STUDIA POHL: SERIES MAIOR

DISSERTATIONES SCIENTIFICAE DE REBUS ORIENTIS ANTIQUI

18
- -.
KONRAD VOLK,,

with the collaboration of

Silvano Votto and Annette Zgoll

Second, revised edition

E PONTIFICIO INSTITUTO BIBLICO EDITRICE PONTIFICIO ISTITUTO BIBLICO

ROMAE ROMA 1999
The Pontifical Biblical Institute dedicates this series to the memory of
P. Alfred Pohl, founder of its Faculty of Ancient Near Eastern Studies.
Studia Pohl reproduces in offset studies on Ancient Near Eastern history
and philology, and is intended particularly to benefit younger scholars who
wish to present the results of their doctoral studies to a wider pbblic.

To the memory of

Johannes Jacobus Adrianus van Dijk

(28.1.1915 - 14.5.1996)

and

Hermann Behrens SCJ

(15.7.1944 - 2.8.1996)

ISBN 88-7653-610-8

@ 1999 EDITRICE
PONTIFICIO
ISTITUTO
BIBLICO
Piazza della Pilotta 35 - 00187 Roma, Italia
 CONTENTS

Preface ............................................... IX
Bibliographic Abbreviations ............................. XI
List of Texts .......................................... XVI
Texts 1-44 ............................................ 1
SignList ............................................. 43
List of Phonetic Values ................................. 75
Glossary
General Vocabulary .............................. 78
Divine Names ................................... 100
Personal Names ................................. 104
Place Names .................................... 107
Sacred Buildings ................................. 110
Year Dates ...................................... 113
Year Names ..................................... 113
Festivals ........................................ 113
 PREFACE
This SUMERIAN READER contains 44 texts of varying contents: royal I
Neo-Assyrian so that the student can learn the Neo-Assyrian forms which are of basic
importance for the use of the sign list in this book and, in general, for most
assyriological sign lists.
Each inscription is to be studied with the help of the sign list, the list of phonetic
values, and the glossaries. In this SUMERIAN READER I have intentionally not dealt
with questions of grammar. Instead, the reader is referred to two rather recent
publications on the subject: M.-L. Thornsen, The Sumerian Language. An Introduction to
its History and Grammatical Structure. Mesopotamia 10. Copenhagen Studies in
Assyriology (Copenhagen 1984), and P. Attinger, ~le'mentsde linguistique sume'rienne.
La construction de dull/e/di <<dire>>(Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Sonderband;
Fribourg/Gottingen 1993). For a general introduction to Sumerology, W.H.Ph. Romer,

zusammengestellt, teilweise transkribiert, in neuassyrische Zeichenf ormen iibertragen und

mit Glossar und Zeichenliste versehen" (Eschbach 1978) that I wrote when I was a young
student of Assyriology at Freiburg i. Br. It soon proved to be a very useful and requested
tool for many beginning students of Sumerian. Over the years a good number of both
teachers and students who used my "Sumerische Chrestomathie" gave me their personal
notes, corrections and improvements, for which I am very grateful. I want to thank the
following persons for such help: J. Keetman, B. Kienast, G.J. Selz and H. Steible,

Lambert, Birmingham; W.R. Mayer, Rome.

When I was already about to forget my first 'printed' effort in Assyriology that I
issued privately as the demand arose, Fr. W.R. Mayer SJ of the Pontifical Biblical
Institute in Rome suggested that I produce an English version of this book and publish it
as a volume in the Pontifical Biblical Institute's Series Studia Pohl. Then my friend and
colleague from my Roman days, Fr. Silvano Votto SJ, not only translated the whole
manuscript into English but also made a considerable number of improvements. To him
I owe very special thanks for his invaluable contributions to this book, now called A
SUMERIAN READER.' During the final stage of preparing this SUMERIAN
READER, Annette Zgoll [Ganter] (Munich) was kind enough to type most of the
glossaries on the computer and also to make a number of useful suggestions.

I St. Peter 1997 / Tiibingen 1999 Konrad Volk I

I BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS I
With some exceptions and additions, bibliographic abbreviations follow the standard
abbreviations in the Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of
Chicago (Chicago/Gluckstadt, 1956ff.), W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handworterbuch
(Wiesbaden 1958-81), and The Sumerian Dictionary of the University Museum of the
University of Pennsylvania, edited by A.w. Sjoberg (Philadelphia 1984ff.).

ABZ R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste (KevelaerINeu-

kirchen-Vluyn 1978 [AOAT 331; Ergi4nzungsband [AOAT 33Al;
1981)
AcOr Acta Orientalia (Copenhagen 1922ff.)
AEM I/ 1 J.-M. Durand, Archives 6pistolaires de Mari 111 (Paris 1988)
AfO Archiv fur Orientforschung, vols. 3ff. [vols. 1-2 = AfK] (Berlin,
Graz and Horn 1926ff .)
AnOr Analecta Orientalia (Rome 193Iff.)
AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veroffentlichungen zur Kultur
und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments
(Kevelaer/Neukirchen-Vluyn 1969ff.)
AoF Altorientalische Forschungen (Berlin 1974ff.)
AoN J. Bauer, Altorientalistische Notizen (Wurzburg 1976ff.)
AS Assyriological Studies (Chicago 193Iff.)
ASJ Acta Sumerologica Japonica (Hiroshima 1979ff.)
AulOr Aula Orientalis (Sabadell [Barcelona] 1983ff.)
AWL J. Bauer, Altsumerische Wirtschaftstexte aus LagaS (Rome 1972)
BaF Baghdader Forschungen (Mainz 1979ff.)
BaM Baghdader Mitteilungen (Berlin 1960ff.)
BCSMS Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies
(Toronto 1981ff.)
BFE M. Krebemik, Die Beschwomngen aus Fara und Ebla. Unter-
suchungen zur altesten keilschriftlichen Beschwomngsliteratur
(Hildesheim / Ziirich / New York 1984)
BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis (Leiden 1943ff.)
BSA Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture (Cambridge [U.K.] 1984ff.)
CAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the
University of Chicago (Chicago/Gliickstadt, 1956ff.)
CIRPL E. Sollberger, Corpus des inscriptions 'royales' prdsargoniques de
LagaS (Genbve 1956)
 Bibliographic Abbreviations Bibliographic Abbreviations XI11

clergt? D. Charpin, Le clergt?d'Ur au sikle d'Hammurabi (XIXe-XVIIIe HANEIS History of the Ancient Near East / Studies (Padova 1990ff.)
sibcles av. J.-C.) (Genbve I Paris 1986) HSAO Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient - A. Falkenstein zum 17.
CM Cuneiform Monographs (Groningen 1992ff.) September 1966 (Wiesbaden 1967)
CRRA Compte rendu de la ... Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual (Cincinnati 1924ff.)
19: P. Garelli (ed.), Le palais et la royautb (ArchCologie et Iraq Iraq. Published by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq
Civilisation; Paris 1974) (London 1934ff.)
CT Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum 1st.Mitt. Istanbuler Mitteilungen. Herausgegeben vom Deutschen
(London 1896ff.) Archaologischen Institut, Abteilung Istanbul (Istanbul and
Cultic Calendars M.E. Cohen, The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East Tubingen 1933ff.)
(Bethesda [MD] 1993) ITT Inventaire des tablettes de Tello conservCes au MusCe ImpCrial
DC Dkouvertes en Chald6e par E. de Sarzec, ouvrage accompagne de Ottoman (Paris 1910-1921)
planches, publid par les soins de L. Heuzey, avec le concours de JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven 1893ff.)
A. Amiaud et F. Thureau-Dangin pour la partie Cpigraphique.
Premier volume: texte (Paris 1884-1912): Second volume: Partie
Bpigraphique et planches (Paris 1884-1912)
M.V. Nikolskij, Dokumenty chozjajstvemoj otEetnosti
JCS

JNES
JQR (NS)
f
Journal of Cuneifo Studies (New Haven, Cambridge [Mass.],
Philadelphia, Balti ore 1947ff.)
Journal of Near Eas em Studies (Chicago 1942ff.)
Jewish Quarterly Review (Philadelphia 191011Iff .)
drevnejSej epochi Chaldei iz sobranija N.P. LichaEeva. Drevnosti Kutscher Memorial Vol. kinattutu Sa ddrhti. Raphael Kutscher Memorial Volume.
Vostoc'nyja Trudy VostoEnoj Komissii Imperatorskago Mos- Edited by A.F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, M. Sigrist and D.
kovskago ArcheologiEeskago ObSCestva 3/II (St. Petersburg Ussishkin (Tel Aviv 1993).
1908) Labat R. Labat, Manuel d9Cpigraphieakkadienne (Paris 1976~)
ELS P. Attinger, ~lkrnentsde linguistique sumbrienne. La construction LAK A. Deimel, Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen von Fara
de dull/e/di <(dire*(Fribourg / Gottingen 1993) (WVDOG 40, Leipzig 1922)
~ ~ i t h b troyales
es M.-J. Seux, Bpith&tesroyales akkadiennes et sumCriemes (Paris LIH L.W. King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi (London
1967) 1898-1900)
Familiengriindung C. Wilcke, Familiengriindung im Alten Babylonien. In: MC Mesopotamian Civilizations (Winona Lake 1989ff.)
Geschlechtsreife und Legitimation zur Zeugung (= Kindheit MEE Materiali epigrafici di Ebla (Napoli 1979ff.)
Jugend Familie I, E.W. Muller, ed.). Veroffentlichungen des Mesopotamia Mesopotamia. Rivista di Archeologia (Torino 1966f.)
Instituts fiir Historische Anthropologie 3 (Freiburg 1 Miinchen MSL Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon (Rome 1937ff.)
1985) 213-317 N.A.B.U. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brhves et Utilitaires (RouenIParis
FAOS Freiburger altorientalische Studien (Wiesbaden, Stuttgart 1975ff.) 1987ff.)
FI M. Civil, The Farmer's Instructions. A Sumerian Agricultural NG A. Falkenstein, Die neusumerischen Gerichtsurkunden (Miinchen
Manual. Aula Orientalis - Supplementa 5 (Sabadell [Barcelona] 1956-1957)
1994) OA Oriens Antiquus. Rivista del Centro per le Antichit&e la Storia
W. Fortsch, Altbabylonische Wirtschaftstexte aus der Zeit dell'Arte del Vicino Oriente (Rome 1962ff.)
Lugalanda's und Urukagina's (VS 1411, Leipzig 1916) OIP Oriental Institute Publications (Chicago 1924ff.)
Fossey Ch. Fossey, Manuel d'Assyriologie, Tome 11. ~volutiondes OrNS Orientalia. Nova Series (Rome 1932ff.)
cun6iformes (Paris 1926) PEa PROTO-Ea (Nippur Recension). In: MSL XIV (Rome 1979) 30-
FT H. de Genouillac, Fouilles de Tello (Paris 1934-1936) 63
Gazetteer A.R. George, House Most High. The Temples of Ancient PPAC 1 Z. Yang, Sargonic Inscriptions from Adab. The Institute for the
Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian Civilizations 5 (Winona Lake History of Ancient Civilisations, Periodic Publications on
1993) 63- 161: 'Gazetteer of Ceremonial Names'. Ancient Civilisations 1 (Changchun 1989)
 XIV Bibliographic Abbreviations Bibliographic Abbreviations XV

PSD The S~ITlerianDictionary of the University Museum of fie Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 11 (Philadelphia
of Pennsylvania, edited by A.w. Sjoberg (Philadelphia 1989)
1984ff.) Studies Tadmor ~ h AsSyria
, ... Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient
REC F- Thureau-Dangin, Recherches sur l'origine de 19&riture Eastem Historiography, presented to Hayim Tadmor- M- Cogan
cun6iforme (Paris 1898-1899) and I. Eph'al, eds. (Jerusalem 1991)
RGTC geographique des textes cuneiformes. Beihefte zum Sumer. A Journal of Archaeology and History in Iraq- The
Sumer
T"binger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Series B (Wiesbaden Republiq of Iraq. Directorate General of Antiquities (Baghdad
1974ff.) 1945ff.)
RIME The Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Periods (Toronto Texts from cuneiform sources ( ~ 0 c u s tvalley [New York]
TCS
1990ff.) 1966ff.)
RIA Reallexikon der Assyriologie (BerlinLeipzig and Berlin/New J. Klein, Three Sulgi Hymns. Sumerian Royal Hymns Glorifying
T~SH
York 1932ff.) ~ i n Sulgi
g of Ur (Ramat-Gan 1981)
SANTAG SANTAG- Arkiten und Untersuchungen zur Keilschriftkunde. ~~~t~ und Materialien der Frau Prof. Hilprecht Collection of
TMH(NF)
Herausgegekn van K. Hecker ~d W, Sommerfeld miesbaden Babylonian Antiquities (Neue Folge: Leipzig, Berlin 1932ff-)
1990ff.) TUAT 0. Kaiser (ed.), Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments
SARI J-S. Cooper, Smerian and Akkadian Royal hscriptions 1: (Gutersloh 1982ff.)
Presargonic Inscriptions (New Haven 1986) UET u r Excavations, Texts (London 1928ff.)
SAZ A- Cavigneaux, Die sumerisch-akkadischen Zeichenlisten: uber- G.J. Selz, Untersuchungen zur Gotterwelt des alts~merischen
UGASL
lieferungsprobleme (Diss. Miinchen 19-76) Stadtstaates van Lagag. Occasional Publications of fie Samuel
SEL Studi epigrafici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico (Verona Kramer Fund 13 (Philadelphia 1995)
1984ff.) uruk, Vorlhfiger Bericht iiber die vOn dem Deutschen
SKLy UVB
J. Krecher, Sumerische Kultlynk (Wiesbaden 1966) ~ ~ ~ h f i ~ l ~Institut
~ i ~ und
c h der
e n Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft
SRU D.O. Edzard, Sumerische Rechtsurkunden des 111. Jahrtausends aus Mitt& der Deutschen ~orschungsgemeinschaftUternom-
aus der Zeit vor der 111. Dynastie von Ur (Munchen 1968) menen Ausgrabungen in Umk-Warka (Berlin 1930ff.)
St.Poh1 Studia Pohl (Rome 1967ff.) siglum of h e vorderasiatische Abteilung of the Vorderasiatisches
St.Poh1 SM Studia Pohl: Series Maior (Rome 196gff.) Museum, Berlin
Studies Birot Miscellanea Babylonica. Mtlanges offerts vorderasiatische sch*ftdenkrnaler der KoniglichenIStaatlichen
Maurice ~ i ~ ~ t .
Munis Par J.-M. Durand et J.-R. Kupper (Paris 1985) Museen zu Berlin (Leipzig, Berlin 1907ff-)
Studies Borger Tikip santakki ma& bagmu... Festschrift fGr Rykle Borger Die Welt des Orients (Wuppertal, Stuttgart and Gottingen
seinem 65. Gebufistag am 24. Mai 1994. Herausgegeben van 1947ff.)
Stefan M- Maul. Cuneiform Monographs 10 (Groningen 1998) WVDOG wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Ge-
DiakOnoff Societies alld Limguages of the Ancient Near East. studies in sellschaft (Leipzig, Berlin 1901ff.1
Honour of 1.M. Diakonoff (Warminster 1982) Xenia Xenia. Konstanzer Althistorische Vortrage und Forschmgen (W-
Studies Hal10 The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in honour of Schuller ed., Konstanz 198Iff.)
William W. Hallo. M.E. Cohen, D.C. Snell, D.B. Weisberg, eds. YOS yale oriental Series, Babylonian Texts (New Haven 1915ff-)
(Bethesda [MD] 1993) ZA(NF) Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie (Leipzig, Berlin, Strafiburg 1886ff.;
Studies Matous Festschrift Lubor MatouS. Herausgegehn van B. H ~ undsG. ~ ~ Neue Folge: Berlin/Leipzig, Berlin, BerlinINew York 1924ff.)
Komor6czy (Budapest 1978)
SrudiesSJoberg DUMU-E2-DUB-B~-~. Studies in Honor of Ake W. sj6krg.
Edited by He Behrens, D. Loding and M.T. Roth. Occasional
 LIST OF TEXTS 20. CIRPL 36, Ent. 26 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 226f. ('Entemena

