NOTE: Learn Web Application Architecture From Your T.

MODULE 1:

PHP is the most popular scripting language on the web. Without

PHP Facebook, Yahoo, Google wouldn't have exist

What is PHP?

PHP is a server side scripting language. that is used to develop

Static websites or Dynamic websites or Web applications. PHP
stands for Hypertext Pre-processor, that earlier stood for Personal
Home Pages.

PHP scripts can only be interpreted on a server that has PHP

installed.The client computers accessing the PHP scripts require a
web browser only.

A PHP file contains PHP tags and ends with the extension ".php".

What is a Scripting Language?

A script is a set of programming instructions that is interpreted at

runtime.

A scripting language is a language that interprets scripts at runtime.

Scripts are usually embedded into other software environments.

PHP is a server side script that is interpreted on the server

while JavaScript is an example of a client side script that is

interpreted by the client browser. Both PHP and JavaScript can be

embedded into HTML pages

Programming Language Vs Scripting

Language
 Programming Scripting language
language

Has all the features Mostly used for

needed to develop complete routine tasks
applications.

The code has to be The code is usually

compiled before it can be executed without compiling
executed

Does not need to be Is usually embedded

embedded into other into other software
languages environments.

What does PHP stand for?

PHP means - Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the
recursive backronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.

PHP code may be embedded into HTML code, or it can be used in

combination with various web template systems, web content
management system and web frameworks.

Php Syntax

A PHP file can also contain tags such as HTML

and client side scripts such as JavaScript.

 HTML is an added advantage when learning PHP Language.

You can even learn PHP without knowing HTML but it’s
recommended you at least know the basics of HTML.
 Database management systems DBMS for database powered
applications.
  For more advanced topics such as interactive applications and
web services, you will need JavaScript and XML.

Why use PHP?

You have obviously head of a number of programming languages

out there; you may be wondering why we would want to use PHP as
our poison for the web programming. Below are some of the
compelling reasons.

 PHP is open source and free.PHP is easy to learn and runs

efficiently on the server side
 Other benefit that you get with PHP is that it’s a server side
scripting language; this means you only need to install it on the
server and client computers requesting for resources from the
server do not need to have PHP installed; only a web browser
would be enough.
 PHP has in built support for working hand in hand with
MySQL; this doesn’t mean you can’t use PHP with other database
management systems. You can still use PHP with
o Postgres
o Oracle
o MS SQL Server
o ODBC etc.
 PHP is cross platform; this means you can deploy your
application on a number of different operating systems such as
windows, Linux, Mac OS etc.

What You Should Already Know

Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the

following:
 HTML
 CSS
 JavaScript

What is PHP?
 PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"
 PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
 PHP scripts are executed on the server
  PHP is free to download and use

PHP is an amazing and popular language!

It is powerful enough to be at the core of the biggest blogging system on
the web (WordPress)!
It is deep enough to run the largest social network (Facebook)!
It is also easy enough to be a beginner's first server side language!

What is a PHP File?

 PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code
 PHP code are executed on the server, and the result is returned to
the browser as plain HTML
 PHP files have extension ".php"

What Can PHP Do?

 PHP can generate dynamic page content
 PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the
server
 PHP can collect form data
 PHP can send and receive cookies
 PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
 PHP can be used to control user-access
 PHP can encrypt data
With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images,
PDF files, and even Flash movies. You can also output any text, such as
XHTML and XML.

Why PHP?
 PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X,
etc.)
 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS,
etc.)
 PHP supports a wide range of databases
 PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP
resource: www.php.net
  PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side

PHP Syntax
A PHP script is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is
sent back to the browser.

Basic PHP Syntax

A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.
A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:
<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>

The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code.
Below, we have an example of a simple PHP file, with a PHP script that
uses a built-in PHP function "echo" to output the text "Hello World!" on a
web page:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My first PHP page</h1>

<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>

</body>
</html>
Note: PHP statements end with a semicolon (;).

Comments in PHP
A comment in PHP code is a line that is not read/executed as part of the
program. Its only purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the
code.
Comments can be used to:
 Let others understand what you are doing
 Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have
experienced coming back to their own work a year or two later and
having to re-figure out what they did. Comments can remind you of
what you were thinking when you wrote the code
PHP supports several ways of commenting:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
// This is a single-line comment

# This is also a single-line comment

/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/

// You can also use comments to leave out parts of a code line
$x = 5 /* + 15 */ + 5;
echo $x;
?>

</body>
</html>
PHP Case Sensitivity

In PHP, all keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions,
and user-defined functions are NOT case-sensitive.
In the example below, all three echo statements below are legal (and
equal):
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
ECHO "Hello World!<br>";
echo "Hello World!<br>";
EcHo "Hello World!<br>";
?>

</body>
</html>
However; all variable names are case-sensitive.

