G.R. No.

81389 February 21, 1989

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, petitioner,

vs.
HON. RENATO C. DACUDAO, Presiding Judge of the Regional Trial Court of Cebu, Branch
XIV, and REY CHRISTOPHER PACLIBAR, and NERO DESAMPARADO alias TOTO
DESAMPARADO alias WALDAS, respondents.

The Solicitor General for petitioner.

Bernardito A. Florido for private respondents.

GUTIERREZ, JR., J.:

The question presented for resolution in this petition for certiorari and prohibition is whether or not
the prosecution was deprived of procedural due process on account of the grant of bail to the
accused without any hearing on the motion for bail.

The facts have been summarized as follows;

1. On August 11, 1987, an Information for Murder with the qualifying circumstances
of treachery and evident premeditation was filed before the Regional Trial Court of
Cebu, Branch XIV, presided by respondent Judge Renato C. Dacudao, against
accused Rey Christopher Paclibar and Nero Desamparado for the death of Cesarlito
Nolasco. The case was docketed as Criminal Case No. CBU-11463. Upon
arraignment, accused Rey Christopher Paclibar entered a plea of 'not guilty' to the
offense charged.

2. On September 18, 1987, accused Rey Christopher Paclibar filed a motion for bail,
furnishing the Provincial Fiscal of Cebu with a copy thereof.

3. On September 29, 1987, and without conducting a hearing in the application for
bail, respondent Judge summarily issued the following Order:

ORDER

Considering the motion for bail and the opposition thereto, and, on
the basis of the complaint at bar and the sworn statement of
Patrolman Elpidio Desquitado, Tadeo Abello and Romeo Torrizo all of
the Integrated National Police, Bantayan (Cebu) Police Station, which
constitute the essential evidence (so far) of the prosecution in this
case, this Court hereby resolves to grant the motion for bail
presented by Atty. Bernardito A. Florida and to this end hereby fixes
the bailbond for the accused Rey Christopher Paclibar at P50,000.00.

SO ORDERED.

4. From the foregoing Order, private prosecutor Alex R. Monteclar filed a motion for
reconsideration alleging that "THE GRANTING OF BAIL TO THE ACCUSED
WITHOUT A HEARING IS VIOLATIVE OF PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS,
HENCE. NULL AND VOID and thus praying, as follows:

WHEREFORE, in the light of the foregoing, it is respectfully prayed of

this Honorable Court to:

1. Reconsider its order dated 29th September l987 granting bail to

the accused Rey Christopher Paclibar and set it aside for being null
and void;

2. To order the immediate hearing of the Motion to Bail to determine

whether the evidence for the prosecution would warrant the denial of
bail;

'3. To recommit the accused to jail (CPDRC) immediately until such

time the Honorable Court shall have resolved the Motion to Bail.'

5. Acting on the motion for reconsideration and the opposition thereto filed by
accused Rey Christopher Paclibar, respondent judge issued on November 20, 1987
the following order:

ORDER

'The Court hereby resolves to hold in abeyance its resolution on the

Prosecution's motion for reconsideration of the Court's order dated
September 29, 1987 granting bail to the accused, pending the
presentation by the Prosecution of evidence, which it promised to
present, in support of its proposition that the evidence of guilt against
the accused in this case is strong, and that therefore the accused
should not have been admitted to bail. Unless and until the
prosecution adduces the requisite evidence, the Court sees no
reason to reconsider its order of September 29, 1987 which was
predicated upon the postulate that the Prosecution evidence thus far
attached to the records does not make out a very strong case for
murder, as this evidence consists simply of the sworn statement of
Pat. Desquitado, Tadeo Abello and Romeo Torrizo of the INP,
Bantayan, Cebu, none of whom, by their own account, witnesses (sic)
the slaying of the deceased Lito Nolasco by the accused Rey
Christopher Paclibar.

'The Court hereby gives the prosecution five (5) days from receipt of
this order within which to submit a pleading or motion for
reconsideration of the ruling of the Court.

'In the meantime reset the continuation of the hearing of this case on
December 16, 1987 at 2:30 P.M. Fiscal Napoleon Alburo, Attys. Alex
Monteclar and Bernardito Florida as well as Atty. Amado Olis are all
notified of this order in open court. The accused is similarly notified.
Notify the bondsman of the accused.

'SO ORDERED.' (pp. 95-98, Rollo)

The petitioner now advances the following issue: that "Respondent Judge acted without jurisdiction
and with grave abuse of discretion in refusing to recommit the accused Rey Christopher Paclibar to
jail during the pendency of the hearing of the motion to bail." (p. 6, Petition)

Before resolving this issue, we must stress that a private prosecutor in a criminal case has no
authority to act for the People of the Philippines before this Court. It is the Government's counsel, the
Solicitor General who appears in criminal cases or their incidents before the Supreme Court. At the
very least, the Provincial Fiscal himself, with the conformity of the Solicitor General, should have
raised the issue before us, instead of the private prosecutor with the conformity of one of the
Assistant Provincial Fiscals of Cebu. In the interest of a speedy determination of the case, however,
and considering the stand taken by the Office of the Solicitor General whom we asked to comment,
we have decided to resolve this petition on its merits, with a warning to the private prosecutor and
the Assistant Provincial Fiscal to follow the correct procedure in the future.

