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Introduction To Signals & Variables Lecture-3

This lecture introduced key concepts of signals and systems including: - Continuous and discrete time systems - Linear and time invariant systems which are the primary focus of the course - Properties of systems like causality, stability, memory, and invertibility Matlab and Simulink will be used to analyze, design, and simulate complex systems through modeling. Exercises involve questions about system concepts and properties.

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45 views

Introduction To Signals & Variables Lecture-3

This lecture introduced key concepts of signals and systems including: - Continuous and discrete time systems - Linear and time invariant systems which are the primary focus of the course - Properties of systems like causality, stability, memory, and invertibility Matlab and Simulink will be used to analyze, design, and simulate complex systems through modeling. Exercises involve questions about system concepts and properties.

Uploaded by

selty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE-232 Signals & Systems

Lecture 3
Signals Concepts & Properties

Asst Prof Kamran Aziz Bhatti


Lecture 3: Signals & Systems Concepts
Systems, signals, mathematical models. Continuous-
time and discrete-time signals. Energy and power
signals. Linear systems. Examples for use
throughout the course.

Specific objectives:
• Introduction to systems
• Continuous and discrete time systems
• Properties of a system
• Linear (time invariant) LTI systems
Linear Systems
A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into
another signal
Linear systems play a crucial role in most areas of science
– Closed form solutions often exist
– Theoretical analysis is considerably simplified
– Non-linear systems can often be regarded as linear, for
small perturbations, so-called linearization
For the remainder of the lecture/course we’re primarily going
to be considering Linear, Time Invariant systems (LTI) and
consider their properties
continuous
x(t) y(t)
time (CT)

discrete
x[n] y[n]
time (DT)
Examples of Simple Systems
To get some idea of typical systems (and their properties),
consider the electrical circuit example:
dvc (t ) 1 1
 vc (t )  vs (t )
dt RC RC
which is a first order, CT differential equation.
Examples of first order, DT difference equations:
y[n]  x[n]  1.01y[n  1]
where y is the monthly bank balance, and x is monthly net deposit
RC k
v[n]  v[n  1]  f [ n]
RC  k RC  k
which represents a discretised version of the electrical circuit
Example of second order system includes:
d 2 y (t ) dy(t )
a 2
b  cy (t )  x(t )
dt dt
System described by order and parameters (a, b, c)
First Order Step Responses
People tend to visualise systems in terms of their responses
to simple input signals (see Lecture 4…)
The dynamics of the output signal are determined by the
dynamics of the system, if the input signal has no
dynamics
Consider when the input signal is a step at t, n = 1, y(0) = 0

First order CT differential system First order DT difference system


dy(t )
 ay(t )  u (t  1) y[n](1  ak )  y[n  1]  ku[n  1]
dt

u(t)
y(t)

t
System Linearity
The most important property that a system
possesses is linearity
It means allows any system response to be y
analysed as the sum of simpler responses
(convolution)
x
Simplistically, it can be imagined as a line

Specifically, a linear system must satisfy the two properties:


1 Additive: the response to x1(t)+x2(t) is y1(t) + y2(t)
2 Scaling: the response to ax1(t) is ay1(t) where aC
Combined: ax1(t)+bx2(t)  ay1(t) + by2(t)
E.g. Linear y(t) = 3*x(t) why?
Non-linear y(t) = 3*x(t)+2, y(t) = 3*x2(t) why?
(equivalent definition for DT systems)
Definition of Time Invariance
A system is time invariant if its behaviour and characteristics are
fixed over time
We would expect to get the same results from an input-output
experiment, if the same input signal was fed in at a different
time
E.g. The following CT system is time-invariant
y (t )  sin( x(t ))
because it is invariant to a time shift, i.e. x2(t) = x1(t-t0)
y2 (t )  sin( x2 (t ))  sin( x1 (t  t0 ))  y1 ( x1 (t  t0 ))
E.g. The following DT system is time-varying
y[n]  nx[n]
Because the system parameter that multiplies the input signal is
time varying, this can be verified by substitution
x1[n]   [n]  y1[n]  0
x2 [n]   [n  1]  y2 [n]   [n  1]
System with and without Memory
A system is said to be memoryless if its output for each value of
the independent variable at a given time is dependent on the
output at only that same time (no system dynamics)
y[n]  (2 x[n]  x 2 [n]) 2
e.g. a resistor is a memoryless CT system where x(t) is current
and y(t) is the voltage
A DT system with memory is an accumulator (integrator)
y[n]  k  x[k ]
n

and a delay
y[n]  x[n  1]
Roughly speaking, a memory corresponds to a mechanism in the
system that retains information about input values other than
the current time.
y[n]  k   x[k ]  x[n]
n 1

 y[n  1]  x[n]
System Causality
A system is causal if the output at any time depends on values of
the output at only the present and past times. Referred to as
non-anticipative, as the system output does not anticipate
future values of the input
If two input signals are the same up to some point t0/n0, then the
outputs from a causal system must be the same up to then.
E.g. The accumulator system is causal:
y[n]  k  x[k ]
n

because y[n] only depends on x[n], x[n-1], …


E.g. The averaging/filtering system is non-causal
y[n]  2 M1 1 k   M x[n  k ]
M

because y[n] depends on x[n+1], x[n+2], …


Most physical systems are causal
System Stability
Informally, a stable system is one in which small input signals lead
to responses that do not diverge
If an input signal is bounded, then the output signal must also be
bounded, if the system is stable
x : x  U  y  V
To show a system is stable we have to do it for all input signals.
To show instability, we just have to find one counterexample
E.g. Consider the DT system of the bank account
y[n]  x[n]  1.01y[n  1]
when x[n] = [n], y[0] = 0
This grows without bound, due to 1.01 multiplier. This system is
unstable.
E.g. Consider the CT electrical circuit, is stable if RC>0, because it
dissipates energy dvc (t ) 1 1
 vc (t )  vs (t )
dt RC RC
Invertible and Inverse Systems
A system is said to be invertible if distinct inputs lead to distinct
outputs (similar to matrix invertibility)
If a system is invertible, an inverse system exists which, when
cascaded with the original system, yields an output equal to
the input of the first signal
E.g. the CT system is invertible:
y(t) = 2x(t)
because w(t) = 0.5*y(t) recovers the original signal x(t)
E.g. the CT system is not-invertible
y(t) = x2(t)
because distinct input signals lead to the same output signal
Widely used as a design principle:
– Encryption, decryption
– System control, where the reference signal is input
System Structures
Systems are generally composed of components (sub-systems).
We can use our understanding of the components and their
interconnection to understand the operation and behaviour of
the overall system
x y
Series/cascade System 1 System 2

System 1
x y
Parallel +
System 2

Feedback x y
+ System 1

System 2
Lecture 3: Summary
Whenever we use an equation for a system:
• CT – differential
• DT – difference
The parameters, order and structure represent the system
There are a large class of systems that are linear, time
invariant (LTI), these will primarily be studied on this
course.
Other system properties such as causality, stability,
memory and invertibility will be dealt with on a case by
case basis
Matlab and Simulink are standard tools for analysing,
designing, simulating complex systems.
Used for system modelling and control design
Lecture 3: Exercises
Sas Q1-27 to Q1-31

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