This chapter discusses the conceptual framework and related literature on time management of working students. The conceptual framework illustrates how working students must manage their academic and job-related tasks. Three time management theories are discussed: goal setting theory, time management theory using a grid to categorize tasks, and bucket of rocks theory to prioritize tasks. Related studies found time management is important for student performance and impacts like increased independence but also risks like delayed graduation. The chapter establishes theories to understand how working students balance multiple demands on their time.
This chapter discusses the conceptual framework and related literature on time management of working students. The conceptual framework illustrates how working students must manage their academic and job-related tasks. Three time management theories are discussed: goal setting theory, time management theory using a grid to categorize tasks, and bucket of rocks theory to prioritize tasks. Related studies found time management is important for student performance and impacts like increased independence but also risks like delayed graduation. The chapter establishes theories to understand how working students balance multiple demands on their time.
This chapter discusses the conceptual framework and related literature on time management of working students. The conceptual framework illustrates how working students must manage their academic and job-related tasks. Three time management theories are discussed: goal setting theory, time management theory using a grid to categorize tasks, and bucket of rocks theory to prioritize tasks. Related studies found time management is important for student performance and impacts like increased independence but also risks like delayed graduation. The chapter establishes theories to understand how working students balance multiple demands on their time.
This chapter discusses the conceptual framework and related literature on time management of working students. The conceptual framework illustrates how working students must manage their academic and job-related tasks. Three time management theories are discussed: goal setting theory, time management theory using a grid to categorize tasks, and bucket of rocks theory to prioritize tasks. Related studies found time management is important for student performance and impacts like increased independence but also risks like delayed graduation. The chapter establishes theories to understand how working students balance multiple demands on their time.
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CHAPTER 2
Conceptual Framework and Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents the related literature and studies to conceptual framework and
theoretical framework.
Figure 1
Show the concepts involved in the study. It illustrate the time management of working students
to manage their academic task and job related task. The data in this research will help in making
the intervention for the working students.
Time management Intervention
Of working students For the
•Academic Task Working students
•Job Related Task
Figure1. Conceptual Framewor
Goal Setting Theory
Goals assist us to properly focus and work towards achieving the things that are
important to us. The Goal-setting theory advanced by Locke can be used to effectively manage a
person's time. Personal goal setting enables a person to plan and therefore live life in their own
way. Personal goal setting enables a person to plan and therefore live life in their own way. By
setting goals that are both challenging and achievable, a person will have a clear idea of what
needs to be done and will be motivated to work towards the set goals. A person will therefore avoid wasting time on activities that do not assist in the fulfillment of the desirable goals (Pynes,
2014).
Time Management Theory
This theory involves placing the activities that need our attention on a grid. The grid then
reveals how each activity is being categorized based on how soon it needs to be done. The grid
consists of 4 quadrants and each quadrant has a different priority level. The first grid which is
quadrant one has tasks that have the highest importance and bear urgency and therefore should
be done immediately. The second grid has important activities that are not as urgency refers to
the activities in this quadrant as “quality time” which means that while the activities are of
importance to the success of a company, they do not require to be done immediately. The third
grid consists of activities that bear urgency but are of no importance. This grid is therefore also
known as the distraction grid since the activities contained therein do not bear much importance
to helping one achieve goals. The forth grid contains activities that are neither urgent nor
important (Harris, 2014).
Bucket of Rocks Theory
Bucket of rocks is which offers insight into the order in which a person should work on
his activities. To properly manage time, one needs to know the level of importance that each
activity holds. The Bucket of Rocks theory (also referred to as the Pickle Jar Theory) offers
insight into the order in which a person should work on his activities (Mancini 2013).