In the example below, only the first statement will display the value of
the $color variable (this is because $color, $COLOR, and $coLOR are
treated as three different variables):

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$color = "red";
echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";
echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>

PHP Variables
Variables are "containers" for storing information.

Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables

In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the
variable:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;

echo $txt;
echo "<br>";
echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>

</body>
</html>
After the execution of the statements above, the variable $txt will hold
the value Hello world!, the variable $x will hold the value 5, and the
variable $y will hold the value 10.5.
Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, put quotes around the
value.
Note: Unlike other programming languages, PHP has no command for
declaring a variable. It is created the moment you first assign a value to
it.
PHP Variables
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive
name (age, carname, total_volume).
Rules for PHP variables:
 A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the
variable
 A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore
character
 A variable name cannot start with a number
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
 Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two
different variables)

Output Variables
The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the screen.
The following example will show how to output text and a variable:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$txt = "St.Francis College";
echo "I love $txt!";
?>

</body>
</html>
The following example will produce the same output as the example
above:
Example
<?php
$txt = " St.Francis College ";
echo "I love " . $txt . "!";
?>
The following example will output the sum of two variables:
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo $x + $y;
?>

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data
type the variable is.
PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type,
depending on its value.
In other languages such as C, C++, and Java, the programmer must
declare the name and type of the variable before using it.

PHP Variables Scope

In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.
The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can
be referenced/used.
PHP has three different variable scopes:
 local
 global
 static

Global and Local Scope

A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can
only be accessed outside a function:
Example
<?php
$x = 5; // global scope

function myTest() {
// using x inside this function will generate an error
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can
only be accessed within that function:
Example
<?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

// using x outside the function will generate an error

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>

You can have local variables with the same name in different functions,
because local variables are only recognized by the function in which
they are declared.

PHP The global Keyword

The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a
function.
To do this, use the global keyword before the variables (inside the
function):
Example
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;

function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}
myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP also stores all global variables in an array called
$GLOBALS[index]. The index holds the name of the variable. This array
is also accessible from within functions and can be used to update
global variables directly.
The example above can be rewritten like this:

Example

<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;

function myTest() {
$GLOBALS['y'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}

myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>

PHP The static Keyword

Normally, when a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are
deleted. However, sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be
deleted. We need it for a further job.
To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable:
Example
<?php
function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}

myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>
Then, each time the function is called, that variable will still have the
information it contained from the last time the function was called.
Note: The variable is still local to the function.

PHPecho and print Statements

In PHP there are two basic ways to get output: echo and print.

echo and print are more or less the same. They are both used to output
data to the screen.
The differences are small: echo has no return value while print has a
return value of 1 so it can be used in expressions. echo can take
multiple parameters (although such usage is rare) while print can take
one argument. echo is marginally faster than print.

The PHP echo Statement

The echo statement can be used with or without parentheses: echo or
echo().
Display Text
The following example shows how to output text with the echo command
(notice that the text can contain HTML markup):
Example
<?php
echo "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
echo "Hello world!<br>";
echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";
echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple parameters.";
?>

Display Variables
The following example shows how to output text and variables with the
echo statement:

Example
<?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "St.Francis";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;

echo "<h2>$txt1</h2>";
echo "Study PHP at $txt2<br>";
echo $x + $y;
?>

The PHP print Statement

The print statement can be used with or without parentheses: print or
print().
Display Text
The following example shows how to output text with the print command
(notice that the text can contain HTML markup):
Example
<?php
print "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
print "Hello world!<br>";
print "I'm about to learn PHP!";
?>

Display Variables
The following example shows how to output text and variables with the
print statement:
Example
<?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "St.Francis";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;

print "<h2>$txt1</h2>";
print "Study PHP at $txt2<br>";
print $x + $y;
?>
PHP Data Types
Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can
do different things.
PHP supports the following data types:
 String
 Integer
 Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
 Boolean
 Array
 Object
 NULL
 Resource

