Practice of Fiber Optic Communication System

BER (BIT ERROR RATIO) STANDARIZATION

Created By :
Sarah Fadillah
1803422013
BM 2B Lanjutan

PROGRAM STUDI BROADBAND MULTIMEDIA LANJUTAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO
POLITEKNIK NEGERI JAKARTA
2019
I. Bit Error Ratio (BER)
Applications in ITU-T Recs G.691, G.692, and G.959.1 have an optical section
design objective of an end-of-life Bit Error Ratio (BER) not worse than 10–12. The
requirement for SDH applications is derived from ITU-T Rec. G.826 (and more
recently ITU-T Rec. G.828), while corresponding requirements for OTN
applications are given in ITU-T Rec. G.8201.
Applications in ITU-T Rec. G.957, however, have an end-of-life BER
requirement of 10–10 due to less stringent requirements being in place at the time of
their development.In order to "migrate" applications from a BER of 10–10 to 10–12
, a convention has been adopted where application codes with a maximum
attenuation range of 12 dB at a BER of 10–10 were reduced to 11 dB at a BER of
10–12, and application codes with a maximum attenuation range of 24 dB at a BER
of 10–10 were reduced to 22 dB at a BER of 10–12.
In general, the lower the value of the reference BER, the more difficult it is to
actually verify the receiver performance due to the extended measurement time
required. This is particularly valid for STM-1 and STM-4 receiver sensitivities at
a BER of 10–12. Two approaches have been proposed to address this problem.
The first is to use a particular length of error-free operation to establish a certain
probability of the error rate being below the required level. The required number
of error free bits (n) can be found as:

where C is the required confidence level (e.g., 0.95 for 95% confidence)
and PE is the BER requirement (e.g., 10–12). Therefore, if a confidence level of
95% for the BER to be less than 10–12 is required, 3 × 1012 error free bits are
needed (20 minutes at STM-16 rate).

II. Forward Error Correction (FEC)

Systems employing forward error correction (FEC) will be able to support the
ODN attenuation ranges with lower performance transmitters and receivers than
indicated. The effective optical gain G of systems employing FEC is defined as the
difference of optical power at the receiver input, with and without FEC, for a BER
= 1 × 1010.
 In systems employing FEC with an effective optical gain G, expressed in dB,
either of the two following performance variations are acceptable (but not both, to
facilitate interoperability):
i. Minimum and maximum transmitter power may be reduced by G
ii. Minimum receiver sensitivity may be decreased by G
Alternatively, while maintaining the same performance of transmitters and
receivers indicated, the effective optical coding gain G can be used to achieve a
longer physical reach or a higher split ratio when using a MLM laser in the ONU.
In this case, FEC is used to reduce the penalty due to mode partition noise (MPN).
FEC is implemented at the TC layer, therefore, it is not described in this
Recommendation. The receiver overload specification is not altered by FEC gain

III. BER in FEC-enabled applications

In ITU-T Recs G.693, G.959.1 and G.698.1, several application codes with
optical interface parameter sets have been defined or proposed at the OTUk rates
requiring the transmission of FEC bytes as specified in ITU-T Rec. G.709/Y.1331.
In these application codes, the system BER is required to be met only "after the
correction (if used) has been applied". In these specific cases, the optical parameters
are specified at a Bit Error Ratio (BER) not worse than 10–12 at the FEC decoder
output. This is illustrated in Figure 9-7. As shown in Table 11-2, the theoretical
BER at the receiver output (point A in Figure 9-7) is 1.8 × 10–4 for 10–12 BER at
the FEC decoder output (point B).
IV. Bit Error Ratio (BER) Standarization

Optical interface parameters of 1244 Mbit/s downstream direction

Items Unit Single fibre Dual fibre
If MLM Laser – Maximum RMS width nm NA NA
If SLM Laser – Maximum 20 dB width nm 1 1
(Note 3)
If SLM Laser – Minimum side mode dB 30 30
suppression ratio
ONU Receiver (optical interface Ord)
Maximum reflectance of equipment, dB less than 20 less than 20
measured at receiver wavelength
Bit error ratio – less than 10–10 less than 1010
ODN Class A B C A B C
Minimum sensitivity dBm 25 25 26 25 25 25
Minimum overload dBm 4 4 4 4 4 4
(Note 4)
Consecutive identical digit immunity bit more than 72 more than 72
Jitter tolerance – Figure 5 Figure 5
Tolerance to the reflected optical power dB less than 10 less than 10