The number of each text is accompanied by the original publication of the copy 21. CIRPL 32, Ent. 1 (diorite statue); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 21 Iff. ('Entemena
reproduced in this book and by its most recent edition.
22. DC I, pl. VI-VII (diorite statue, "petite statue debout"); D.O. Edzard, RIME
3/1,29f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StA')
I. Royal Inscriptions
23. DC I, pl. XVI-XVII (diorite statue, "statue dite aux Bpaules Btroites"); D.O.
1. CT XXI, pl. 3, No. 90015 (brick); D.R. Frayne, RIME 312'69ff. ('Ur-Nammu Edzard, RIME 3/1,38ff. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StC')
E312.1.1.33') 24. DC I, pl. XVII-XIX (diorite statue, "statue colossale"); D.O. Edzard, RIME
2. YOS IX 14 (clay nail); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 113 ('Gudea E311.1.7.8') 3/1,40ff. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StD')
3. CT XXI, pl. 2, No. 90009 (brick); D.R. Frayne, RIME 3/2,25f. ('Ur-Nammu 25. DC I, pl. XXIII-XXV (diorite statue, "l'architecte B la rhgle"); D.O. Edzard,
E312.1.1.4') RIME 3/1,46ff. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StF')
4. VS I 22, VA 57 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 156 ('Gudea E311.1.7.64') 26. DC I, pl. XVIII (diorite statue, "petite statue assise, acBphale"); D.O. Edzard,
5. CT XXI, pl. 36, No. 90289 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 154f. ('Gudea RIME 3/1,50f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.StH')
E311.1.7.62') 27. UVB 10, pl. 28 (door socket); D.R. Frayne, RIME 312,262ff. ('Amar-Suena
6. CT XXI, pl. 37, No. 90288 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 120f. ('Gudea E312.1.3.16')
E311.1.7.18') 28. LIH 58 (shaft); D.R. Frayne, RIME 4,347ff. ('uammu-rapi E4.3.6.12')
7.OIP 14 33 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 135f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.37') 29. UET 8 84 (cone head); D.R. Frayne, RIME 4,278f. ('Rim-Sin I E4.2.14.6')
8. VS 1 23, VA 3129 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 141f. ('Gudea E311.1.
7.44')
9.VS 1 21, VA 55 (brick); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 130f. ('Gudea E311.1.7.3 1') 11. Legal Documents
10. FT 11, pl. XXXIX, TG 2429 (stone tablet); D.O. Edzard, RIME 311, 109f.
('Gudea E311.1.7.4') 30. OIP 14 192 (clay tablet); Z. Yang, PPAC 1, 119-120; 346-347 (loan of sil-
11. CIRPL 34, Ent. 18 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 221f. ('Entemena
18') 31.TMHNF 112 24 (clay tablet); N. Schneider, OrNS 8 (1939) 62 (loan of silver)
12.CIRPL 1, Urn. 3 (copper nail); H. Steible, FAOS 5/1,79f. ('UmanSe 2') 32.JCS 8 (1954) 46 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, If. (marriage decree)
13. CIRPL 35, Ent. 22 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 222f. ('Entemena 33. DV 3/11 293 (clay tablet); G.J. Selz, FAOS 1511, 521f. (purchase of slaves
22') and workers)
14. CIRPL 36, Ent. 27 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 227f. ('Entemena 34. DV 3/11 17 (clay tablet); D.O. Edzard, SRU, 93f. (purchase of a cult singer)
27 ') 35.TMH 5 216 (clay tablet); D.O. Edzard, SRU, 127 (guarantee)
15. DC I, pl. XLVI; photo: DC 11, pl. 31bis, 3 (brick); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 36. TMHNF 112 259 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, 212f. (record of an
182ff. ('Enannatum I. 2')
16. DC I, pl. XLV (brick); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 165ff. ('E'annatum 22') 37. NG 111, pl. 2 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, 27f. (suit for breach of be-
17.CIRPL 59, Ukg. 17 (clay olive); H. Steible, FAOS 511,338f. ('Uru'inimgina trothal promise)
17') 38. ITT 312, pl. 21, 5279 (clay tablet); A. Falkenstein, NG 2, 159ff. (claim of
18. CIRPL 56, Ukg. 10 (stone tablet); H. Steible, FAOS 511, 326ff. ('Urn'- property and a slave; liberation of the daughters of this slave)
inimgina 10') 39. ZA 55 (1962) 71 (clay tablet); for this controversial document see S. Green-
19.CIRPL 45, En.11 1 (door socket); H. Steible, FAOS 511,273f. gus, HUCA 40-41 (1969-1970) 33-44; J. van Dijk, OrNS 39 (1970) 99-102; A.
Sjoberg, ibid. 92; M. Roth, JAOS 103 (1983) 278 ad 24; H. Lutzmann, TUAT 1
I
1 XVIII List of Texts Texts

(1982) 198; J.-M. Durand, AEM 111, 525 b); C. Wilcke, Xenia 32 (1992) 7oZ5
(decree of divorce)

111. Economic Documents

40. VS 1411 44 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 281f. (delivery of fodder)

41. VS 1411 128 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 324 (delivery of animal products
for a festival)
42. VS 1411 35 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 289f. (account of sheep and goats)
43. VS 1411 145 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL, 296f. (purchase and branding of a
steer)
44. VS 1411 157 (clay tablet); J. Bauer, AWL 452ff. (offerin$ of beer to the
gods)

dinanna / nin-a-ni / ur-%ammu / nita-kala-ga / lugal-uri5

/ &a-ni I mu-na-dii
( s E s . A B ) ~ ~/- lugal-ki-en-gi-ki-uri-ke4
~~
 Texts Texts

d d u m u - z i - a b z u ( ~ ~I.nin-a-ni
~ ~ ) / gh-di-a / insi(PA.TE.SI)- /
1 a g a S ( ~ 1 R . B ~ R . ~ ~ )I-6-gir-suki-ka-ni
ke4 / mu-na-dh

'nin-gig-zi-da / digir-ra-ni I gh-d6-a 1ensi(PA.TE.SI)-/

d n a n n a ( ~ ~/ ~lugal-a-ni
. ~ ~ ) / ur-%ammu / l ~ ~ a l - u r i ~ ( ~ E & A B ) ~ ~ -
l a g a ~ ( S ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ /. bgfr-suki-ka-ni
~ ~ ) k i - k e/ mu-na-dh
ma-ke4 16a-ni / mu-na-dh / ~ M - U ~ ~ ~ ( S E Ski. -ma
A B /) mu-na-dh
Texts Texts

dinanna 1nin-kur-kur-ra 1nin-a-ni 1gb-d6-a I Insi(PA.TE.SI)-1

l a g a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ /. ur- ~ rdl-,
~ . ~ ~ ) k i 1I-gir-suki-ka-ni I
~ ga-tiim-dulO-ke4
mu-na-db
 Texts Texts

%in-gir-su I ur-sag-kala-ga- 1 den-lil-16-ra 1 gb-d6-a 1 6nsi(PA.TE.SI)-/

l a g a S ( ~ 1 R . ~ ~ R . ~ ~I )nig-ul-e
- k e 4 pa mu-na-&(UD.DU)I 6ninnu-
danzu(~~.~~)muSen-b6bbar-ra-ni / mu-na-db / ki-bi mu-na-gi4
 Tats Texts

11

1 REC 2301

en-te:me-na / knsi(PA.TE.SI)-1 l a g a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ /. 16~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ) k i

BB-gi-gi-gii-na- / %in-gir-s6-ka dii-a / digir-ra-nI / dSul-utul12

dba-~Z / munus-sag-ga / dumu-an-na / nin-iri-kti-ga / nin-a-ni I

gii-dba / dn$i(PA.TE.SI)-/ l a g a ~ ( ~ ~ ~ /. 16~6-ninnu-
~ ~ . /~ ~ ) f i
%in-gir-su-ka / 6-gidru 6ub-riminl-a-ni / mu-dii-a / biri-kti-ga-
ka<-ni>/ mu-na-dii
Texts Texts

13 15

lo-6-
glSgigir-ra
dc-a
digir-ra-ni
Texts Texts

iii *#

l R
 Texts Texts

19 20

d l u g a l - u r u x ( L J ~ ~ x ~ ~/ ~dama-uSumgal-an-na-ra
2>ki / en-te:me-na /
knsi(PA.TE.SI)- 1(5) l a g a ~ ( S 1 ~ . ~ ~I Sh-pa-da- ~ . ~ ~ ) /kd in a n ~/e
ensi(PA.TE.SI)-gal- I dnin-glr-sG-ka 1 (10) dumu-en-an-na-llm / knsi
(PA.TE.SI)- 1l a g a ~ ( S ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ /)u4 - k a -Irnam-lugal-
k idnanSe a / (15)
l a g a ~ ( S ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~1.mu-na-SGm-ma-a
~ ~ ) k i - s a / dnin-gir-sG-ke4/ mu e-ni-pi-
dnin-gir-s6 / ur-sag-den-lil-ra / en-an-na-tiim / tnsi(PA.TE.SI)- / (5) da-a I u4-ba 1 (20) en-te:me-na-ke4 I d l u g a l - u ~ ( ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ Iz 6- )Li-ra
laga~(S1~.~u~.LA / Sh-pi-da-
)'" / dnanSe I6nsi-gal- 1dnin-gir-sG-ka 1 g a l - u r ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ~ x K ~ ~1 mu-na-dii ~ ) ~ - k /aM-sipl7
- n i rkiil-babbar-ra /
( 1 0 ) dumu-en-te:me-na- / &nsi(PA.TE.SI)-I l a g a S ( S 1 R . ~ u ~ . ~ ~ ) ~ - k a - (25) Su mu-na-ni-tag I kii-za-gh I gu4-20 I udu-20 / kisal-dlugal-urux
ke4 / dnin-gir-s6-ra / 6-bhppir-ka-ni / (15) ki-bi mu-na-gi4 / en-an- ( u R u x K A R ~ ) ~ /- (30) ~ ~ -sA ~ i-mi-dul
~~ l-dul I en-te:me-na / [l]d
. . .. .
. . . .a . . . - . - . - . gi4-a 1 (20) digir-ra-ni I
2 > E/ digir-ra-ni
b d l u g a l - u r u x ( ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~dG-a -ka I d~ul-utul12-am6
 Texts Texts

21

ru

dc!

(1) This line is to be read [E2]-ad-[dal-'kal-ra, cf. vi 6.