PHP String
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
A string can be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double
quotes:
Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello world!';

echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>

PHP Integer
An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648
and 2,147,483,647.
Rules for integers:
 An integer must have at least one digit
 An integer must not have a decimal point
 An integer can be either positive or negative
  Integers can be specified in three formats: decimal (10-based),
hexadecimal (16-based - prefixed with 0x) or octal (8-based -
prefixed with 0)
In the following example $x is an integer. The PHP var_dump() function
returns the data type and value:
Example
<?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>

PHP Float
A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a
number in exponential form.
In the following example $x is a float. The PHP var_dump() function
returns the data type and value:
Example
<?php
$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);
?>

PHP Boolean
A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.
$x = true;
$y = false;

Booleans are often used in conditional testing. You will learn more about
conditional testing in a later chapter of this tutorial.

PHP Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
In the following example $cars is an array. The PHP var_dump() function
returns the data type and value:
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>

PHP Object
An object is a data type which stores data and information on how to
process that data.
In PHP, an object must be explicitly declared.
First we must declare a class of object. For this, we use the class
keyword. A class is a structure that can contain properties and methods:
Example
<?php
class Car {
function Car() {
$this->model = "VW";
}
}

// create an object
$herbie = new Car();

// show object properties

echo $herbie->model;
?>

PHP NULL Value

Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.
A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to
it.
Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a
value of NULL.
Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:
Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>

PHP Resource
The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a
reference to functions and resources external to PHP.
A common example of using the resource data type is a database call.
PHP 5 Strings
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".

PHP String Functions

In this chapter we will look at some commonly used functions to
manipulate strings.

Get The Length of a String

The PHP strlen() function returns the length of a string.
The example below returns the length of the string "Hello world!":
Example
<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!");
?>

The output of the code above will be: 12.

Count The Number of Words in a String

The PHP str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a
string:
Example
<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!"); // outputs 2
?>

The output of the code above will be: 2.

Reverse a String
The PHP strrev() function reverses a string:
Example
<?php
echo strrev("Hello world!"); // outputs !dlrow olleH
?>
The output of the code above will be: !dlrow olleH.

Search For a Specific Text Within a String

The PHP strpos() function searches for a specific text within a string.
If a match is found, the function returns the character position of the first
match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
The example below searches for the text "world" in the string "Hello
world!":
Example
<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!", "world"); // outputs 6
?>
The output of the code above will be: 6.
Tip: The first character position in a string is 0 (not 1).

Replace Text Within a String

The PHP str_replace() function replaces some characters with some
other characters in a string.
The example below replaces the text "world" with "Dolly":
Example
<?php
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!"); // outputs Hello Dolly!
?>
The output of the code above will be: Hello Dolly!

PHP CONSTANTS
Constants are like variables except that once they are defined they
cannot be changed or undefined.

PHP CONSTANTS
A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. The value cannot
be changed during the script.
A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (no $ sign before
the constant name).
Note: Unlike variables, constants are automatically global across the
entire script.

CREATE A PHP CONSTANT

To create a constant, use the define() function.
Syntax
define(name, value, case-insensitive)
Parameters:
 name: Specifies the name of the constant
 value: Specifies the value of the constant
 case-insensitive: Specifies whether the constant name should be
case-insensitive. Default is false
The example below creates a constant with a case-sensitive name:
Example
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to St.Francis!");
echo GREETING;
?>
The example below creates a constant with a case-insensitive name:
Example
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to St.Francis!", true);
echo greeting;
?>

CONSTANTS ARE GLOBAL

Constants are automatically global and can be used across the entire
script.
The example below uses a constant inside a function, even if it is
defined outside the function:
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to St.Francis!");

function myTest() {
 echo GREETING;
}

myTest();
?>

PHP OPERATORS
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Increment/Decrement operators
 Logical operators
 String operators
 Array operators

PHP ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform
common arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication etc.
Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y

- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y

* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y

/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y

% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x
divided by $y

** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to

 the $y'th power
(Introduced in PHP
5.6)

PHP ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a
value to a variable.
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left
operand gets set to the value of the assignment expression on the right.