Optical interface parameters of 2488 Mbit/s downstream direction

Items Unit Single fibre Dual fibre
Mean launched power MAX dBm 4 +9 +7 4 +9 +7
(Note 4) (Note 4)
Launched optical power without input to dBm NA NA
the transmitter
Extinction ratio dB more than 10 more than 10
Tolerance to the transmitter incident light dB more than 15 more than 15
power
If MLM Laser – Maximum RMS width nm NA NA
If SLM Laser – Maximum 20 dB width nm 1 1
(Note 3)
If SLM Laser – Minimum side mode dB 30 30
suppression ratio
ONU Receiver (optical interface Ord)
Maximum reflectance of equipment, dB less than 20 less than 20
measured at receiver wavelength
Bit error ratio – less than 10–10 less than 10–10
ODN Class A B C A B C
Minimum sensitivity dBm 21 21 28 21 21 28
(Note 4) (Note 4)
Minimum overload dBm 1 1 8 1 1 8
(Note 4) (Note 4)
Consecutive identical digit immunity bit more than 72 more than 72
Jitter tolerance – Figure 5 Figure 5
Tolerance to the reflected optical power dB less than 10 less than 10
 Optical interface parameters of 155 Mbit/s upstream direction

Items Unit Single fibre Dual fibre

ONU Transmitter (optical interface Oru)
Nominal bit rate Mbit/s 155.52 155.52
Operating wavelength Nm 1260-1360 1260-1360
Line code – Scrambled NRZ Scrambled NRZ
Mask of the transmitter eye diagram – Figure 3 Figure 3
Maximum reflectance of equipment, measured dB less than 6 less than 6
at transmitter wavelength
Minimum ORL of ODN at Oru and Ord (Notes 1 dB more than 32 more than 32
and 2)
ODN Class A B C A B C
Mean launched power MIN dBm 6 4 2 6 4 2
Mean launched power MAX dBm 0 +2 4 1 +1 3
Launched optical power without input to the dBm less than Min less than Min
transmitter sensitivity 10 sensitivity 10
Maximum Tx Enable (Note 3) Bits 2 2
Maximum Tx Disable (Note 3) Bits 2 2
Extinction ratio dB more than 10 more than 10
Tolerance to the transmitter incident light dB more than 15 more than 15
power
If MLM Laser – Maximum RMS width Nm 5.8 5.8
If SLM Laser – Maximum 20 dB width Nm 1 1
(Note 4)
If SLM Laser – Minimum side mode dB 30 30
suppression ratio
Jitter transfer – Figure 4 Figure 4
Jitter generation from 0.5 kHz to 1.3 MHz UI p-p 0.2 0.2
OLT Receiver (optical interface Olu)
Maximum reflectance of equipment, measured dB less than 20 less than 20
at receiver wavelength
Bit error ratio – less than 1010 less than 1010
ODN Class A B C A B C
Minimum sensitivity dBm 27 30 33 27 30 33
Minimum overload dBm 5 8 11 6 9 12
 Optical interface parameters of 1244 Mbit/s upstream direction
Items Unit Single fibre Dual fibre
ONU Transmitter (optical interface Oru)
Nominal bit rate Mbit/s 1244.16 1244.16
Operating wavelength nm 1260-1360 1260-1360
Line code – Scrambled NRZ Scrambled NRZ
Mask of the transmitter eye diagram – Figure 3 Figure 3
Maximum reflectance of equipment, dB less than 6 less than 6
measured at transmitter wavelength
Minimum ORL of ODN at Oru and Ord dB more than 32 more than 32
(Notes 1 and 2)
ODN Class A B C A B C
Mean launched power MIN dBm –3 –2 +2 –3 –2 +2
(Note 5) (Note 5)
Mean launched power MAX dBm 2 +3 7 2 +3 7
(Note 5) (Note 5)
Launched optical power without input to dBm Less than Min less than Min sensitivity
the transmitter sensitivity 10 10
Maximum Tx Enable (Note 3) bits 16 16
Maximum Tx Disable (Note 3) bits 16 16
Extinction ratio dB more than 10 more than 10
Tolerance to transmitter incident light dB more than 15 more than 15
power
MLM Laser – Maximum RMS width nm (Note 5) (Note 5)
SLM Laser – Maximum 20 dB width nm 1 1
(Note 4)
If SLM Laser – Minimum side mode dB 30 30
