ASSIGNMENT 1: ME607

1. The reduced stiffness matrix for a unidirectional lamina is given as follows.

2. An angle glass epoxy lamina is subjected to shear stress of τxy = 3 MPa in the global
direction resulting in a shear strain γxy = 468 x 10-6 in the global axes. What is the angle
of ply?
3. Find the six engineering constants for a 600 Graphite/Epoxy Lamina.
4. A strain gage measures the normal strain in a component. Experiments suggest that errors
due to strain gage misalignment are more applicable for angle plies of composite
materials than that in isotropic materials.
(a) Take a graphite/epoxy lamina with 80 ply angle under a uniaxial stress of σx = 4 MPa.
Estimate the strain εx as measured by a strain gage aligned in the x direction. Now if the
strain gage is misaligned by +30 to the x-axis, estimate the measured strain. Find the
percentage error due to misalignment.
(b) Take an aluminum layer under uniaxial stress of σx = 4 MPa. Estimate the strain εx as
measured by a strain gage aligned in the x-direction. Now if the strain gage is misaligned
by +30 to the x-axis, estimate the measured strain. Find the percentage error due to
misalignment.
5. A uniaxial load is applied to a 100 ply. The linear stress strain curve along the line of
load is related as σx = 123εx , where the stress is measured in GPa and the strain in m/m.
Given, E1 =180 GPa, E2 = 10 GPa and ν12 = 0.25. Find the value of shear modulus G12
and the modulus Ex for a 600 ply.

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6. Using the equations of stiffness transformation prove that the quantity Q11+ Q22+ 2Q12 is
an invariant (i.e., it is independent of axes orientation) by showing that Qxx+ Qyy+ 2Qxy =
Q11+ Q22+ 2Q12
For an angle θ between the fibre direction and the reference axes.
7. A specimen is made by joining along one edge two
unidirectional laminae at 00 and 450 to the loading axis as
shown in Figure. How ((a), (b), or (c)) is the specimen
going to deform in the transverse direction for a material
of the following properties? Prove your answer by
numerical computation. Given, E1 = 145 GPa, E2 = 10.4
GPa, G12 = 6.9 GPa, υ12 = 0.28
8. Determine Poisson’s ratio at 450 to the principal material axes of a woven glass/epoxy
composite with the following properties:E1/ E2 = 1.25, G12/ E2 = 0.25, υ12 = 0.16
9. A unidirectional lamina is loaded at angles θ = 300 and 600 to the fibre direction, and the
corresponding moduli (Ex)θ-30 and (Ey)θ-60 are obtained. Determine a relationship between
these two moduli and E1 and E2. Find an approximate expression for E2 in terms of
(Ex)θ-30 and (Ey)θ-60 for a high stiffness composite (E1>> E2).
10. A unidirectional lamina is loaded under uniaxial tension σy at 450
to the fibre direction as shown in the figure. Determine the three
strain components εx, εy, and γs (γxy) as a function of σy and the
basic lamina properties (E1, E2, G12, υ12) referred to the principal
material axes. Obtain first the strains in terms of the transformed
engineering constants (Ex, Ey, , υxy, ηxy and so on) and then use approximate relations for
these constants for a high-stiffness composite.
11. A 300 off-axis unidirectional lamina is under biaxial normal
loading along the x- and y- axes as shown in the figure.
(a) Express the ratio k = σy/ σx in terms of transformed engineering
constants (Ex, Ey,,υxy, ηxs and so on), such that there is no shear
deformation in the lamina.
(b) Obtain an expression for k in terms of principal engineering

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 constants (E1, E2, G12, υ12), and then obtain an approximate value of k for a high-stiffness
composite (E1>> E2) and E2 = 1.5 G12
12. For a unidirectional lamina loaded in pure shear τ0 at 450 with
the fibre direction, obtain expressions for the three strain
components εx, εy, and γs, as a function of the basic
engineering properties E1, E2, G12, υ12 (and/or υ21), and the
shear stress τ0 (in the fig.). Obtain first the exact relations and
then the approximate ones for a high-stiffness composite
13. An off-axis unidirectional lamina loaded as shown in the figure,
and the strain εx in the x- direction is measured with a strain gage
(i) Find an expression for the shear coupling coefficient ηgx in terms of Ex, Gxy,, σx,
τs and the measured strain εx.
(ii) Determine the shear strain γs for the following values; εx = 2 X 10-3, Ex, =
58.7GPa, Gxy,,=9.7GPa, σx,=193 GPa, τs = 48.3 MPa
14. Two cylindrical pressure vessels
made of the same unidirectional
lamina but with different fibre
orientations were loaded as shown in
the figure, and given the following
strain readings;
Cylinder A : Diameter: D = 100 mm
Thickness: h = 5 mm, Hoop wound
(fibres in the circumferential direction), Internal pressure: p = 20 MPa, Measured strain:
εx = 8 X 10-3 εx = εθ= 2.75 X 10-3
Cylinder B: Diameter: D = 100 mm, Thickness: h = 5 mm, Helically wound at θ = 450,
Axial load: p = 147 kN, Measured strain: εx = 7 X 10-3. Assuming, υ12 = 0.3, determine
lamina moduli E1, E2,and G12 .