 Texts Texts

22 ctd. 23

iii 1

iii 1

right shoulder gh-d6-a / tnsi-lagaiki / lli 6-ninnu- / (5) dnin-gir-su-ka

in-dh-a 1( i ) dnin-hur-sag / nin iri-da mli-a / ama-dumu-dumu-ne /
nin-a-ni / ( 5 ) gh-d6-a tnsi- I lagaski-ke4/ 6-iri-gir-suki-ka-ni/ mu-
na-db / (ii) DUB.SEN(= REC 429)-E-ga-ni / mu-na-dim / gisd6r-gar-
m&-nam-nin-ka-ni / mu-na-dim / (5) 6-ma-ni-a mu-na-ni-ku4/ kur-
mbganE-ta 1(iii) na4esiim-ta-el alan-na-ni-ib / mu-tu I nin an-ki-
a nam-tar-re-db 1( 5 ) dnin-tu / ama-digir-re-ne-ke4I gb-d6-a I (iv)
Id-bdb-a-ka 1nam-ti-la-ni mu-sh I mu-Sb mu-na-sa4 16-a mu-na-ni-ku4
Texts Texts 21

23 ctd.
Texts Texts

24 ctd. 25
 Texts Texts

25 ctd. 26

iii 1

1) Collation shows a clear

B
 Texts
Texts

27
26 ctd.

iii 1

(i) d b a - ~/2munus-sasga / dumu-an-na / nin-iri-kh-ga1(5) nin-

b6-gAl dumu-an-kh-ga / nin-a-ni / gh-dd-a / dnsi- / lagaSfi-ke4 /
(ii) u4 6-TAR-sir-sir / 6-ki-Ag-ni / 6 h6-du7-iri-kii-ga/ mu-na-dh-a /
( 5 ) kur-mA-ganb-ta / na4esi!(=PA) im-tael / alan-na-ni-Sb / mu-tu
(iii) nin dumu-ki-6g-an-kh-ga-ke4/ ama d b a - ~/26-TAR-sir-sir-ta1
gh-dC-a 1(5) nam-ti mu-na-lhm I mu-Sb mu-na-sa4 / biri-kh-ga-ka /
mu-na-ni! (=GAG)-ku4
 Texts
Texts

29
28

This is the Sumerian part of a bilingual text, and should be read in the light
of the Akkadian original. See the List of Texts, p. XVII, 28.
 Texts

30

obv. rev.

obv. 1 5 gig4 k6-babbar

~r-~eS~-~eS
Su ba-ti

5 an-da-tuku
1 gig4 ur-kkSG
Su ba-ti
rev. an-da-tuku
Su-ri-kam Se-bi 0.2-ta
10 si-dam
lugal-DUR2
 Texts Texts

32 33

obv. rev.
1

obv. 1 di-til-la
ISi-Su-ni@n dumu-6-Sb-hC-DU utul
~r-~nanS dumu-ba-Si-58-ra-gi-ke4
e
ba-an-tuku
5 igi-di-ku5-ne-Sb
mu-lugal-bi in-pi-eS
ur-digdim dumu-16-gulo maSkim
~d-~~sira
ur-digtaran
10 16-digir-ra
rev. di-ku5-bi-me
(space)
mu ds'u-dsin lugal-
~ri~~~-ma-ke,
na-ni-a-ma
15 den-lil dnin-lil-ra mu-ne-dii
 Texts Texts

obv. rev.

f#
45
T %Pfl
obv.
/- -6 rev.
6fD tCj -

rev.
obv. 1 lugal-nig-zu
dam-gir
nin-him-zi-da
dam-ur-su nagar-ke,
5 Su-dug-a-an-niI-'DUl
rev. 6 Iur-su! Sitim
Iur-dinanna
dumu-ama-iri
lnig-gurl
(space)
10 lii-ki-him-ma-bi-me
Texts

38
 Texts Texts

40
..
i 11

obv.

obv.
1

rev.
reverse blank

obv. i 1 1800 lA 15 sa <6->durun,-na

SeS-16-duIo
ugula
mu-ku5
5 mA-2 e-me-gar
obv. ii 1 en-ig-gal
nu-bhnda
ganun-gig-kig-ti
(i 1) 1 udu-nita / ezem-amar-a-a-rsil-ge4-da-ka
/ Bnsi-ke4 / 'abzul
'1-DU 2
EiS bi-tag / (5) 10 18 1kuS-us /
/ sipa-pa5-sir-raE-ke4/ Su-a
( i i 1) 8 kuS-udu-nita / ~r-~nin-ma@
bi-gi4 1 (5j kuS-ud[u] r61-rum-I
(iii 1) den-ki-pa5-sir-ka-kam 2
 Tats
Texts

1 111
obv.
1 1
obv.

rev.

rev. 1

(i 1 ) 6 udu-'nital 1 30 19 1 ma8 I mag-aSa5-ga-kam 150 maS /

( 5 ) 15 udu /
(ii 1 ) ur-du6 / kuS7-kam / Su-nfgin 21 udu-nita / 80 18 1 mag /
( 5 ) mag-aSa5-ga- /
(iii 1 ) dba-~,-kam/ en-ig-gal / nu-bhda / e-ta-b / ( 5 ) ezem-
dba-~2-ka
(iv 1 ) iri-KA-gi-na I lugal- I lagaSrm-ke4 / 6-dba-~2-ka /
( 5 ) i-lah, / zA bi-SuS 2
 Texts

44 SIGN LIST

This list is limited to the signs that occur in the texts in this book and arranges
them, in the column on the right, according to their Neo-Assyrian order. It is to these
obv.
numbers that the numbers in the alphabetically arranged List of Phonetic Values refer.
The second column to the right lists the values that the signs have in the texts in
this book. The central column presents the signs in chronological order. It does not
include every variant, since the same sign can be written somewhat differently within
the same text. The forms are typical and are intended to help the reader in identifying the
signs.
The column to the left, column L, refers to R. Labat, Manuel d'dpigraphie
akkadieme, Paris 1976~.Since the sign numbers in R. Labat, with minor exceptions, are
the same as those in R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste (ABZ),
KevelaerfNeukirchen-Vluyn 1978 (AOAT 33; Erghzungsband AOAT 33A; 1981), the
reader may use the L(abat) numbers to find the same signs in R. Borger, ABZ.
Furthermore these numbers refer, again with minor exceptions, to A. Deimel's mostly
outdated, but sometimes still useful book, Sumerisches Lexikon, 11. Vollstindige
vii Ideogramm-Sammlung. 4 Vols. (Roma 1928-1933; reeditio photomechanica 1961).
rev. In addition, chapter V "Zeichennamen" in R. Borger's Assyrisch-babylonische
Zeichenliste (ABZ), 376-413 is highly recommended to the reader of this book as a
reference list.
Sign List

rum e
1

bsl
bala
+'
6

sila
tar 9
46 Sign List

L L

50/51
Grdu
18
pa5 k4.l
60 26a

52
0 a & iti 3 19 mu P-V
6ubur w w a10

53 $m 20
61

A%
27

la H 62
slla
28
55 " O w 21 sagi

%m engar 62 28a

56

d 6=3 w m.2
22

6-
-3-
4 taka4
P4fff
29

57 23
4!f44
~ ~ )$$$sq
gi16
M tu 67 30

5 . l ))a k"4 68
> ru
&ub
a 31

+ A ti1
e
58 wr8 24 69 32

59
>m 1e
li
dn
m 25
70
- 4444 4
33

% gir 4
60
kiir
& 26
71 34

laga;/s dqq@
71 34a
 Sign List Sign List

72
e numun 4
35

* . 6 - < ti AK
73 36

I- L E L bar

+ +
74
a- a 37

75
Pg. + ++ nu + 38

W me& +4
76 39

w fl 4
7

-
Bu
mugen
78 40

,+&f b+q *E .- q4Tic

79
w 41

i€5
ghl 44k4

80 42
 Sign List Sign List

A BZ duran
108 60a-

sin
99 53a

100
dira 4H 54

101
* sur
)5ur T
55

703 $i P u i h m325 +7r 56

inanna
+T
103
ghba qrfa 122b
66
103c 56b
diri
Am- Etj= AF- 57
123 67

aggab &
104 57a
 Sign List 53
Sign List
 Sign List Sign List

167
_L/1L
m* z@!=#% d"8
89

168
eden
M 90

70
I
m 91

The position of this sign according to Neo-Assyrian order follows R. Labat, Manuel
d'kpigraphie akkadienne, Paris 1976~,104-105, although this sign should be placed among
the signs that begin with three horizontals. This inconsistency is due to the ancient scribes
outside of Niniveh, who sometimes wrote this sign with only two horizontals, as if SAR
and K E S were
~ the same sign in Neo-Assyrian script. See R. Borger, ABZ, 138, sign 331e
("Auch wie n 152").
56 Sign List

L
dW=f du

L3 2~
rh
206 101

ABZ la% b 3 3
206 101a

207
w ib f l ~
102

208
?EF=-
P
ange

103

208
ddr =a 103a

gegtin $X: n&

231 ni 112
210 104

m-mbpq fis
uls @ 231 112a
211 nita 105

PPp ir 2F
gala +q H 232 113
211 105a

wm is,
LT W a G 6
ge26
bFd
212 ;ar 106 233 114

m*pmlsJ@+ b6
bi i
3 233 ABZ 233,22 PJ gita II4a

dagal a l l 5
237

aI6
214 107

24ic
 Sign List Sign List

L
kisal
par4
249 117

sila,
252 118

255
rn cr
urul2
a 119

278 m gal ga
3 120

280
dag
bWFt121

295
**** pa
gidru
ugula
% 122

rig7 443
295~ 122a
maigim
295d 122b
*fl
122c
295k
Qnsi &Hfl
295 122d

295m
sipa
&H 122e

2 96 -0 a $$ gig
kiri5 j$m
3 1 2 3

752 ABZ 331e 123a

296
~ 6 . t ~ dg$3b
gigtu @&pq
296 123c
Sign List Sign List

L
nir
325 139

gi4
ge4
m
326 140

d l @ @ ra

328 Kcg 141

16

JsP*
&ru4
330
* J?P urin
142

kala
gig1 > FA% gel %iZ
esi 331
Gri ~~~
143
W3a
i 5 g#@R*
331
nanna +dl&
143c
331

zh rn
322 144
Sign List
64 Sign List

"
4Q93?sq babbar
bar6
u4
ud

+8
381 170

utu
381 bebba~ a$17oa
dadag
I 7ob
lama $-@
381 170c
d 4'w170a
381
zimbir 8k$m@
381 buranun r E 170e
m
381 170f
373 166
% q*
+*
mug
383 171
374 167

tir FHR @ ra fl
384 172
375 168

Q%@* te
temen Yr
169
392
qw 69 Qvr 173
376
unu6 fld
393
'% &in B 174
376

oVV m kar ~rn

169a

394
Q nmue <?A
175
376* 169b
0 OQ 8hr0
396 176
66 Sign List

" P W @ im
4 G177
399

399
P i'kur +&R
777a
+NC+T
399 177b

64 ++qb bur 46

*
401 178

402 P bug &<E

179

406
4? @ @ kam 4-
180

Q << b6ru
u
8 ~ 4
&u&
Q
10
411 0 181

412
w u@;u ++v 182

418
yw ugun

&;tar
4%V
+<g&y
183

418 183a

Bb <E-
420 184
utul 4: Jjg
420 184a
68 Sign List

nigin ~~~H'IT
"8
igi "+
449 8i 196

457 1
I
silim 202
 Sign List Sign List

U ~ U
lu
537 222

538
6 W l 0
ki$
223

539
bEEr siki
HE 224

IllI eren
541 225

545
&fi 1 226

i*w
546
+*f+ k&&
227

diir 546
w gudul !=
228
dab5
tus

554
p 8 D@-
mi
gal4
munus
c* 229

c
d
umu8

#@=w nin

*
tfig
556 2 30

536
R B E fib

durunx
221
te
The readings of the signs DUR2 1 TUG2 1 SE] given here are those that occur in the texts
in this book. For further information about how to distinguish these signs in third
557 1 P 231

millennium sources see R. Biggs, JCS 20 (1966) 77, fig. 1; 77f., note 37; 87, note 101; J.
Krechcr, WO 18 (1987) 18f.
geme c d d
558 232
 Sign List Sign List

L L
gu a
559 233
579 244

W na, ~4 579
&Dl
ri -F 244a
560 234
i7 R
E244b
N hbhu c
e
r 579
buranun Tf Bmfl
562 235
381 244c
ulnma H*rqH
562 235a II
lf 1%
564
a sikil cw
2 36
586
II

7$; 4 $4 rk 4
za

%%<246
245

565
@4%~ num
~ y m
murgu fct:
237
m
9a

e95 m
w 3
w l$H4 593 247

567 238

IliFP
gi iz4
iga W
570
IT min
2
239
5 248

" P P E K Ear
nig $4.
Qu
'
I

susana
571
1/3 E 240
597 249

kingusili
ia
5 W
573
&f 5/6 $Ep
241
598a 250

imin
7
574 k t -
k 242
598c 251

575
ur
w 243
 LIST OF PHONETIC VALUES
APPENDIX 1
REC SIGNS This List contains the honet tic values in alphabetical order. The number I
I
accompanying each phonetic value refers to the number of its sign in our sign list.

w @*
I
2 30 utul12 a 244 bal 6 dil 111 esag, 138a
252 A 146 bala 6 d"6 203a esi 137a
ab 70 bhda 78 d"7 193 eS 207
Ab 184 bhppir 107a dug 89 CS 22 1
CAPACITY MEASURES abzu 3a bar 37 176 bS 70

REC
0 2
?
I
498 (b a r i g a ) 248 b6 107 dug 129 ezem/n 82
253 agrig 199 bi 107 dugud 194
52 bi 92 dul 203
akkil 49 bu 165 dul, 22 1 ga 134
SURFACE MEASURES
125 bur 155 dumu 78 ga 114

REC 00 I alam/n
dim
161
185
bilru
buranun
181
170f
dur
dCr
60
22 1
gada
gag
48
111
I(biir)
509 am 91 244c dGr 103a gal 151
254
im 244a duran 60a gal 42
am6 10 durun, 221a gal4 229
REC 10 "
510 4\ (=bur ' u ) ama 115 da 147 gala 105a
255 amar 191 dab, 22 1 galga 120
ambar 216 dadag 167b e 128 gan 77
REC
511
0 60 I' an 10 dag 121 C 138 gha 58
anSe 103 daial 115 b 170d Eanun 116
256

PRE-SARGONIC YEAR DATES (texts 33-34 and 40-44)

anzu
ar
asila,
177b
198
83
dam
dar
dira
23 1
63
54
el 1
eden
elam
203b
90
189a
gar
ga'ra
gL
249
134a
145
I
dS 149 dC 148 en 53 ge 45
aHa, 58 db 92 bn 25 ge4 140
I . (year)* 2. ( y e a r ) etc. aSgab 57a de6 101 engar 22 ge26 114

257
ba 2
di
dilmun
dim
202
112a
192
engur
Cnsi
br
212
122d
17
gCme
gen
gCS
232
101
209
I
babbar 170 digir 10 eren 225 gC&u 219
bhbbar 170b diri 67 eridu 47a geStin 104
bhd 84 dig 209 6rim 92a gCStu 123b
baar 129a du 101 Crin 174 gbltu 123c
 m
I