suppression ratio
Jitter transfer – Figure 4 Figure 4
Jitter generation from 4.0 kHz to UI p-p 0.33 0.33
10.0 MHz
OLT Receiver (optical interface Olu)
Maximum reflectance of equipment, dB less than 20 less than 20
measured at receiver wavelength
Bit error ratio – less than 10–10 less than 10–10
ODN Class A B C A B C
Minimum sensitivity dBm 24 –28 29 24 –28 29
(Note 6) (Note 6)
Minimum overload dBm 3 –7 8 3 –7 8
(Note 6) (Note 6)
 Optical interface parameters of 2488 Mbit/s upstream direction
Items Unit Single fibre Dual fibre
ONU Transmitter (optical interface Oru)
Nominal bit rate Mbit/s 2488.32 2488.32
Operating wavelength nm 1260-1360 1260-1360
Line code – Scrambled NRZ Scrambled NRZ
Mask of the transmitter eye diagram – Figure 3 Figure 3
Maximum reflectance of equipment, dB FFS FFS
measured at transmitter wavelength
Minimum ORL of ODN at Oru and Ord dB FFS FFS
ODN Class A B C A B C
Mean launched power MIN dBm FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS
Mean launched power MAX dBm FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS
Launched optical power without input to the dBm FFS FFS
transmitter
Maximum Tx Enable (Note 2) bits 32 32
Maximum Tx Disable (Note 2) bits 32 32
Extinction ratio dB FFS FFS
Tolerance to the transmitter incident light dB FFS FFS
power
If MLM Laser – Maximum RMS width nm FFS FFS
If SLM Laser – Maximum 20 dB width nm FFS FFS
If SLM Laser – Minimum side mode dB FFS FFS
suppression ratio
Jitter transfer – Figure 4 Figure 4
Jitter generation UI p-p FFS FFS
(measurement frequency range is FFS)
OLT Receiver (optical interface Olu)
Maximum reflectance of equipment, dB FFS FFS
measured at receiver wavelength
Bit error ratio – FFS FFS
ODN Class A B C A B C
Minimum sensitivity dBm FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS
Minimum overload dBm FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS
Consecutive identical digit immunity Bit FFS FFS
Jitter tolerance – FFS FFS
Tolerance to the reflected optical power dB FFS FFS

V. Maximum Bit Error Ratio

The parameters are specified relative to an optical section design objective of
a bit error ratio (BER) not worse than the value specified by the application code.
This value applies to each optical channel under the extreme case of optical path
attenuation and dispersion conditions in each application. In the case of application
codes requiring FEC bytes to be transmitted (i.e., having a code with a suffix of F),
the BER is required to be met only after the correction (if used) has been applied.
For all other application codes, the BER is required to be met without the use of
FEC. Further information on BER in relation to FEC can be found in [b-ITU-T G-
Sup.39]
Multichannel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 2.5G short-haul applications
P16S1-1D2 P32S1-1D2
Parameter (Note) Units
P16S1-1D5 P32S1-1D5
Maximum number of channels – 16 32
Bit rate/line coding of optical tributary signals – NRZ 2.5G NRZ 2.5G
Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12
Fibre type – ITU-T G.652, ITU-T G.652,
ITU-T G.655 ITU-T G.655

Multichannel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 10G intra-office applications
P16I1-2D2
P16I1-2D3 P32I1-2D2
Parameter (Note 1) Units (Note 2) P32I1-2D5
P16I1-2D5
Maximum number of channels – 16 32
Bit rate/line coding of optical tributary signals – NRZ 10G NRZ 10G
Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12
Fibre type – ITU-T G.652, ITU-T G.652,
ITU-T G.653, ITU-T G.655
ITU-T G.655