Related Studies
Time management has been described using many different terms including spontaneity,
balance, flexibility, and having control over time. Time management has also been characterized
as a habit developed only through determination and practice and as setting priorities and scheduling tasks. Time management can also be considered as the process by which an
individual more effectively accomplish tasks and goals (Lakein, 2013)
Time management involves determining that one should do by setting goals, deciding
which events are the most important and realizing that other activities will have to be scheduled
around them (prioritizing), making decisions about how much time to allow to certain task (time
estimation), adjusting to the unexpected (problem solving), reconsidering goals and priorities on
a regular basis (evaluation), and observing patterns and trends in behavior. The term “time
management” is misleading since time cannot be managed and controlled. Time is constant. So
“Time management” really mean “Self-Management”. The essence of time management is
managing yourself in such a way that you achieve better results in the time available. The
purpose of this problem will not lie with the actual number of hours available. Rather the
problem lies how well available time is utilized.
According to https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org management plays a vital role in improving
students working performance and achievements. Each and every students should have time to
management the ability which include setting goals and priorities using time management
mechanism and being organized in using time here time management is possible through self-
improvement, performance, ability and motivation.
In https://www.researchgate.net Each and every student should have time management
ability which includes setting goals & priorities, using time management mechanism and being
organized in using time. Senior high students are less prepared for senior high level work than
their predecessors. Once they get to college, they tend to spend fewer hours studying while
spending more hours working, some even full time.
This study is also to identify the senior high student`s predominant study skill strengths
and weaknesses. Students' study skills were examined as a function of age, gender, year in
college, academic achievement, study time, and employment status. Students responded
positively to only 53.0% of the statements measuring study skills, with study skill weaknesses
being identified in the areas of note-taking, reading skills, and time management. Additionally,
study skills were related positively to age, GPA, and the number of hours spent studying each
week and related negatively to the number of hours spent working each week. A series of
discriminant analyses led to the identification of specific study behaviors that discriminated
various subgroups. Implications for intervention programs are discussed. This study will help to
analyze the positive or negative impact of time management on academic performance of
students.
Positive Impact and Negative Impact
Positive Impact is to increased independence, ability to budget, managing a schedule, and
gaining soft skills, such as communication and problem-solving skills. Some of the negative
effects are higher risk of dropping out, delayed graduation rates, and negative effects on
academic performance.
Profile of the Working Students and How They Manage Their Time
Working students face many challenges: they must balance work, school, extracurricular
activities and personal life. In addition to offering financial independence and satisfaction, a job
provides both training and experience and helps students develop time- management and
confidence skills. Working students are those students who work outside the school and having a
school responsibility too. Students have so many reasons to work outside at home. Others want to work because they feel bored at home and by means of working they will able to amuse
themselves.
Theoretical Framework
Goal Setting Theory
Goals assist us to properly focus and work towards achieving the things that are
important to us. The Goal-setting theory advanced by Locke can be used to effectively manage a
person's time. Personal goal setting enables a person to plan and therefore live life in their own
way.
Bucket of Rocks Theory
Bucket of rocks is which offers insight into the order in which a person should work on
his activities. To properly manage time, one needs to know the level of importance that each
activity holds. The Bucket of Rocks theory (also referred to as the Pickle Jar Theory) offers
insight into the order in which a person should work on his activities.
Time Management Theory
This theory involves placing the activities that need our attention on a grid. The grid then
reveals how each activity is being categorized based on how soon it needs to be done. The grid
consists of 4 quadrants and each quadrant has a different priority level. The first grid which is
quadrant one has tasks that have the highest importance and bear urgency and therefore should
be done immediately. The second grid has important activities that are not as urgency refers to
the activities in this quadrant as “quality time” which means that while the activities are of importance to the success of a company, they do not require to be done immediately. The third
grid consists of activities that bear urgency but are of no importance. This grid is therefore also
known as the distraction grid since the activities contained therein do not bear much importance
to helping one achieve goals. The forth grid contains activities that are neither urgent nor
important.
Why Time Management is Important?
Why time is the most important resource. In fact, the reason money is some important is
because it allows you more conveniences, which, you guessed it, free up more time. It's so
important that you have the time to do all the things you want to do, and spend time doing things
that aren't work-related. Time Management is the thinking skill that helps students to prioritize
tasks and accurately judge the amount of time needed to complete them. It helps them complete
activities in a timely fashion, and learn to manage and stick to a schedule.