76 List of Phonetic Values List of Phonetic Values 77

gi 45 i 76 kingusili 241 mi 229 Pa 122 silim 202 ta 75 mug 97a

gi4 140 i 112 kiri, 123a min 239 PB 197 sh 53a tag 69 ur 243
gi6 186 l7 2441, kisal 117 mu 27 Pa5 26a sipa 122e taka4 29 iir 119 I
gi6 186 ia 250 kii 206 mii 86 Par4 117 sir 165 tar 9 iirdu 18 I
gig 196 ib 220 ku4 24 mu1 71 peg 153 su 4 te 169 uri 162
gi16 30 ib 102 k"5 9 mun 51 pi 171 sd 3 temen 169 iiri 143a
gibil 93 ibila 78a kur 163 munus 229 PU 165 sii 166 ti 36 uri5 143b
gid 165 ig 42 ldr 26 murgu 237 PG 215 S"13 165 ti1 32 urin 143
gidru 122 igi 196 kuS 4 mu8 167 su'en 53a tir 168 uru 13
gig4 248 fl 135 kuS7 106 miiS 56 suhuS 99 tu 24 Urn12 119
gfgir 215 im 177 fiSu 235 muSen 40 ra 141 sukkal 136 t& 22 1 uru16 53
gim 192 imin 25 1 ri4 101 sur 55 tuku 242 URUxA 16a
gh 163 in 80 re 46 tukumbi 157a Urn, 15
gir 7 inanna 56a la 21 na 33 101 t6m 101 iis 105
gin17 11 inim 11 19 210 "a4 110 ri 46 Ha 156 thm 190 US 105
giS 123 ir 113 lagaS/s 34a nagar 234 n' 13 SB 172 tuS 22 1 uSum 8
giggal 16b iri 13 lab5 lOla nam 41 rig7 122a Sab 122c uSumgal 151a
gu 233 iS 106 larsa 170c nammu 212 ru 31 Sakan 187 utu 170a
86 59 ilkur 177a le 25 nanna 143c ni 111 SAr 176 u 181 utul 184a
gh 11 iStaran 1l a li 25 nanSe 98 rum 1 Ska 214 ii 133 utu112 252
g"4 124 iti 19 li 112 nar 159 Se 164 ii 200
g"7 12 izi 92 li, 92 ne 92 Sb 221 U4 170
g"lo 27 lik 243 nC 112 sa 57 Sen 5 213 za 245
gub 101 1fl 131 ni 112 si4 202 SeS 143 u18 16b zl 144
gum 96 ka 11 limmu 68 ni 177 sa4 43 Si 196 ub 126 zal 112
@nu4' 97 kd 72 lu 222 40 21 1 160 Sim 108 Gb 22 1 zi 44
gur 61 ka5 159 1ii 142 nig 249 Sale 95 Sir 34 ud 170 zimbir 170e
giir 135 kad4 158 l"5 159 nigh 21 1 sag 64 Sita 114a ~ “ 5 66 zu 3
gUr4 21 1 kala 137 lugal 81 nigh 195 sagi 28a Sitim 192 udu 222 zG 11
@'.a 24 kalam 130 lub 136 nigir 154 s&ar 106 Su 157 as 130
gurlo 223 kam 180 lum 237 nim 189 sagga 132 56 226 ug5 84
gurll 134 klm 158 nin 230 s h 95 gu4 181 UgU 182
gurus 137 kar 169b nina 98a sar 86 Sub 31 ugula 122
kL 58 ma 150 nimu 208 sb 87 Sub, 44a Ugun 183
kas 88 md 65 nir 139 si 62 Siiba 56b lib 173
ha 246 kas4 100 mab 23 nita 105 sig4 238 Subur 20 ul 193
hb 77 ke4 131 mar 127 nu 38 sigls 137 Sudul 228 um 73 I
hu 40 kCH 85 marduk 191a nii 188 45 Sul 205 umbin 50
hul 201 kbS 227 maS 37 niim 237 siki 224 S6m 87 umma 235a
bur 178 ki 204 mAS 39 numun 35 sikil 236 Sur 55 umuS 22 1
huS 179 kib 109 maSkim 122b nun 47 sila 9 SuS 181 un 130
kig 223 me 218 nunuz 175 sila 28 SuSana 240 unken 14
kilib 217 mi 186 sila4 118 unu6 169a

A
 7

General Vocabulary 79

GLOSSARY A-...-ta at the prompting of; by means of the strength of

Ab (litturn) COW
abzu (apsiim) see Sacred Buildings
This glossary is divided into the following parts: ad-da (abum) father
General Vocabulary
Ag (madcidum) to measure (by means of a measure of capacity)
Divine Names (A--)@ see A--R
Personal Names W(-g>-->Ag see ki--R
Place Names hga-kh--&(-g) to strike with a weapon; to conquer (see J. Klein,
Sacred Buildings Studies Tadrnor, 3 10f.)
Year Dates hga-6s (redem) policeman
Year Names
Festivals agrig (abarakkum) steward; an important temple administrator
AK (epZum) to do; for the different readings of AK see A.
Cavigneaux, SAZ, 45-47; M. Powell, Studies
The General Vocabulary contains the words that appear in the texts contained in Diakonoff, 3 14-319
this book. It does not claim to.give a detailed definition of each word, but rather the (nig--)ak-(ak) see nig--R-(R)
general sense. Particular meanings are given only when they are necessary to understand
a particular passage; in such a case the passage in question is indicated. Grammatical (Su-gibil--)ak see Su-gibil--R
elements are not included among the words that are defined. akkil (ikkillum) lamentation
The Akkadian equivalents, when known, are placed next to each Sumerian word: a1 (allum) hoe; see note to z6
naturally, the Akkadian words themselves do not appear in the Sumerian texts. On the alam/n (salmum) statue
other hand, Sumerian equivalents are placed next to each Akkadian word in the
Akkadian glossary. dim (ditanum, kusarikkum) bison
Within the General Vocabulary the following grammatical terms and ama (ummum) mother
abbreviations are used: ama-ar-gig(andurdrum) freedom? (gig is a graphic variant of gi4); lit.: to
bamtu / mare: for a discussion of these Akkadian grammatical terms that are return to mother, cf. G. Farber, AulOr 9 (1991) 87
used to describe aspects of the Sumerian verb, see P. Attinger, Elements de linguistique amar (bnrum) calf; a young animal
sum6rienne. La construction de dul /e/di adire>>(Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis,
4
Sonderband; FribourgIGtittingen 1993), 119 and 4 120.
R = word root
amar-a-a-si-ge4-da
ambar (apparum)
see Festivals
swamp; canebrake. The reading /ambar/ is
cf. (confer) is a way of indicating that the Akkadian represents an equivalent, conventional; according to PEa 42 (and other
although such an equation does not explicitly appear in the ancient texts. It also sources) it should rather be labbar/; see J. Krecher,
indicates a semantic relationship rather than a translation. AOAT 1 (1969) 171, note 20
an (Samii) heaven; sky
GENERALVOCABULARY an-ub-da (kibrdtum) regions; "quarter"
anSe (imerum) donkey
asila, [EZENxSILA* (rigtum) joy
SUMERIAN aSa5(-g>(eqlum) a plot of land; see GANA,
aSgab (uikapum) leatherworker
a (mii) water
(amar-)a-a-si-ge4-da see amar-R-R-si-ge4-da
a-ga (cf. warkatum) back room
ba (qiciSum) to donate
a-ra-zu (teshtum) prayer (Su--)ba see SU--R
a-rA (adi / -i-5u) x times
ba-al (beriim) to dig a canal; to channel
a--ru (Sardkum) to dedicate
babbar / b4bbar (namrum; pesiim) shining; white
A (idum) arm;strength; power; rent (3 1:2) (kii-)bAbbar see kii-R
A--Ag (wcirum D) to give a command or an instruction
bad (darum) wall

A
 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary

(sig4-)b&ar see sig4-R 2. (dinum) judgment

bala (pahim) term of office; reign; dynasty
(nu-)blinds see nu-R
(6-)bAppir see Sacred Buildings
(lii-)bAppir see lii-R
bar (igi-gd-ni) see note to igi-gd I dim (epeeurn) to build; to make
(igi--)bar see igi--R @-)dim see kii-R
(igi-zi--)bar see igi-zi--R diri-...- 88 beyond
bariga ('UL'; pars/s'iktum) a measure of capacity (ca. 60 1.; cf. R1A 7,492ff.; diS (istiin) one
497 6 N.5) du (alcikum [marii]) to go
-bi-da(-ke4) (u) and
bhr (biirum) a surface measure (loan from the Akkadian): 1biir
= 3 eSe = 18 iku = 1800 s/Sar (see RIA 7,480f. 8
n.11)
to pierce

(mun-)du see mun-R

nearness (to someone; see J. Krecher, ASJ 9 dii [*dru] (baniim; epgcum) to build; to construct; to erect (for dh/h = dru see
[I9871 88, note 39) P. Steinkeller, JCS 35 [I9831 249f.)
dab5 (~abatum) to seize; to take; to take away (gfr--)dii see gir--R
(di--)dab5 see di--R (giS--)dii see gig--R
dadag (namrum) pure; shining; bright du7 (wasmum) fitting; suitable; necessary
(gCla--)&g see gA-la--R @6-)du7 see b6-R
dagal 1. (rapcum) wide (SU--)du7 see Su--du7
2. (rapaSum D) to broaden du8 1. (labanum) to spread; to mould bricks
(Su-)dagal--(dul l) see SU-R--dul1 2. (pehiim) to coat with pitch; to caulk
dam (&Saturn) wife (Su-)dug-(a--DU) see Su-R-a--DU
(kii-)dam-(takd see kii-R-tak4 (igi-nu-)dug see igi-nu-R
dam-gAr (tamkarum) merchant (loan from the Akkadian); for the dulo(-g) @bum) good; favorable; pleasing
reading dam-gba instead of dam-gAr, see J. Bauer, duli(-g) (qabiim; dababum [hamfu]) to say; to declare
ZA 61 (1971) 317ff. (sA--)dul l-dul I see sd--R-R
see Divine Names (Su-dagal--)dul see SU-&gal--R
mountain goat; the reading d b a is conventional, (Su-tag--)dul see Su-tag--R
see P. Steinkeller, SEL 6 (1989) 3-7
(md-)dka-(abzu) see mCR-abzu
(gii--)d6 see gb-R I (sag-)dub see note to sag-R I
de6 see DU
di (qabiim) [marc participle to say; to speak
of dul 1(-g)l
di--dab5 (dinam SGuzum) to take up a lawsuit; for a discussion of this term
see E. Dombradi, FAOS 20/1,§ 224 and 5 421- dugud (kabtum) heavy; important
423 dul (katamum) to cover
judge
82 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary

du15 (katamum) to cover (du15 is the graph used in Pre-Sargonic white cedar(wood)
texts such as in 18 ii 4. It is later replaced by dul) (nam-)6rim see nam-R
dumu 1. (mrum) child; son (nam-)brim--(ku5(-d?> see nam-R--la5(-d?
2. (martum) daughter (nam-)6rin see nam-R
dumu-KA grandson (see A. Sjoberg, HSAO, 209f.) esag, ( ~ 2 5(qaritum)
~ ) storeroom; for E ~ S E = alesag, see J. Krecher,
dumu-mi (martum) daughter Studies MatouS II,36; A. Sjoberg, ZA 83 (1993)
dumu-tu-da son of (lit.: son born (of)); see note to tu(-d) 15f.
gisddr-gar (kussiim; durga(r)rii) chair; throne (see H. Waetzoldt, R1A 8,327f., § diorite (as in (all?) of Gudea's statues); olivine-
5.2) gabbro (see W. Heimpel, RA 76 [I9821 65ff; ZA
dar (miirum) foal 77 [I9871 48f.)
dim-KAS4 (Saniim) donkey foal (the reading of KAS4 is uncertain, cf. eS (= eS5; SalaS) three (36:4)
MSL VIII/l, 52: 380-38 1) bS (bitum) sanctuary (see CAD B, 282, lexical section)
to place (objects [15 iii 31); for DUR2DUR2 = el5 (SalaS) three
durun, (plural form of the verb tug) see P. ezem/n (isinnum) festival; feast. The reading ezemln is
Steinkeller, OrNS 48 (1979) 55f., note 6 conventional; for /izim/ or Iizinl in OB and pre-
see d-R OB sources, see A. Sjiiberg, ZA 83 (1993) 15; P.
Steinkeller, Studies Hallo, 245. For particulars
about the festivals that appear in texts 41-44, see
e (qabiim [marc]) to say; see dul l(-g) the information in Festivals
6 (bitum) house; temple (see the names in Sacred Buildings);
plot of land
6-gal (ekallum) palace ga (Sizbum) milk (see M. Stol, R1A 8, 189ff.)
6-mi women's residence (see K. Maekawa, gd-la--dag (naparkiim) to stop working
Mesopotamia 819 [1973-1974177ff.) *@-~m-dulo(-g) see Divine Names
b [hamtu; marc: b(-d)] (wqiim G, 5) to (let) go out; to come out; to lead out; to bring gd-gl%-Sub-ba (nalbanum) brick making shed (see D.A. Foxvog, N.A.B.U.
out; to appear (as a witness) 199817)
(pa--)b see pa--R (na-)gada see na-R
el l(-d) (waradum 5) to bring down; to fetch gisgag-si-sd (Siltahurn) arrow
d e n (edinu; $drum) steppe; plain gal 1. (rabiim) big; mighty; great
(gd-)den-(na) see gd-R-na chief (34 vi 4)
en 1. (enum) a kind of priest; a partner in the sacred marriage gal-zu (miidiim) wise; intelligent
2. (belum) lord (6-)gal see 6-R
(ki-)en-(gi(-r)) see ki-R-gi(-r) (6nsi-)gal see 6nsi-R
en-nu-ug5 (massarturn) guard; watchpost (the reading en-nu-ug5 (not gdl--taka4(petcm) to open
1-ug& is confirmed by MSL XII, 101:167; 116: 14 (igi-(x-))Ed1 see igi-(x-)R
contrary to J. Krecher, Studies MatouH II,37) (nir-)gd see nir-R
(sag-)bn-(tar) see sag-R-tar (zi-)gd-(la) see zi-R-la
engar (ikkarum) farmer see giri17-Su--R
engar-gu4-ra farmer (and) oxherd (see H. Steible, FAOS 912, see gd-gig--R
54f .) see zi-SB-R
6nsi (SSiakkum) city ruler female sexual organs; vulva (/-la/ in gal4-la
Bnsi-gal a kind of priest(?) /*galla/ is a phonetic complement)
gis)eren (erenum) cedar(wood)
 84 General Vocabulary I General Vocabulary 85 I
gala (kaMm) liturgical singer (see J. Krecher, SKLy, 27f., 35f.);
the archaic spelling of gala was GIS~.DUR~ 'penis
+ anus' (see P. Steinkeller / J.N. Postgate, MC 4, giSgigir(narkabtum) wagon; chariot
37) -gim (kima) like
galga (milkum) advice gir--DU3 to cut off(?)
gan (wdlittum) said about females: "which bore or can bear" (dnin-)gir-(su1/2) see Divine Names
(mA->gan see ~ B - R ~ ~ nose; the conventional reading Nril is most likely
GANA2 (eqlum) a plot of land; for GANA2(-g) = aHa5(-g) see M.
Civil, JCS 25 (1973) 171ff. and M. Powell, ibid.,
178ff. 101 rev. I), whereas PEa Nippur indicates a
ganun (gan~num) storehouse; granary reading /giri/ (= giri17),cf. PEa 305; 418
gar (Sakanum) to set; to put giri17-Su--gil (appam labdnum) to greet and entreat (lit.: to let the hand be at the
(giSdcr-)gar see giSd6r-R nose; see U. Magen, BaF 9 (1986) 60-61; 104-
(igi--)gar see igi--R 108)
(NE.NE-)gar see NE.NE-R giS 1. (&urn) tree; wood
(s8-)gar see s8-R 2. determinative for wooden objects; the reading giS
(dam-)ghr see dam-R is conventional; lexical (PEa 641) and other
gen (aldkum [bmtu, singular]) to go sources indicate a reading geS
g6S (S=i) sixty gii-dii-a timber (see H. Steible, FAOS 9/2,43f.)
g6S-u (neru) six hundred gig--bur (eperum) to make a drawing; to design
geStin (karanum) grape juice; bunch of grapes cultic rule or ordinance (cf. G. Farber-Fliigge, St.
g6Stu(-g) / g&Stu(-g) 1. (uznum) ear Pohl 10, 181f.; AulOr 9 [I9911 85f.)
2. (basisurn) understanding; wisdom gig-@-ti (kiSlea/ittii) craftsman
gi (apum; qaniim) reed bed; see H. Waetzoldt, R1A 8,326f.; for GIS.NU?
gi-gii-na (giguniim) a sacred building ('reed chamber'; see Sacred
Buildings)
gi-gunu4 a sacred building ('reed chamber'), see gi-gii-na see gG-R--g81
gi (-n N gi-in) (ktinum G, D) to be firm; to make firm; to be steadfast; to be 0-)giS see 1-R
giSgu-za(kussiim) throne; chair (see H. Waetzoldt, RIA 8,327f.)
stable; to fix; to award; with ka-g.a: to agree with a
statement gu-za-18 (guzaliim) chair-bearer; throne-bearer
(ki-en-)gi(-r) see ki-en-R gG-giS--gAl to provide a delivery of wood
gi4 (ttirum G, D) to return; to bring back; to take a case up again gh--d6 (nabiim) to call; to name
(ki-bi--)gi4-(gi4) see ki-bi--R-R gu4 (-d3 (alpurn) steer; ox
(Su--)gi4 see Su--R (engar)-gu4-(ra) see engar-R-ra
gi6(-g) (?almum) dark gu7 (akdlum) to eat; to suck (milk); to enjoy the usufruct of
(kas-)gi6 see kas-R something
gi6-par4(gipa(r)ru) dwelling of the en-priest or en-priestess (nig-)gu7-(a) see nig-R-a
(ama-ar-)gi8 see ama-ar-R -gulo (-i/-ja) my
gi16-sa (ddriim, ddritum) lasting; of lasting value gub (izuzzum G, S) to stand; to set up
(SU-)gibil--(AK) see Su-R--AK (gi-)gh-n(a) see gi-R
gid (Sadadurn) to drag; to tow; to measure; to manage (38:7) (gi-)gunu4 see gi-R
(m8-)gfd see mCR gur (thrum G, D) to return; to give back
gidru (baflum) scepter (m6-)gurg see md-R
 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary 87