Multichannel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 10G short-haul applications

P16S1-2C2
P16S1-2B2 P32S1-2B2 P32S1-2C2
Parameter (Note) Units P16S1-2C3
P16S1-2B5 P32S1-2B5 P32S1-2C5
P16S1-2C5
Maximum number of
channels – 16 16 32 32
Bit rate/line coding of
optical – NRZ 10G NRZ 10G NRZ 10G NRZ 10G
tributary signals

Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12 10–12 10–12

 ITU-T
Fibre type – G.652, ITU-T G.652, ITU-T G.652, ITU-T G.652,
ITU-T
G.655 ITU-T G.653, ITU-T G.655 ITU-T G.655
ITU-T G.655

Multichannel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 2.5G and NRZ 10G long-haul applications
P16L1-1A2 P16L1-2A2
Parameter (Note) Units
P16L1-1A5 P16L1-2A5
Maximum number of channels – 16 16
Bit rate/line coding of optical tributary
signals – NRZ 2.5G NRZ 10G

Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12

Fibre type – ITU-T G.652, ITU-T G.652,
ITU-T G.655 ITU-T G.655

Multichannel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 25G applications

Parameter Units 4I1-9D1F 4L1-9C1F

Maximum number of channels – 4 1 4
Bit rate/line coding of optical
tributary signals – OTL4.4 OTL4.4
Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 (Note 1) 10–12 (Note 1)
Fibre type – ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.652

Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 2.5G intra-office and short-haul applications

Parameter Units P1I1-1D1 P1S1-1D1 P1S1-1D2

General information (Note) (Note) (Note)
Maximum number of channels – 1 1 1
Bit rate/line coding of optical tributary – NRZ 2.5G NRZ 2.5G NRZ 2.5G
signals
Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12 10–12
Fibre type – ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.652
 Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 2.5G long-haul applications

Parameter Units P1L1-1D1 P1L1-1D2 1L1-1D2F

Maximum number of channels – 1 1 1
Bit rate/line coding of optical tributary – NRZ 2.5G NRZ 2.5G NRZ OTU1
signals FEC enabled

Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12 10–12

(Note 2)
Fibre type – ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.652

Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 2.5G ultra long-haul applications

1U1-1B2F
Parameter Units P1U1-1A2 P1U1-1A3 P1U1-1A5 1U1-1B3F
1U1-1B5F
G.691 application code U-16.2 U-16.3 – – –
Maximum number of – 1 1 1 1 1
channels
Bit rate/line coding of
optical – NRZ 2.5G NRZ 2.5G NRZ 2.5G NRZ OTU1 NRZ OTU1
tributary signals FEC FEC
enabled enabled
Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12 10–12 10–12 10–12
(Note 2) (Note 2)
Fibre type – ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T G.652, ITU-T
G.652 G.653 G.655 ITU-T G.655 G.653

Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 10G intra-office applications

Parameter Units P1I1-2D2 P1I1-2D3 P1I1-2D5

G.691 application code I-64.2 I-64.3 I-64.5
Maximum number of channels – 1 1 1
Bit rate/line coding of optical tributary – NRZ 10G NRZ 10G NRZ 10G
signals
Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12 10–12
Fibre type – ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.653 ITU-T G.655
 Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 10G short-haul applications for ITU-T G.652 fibre

Parameter Units P1S1-2D1 P1S1-2D2a P1S1-2D2b 1S1-2D2bF

ITU-T G.691 application code S-64.1 S-64.2a S-64.2b
Maximum number of channels – 1 1 1 1
Bit rate/line coding of optical – NRZ 10G NRZ 10G NRZ 10G NRZ OTU2
tributary signals FEC enabled
Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12 10–12 10–12 (Note 2)
Fibre type – ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T
G.652 G.652 G.652 G.652

Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 10G short-haul applications for ITU-T G.653 and ITU-T G.655 fibres

