1 but not less than 1.25:1.
 18

(vi) De-silting of tank and restoring to full capacity:-

De-silting is an important option for improving tank irrigation system. This
process aims at removing accumulated silt in the tank bed, clearing
foreshore encroachments and bringing the tanks to their original capacity.
The process of desilting is done by means of heavy earth moving machinery.

Advantages of De-siltation:
1. Increased availability of fresh water, eliminates fluoride
risks through improvement of ground water levels.
2. Usage of silt in the farms improves soil fertility thus reducing
fertiliser usage.
3. The soil moisture content in the farm fields also increases.
4. This will rejuvenate the flood channels taking off from rivers
and augment supplies to irrigation tanks.
5. There will be increase in storage.

CASE STUDY: 1
Name of the Tank : JAGANNATHAPURAM TANK
Unique ID : 30315000801101
GEO ID : 795090181767
Longitude : 79o 50’ 90” E
Latitude : 18o17’67” N
Ayacut (in acres) : 1272.00
Capacity (in MCFt.) : 299.36
Ayacut irrigated (in acres) : 1272.00
Bund before development works Bund after development Works
This tank is undertaken for restoration during the second phase of
Mission Kakatiya. The details of the work are mentioned below
 19

CASE STUDY: 2
Name of the Tank : DANDEPALLI TANK
Unique ID : 303150008052202
GEO ID : 7950901877411
Longitude : 85o 20’ 90” E
Latitude : 26o17’62” N
Ayacut (in acres) : 1802.00
Capacity (in MCFt.) : 312.36
Ayacut irrigated (in acres) : 1340.00
Bund before development works Bund after development Works
This tank is undertaken for restoration during the second phase of
Mission Kakatiya. The details of the work are mentioned below

DANDEPALLY CHERUVU TANK AT ELKATHURTHY

1. Desilting: To improve the storage of the tank the accumulated silt

is removed from the tank bed.
This activity will be performed at a distance of ten times the height of the
bund from the bund and moved towards the centre of the tank. After the
silt is removed black cotton soil (any impermeable soil) of suitable
thickness is layed at the bottom of the tank.
2. Widening and strengthening of Bund:
Since it has large water storage capacity the width of the bund is to be
improved. It is developed to a width of 10mts from 3mts at its earlier state.
 20

After the bund widening is finished stones of 225mm thickness are pitched
on the upstream side.
3. Repairs to the Sluice:
Due to increase in top width of the bund, the length of the bund slope is
increased. Due to this it is necessary to construct the guide wall at the
cistern portion. Concrete of M10 and M15 grades are utilized for this
improvement of Sluice and construction of guide wall.
4. Repairs to the Weir:
The weir is maintained to create the level of storage of water in
the tank corresponding to the contour levels of that location.
5. Construction of Chute drains and Turfing:
Chute drains are necessary to maintain and protect the bund during the
times of rain or overflow. They divert the runoff water from the top of the
bund to its bottom without giving a chance of erosion of the bund.
6. Feeder Channel:
It is a canal which feeds up the tank with the runoff or flood water during
monsoons. The overall cost of reconstruction and restoration activities is
7,18,00,000/-

2. CHECK DAMS:
Check dams are constructed across the natural streams in order to slow
down the flow velocity and to enhance infiltration of that flow. There by
increases the ground water table. A system of several check dams situated at
regular intervals in the area of interest works effectively. They also protect
the channel from getting eroded by the flow. They do serve as small
reservoirs and act as source of irrigation to a little extent.

In spite of having many uses their primary use is to improve the

ground water table in their adjacent areas.
 21

Design and Construction:

The design drawing of check dam is shown below
· Abutments, return walls, Apron and foundation are constructed in Cement
concrete of M15 grade using 40mm aggregate and the body wall
is constructed in M20grade of concrete.
· Wearing coat is in M20 grade concrete using 20mm aggregate. The
concrete of M10grrade or higher should be vibrated.
·In the abutments and return walls there are weep holes of 75mm diameter
at 1500mm center to center spacing staggered horizontally and vertically.

· In the body wall, 12mm thick expansion joints are given during concreting
and are filled with Asphaltic filler and 300mm wide PVC water stopper
at 30m interval.
· Backfilling of Abutments and return walls are done simultaneously
with raising of the wall with soils of ø value not less than 28o.
· All aggregates should confirm to IS383
· Concrete and workmanship should confirm to IS456:2000
· Embankments for flood banks should confirm to IS12094:2000
 22

CHECK DAM AT BAVUPETA ELKATHURTHY

CONCLUSION:-
The basic objective of this mini project is to discover
improvements in practise and procedures that will enable planning
and designing of tanks .

Through my training period at I & CAD Dept., I have

gained a great practical experience to my theoretical knowledge in
the field of hydrology and soil mechanics.