see Se-R--ku5
see nig-R
helper; unskilled worker (see G.J. Selz, FAOS I1
an adult; young man; recruit; worker igi-zi--bar (kiniS naplusum) to choose; to legitimate (lit.: to look on favorably)
fl (-am) to lift; to bring, to convey; to endure
(sag--)a see sag--R
(ne-lba see ne-R im Ctidum) clay; loam
ba-la (zittum) lot; assigned portion imin (sebe) seven (<*fa-min,5+2)
I
ha-lu-db (bahluppum) oak(?) (see BSA 3, 135; 146; BSA 6, 159; 182) I him (awatum) word; statement; decree
I
be-du, (wusmum) decoration him-ma--s&(-g) to imagine (lit.: to place in a word; see M. Civil,
bd-&il (&(n)gallum; tubdum) overflow; abundance Studies Birot, 75)
bul (Sulputum) to destroy; to ruin; for a discussion of the verb I
(Id-)him-(ma) see 16-R-ma
l?pl/<->/?julu/see J. Krecher, AOAT 240, 192f., (Id-ki-)him-(ma) see lil-ki-R-ma
with note 103 ir (eri/~Sum) fragrance; perfume; fragrant
(CiS-)hur see gig-R iri 1. (alum) city; district
(@$--)bur see gig--R 2. determinative for cities
bur-sag (hrkinum) hill country; mountainous region iti (warbum) month (for the individual month names see the
hug (buSSlim; ruSSlim) red; terrifying index in M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 483ff.)
izi (Saturn) fire
izi--18 to purify with fire (see J. Bauer, AfO 4014 1 [I9931
to come out; to appear (in the phrase u4-ul-li-a-ta); 941 95; for a reading bi--18, to spread smoke, see J.
there seems to be a semantic relation between /i/ Krecher, OrNS 54 [I9851 147, note 31)
and /&I,but it is uncertain whether /i/ and /&Ican
be considered as identical verbs
i (Samnum) vegetable oil; animal fat ka-al(-ak) (cf. kalakkurn) loam pit (23 ii 22; 25 ii 14; see D.A. Foxvog,
1-bi-la (aplum) heir (syllabic writing of ibila) N.A.B.U. 199817)
)-dug (atlim) porter; door keeper ka(-g) (plim) statement (in the expression ka.g- ... -a--gi(-n)
1-giS (ellum; Sarnnum) sesame oil [37:11; 38:29]; see J. Krecher, ZA 69 [I9791 1-3)
i7(-d) 1. (ndrum) river; canal ka-Sakan chief oil-maker (see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17,200,
2. determinative for rivers and canals and (ka-)Sakan below)
ia (hamis>
hila (aplum)
five
heir (loan from the Akkadian?)
1 (dumu-)KA
kd (babum)
see dumu-R
gate
ig (daltum) (panel of a) door kala(-g) (dannum) strong; mighty
igi (inum) eye; glance kalam (matum) land (specifically, Sumer)
igi-...-S& (mabar) in the presence of (said about witnesses at a trial) Yam (nakarum D) to overturn; to change (29:7)
igi--bar (amarum; napbum) to look at (see J. Krecher, Kutscher Memorial Vol., kar (karum) quay
108ff.) (Bga-)kQ--(s&(-g)) see hga-R--s&(-g)
a phrase used to express fractions (see J. Friberg, kas (Sika/arum) beer (fermented barley); alcoholic beverage (see
RIA 7,535f. § 3.1); the phrase bar igi-g81-ni (38:5) CAD 3111,428, discussion section)
is difficult to define kas-gi6(-g) dark beer
to appear before someone (37:3); for this use of kas-sig15 light beer (see M. Powell, HANEIS 6, 104ff.)
igi--gar, corresponding to the Akkadian pani (dbr-)KAS4 see dbr-R
Sakanum, see E. Dombradi, FAOS 20/1,§ 402 kt%(-d? (*keS(e)dr/*kSed? to bind (see A. CavigneauxIF. Al-Rawi, ZA 85
(rakasum) [I9951 36, note 8)
88 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary

(~6--)k6l(-d? see z6--R

ki 1. (drum) place; location; area; world 14 1. (Sagalum) to weigh; to pay; to bear (in gu-za-18)
2. determinative for place names 2. (mati) minus
ki-...-ta disbursed by (lit.: from the place of) (izi--)I8 see izi--18
ki-bi--gi4-(giq) (ana airis'u turrum) to restore (lit.: to return to its place) l a 5 (DU.DU; see DU) to bring (used for a plural object)
ki-en-gi(-r; *kengir) the land of Sumer (what the Sumerians called their (mC)lah5 see m4-R
land); see Place Names limmu (erbe) four
(16-)ki-(him-ma) see 16-R-him-ma lu (balalum) to mix
ki-tul (Subtum) dwelling 16 (awtlum) person; man
ki-uri the land of Akkade (uri <*war(i);what the 16-bhppir (sirasiim) brewer (for a possible reading of the variant
Sumerians called Akkade); see Place Names LU~.$IMI LU~.SIMXGAR as l%unga see P.
ki(-g)--4g 1. (rbmum) to love; to show affection Steinkeller, FAOS 17,291)
2. (nardmum)
(gig-)HE-(ti)
beloved
see gil-R-ti
I M-him-ma (Stbum) witness (see S. Oh'e, ASJ 1 [I9791 69-84; I.J.
Gelb et alii, OIP 104,234)
kilib (napharum) totality 16-ki-him-ma (Sibum) witness (see S. Oh'e, ASJ 1 [I9791 69-84; I.J.
kingusili (parasrab) five-sixths Gelb et alii, OIP 104,233f.)
(nu-)kiri6(-k) see nu-R 16-m4-gur8 boat captain
kisal (kisallum) courtyard 16-nig-tuku (cf. raSiim) debtor (lit.: a person who has something)
Eli4 (muttatum) half (in 39:21 it refers to the hair of the head) (nam-116-(him-ma) see nam-R-him-ma
M(-g) 1. (elelum D) to purify; to make culticly pure lugal 1. (Sarrum) king
2. (ellum) pure; holy 2. (belum) master; owner
3. (kaspum) silver (mu-)lugal see mu-R
M-b4bbar (kaspum) silver (mu-)lugal--(PA(-d)) see mu-R--pa(-d)
M-dam-taka4 (uzubbiim) divorce-settlement (nam-)lugal see nam-R
M-dim (kuttimmum) silversmith (M-)lub see M-R
M-luh (kaspum mesiim) refined silver (Su-)luh see lu-R
M-sig l7 (hurasum) gold (see A. Sjoberg, JCS 40 [I9881 174)
(h--)ku4 see h--R (this verbal root must be distinguished
from ku4(-r) because it can appear as h--ku)
to (let) enter; to bring in (see J. Krecher, ZA 77 ma-na (maniim) mina (a unit of weight, ca. 500 gr.; see M. Powell,
[I9871 7ff.) RIA 7,510 5 V.5)
ku5(-d? (nakasum) to cut m8 (eleppum) ship
(di-)ku5(-d? see di-R m4-gid (the one) who tows the barge (full of first fruits to
(nam--)ku5(-d? see nam-R Enlil at Nippur; epithet of Gudea in 24 i 9)
(nam-brim--)ku5(-d? see nam-6rim--R m4-gur8 (makurrum) cargo boat
(le-gurlo--)ku5(-d? see Se-gurlO--R (16-)m4-(gur8) see 16-R-gur8
(umbin--)ku5(-dr) see umbin--R m4-la5 (malahum) sailor
kur 1. (Sadiim) mountain; mountain range m a (strum) exalted; high
2. (matum) land (sukkal-)m& see sukkal-R
Mr (nakdrum) to change ma's 1. (laWm; urgum) kid; he-goat
kul (mdkum) skin (41 i 5) 2. (sibturn) produce; interest
kuS7 (kiziim) groom (see A. Cavigneaux, N.A.B.U. 19921103) malkim (ra bkum) commissioner (see D.O. Edzard1F.A.M.
Wiggermann, R1A 7,449ff.)
90 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary

me 1. (baStim) to be na4 1. (abnum) stone

2. (mti; parsum) divine power that makes the institutions of heaven 2. determinative for minerals and stones
and earth function (see G. Farber-Fliigge, RIA 7, nagar (nagarum) carpenter
610ff.) nam- element used to form abstractions, such as in
me-lig(-m) (melemmum) terrifying glance (literally: shining divine power) English -hood, -ship, and -scape I

mi (sinniitum) woman nam-brim (mamiturn) assertory oath

(dumu-)mi see dumu-R nam-brim--ku5(-d? to take the assertory oath
(&)mi see 6-R nam-6rin assertory oath (variant writing of nam-6rim; see A.
(nig-)mi-(6s-sQ see nig-R-6s-si4 Falkenstein, NG 1,64, note 2)
min (Sina) two nam--ku5(-d") (nazarum) to curse
mu 1. (Sumum) name nam-16-inim-ma (Sibatum) the act of witnessing
2. (Sattum) nam-lugal (Sarratum)
Year
mu-...-a(k)-l& because (in a nominalized sentence) nam-nin (belatum)
mu-lugal see mu-lugal--ph(d) nam-nir-g61 (muttallntu) distinction; superiority
mu-lugal--ph(-d) to swear by the king, lit.: "to call the king's name", nam-lita prayer (29:24; see H. BehrensIH. Steible, FAOS 6,
corresponding to the Akkadian niS Sarrim zakdrum 250f .)
"to pronounce the king's life"; mu-lugal in 37:4 is nam-tar (Simtum) destiny
an abbreviation for mu-lugal--ph nam--tar (Siamum) to decree a destiny
mu--PA(-d) ((Sumam) zakarum) to choose (lit.: to name (someone); said about the nam-ti(-1) (balatum) life
ruler chosen by the divinity) nar (ndrum) musician
mu-sar-ra (mrcs/Sarti) (royal) inscription ne-ha (nehtum) rest (loan from the Akkadian)
mu-l&--,a4 to name; to give as name NE.NE-gar the fifth month in the Ur I11 calendar. Its
mu-6s-sa (Sanitum Sattum) the following year
mu-x year-x (indicates a date according to a notable
event that took place during the year) Cultic Calendars, 100-104)
m6 (wqtim 3) to make grow ni (pulu&um) awe
mu1 (nabatum G, 3) to (let) shine ni--tuku 1. (palahum) to experience awe or fear
mun-du morning offering (see J. Bauer AWL, 41 1 ad I 1; 2. (na'dum) awesome (cf. M.-J. Seux, Bpith&tesroyales, 430f.)
CAD MIII, 202 f, disc. section; L. Milano, RIA 8, ni--te(-g) (palahum) to fear; to respect
25 sub 3) nig (Sa) a thing; something; a matter
munus (sinniitum) woman nig-ak-ak (epstum) deed; activity
murgu-...-ta after; for the reading murgu (= LUM) see E. nig-gu7-a (ukultum) consumption; food consumed
Sollberger, AOAT 25,440, note 15 nig-gurl (makkarum) possession; property
mulen 1. (&arum) bird I nig-mi-6s-sa (te/irhatum)
i
2. determinative for birds