The respondent court acted irregularly in granting bail in a murder case without any hearing on the
motion asking for it, without bothering to ask the prosecution for its conformity or comment, and, as it
turned out later, over its strong objections. The court granted bail on the sole basis of the complaint
and the affidavits of three policemen, not one of whom apparently witnessed the killing. Whatever
the court possessed at the time it issued the questioned ruling was intended only for prima
facie determining whether or not there is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that the
crime was committed and pinpointing the persons who probably committed it. Whether or not the
evidence of guilt is strong for each individual accused still has to be established unless the
prosecution submits the issue on whatever it has already presented. To appreciate the strength or
weakness of the evidence of guilt, the prosecution must be consulted or heard. It is equally entitled
as the accused to due process.

Thus, this Court, in People v. San Diego (26 SCRA 522 [1968]), held:

The question presented before us is, whether the prosecution was deprived of
procedural due process. The answer is in the affirmative. We are of the considered
opinion that whether the motion for bail of a defendant who is in custody for a capital
offense be resolved in a summary proceeding or in the course of a regular trial the
prosecution must be given an opportunity to present, within a reasonable time, all the
evidence that it may desire to introduce before the court should resolve the motion
for bail. If, as in the criminal case involved in the instant special civil action, the
prosecution should be denied such an opportunity, there would be a violation of
procedural due process, and the order of the court granting bail should be
considered void on that ground. The orders complained of dated October 7, 9 and
12, 1968, having been issued in violation of procedural due process, must be
considered null and void.

The court's discretion to grant bail in capital offenses must be exercised in the light of
a summary of the evidence presented by the prosecution; otherwise, it would be
uncontrolled and might be capricious or whimsical. Hence, the court's order granting
or refusing bail must contain a summary of the evidence for the prosecution followed
by its conclusion whether of not the evidence of guilt is strong. The orders of October
7, 9 and 12, 1968, granting bail to the five defendants are defective in form and
substance because they do not contain a summary of the evidence presented by the
prosecution. They only contain the court's conclusion that the evidence of guilt is not
strong. Being thus defective in form and substance, the orders complained of cannot,
also on this ground, be allowed to stand. (at p. 524; Emphasis supplied)
Certain guidelines in the fixing of a bailbond call for the presentation of evidence and reasonable
opportunity for the prosecution to refute it. Among them are the nature and circumstances of the
crime, character and reputation of the accused, the weight of the evidence against him, the
probability of the accused appearing at the trial, whether or not the accused is a fugitive from justice,
and whether or not the accused is under bond in other cases. (Section 6, Rule 144, Rules of Court)
It is highly doubtful if the trial court can appreciate these guidelines in an ex-parte determination
where the Fiscal is neither present nor heard.

The effort of the court to remedy the situation by conducting the required hearing after ordering the
release of the accused may be a face-saving device for the Judge but it cannot serve the purpose of
validating the void order granting bail and stamping an imprimatur of approval on a clearly irregular
procedure.

The defense counsel insists that the accused should be entitled to bail considering the abolition of
the death penalty in the 1986 Constitution. He advances the argument that due to the abolition of the
death penalty, murder is no longer a capital offense being no longer punishable with death. This is
erroneous because although the Constitution states that the death penalty may not be imposed
unless a law orders its imposition for heinous crimes (Constitution, Art. III, Section 19 [1], it does not
follow that all persons accused of any crime whatsoever now have an absolute right to bail. In Art.
111, Sec. 13 of the Constitution, "capital offenses" is replaced by the phrase "offenses punishable
by reclusion perpetua."

Bail is not a matter of right as regards persons charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when the evidence of guilt is strong. Thus, Sec. 5, Art. 114 of the Rules of Criminal
Procedure requires a hearing before resolving a motion for bail by persons charged with offenses
punishable by reclusion perpetua where the prosecution may discharge its burden of showing that
the evidence of guilt is strong. The case at bar, which is murder, is punishable by reclusion perpetua.

In its comment, the defense interposes an objection to the petition on the ground that it is premature
and therefore, should be dismissed. It contends that certiorari will not lie unless the inferior court
has, through a motion for reconsideration, the opportunity to correct the errors imputed to it. The
general rule is that a motion for reconsideration should first be availed of before a petition
for certiorari and prohibition is filed. (Cebu Institute of Technology [CIT] v. Ople, 156 SCRA 529
[1987]) However, this rule does not apply when special circumstances warrant immediate or more
direct action. A motion for reconsideration may be dispensed with in cases like this where execution
has been ordered and the need for relief is extremely urgent (Phil. British Assurance Co., Inc. v.
Intermediate Appellate Court, 150 SCRA 520 [1989]). In the case at bar, the petitioner is left with no
plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law considering that the respondent
court insists on the continuation of the hearing of the criminal case even while the accused is free to
roam around. Moreover, there is an allegation that the accused is harassing, threatening and
coercing witnesses who are now afraid to testify. (pp. 87-88, Rollo)

Finally, the defense contends that the Judge did not commit any error because actually the
complaint in the Municipal Circuit Trial Court is for homicide only (Annex A. p. 60, Rollo), and the
recommended Information was also for homicide (Annex B, p. 61, Rollo). We note, however, that
when the same was filed with the Regional Trial Court, it was already an Information for murder.

The amendment or changing of an information prior to the plea of the accused is allowed there being
no prejudice to him. Thus, in the case of Gaspar v. Sandiganbayan (144 SCRA 415 [1986]), this
Court held that, "no actual double jeopardy exists where the petitioner had not yet pleaded guilty to
the offense."
WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby GRANTED. The order granting bail is SET ASIDE and the
accused is ordered recommitted to jail pending the hearing on the bail application.

SO ORDERED.