P1S1-2D3a P1S1-2D3b 1S1-2D3bF

Parameter Units
P1S1-2D5a P1S1-2D5b 1S1-2D5bF
ITU-TG.691 application code S-64.3a S-64.3b
S-64.5a S-64.5b
Maximum number of channels – 1 1 1
Bit rate/line coding of optical
tributary – NRZ 10G NRZ 10G NRZ OTU2
signals FEC enabled
Maximum bit error ratio – 10–12 10–12 10–12 (Note 2)
Fibre type – ITU-T G.653, ITU-T G.653, ITU-T G.653,
ITU-T G.655 ITU-T G.655 ITU-T G.655

Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 10G long-haul applications

Parameter Units P1L1-2D1 P1L1-2D2 1L1-2D2F

G.691 application code L-64.1 – –
Maximum number of channels – 1 1 1
Bit rate/line coding of optical tributary – NRZ 10G NRZ 10G NRZ OTU2
signals FEC enabled
Maximum bit error ratio – 10−12 10−12 10−12 (Note)
Fibre type – ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.652
 Single- channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 10G very long-haul applications

Parameter Units P1V1-2C2 1V1-2C2F P1V1-2B5 1V1-2B5F

Maximum number of channels – 1 1 1 1
Bit rate/line coding of optical – NRZ 10G NRZ OTU2 NRZ 10G NRZ OTU2
tributary signals FEC enabled FEC enabled
Maximum bit error ratio – 10−12 10−12 (Note 1) 10−12 10−12
(Note 1)
Fibre type – ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.655 ITU-T G.655

Single-channel IrDI parameters for optical tributary signal class NRZ 10G
long- and very long-haul applications using electronic dispersion
compensation

Parameter Units P1L1-2D2E 1L1-2D2FE P1V1-2B2E 1V1-2B2FE

Maximum number of – 1 1 1 1
channels
Bit rate/line coding of optical – NRZ 10G NRZ OTU2 NRZ 10G NRZ OTU2
tributary signals FEC enabled FEC enabled
Maximum bit error ratio – 10−12 10−12 10−12 10−12
(Note 2) (Note 2)
Fibre type – ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T
G.652 G.652 G.652 G.652

Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 40G intra-office applications

Parameter Units P1I1-3D1 1I1-3D1F P1I1-3D3 P1I1-3D5

Maximum number of channels – 1 1 1 1
Bit rate/line coding of optical – NRZ 40G NRZ OTU3 NRZ 40G NRZ 40G
tributary signals FEC enabled
Maximum bit error ratio – 10−12 10−12 (Note 1) 10−12 10−12
Fibre type – ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T
G.652 G.652 G.653 G.655.D
 Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 40G short and long-haul applications in the 1300 nm region

Parameter Units P1S1-3D1 1S1-3D1F P1L1-3C1 1L1-3C1F

Maximum number of channels – 1 1 1 1
Bit rate/line coding of optical – NRZ 40G NRZ OTU3 NRZ 40G NRZ OTU3
tributary signals FEC enabled FEC enabled
Maximum bit error ratio – 10−12 10−12 (Note) 10−12 10−12 (Note)
Fibre type – ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T
G.652 G.652 G.652 G.652

Single-channel IrDI parameters and values for optical tributary signal class
NRZ 40G short and long-haul applications in the 1550 nm region

P1S1-3C2 P1L1-3A2 1L1-3C2FD 1L1-3C2F

Parameter Units P1S1-3C3 P1L1-3A3 1L1-3C3FD 1L1-3C3F
P1S1-3C5 P1L1-3A5 1L1-3C5FD 1L1-3C5F
Maximum number of – 1 1 1 1
channels
Bit rate/line coding of – NRZ 40G NRZ 40G NRZ OTU3 NRZ OTU3
optical tributary signals FEC enabled FEC enabled
Maximum bit error ratio – 10−12 10−12 (Note 3) 10−12 (Note 3)
10−12
Fibre type – ITU-T G.652, ITU-T G.652, ITU-T G.652, ITU-T G.652,
ITU-T G.653, ITU-T G.653, ITU-T G.653, ITU-T G.653,
ITU-T G.655 ITU-T G.655 ITU-T G.655 ITU-T G.655