na ([in alamln-na(-ni-lh)] abnum) stone (22 iii 2; 23 iii 16, iv 17; 26 ii 7); na is the
~ nig-si4m (Simum)
(16-)nig-(tuku)
nig-6-rum (makkarum)
price (see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17, 153ff.)
see 16-R-tuku
possession; acquisition
I

original graph for the word 'stone' (usually written nig-ul (Sa siatim) what is fit for the cult (literally: what is primordial;
naq), see P. Steinkeller, BiOr 52 (1995) 707 for the reading ul rather than du7 see Ur-Nammu
na-gada (naqidum) herdsman (loan from the Akkadian) 26 ii 1 in H. Steible, FAOS 912, 124f.)
na-n5-a (nartim) stele (lit.: 'set up, erected stone')
(ma-)na see ma-R
 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary

nigh 1. (lawiim) to surround see 6-R

2. (sa!zarum) to turn around; to go around; the marc-form
N ~ is most likely to be read
N I B I N ~ N I ~ I(39:24)
nilo-nilo (*ne/inni, see J. Krecher, Studies MatouS sa (riksum) bundle
II,53; 71, note 80; AOAT 240, 162) s8-dul 1 (Sattukkum) regular offering
(Su-)nigh see Hu-R s8--dul i-dul 1 to provide regular offerings
nigir (nagirum) herald s8-gar (malikum) adviser; counsellor
nin (belturn) lady (giSgag-si-)s8 see giSgag-si-R
(nam-)nin see nam-R see si--R-R
ninnu (harn/ns'cz) fifty see mu-SB--R (sa4 is a conventional reading; in
(nam-)nir-g Al see nam-R OB texts it should be read Se21)
nita (zikarum) male; manly sa6(-g) 1. (damqum) good
(sag-)nita see sag-R 2. (tabum) beautiful; fruitful
(udu-)nita see udu-R salO(-salO)(Stimum) to buy
nu-bhda (laputtiim) inspector; overseer; captain (see D.O. Edzard, sag 1. (resum) head; an architectural feature
ZANF 21 (1963) 91ff.; P. Attinger, ELS, 156f.) 2. (reStum) first-class
nu-kin6(-k) (nukarippum) gardener (for the etymology of the Akkadian 3. (rLiStiim) first; first-class
nukaribb/ppum see M. Krebemik, BFE, 330) sag-dub regular worker (see G.J. Selz, FAOS 1512,230f.);
(en-)nu-(ug5) see en-R-ug5 the meaning of sag-dub in 36:3 remains doubtful,
(igi-)nu-(du8) see igi-R-dug see A. Falkenstein, NG 2,213, note to 3
numun (zerum) seed sag-&n-tar(paqidum) overseer; guardian
nun 1. (rubiim) prince sag--0 (regam ulliim) to raise up; lit.: to lift the 'head' (of a wall or
2. (rabiim) great; princely temple); 28: 13-14; 29:30
sag-nita (regum) (grown) man (see P. Steinkeller, FAOS 17, 130ff.)
sag--rig7(Sarakum) to donate (sag/salT-rig7 may be a loan from the
pa--&(wapiim $) to let shine Akkadian Sarakum)
ph(-d) (nabiim) to call; to name sag-Su4 (kubSum) cap (see H. Waetzoldt, R1A 6,200f.)
(mu-lugal--)pii(-d) see mu-lugal--R sag-6s (reSam kullum) to be available; to care for something's
(mu--)PA(-d) see mu--R maintenance (cf. M.-J. Seux, ~ ~ i t h & royales,
tes
(HA(-ge)--)PA(-d) see SB(-ge)--R 440)
I
Pa5 (palgum) ditch; canal (bur-)sag see bur-R
(gi6-)par4 see gi6-R (ur-)sag see ur-R
p6 (bartum) fountain sagga (Sangiim) temple-administrator
I sagi (gctqiim) cup-bearer (loan from the Akkadian; see J.-J.
Glassner, R1A 8,420-422)
see du-R s&ar (eperum) dust; earth
see SU-R sar 1. (Satarum) to write
see sag--R 2. (mus/Sarum) a surface measure: 1 s/Sar = 60 gig4 = 1/100 ikiim
see a--R (see R1A 7,479 $11.5)
to receive; to bring back (see G.J. Selz, ASJ 17 see mu-R-ra
[I9951 274, note 103) to set (according to J. Krecher, AOAT 240, 195
ni [*dru, see dii)] (baniim) to raise up; to set up the verbal roots s&(-g)and sb(-k) must be
(na-)ni-(a) see na-R-a distinguished)
 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary

(Bga-kh--)s&(-g) see Bga-kh--R see zi-R-gzil

(zi-)$a-(gal)
si-(si(-g)) (maliim D) to fill in pot; vessel
duggab(Sappum)
(asil+--)si-si see ad+--R-R see ka-R (the reading HakanJSagan for SU,.GAN,
(ka-)Hakan
si-SA (is'arum) right; legal is conventional)
si--sd-sA (eierum 3; St) to get ready (24 iii 2); to yoke (25 iii 12-13) to make abundant
$fir(-SAr)(deSiim D)
(giggag-)si-(sA) see giggag-R-sl grain; barley
Se (Se'um)
sig4 (libittum) unbaked brick favorite (cf. M.-J. Seux, ~ ~ i t h & royales,
tes 448ff.)
Se-ga (migrum)
sig4-b&ar(-ra) (cf. agurrum) baked(?)lpotter's(?) brick; possibly to be read The twelfth month in the Ur I11 calendar. Its
Se-gurlO-h5(-d")(esedum)
sig4(/Seg12)-slur,-ra, see P. Steinkeller, JNES 46 Babylonian equivalent was the month of a(d)daru.
(1987) 59; JNES 52 (1993) 145 The Sumerian means escdum "to harvest" (see M.
see kas-R (is sig15a syllabic writing of sig17 (GI) Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 119-124). The reading
"light colored"?) gurlo is not certain, see M. Civil, FI, 170f.; J.
siki (Sipatum) wool Bauer, JAOS 115 [I9951 294
(udu-)siki see udu-R see DUB.R
sikil (ellum) pure; virginal brother (for a reading ses instead of SeS see J.
sila (qiim) a measure of capacity; liter-vessel; in Pre-Sargonic Bauer, AoN 1985,2, n. 21)
Lagag as well as in the standard Akkad-Old Him 1. (riqum) scent; fragrance
Babylonian system 1 sila equals approximately 1 2. fragrant
liter (see M. Powell, RIA 7,497 5 IV.4-5) 3. determinative for perfumes
sila4 (puhadum) lamb (nam-)Sita see nam-R
sipa(-d) (re'iim) shepherd Sitim (itinnum) house builder
(6-TAR-)sir-(sir) see Sacred Buildings Su (qatum) hand; control
(pa5-)sir-(ra) see Place Names Su--ba(-dr/r) (wuSSurum) to release (see J. Krecher, Kutscher Memorial Vol.,
su (zumrum; Sirum [text 281) body; flesh (28:7,24); as for 39: 13 su/kuS= 11lff.)
zumrumlmdkum must be taken into consideration, Su--du7-du7(Suklulum) to complete; to finish
cf. A. CavigneauxIF. Al-Rawi, ZA 83 [I9931 202- (giri17-)Su--(gzil) see ginl7-R--g81
205 Su--gi4 to lead back; to bring back; to give back
to satisfy? (34 v 1; this translation is based on the Su--tag (za'anum D) to decorate; to adorn
context; sh-sii(-g), literally "to make empty" Su--ti (leqiim) to receive
remains difficult) Su--iir (pddtum) to erase (an inscription; lit.: to flatten the hand [on
su13(-d? (arakum G, D) to be long; to lenghten; to last something])
suhui (is'dum) foundation to supply with abundantly
sukkal (Sukkallum) courier; a high-ranking official (the reading sukkal to act as guarantor for (see J. MarzahnIH.
is conventional; in OB and Pre-OB sources suga17 Neumann, AoF 22 [I9951 115, ad I1 1')
is preferable) to renew
sukkal-m& (sukkalma&u) prime-minister purification ritual (cf. G. Farber-Fliigge, St.Poh1
sur the meaning of sur in 39:21 remains uncertain 10, 191ff.)
Su-nigh (napharum) total
Su-ri (miSlanu) half (see J. Friberg, RIA 7,536 5 3.1; G.J. Selz,
Ha element used in fractions ASJ 17 [I9951 274)
SB(-g) (libbum) content; interior Su-tag--dul (za'anum D) to sprinkle (in 23 iii 8-10 and 25 iii 3-5 it is said
SB(-ge--)pa(-d) to choose (lit.: to call in the heart) about oil (I )fine scent (ir-nun))
and
HA-bi-ta from it (lit.: from its inside) see sag-R
 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary 97

(g4-gi%-)Sub-(ba) see g4-sib-R-ba (lii-nig-)tuku see lii-nig-R

Siiba (cf. namrum) shining (like the colour of the Siiba-stone [agate?]; (ni-)tuku see ni-R
for the variant readings /S/suba/, /subi/ see A. tukumbi (Summa) if; in case
Sjoberg, JCS 40 [I9881 172f., note 6) tiim see DU
Sudul (nirum) yoke (the reading Sudul for S U ~ . D U Lis~ (dg~-)&m-(dulo(-g>> see Divine Names
conventional) tuS (wdcibum G, 3) to cause to dwell; to settle (for the plural form of
to give; to hand over; to lend this verb see durun,)
see zB-R see ki-R
one third

u (Sammum) grass; a plant

(ki-...-)ta see ki-...-R ii-a (zaninum)
(murgu-...-)ta see murgu-...-R
(gig--)tag see gig--R ii-rum possession (see G.J. Selz, FAOS 1512, 110f.)
&--)tag see Hu--R 6-durunx(DUR2.DUR2)-na brushwood(?); hay(?); for a discussion of this term
(Su-)tag--(dull) see Su-R--du (oven-grass?) see G.J. Selz, FAOS 1512,320f.
(&%-)taka4 see gd1--R (dba-)~2 see Divine Names
(E-dam-)taka4 see M-darn-R ii--ku4(salcilum) to sleep; to rest (see (ii--)kuq)
(nam--)tar see nam--R (gd-)gl%-Sub-ba see g4-R
(sag-8n-)tar see sag-8n-R u4 (~mum) day
(C-)TAR-(sir-sir) see Sacred Buildings u4-...(-a) (inu) when
(ni--)te(-g) see ni--R u4-ba (ina amiSu) at that time; then
temen (temmenum) foundation peg (see S. Dunham, RA 80 [I9861 31- u4-bi-ta
64) u4-Sb-US-e(iimiSam)
life (the form a-ba-ti-la-da "so long as he lives" is u4-ul-li-a-ta (iStu iim sidtim) from long ago (for the meaning of ul and /i/ in this
difficult to explain. According to PSD A/I, 47,5. expression see J. van Dijk, AcOr 28 [I9641 33)
S.V. a-ba, it is sandhi writing. A. Falkenstein, NG ug (labrum) ewe
3, 166 S.V. ti(1) suggests that it means u4 ba-ti-la- u18-ru (sirum; ellim) exalted; high (see M.-C. Ludwig, SANTAG 2,
da) 107ff.)
(gig-kig-)ti see giS-kig-R ub (tubqum) comer; a small room
(nam-)ti see nam-R (an-)ub-(da) see an-R-da
&-)ti see Su--R ud5 [*uzd] (enzum)
ti1 (gamcirum) to destroy; to exterminate
(di-)til-(la) see di-R-la /uzud/ see G. Selz, WO 26 [I9951 196)
tir (qiitum) forest; grove (PEa 457: te-er) udu (immerum) sheep
tu(-d) (wal6dum) to give birth; to make (a statue 21 iii 9-10; 22 iii 2- udu-nita (immerum) ram
3); the traditional reading tu(-d) is retained here udu-siki wool-bearing sheep
since PEa 684-685 notes tu-6 [= marti?] as well as iig (niSa) people; population
du-6 [= bamtu?]; see J. Krecher, AOAT 240, 160f. (en-nu-)ug5 see en-nu-R
tiig (subaturn) garment; clothing ugu (eli) on; over (the reading ugu for U.GU3 is
tuku 1. (Slim) to have; with the infix I-da-/: to have a claim conventional)
against somebody (30:5,8) ugula (waklum) chief; overseer (loan from the Akkadian)
to marry ul (cf. ulllim) distant (in time, either past or future)
98 General Vocabulary General Vocabulary 99 '1 I
(nig-)ul see nig-R zal 1. (Sutebriim) to pass
(u4-)ul-(li-a-ta) see u4-R-li-a-ta 2. (nasahum) when said about dating, u4-x zal-la means "on the
umbin--la5(-d? (gullubum) to shave; to shear (literally: to pluck with the x~ day"
fingernail) zi(-d) (kinum) true; lawful, right; legitimate; legitimating
umuS (pmum) decision; understanding (29 i 6) zi-Ed-la (Siknat napis'tim) living being
unken (pubrum) assembly (i*hg-kig, lit.: seeking (= consulting) the
people)
unu6 (mmVabum;Subtum; makalum) living room; dining room? (where the gods
received their food offerings); sanctuary (cf. A.
zi(-r) (pasasum D) to destroy; to annihilate II
your
Falkenstein, OrNS 35 [I9661 239ff.; D. Charpin, see gal-R
clerg6,337ff.) see a-ra-R
ur (kalbum) dog; for the meaning of ur in Personal Names like kagirum; rakasum) to oblige; for zd--keg(-dr [*keSedr 1 kSedr]) see A. 1
U~-*DNsee R. Di Vito, StPohl SM 16, 116ff.; for CavigneauxIF. Al-Rawi, ZA 85 (1995) 36ff.
Akkadian PN's containing the element kalbum see
CAD K, 72 i)
ur-sag (qarradum) hero
(Su--)hr see SU--R AKKADIAN
drdu(-d) (wardum) slave; servant; subordinate
uri (akkadiim) Akkadian ilum (digir) (the) god
(ki-)uri see ki-R -ma and
urin (urinnum) standard malikum (ad-gi4-giq) counselor; adviser
urn12 the reading urnl2 expresses the verbal root iir (see pubrum (unken) assembly; council
Su--hr) plus the verbal ending -e rimum gift
urnl6(-n) (dannum; naklum) strong; clever (see M. Civil, Studies Sjoberg, 55) iemiim (giS--tuku) to hear
ds 1. (rediim) to (make) follow Su (cf. Id) the one who belongs to (in proper names of the Su-
2. (em~dum) to border; when said about ships, to dock DN type)
(sag-)ds see sag-R u (-bi-da) and
(mu-)ds-(sa) see mu-R-sa ummum (ama) mother
(nig-mi-)ds-(sa) see nig-mi-R-sa
US (uSSum) foundation; pit(?)
(&a-)ds see hga-R
uSumgal (uSumgallum) dragon (lit.: big snake) AMORITE
utul (utullum) herdsman (<*udu+lu,pasturing sheep)
(d~ul-)utul~, see Divine Names paternal uncle ("grandfather" according to J.M.
Durand, CRRA 38 [I9921 120, note 174)
healer

za-gin (uqniim) lapis-lazuli

(Sisgu-)za see B S g u - ~
zh(-g)--SuS (cf. Simtum) to brand; to mark (see D. Foxvog, ZA 85 [I9951
Iff.)
 Divine Names 101

