Objectives

Chapter 4.
4 Bernoulli
Bernoulli'ss Theorem Experiment
457.204 Elementary Fluid Mechanics and Lab.
Elementary Test To investigate the validity of Bernoulli's Theorem as applied to the flow of water
in a tapering circular duct.
duct

Bernoulli's Theorem Experiment V12 P1 V2 P

+ + Z1 = 2 + 1 + Z 2 + hL = H
2g γ 2g γ

Instructor: Seo, Il Won (35-310)

Web: www.ehlab.snu.ac.kr

Bernoulli Theorem Bernoulli Theorem

Born in Netherland

Mathematician, physicist

Hydrodynamique (1738)

Conservation of Energy

E
Exposition
iti off a New
N Theory
Th on the
th Measuremet
M t off Ri
Riskk
(1738)

Daniel
D i l Bernoulli
B lli St Petersburg Paradox
St.

(1700-1782) Beam theory

d 2 ⎛ d 2w ⎞
⎜ EI 2 ⎟ = q
dx 2 ⎝ dx ⎠
Bernoulli Theorem Bernoulli Theorem
Considering flow at two sections in a pipe
V12 P1 V2 P
Bernoulli’s equation + + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 = H
2g γ 2g γ
V12 P1 V2 P
+ + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 = H
2g γ 2g γ

V
= velocity
(m/s) 2 V = velocity
l i head
h d =m
2g m/s g = gravitational acceleration
P
= pressure head
h d kg ⋅ m/s 2
kg ⋅ m/s
2
P = pressure Piezometer
= m
γ m2 m3 γ = specific weight
Z = potential(elevation) head Z = height

H = total head h f = head loss

H = total head

Piezometer Derivation of Theorem

A l Newton’s
Apply N t ’ 22nd d llaw tto th
the motion
ti off fl
fluid
id particles
ti l
Small diameter observation well to measure the hydraulic head Consider a streamline and select a small cylindrical fluid system

Constant

p
+ z = constant
γ
P
Derivation of Theorem Derivation of Theorem
Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the motion of fluid particles
dV
dpdA + ρ ⋅ ds ⋅ dA ⋅ V + ρ g ⋅ dA ⋅ dz = 0
ds
∑ F = ma
Divide by ρ dA
dF = pdA − ( p + dp )dA − dW sin θ
d
dp γ = ρg
= −dp ⋅ dA = − ρ gdA ⋅ ds ⋅
dz + VdV + gdz = 0
ds ρ

= −dp ⋅ dA − ρ g ⋅ dA ⋅ dz ddp 1
+ VdV + dz = 0
γ g
d = ρ ds
dm d ⋅ dA (density
(densit Ⅹ volume)
ol me) ⎛V2 ⎞
dp
+d⎜ d (V 2 ) = 2V ⋅ dV
γ ⎟ + dz = 0
dV dV ds dV ⎝ 2g ⎠
a= = ⋅ =V
dt ds dt ds ⎛ p V2 ⎞
d⎜ + + z⎟ = 0 Euler’s equation
dV ⎝ γ 2g ⎠
∴ − dpdA − ρ g ⋅ dA ⋅ dz = ρ ⋅ ds ⋅ dA ⋅ V
ds

Derivation of Theorem Application of Theorem

Bernoulli’s equation?
Air lift? Not the main reason

⎛ p V2 ⎞
Integrate Euler’s equation d⎜ + + z⎟ = 0
⎝ γ 2 g ⎠
p V2
+ + z = const
γ 2g

V12 P1 V2 P
+ + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 = H
2g γ 2g γ
Experimental Apparatus Procedure
1. Obtain the area of cross sections of the duct point connected to the manometer.

2 Calculate the flowrate with a stopwatch and the volumetric tank level.
2. level

3. Calculate mean velocity of each cross section with flowrate and area of cross sections.

4. Compute Reynolds number and velocity head using mean velocity.

5. Measure the p
pressure head by
y reading
g Manometer level.

6. The sum of velocity head(4) and pressure head(5) and potential head is the total head.
((Potential head is zero, we assumed that the centerline of the duct is datum))

7. Measure the total head of each cross section using Pitot tube.

8. Compare the computed total head(6) with measured total head(7).

9. Repeat process (2-5) 5 times with each other flowrate.

Results Results
Point 1 2 3 4 5 6

Diameter (mm) 25 13.9 11.8 10.7 10 25

Area (mm2) 490.874

1. Using Bernoulli Theorem, discuss relations of diameter of
S d ((mm/s)
Speed /)
duct, mean velocity, pressure.
Velocity Head (mm)

Pressure Head (mm)

2. Compare the computed total head with measured total head,
Potential Head (mm)
( ) discuss why
y does the difference occurs.
Calculated Total Head

Measured Total Head

Difference