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    Immanuel Kant: Name - Raj Maru ID NO. - 2017B5PS0947P Course Title - Applied Philosophy

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    Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who developed deontological moral theory known as Kantian ethics. According to Kant, an action is morally right if it is done from duty as a result of respecting universal moral laws, rather than from self-interest or a desire for happiness. Kant believed that the supreme principle of morality is the categorical imperative, which is an unconditional moral law that rational beings must follow. The categorical imperative has two formulations: first, that we should only act according to rules that could become universal laws, and second, that we should treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means to an end. Kant argued that intentions and respecting duties are what make a

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    Immanuel Kant: Name - Raj Maru ID NO. - 2017B5PS0947P Course Title - Applied Philosophy

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    Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who developed deontological moral theory known as Kantian ethics. According to Kant, an action is morally right if it is done from duty as a result of respecting universal moral laws, rather than from self-interest or a desire for happiness. Kant believed that the supreme principle of morality is the categorical imperative, which is an unconditional moral law that rational beings must follow. The categorical imperative has two formulations: first, that we should only act according to rules that could become universal laws, and second, that we should treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means to an end. Kant argued that intentions and respecting duties are what make a

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    Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who developed deontological moral theory known as Kantian ethics. According to Kant, an action is morally right if it is done from duty as a result of respecting universal moral laws, rather than from self-interest or a desire for happiness. Kant believed that the supreme principle of morality is the categorical imperative, which is an unconditional moral law that rational beings must follow. The categorical imperative has two formulations: first, that we should only act according to rules that could become universal laws, and second, that we should treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means to an end. Kant argued that intentions and respecting duties are what make a

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    90 views4 pages

    Immanuel Kant: Name - Raj Maru ID NO. - 2017B5PS0947P Course Title - Applied Philosophy

    Uploaded by

    raj maru
    Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who developed deontological moral theory known as Kantian ethics. According to Kant, an action is morally right if it is done from duty as a result of respecting universal moral laws, rather than from self-interest or a desire for happiness. Kant believed that the supreme principle of morality is the categorical imperative, which is an unconditional moral law that rational beings must follow. The categorical imperative has two formulations: first, that we should only act according to rules that could become universal laws, and second, that we should treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means to an end. Kant argued that intentions and respecting duties are what make a

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    NAME - RAJ MARU

    ID NO.– 2017B5PS0947P
    COURSE TITLE – APPLIED PHILOSOPHY

    IMMANUEL KANT
    Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) was a German philosopher, a central figure in modern
    philosophy and an opponent of utilitarianism. Kantian ethics is an example of deontological
    moral theory which states that ‘any position in ethics which claims that the rightness or
    wrongness of actions depends on whether they correspond to our duty or not’. the word
    derives from Greek word for duty, deon. It does not depend upon the consequences of our
    actions.
    Kant believed in moral law and supreme principle of morality. He regarded this form of
    moral law to be categorical imperative, an unconditional command which determines our
    moral duty.

    KANTIAN ETHICS
    Per Kantian ethics, a person is morally good if he performs morally good deeds, with a good
    heart filled with morally good intentions. An intention is morally good if the motive is duty
    itself meaning respect for the moral law.
    Kant argues that person is good or bad is dependent upon reason of motivation for their
    actions and not the consequences of those actions. A person is considered morally good if
    he works with intention and motivated by sense of duty not by intention of bringing out
    happiness or emotions or desire to do something.
    For example,
     imagine that during joy of giving week, I decide donate some of my saving just
    because it would make me feel good and happy to help someone in need. Per kant, I
    am not a morally good person because the motive of my actions was selfish, a
    pursuit of joy and sense of good feeling. A good person is someone who always does
    their duty because it is their duty. We can enjoy our actions, but even if we don’t we
    should do it as dutiful person, irrespective of the consequences caused by those
    actions.
    A person is morally good on basis of sense of duty, not the consequences of actions
    performed with same sense of duty. Two persons with same sense of duty and motivation
    can have both devastating and brilliant outcomes of their actions. Kant says that
    consequences are not in our hand but actions are, so we should execute them with dutiful
    mind.

    CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
    Immanuel Kant argued that supreme principle of morality is a standard of rationality that he
    named the “categorical imperative”.
    Kant characterized the categorical imperative as an objective, rationally necessary and
    unconditional principle that we must always follow despite any natural desire or inclinations
    such as intuitions, desires, emotions we may have otherwise.
    It is a voice emerging from yours own inside, an unconditional command which we must
    follow. It is a moral law which we are abide to, which we know is right and as rational
    human being shoulder upon even if we are not happy with it. This means that all immoral
    actions are irrational because they violate categorical imperative.
    The categorical imperative has two different formulations: first formulation and second
    formulation.

    FIRST FORMULATION
    “Act only according to maxim by which you can at the same time will that it
    should be a universal law”
    A maxim is the rule or principle on which an individual act, it is a subjective principle action.
    First, we need to formulate a maxim, a rule to justify the reason for my actions. Then recast
    the maxim to be a universal law, a law of nature everyone can follow in similar situations I
    did. Then consider rationally if we could allow that action. If we can then our maxim is morally
    permissible.
    For example,
     If A lies to B, then A should accept that B can lie to A.
     If you expect other people to keep their promises, then first you need to keep your
    own promises.

    SECOND FORMULATION
    “So, act that you treat humanity whether in your own person or in the person of
    any other, always as an end and never merely as a means”
    To use some person as a mere means is to take advantage of them for some other reason or
    your own benefit or to end some work without their full consent. To treat someone as an
    end, we require not to treat him or her as a means. An end is a motive to use means, it is a
    closure or action to finish a task.
    In a general society, we always work together, we use one another, help each other and
    that is fine but we should not use others as a means for our ends. We should not use
    ourselves as means to our ends.
    For example, in case of promise breaking, deception, fraud and coercion.
     Imagine A and B work for multinational company. During promotion A uses B as
    means to reach the end, means he jeopardize B career by deceiving the boss with
    false information regarding B, just to get the promotion he long wished for.
     Sometimes a person compromises his or her own self-respect for sake of some end
    in life, means achieving success by losing self-respect.

    CRITICISMS
    Rational human being is an ideal character who judge every situation impartially, unbiased
    with only values and sense of duty in his or her mind.

     Kantian ethics is an abstract thought process.


     Individual is the judge separated from attachments of socio-cultural traditions or ties
    of community.
     A moral person appears to be free from intuitions, desires or emotions.
    Kantian ethics is an abstract thought process, we can’t imagine every human being to be
    perfectly rational. Rather being a rational is very difficult and many social and
    communitarian factors affect the ideal thought process with only sense of duty and free of
    all distractions and inclinations such as feelings, intuition or biased behaviour.
    Kantian therefore rely upon individual rational being and not have objectively universal law.

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