DIVINE NAMES den-lil: 1) "Lord Breeze" is a popular etymology. What *e/illil really means is unknown.
2) Nippur; 3) The de f act0 head of the Sumerian pantheon.
Each name is accompanied by:
d&r-ra:3) A Semitic wanior and plague god who is identified with underworld deities.
1) Its etymology; 2) The chief cult place; 3) The god's chief features.
d e ~ 5 - p e2)
~ :Adab; 3) A divinity found in third-millenium god-lists from Fara and Abii-
Salabikh, as well as Early-Dynastic and Early Sargonic mythological texts (see B.
dama-u~umgal-an-na:1) "'Lord-dragon' of Heaven" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 21f.); AlsterIA. Westenholz, ASJ 16 [I9941 37).
3) Associated with Lugaluru(b) in Pre-Sargonic Lagag; eventually assimilated to Dumu-
zi. d6gtar: 3) Save for the absence of the sacred marriage, she was the Semitic eqivalent of
Inanna, with whom she was syncretized.
an: 1) "Heaven"; 2) Uruk; 3) Personification of heaven; nominal head of the Sumerian
pantheon. d g h - t u m - d ~ ~ ~ 2) ) : (see G.J.Selz, UGASL, 134ff.); 3) The mother-goddess at
( - ~LagaS
LagaS; special protectress of Gudea.
danzu(-d)musen(for the latest study of this name see B. Alster, RA 85 [I9911 Iff.);
3) Personification of the storm-cloud, represented as a white eagle. Anzu stole the tablet dig-alim: 1) "Door of the ~isoI;"(see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 144ff.); 2) LagaS; 3) Sul-
of destiny from Enlil, but Ningirsu conquered him, returned the tablet to Enlil, and thus Sagana's twin brother; the son of Ba'U and Ningirsu.
became his ur-sag-kala-ga.
dinanna: 1) "Lady of Heaven" is a popular etymology; 2) Uruk; 3) The planet Venus;
d b a - ~ 22)
: Goddess of Iriku(-g) in LagaS (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 26ff.); 3) Vegetation the heavenly courtesan; a warrior goddess; a Vegetation goddess whose sacred marriage
goddess; Ningirsu's wife. to Dumuzi, repeated every new-year's day, guaranteed Sumer's fertility. She was
syncretized with the Semitic EIIStar and was most commonly thought to be the daughter
dda-gan: 2) The region of Mari; 3) The West-Semitic storm-god, originally a chtonic of Nanna-Su'en. As for her relationship to An, the god of the sky, see J. van Dijk,
god (cf. D.R. Frayne, BCSMS 25 [I9931 40 with note 31-41). Studies Borger, 9- 11; 30.

dda-mu: 3) A god of healing; one of the disappearing and dying gods whose sister goes d i ~ k u r2)
: Karkara; 3) The storm god.
to search for him.
digtaran: 2) Der; 3) A god connected with judgement.
ddumu-zi(-d): 1) "'True Child"' (cf. Th. Jacobsen, JQR 76 [I9851 41-45); 2) God of
Badtibira; 3) There are two traditions: one about Dumuzi the fisherman and one about d l u g a l - u r u , ( ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ 1)
2 )"King
~ ( - bof) Uru(b)"
: (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 163ff.);
Dumuzi the sheperd. The fisherman is from Ku'ara, the shepherd is from Badtibira. The 2) Uru(b); 3) Syncretism identified him with Inanna's husband Dumuzi.
shepherd is Inanna's "husband" whom she sends to the underworld to substitute her. He
is the archetypal disappearing and dying god. dmarduk: 1) The interpretation and milieu of the name *Marud/tuk (cf. the biblical
Merod&) remain unclear. Certainly it is not, as popular etymology would have it, "calf
ddumu-zi-abzu: 1) "'True Child' of the Abyss"; 2) KinunirSa; 3) This divinity was of the sun god"; 2) Babylon; 3) Chief god of Babylon and, in the first millenium, head
generally regarded as female. At Eridu, however, it was considered male and formed part of the whole pantheon because of his victory over Tiamat.
of Enki's entourage.
dnammu/a: 3) In the cosmogony of Eridu, the goddess who personified the primordial
den-ki(-g/-k): 1) "Lord of the Earth"; 2) Eridu; 3) The crafty god of magic and wisdom; waters. For a reading namma rather than nammu see M. Civil, OrNS 54 (1985) 27, note
the helper of mankind. This divinity is to be distinguished from en-ki "Lord Earth", one 1.
of the gods who existed before the separation of heaven and earth.
102 Divine Names Divine Names

dnanna: 2) Ur; 3) The Sumerian moon-god. His en-priestess lived in the Gipar at the
Karzida in Ur and was one of the major personages in Sumerian religion. The god was h ' e n > dsin: 1) The original meaning of this name is uncertain (see M. Krebemik, R1A
identified with SuYen/Sin,the Semitic moon-god. 8,362f.). According to D.R. Frayne, BCSMS 25 (1993) 40, it might go back to a Proto-
Indo-European root; 2) Ur; 3) The Semitic moon-god identified with Nanna, the
dnan~e:2) Sirara I Nina (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 181ff.); 3) Ningirsu's sister; interpreter Sumerian moon-god.
of dreams; protectress of birds and fish; goddess of "social justice".
d ~ h r a2)
: Umma; 3) Inanna's son; her manicurist and hair-dresser.
dnin-a-zu: 1) "Lord Physician"; 2) Enegi; 3) An underworld healing-god; NingiSzida's
father. d~ul-Ha-ga-na1) "The Lad of his (Ningirsu's) Heart" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 277ff.);
2) LagaS; 3) Igalim's twin brother; the son of Ba'U and Ningirsu.
dnin-dar: 2) Ki'eH; 3) NanHe's husband. The reading dar (not g h ) in the second part of
the name is discussed by M. Civil, Studies Sjoberg, 50. d~ul-utul12 1) "The Lad who Pastures Sheep" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 279ff.); 2) LagaS;
3) Dynastic god of the rulers of LagaS from UmanSe to Enmetena.
dnin-gir-su: 1) "Lord of Girsu" (see G.J. Selz, UGASL, 218ff.); 2) Girsu; 3) Ba'U's
husband; he became Enlil's hero when he recovered ihe tablet of destiny that Anzu had dutu: 1) "Sun"; 2) Sippar; 3) The sun god.
stolen.

dnin-gi~-zi-da:1) "Lord of the True Tree"; 2) GiSbanda; 3) Ninazu's son; an underworld

snake-god; Gudea's patron god. The latter seemingly introduced him into the LagaS
pantheon to justify his own assumption of power. For further reading see:

dnin-hur-sag: 1) "Lady of the Mountain-Range"; 2) KeSi; 3) The mother-goddess. Her Black, J. - Green, A., Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustra-
name indicates where she appears. She is the creator of gods and men. ted Dictionary (London 1992).
Edzard, D.O., in H.W. Haussig, Worterbuch der Mythologie, Band I (Stuttgart 1965) 19-
dnin-lil: 1) "Lady Breeze" (popular etymology analogous to den-lil 'lord breeze"); 139.
2) Nippur; 3) Enlil's wife. Leick, G., A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology (LondonINew York 1991).
Selz, G.J., Untersuchungen zur Gotterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von LagaS
d n i n - ~ ~1)~"Lady. ~ of
~ Marg/ki"(?;
: see P. Attinger, N.A.B.U. 1995133); 2) Guabba; (Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 13, Philadelphia
3) NanSe's daughter. 1995).
The relevant articles in the Reallexikon der Assyriologie (RIA).
dnin-~ubur:1) "Lord I Lady of (the land of) Subur/~ubar(?)";2) Akkil; 3) When male, For the LagaS pantheon of the Gudea period: the relevant articles in A. Falkenstein, Die
An's sukkal; when female, Inanna's sukkal. Inschriften Gudeas von LagaS. I. Einleitung (AnOr 30, Rome 1966).

dnin-te-ug5-ga: 1) By popular etymology "Lady who Keeps the Dying Alive"; cf.
Marduk's epithet muballit miti; 3) A goddess of healing.

dnu-mu~-da:2) Kazallu.

dnun-gal: 1) "Great Nobility"; 2) Nippur; 3) A goddess connected with justice and

judgement, especially the judicial ordeal.

d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ 3)
~ The
4 mdeterminative
u S e n : muSen shows that the divinity is a bird (see
G. Pettinato, MEE 3, 112:79; 117,l. 79).
 PERSONAL NAMES
(Parentheses indicate the text in which the name appears)

a-ba-dutu-gim(30:4)
a-kur-gal(15 i 4; 16 ii 1). A ruler of Pre-Sargonic LagaS.
d-lu5-lu5(38~26)
ad-da-Su-sikil(34vi 1)
ama-iri (35:8)
damar-dsu'en (27:4, 19,25). A ruler of Ur in the Ur I11 period.
ba-Si-SB-ra-gi (32:3)
bha-nam-tar-ra (34 iv 1). The wife of Lugalanda, a Pre-Sargonic ruler of LagaS.
BU-KA (36:9)
digir-a-gu10 (33 iv 2)
du-du (38:4,6,7, 12, 16, 18,20,22,28,34,40,43)
du-du-d (36: 12)
6-an-na-tum (16 i 1; iii 9). A ruler of Pre-sargonic LagaS.
6-me-li9-sh (34 iii 3)
en-an-na-~m(I) (14:13; 15 i 1; 20:lO; 21 i 10)
en-an-na-tdm (11) (19:3, 16)
en-ig-gal(34 v 4; 40 ii 1; 42 iii 2; 44 ii 4)
den-lfl-ld-an-zu(36: 10)
en-ld (34 vi 6)
en-Su (34 v 6)
en-te:me-na [= en-me-te-na] (1 1:1; 13:3; 8; 14:3; 19:10; 20:3; 20; 3 1; 21 i 3; iii 8: 11; iv
2,7; vi 2). For the reading of this name see H. Steible, FAOS 512, 106 (1).
ddr-ra,ma,lik (39:3)
d~tar-um-mi (39: 1)
gan-ki (34 ii 5)
g6me-dig-alim (37: 15)
g6me-dnun-gal(31:4)
g6me-ti-ra-dS (38:36)
gi-zi (38 ii 13)
giggal-si (34 ii 6)
gu-NI-DU (12 i 4). The father(?) of ur-dnanSe, a ruler of Pre-Sargonic LagaS.
gii-d6-a (2:3; 4:3; 5:3; 6:4; 7:4; 8:4; 9:4; 10:6; 22 r. sh. 1; i 5; iii 7; 23 i 2; ii 4, 14; iii 18;
24 r. sh. 1; i 5; iv 4; v 5; 25 r. sh. 1; i 3; ii 6; 26 i 7; iii 4). A ruler of Lagal whose
dating is uncertain. Perhaps he should be placed in the period that goes from the
Guteans to the beginning of Ur 111.
ha-am-mwra-pc'(28:1,21,33). A ruler of Babylon in the Old-Babylonian period.
tli-A.ZU (39:2)
L L ~ ' - D I G I(36:7)
R~~~
 Personal Names

S8-Su-nigin (32:2)
SeS-16-du10(40 i 2) PLACE NAMES
HeS-sa6-ga (44 vi 5)
Su-duran ([DUR!.KIB] 3 1:5)
dsu,dsfn(32: 12) i7buranun (purattu) [28: 161: The Euphrates (UD.KIB.NUN read as bar6-91-nun seems
ti-ti (38:4) to be syllabic writing).
d-S&-h6-DU(32~2)
ur-ba-g6ra (38:47) dilmunk: The region between what today is Falaika and Barain.
~ r - ~ b a(37:8)
-u~
ur-du, (42 ii 1) C7)duran [31:5]: The river Diyiila. See D.O. Edzard, RGTC 1, 210. For the reading of
ur-ddumu-zi(43 iii 3) d/tur(r)an (DUR.KIB) see MSL X, 26-27; K. Nashef, BaM 13 (1982) 120, note 15;
ur-6-mCl(33 i 3; 34 vi 3) 133f., note 72.
ur-6-ninnu (38:7)
~ r - ~ e S ~ -(30:2)
pel 6-GUM.DUR2(-ra) [38:2,35]: Meaning and reading unknown.
ur-gu-la (38:24)
~ r - ~ i ~ - a(32:7;
l i m 37:6) elam&: The region in south-west Iran with Susa as its center. It and Lagal were
ur-dinarma (35:7) hereditary enemies.
~ r - ~ i ~(3k 1u:2,7)
r
ur-digtaran (32:9; 37: 18,22; 3850) e r i d ~ ~ ( -A~ )city
: in Sumer and the center of Enki's cult. The name seems to mean
ur-k&Ski(30:6) "Good City".
ur-ki (33 ii 4)
ur-dnammu (1:3; 3:3) gir-suki: An important settlement that was part of the city-state of LagaS. Its god was
~ r - ~ n a 1)n ~Aeruler of Pre-Sargonic LagaS (12 i 1 [written: dnan~e:ur];21 i 14). Ningirsu.
2) A party in a wedding contract (32:3).
ur-nigin-gar (36: 11) gu-bik(-n): The location of this land, mentioned in 25 iv 9 in the sequence Magan,
u~-~~~~-MA (41R ii. K
2)I Meluma, Gubi, and Dilmun, is uncertain. See D.T. Potts, N.A.B.U. 1996165.
~r-~<nu->mul-da (37:2)
U~-~NUNUZ.KAD (38:47)
~~~~~" gu-eden-na: ''The Border of the Steppe"; the boundary between LagaS and Umma,
i n1:8)
~ r - ~ s(3 object of constant war between the two states. See H.J. Nissen, AS 20,34f.
ur-zu(!) (35:4; 6)
drd~-~nanna (38: 19) IM.KA.SU~~(ZI.ZI.SE~): A place mentioned in 21 v 2 whose reading is uncertain. See
utu-16-gu lo (34 iii 2) H. Steible / H. Behrens, FAOS 512, 109-110, note 15; J. Bauer, AoN 1987,6, n. 39.

im-sag (18 iii 9): While this may be the name of a place, the location of Enlil's temple
For further information about these names see R.A. Di Vito, Studies in Third 6-ad-da, it could just as likely be the temple's epithet. It is discussed in H. Steible I H.
Millennium Sumerian and Akkadian Personal Names. The Designation and Conception Behrens, FAOS 5/2, 109f., note 15.
of the Personal God. Studia Pohl: Series Maior 16 (Rome 1993).
iri-ku(-g): "Holy City". A section of ~ i r s uwhere the temple of Ba'U was located (see
AnOr 30, 121; 141: for other early evidence about this toponym see V. Crawford, Iraq
36 [I9741 29ff.).

K A ~ . D I ~ I R . R A"Gate
~ ~ : of God". This sumerogram for the name of Babylon is a
popular etymology based on the semitic bab ili. For the likely genuine place-name
*babilla see B. Kienast, Sumer 35 (1979) 246-248.
 108 Place Names

kl-sur-ra (24 iii 6): "Boundary Gate" where kar-za-gin, ''The Lapis-lazuli Quay" was
located. But it is not clear exactly where kA-sur-ra was.

kar-nun (24 iii 4): "Princely Quay". Ba'U's magur-boat is connected with this place (24
iii 3).
si-ma-numfi (38:51): A city locted near modem Mardin in south-eastem Turkey; it was
destroyed during ~ u ~ i nthird
' s year. II
kar-silim-ma (28: 19): "Quay of Well-being"; located at Zimbir.

kar-za-gin (24 iii 6): "Lapis-lazuli Quay" or "Pure Quay"; located at kA-sur-ra. ~ u r - ~ n a n (21
I e v 1): "Border of Nanle". Its location is unknown; see FAOS 5, 108,
n.12. According to J. Cooper, SARI I, 64 n. 5 (ad La 5.17) "it is unclear if this is a
kar-zi-da (27: 15): 'The True Quay". At Ur, the location of the dip= where Nanna's en- personal or a geographical name".
priestess lived.

ki-en-gi(-r) ("kegir): "Native Land". The Sumerian name for their land (see C. Wilcke,
CRRA 19 [I9741 202ff.; P. Steinkeller, HANEIS 5, 112, note 9; H. Steible, 1st.Mitt. 43 name of the temple 6-SeS-gar-ra or just NanSe's epithet.
[I9931 25f .).
Iubur: Subartu, the land to the north of Mesopotamia; it seems to appear in the name of
ki-lagabki (29: 17): The city-state of LagaS, whose chief settlements where LagaS, dirsu the divinity dnin-Subur (see Divine Names).
and Nina(-Sirara); see M. Yoshikawa, ASJ 7 [I9851 157ff.).
tir-ku(-g) (21 ii 15): "Pure 'Forest"'. The location of Nifiursag's gi-ga-na that
ki-uri: The Sumerian name for the land of Akkade. uri is the Sumerian rendering of the Enmetena built.
Semitic wadi) (see P. Steinkeller,HANEIS 5, 115f., note 18).
ummaki: A Sumerian city, the hereditary enemy of Lagal.
lagaIfi: The settlement LagaS in the state of the same name (see M. Yoshikawa, ASJ 7
[I9851 157ff.). unugk" (uruk): The city of An and Inanna.

larsak"(-m): The Sumerian city of the sun-god. It ruled Sumer in Old-Babylonian times
between the fall of Isin and the rise of Babylon.

m6-ganki: A district corresponding to modem Oman; the source of precious metals, U ~ U , ( U R U X K A R ~ ) ~A( -settlement
~): in the state of LagaS. In text 20 it is mentioned in
stone, and wood. connection with offerings to its god Lugaluru(b). For the reading of this place-name see
D.O. Edzard, RGTC 1,183; K. Volk, N.A.B.U. 1997160.
me-lubbak": In the third and early second millennium this was probably the area of the
Mohenjo-Daro civilization. uRuxAki (= uru'a?): A city conquered by Eannatum (16 ii 6). For a possible reading
*urua see RGTC 1, 181; but also note MSL 14,432, C 6'-7'.
nibruki (nippuru): Enlil's city, the religious center of Sumer.
zimbirki (sippalir) [(28:17]: The city of the sun-god where Hammurapi built a canal.
ninaki: A settlement in the state of LagaS whose goddess was NanSe.

pa5-ku(-g) 121 v 41: "Pire canal"; located near Nina .

For particulars about each place see the appropriate entry in RGTC 1 and 2.
 I 4-engur-ra (21 ii 7): "House of the Abyss". NanSe's temple located at Sulum near
SACRED BUILDINGS
Lagag, built by Enmetena (Gazetteer, n. 250).

6-dgh-tum-dulo(-g)[21 ii 223: "~atumdu'stemple", located in Iriku in Girsu (Gazetteer,

a-hug (21 i 20): Syllabic writing of 6-huS, "Fearsome House". Ningirsu's sanctuary built n. 1314).
by Enmetena (Gazetteer, n. 491).

abzu: It is normally written ZU.AB, as in 37:24; but in 36:20 it is written ab-zu. It is

Enki's underwater dwelling. The word refers to a cultic structure. In 41 i 4 it means
6-gal-ti-ra-hH (18 i 8): "Palace of TiraS". Ningirsu's sanctuary dating to at least the time
of UmanSe (Gazetteer, n. 1097). 1
Enki's sanctuary at Pasirra (Gazetteer, n. 31).

an-ta-sur-ra (18 ii 1; 21 ii 18): "(House) which Twinkles from Heaven". Ningirsu's

sanctuary, dating to at least the time of Umanle (Gazetteer, n. 83). 6-g6Htu-Hu-du7 (29:25): "House that Perfects Understanding". Enki's temple in Ur
(Gazetteer, n. 364). ,
ba-ghra (in our texts it appears only in the personal name ur-ba-gAra [38 iv 471):
Ningirsu's sanctuary in Lagag (Gazetteer, n. 96). 6-gidru (10 rev. 3; 24 ii 11): "House of the Sceptre", a seven-comered house (6-ub- S
imin). Part of the 6-ninnu (Gazetteer, n. 393). 1
bur-sag (18 iv 2): "Foremost Jar". A kind of building (part of a temple(?), cf. PSD B
187 2.1). There was more than one bur-sag since various gods had one (FAOS 512 124f. 6-gisgigir(l3:6; 18 ii 3): "Chariot House". Part of the 6-ninnu where Ningirsu's chariot
ad 'Entemena' 33, note 3). Its epithet is ~-sA-du~~-an-na(-ta!)-~~~-a-ni
"His House from was kept (see AnOr 30 126, 15). Its epithet was 6 me-li9-bi kur-kur-ra du15 (18 ii 4)
which Regular Offerings are delivered to him (Ningirsu)" (Gazetteer, n. 129). I "House whose Splendor Covers the Mountains" (Gazetteer, n. 766).

6-ad-da (18 iii 8; 21 i 2, iv 3, vi 6): "House of the Father". The sanctuary of Enlil, 6-iri-ku-ga (10 rev. 5; 26 iii 7): "House of the Pure City". Temple of Ba'U in the sacred
Ningirsu's father. Its exact location is unknown (Gazetteer, n. 40). quarter of Girsu (Gazetteer, n. 1198).

6-an-na (23 i 5, iv 3): "House of Heaven", Inanna's temple in Girsu. It probably owed
its name to the 6-an-na in Uruk, Inanna's most important cult center (Gazetter n. 77).
I 6-ma!! (22 ii 5): "Sublime House". While this is the name of Nir&ursag's temple in
~ - ~ a n z u ~ ~ ~ ~ " - b(8:8):
h b b"House,
ar White Anzu". The name of this temple is attested
only on brick inscriptions found at Girsu, Tell I (see AnOr 30, 121; 123, a-ga-erena).

~ - ~ b(18
a iii
- 5):
~ "Temple
~ of Ba'U", built by IriKAgina (see AWL, 198f. ad 46 I11 2). !
I
Girsu, it is uncertain whether our passage refers to the temple by name, or whether the
phrase simply means "sublime house" (Gazetteer, n. 716).

6-me-bug-gal-an-ki (18 iii 3) "House of the Great Furious Me's of Heaven and
6-bBbbar (17:2): "White House". This is not Utu's famous temple in ZimbirlSippar, but
a temple in the state of LagaS. According to G.J.Selz, FAOS 1511, 194, it was dedicated
I Earth/Underworld". Igalim's temple in ~ i r s (Gazetteer,
u n. 755).

6-mug (in the PN ur-6-m%, 33 i 3; 34 vi 3): "House, Foundation (of the Land)".
to Ningirsu (Gazetteer, n. 99).
Dumuzi's temple in Badtibira (Gazetteer, n. 829).
6-bappir (18 ii 6; 19:14): "House of Beer-Bread"; the brewery, part of the 6-ninnu
where beer seems to have been brewed. Its epithet was geltin! sila-gal-[gal] kur-ta de6-a
"(to which) Grape Juice Has Been Brought in 'Big' Liter-Vessels from the Mountain
Regions". I Anzu". The most important sacred building in the state of LagaH, it was Ningirsu's
temple-complex in Girsu (cf. AnOr 30, 116-143). Its name shows that it incarnated the
I
112 Sacred Buildings

fifty me. This is clear from Gudea, cylinder A x 6. It dated to the time of UmanSe (12 ii
1: BS-gir-s6) but was substantially rebuilt by Gudea (Gazetteer, n. 897). YEAR DATES

6-sbdul l-an-na-ta!-~~2-a-ni (18 iv 3): "His House from which Regular Offerings are YEAR-DATES OF PRE-SARGONIC ADMINISTRATIVE TEXTS
Delivered to him (Ningirsu)". Epithet of the bur-sag.
Text 33 = (Lugalanda) 6
6-lu-sBga (29:29): "Cella", "Temple Chamber"; Part of Enki's temple 6-g6Htu-Su-du7 in
Text 34 = (Lugalanda) 3
Ur.
Text 40 = (IriKAgina) 2 I
C-TAR-sir-sir (26 ii 1; iii 3): Temple of Ba'U. Originally it was at LagaS but was Text 41 = (Lugalanda) 2
transferred by Gudea to Girsu (Gazetteer, n. 1086). Text 42 = (IriKAgina) 2
&H-DUG.RU(21 i 18): "Sanctuary (in?) DUG.RU" that belonged to Ningirsu (Gazetteer, Text 43 = (Lugalanda) 6 I

n. 1375). Text 44 = (IriKAgina) undated

For the dating system in these texts see no. 257 in the Sign List.
I
gi-gh-na (gigunzi): A building ('reed chamber') constructed on a terrace for Ningirsu
I
[11:4 (bS-gi gi-ga-na)] (Gazetteer, n. 1376); for Ninhursag in Tirku(-g) [21 ii 141; for t
NanSe [21 iii 21 (Gazetteer, n. 1362). I

YEAR NAMES r
gi-gunu4 (24 ii 9): An alternate spelling of gi-ga-na. Here it designates the edifice
For the year names in the Ur I11 administrative texts, see the references in M. I
located in the 6-ninnu. 1 I
Sigrist and T. Gomi, The Comprehensive Catalogue of Published Ur I11 Tablets
ib (tubuqtu; 44 i 7): 'Temple Niche(?)", see FAOS 6, 167 S.V. (Bethesda [MD] 1991). The variant writings of the individual year names are listed in N.
Schneider, Die Zeitbestimmungen der Wirtschaftsurkunden von Ur 111 (Rome 1936),
ib-gal (37:20, in PN 16-ib-gal): "Big Niche(?)". Inanna's temple complex in the city of 30ff. ('4. Gimilsin' [= Susin]).
LagaS (Gazetteer, n. 505). Text 3 1 = &sin 8 (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327)
ki-tug-akkil-16 (18 ii 9): "Abode of Lamentation". $ulSagana's shrine at ~ i r s u(in the C- Text 32 = &sin 6 (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327)
ninnu? - Gazetteer, n. 618). Text 36 = &sin 3a (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327)
Text 37 = usi in 2 (see M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 326)
I$-pa-da (21 ii 20): "(House) Called in the Heart", i.e. "Chosen House" NanSe's temple Text 38 = &sin 4a (M. SigristIT. Gomi, Catalogue, 327)
in the city of LagaS (Gazetteer, n. 1022).

FESTIVALS
For further information about the buildings mentioned above see A.R. George, House
Most High. The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian Civilizations 5 Text 41: ezem-amar-a-a-si-ge4-da(see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 58-60; G.J.
(Winona Lake 1993). 'Gazetteer' in the Glossary refers to p. 63-161 of this book. Selz, UGASL, 258f. sub 8; J. Bauer, AfO 36/37 [1989/90] 88f.)
Text 42: e ~ e m - ~ b a (see
- u ~ M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 53-54; G.J. Selz,
UGASL, 70 sub 149,72 sub 152) I

Text 43: ezern-~e-gu~-~nanSe(see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 44-46) 1

Text 44: ezem-an-ta-sur-ra (see M.E. Cohen, Cultic Calendars, 57; G.J. Selz,
UGASL, 240 sub 100; 242f. sub 110)

I
I
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