Assignment Same as... Description

x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value

of the expression on the right

x += y x=x+y Addition

x -= y x=x-y Subtraction

x *= y x=x*y Multiplication

x /= y x=x/y Division

x %= y x=x%y Modulus

PHP COMPARISON OPERATORS

The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values
(number or string):
Operator Name Example Result

== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal

to $y

=== Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal

to $y, and they are of the
same type

!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not

 equal to $y

<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not

equal to $y

!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not

equal to $y, or they are not
of the same type

> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is

greater than $y

< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less

than $y

>= Greater than or equal $x >= $y Returns true if $x is

to greater than or equal to $y

<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less

than or equal to $y

PHP INCREMENT / DECREMENT OPERATORS

The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value.
The PHP decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value.
Operator Name Description

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x

$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one

--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x

$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

PHP LOGICAL OPERATORS

The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
Operator Name Example Result

and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y

 are true

or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y
is true

xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y

is true, but not both

&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y

are true

|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y
is true

! Not !$x True if $x is not true

PHP STRING OPERATORS

PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
Operator Name Example Result

. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation

of $txt1 and
$txt2

.= Concatenation $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2

assignment to $txt1

PHP ARRAY OPERATORS

The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
Operator Name Example Result

+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y

== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the

same key/value pairs

=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y have the

same key/value pairs in the same
order and of the same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to$y

Selection structures:

PHP IF...ELSE...ELSEIF STATEMENTS

Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on

different conditions.

1 PHP CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for
different conditions. You can use conditional statements in your code to
do this.

In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

 if statement - executes some code if one condition is true

 if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false
 if...elseif....else statement - executes different codes for more
than two conditions
 switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be
executed

2 PHP - THE IF STATEMENT

The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.

Syntax
if (condition) {

code to be executed if condition is true;

The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time
(HOUR) is less than 20:

Example
<?php

$t = date("H");

if ($t < "20") {

echo "Have a good day!";

?>

3 PHP - THE IF...ELSE STATEMENT

The if....else statement executes some code if a condition is true and

another code if that condition is false.

Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}

The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time is
less than 20, and "Have a good night!" otherwise:
Example
<?php

$t = date("H");

if ($t < "20") {

echo "Have a good day!";

} else {

echo "Have a good night!";

?>

4 PHP - THE IF...ELSEIF....ELSE STATEMENT

The if....elseif...else statement executes different codes for more than

two conditions.

Syntax
if (condition) {

code to be executed if this condition is true;

} elseif (condition) {

code to be executed if this condition is true;

} else {

code to be executed if all conditions are false;

}
The example below will output "Have a good morning!" if the current time
is less than 10, and "Have a good day!" if the current time is less than
20. Otherwise it will output "Have a good night!":

Example
<?php

$t = date("H");

if ($t < "10") {

echo "Have a good morning!";

} elseif ($t < "20") {

echo "Have a good day!";

} else {

echo "Have a good night!";

?>

5 PHP - THE SWITCH STATEMENT

The switch statement is used to perform different actions based on

different conditions.Use the switch statement to select one of many

blocks of code to be executed.

Syntax
switch (n) {

case label1:

code to be executed if n=label1;

 break;

case label2:

code to be executed if n=label2;

break;

case label3:

code to be executed if n=label3;

break;

...

default:

code to be executed if n is different from all

labels;

This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a

variable), that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is then
compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there is a
match, the block of code associated with that case is executed.
Use break to prevent the code from running into the next case
automatically. The default statement is used if no match is found.

Example
<?php

$favcolor = "red";

switch ($favcolor) {

case "red":
 echo "Your favorite color is red!";

break;

case "blue":

echo "Your favorite color is blue!";

break;

case "green":

echo "Your favorite color is green!";

break;

default:

echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";

?>

6 PHP LOOPS

Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over
and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal code-
lines in a script, we can use loops to perform a task like this.

In PHP, we have the following looping statements:

 while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified

condition is true
 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats
the loop as long as the specified condition is true
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
  foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an
array

The PHP while Loop

The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified

condition is true.

Syntax
while (condition is true) {

code to be executed;

The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the while
loop will continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5 ($x <=
5). $x will increase by 1 each time the loop runs ($x++):

Example
<?php

$x = 1;

while($x <= 5) {

echo "The number is: $x <br>";

$x++;

?>
 THE PHP DO...WHILE LOOP

The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it will
then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified
condition is true.

Syntax
do {

code to be executed;

} while (condition is true);

The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the do
while loop will write some output, and then increment the variable $x
with 1. Then the condition is checked (is $x less than, or equal to 5?),
and the loop will continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5:

Example
<?php

$x = 1;

do {

echo "The number is: $x <br>";

$x++;

} while ($x <= 5);

?>

In a do while loop the condition is tested AFTER executing the

statements within the loop. This means that the do while loop would
execute its statements at least once, even if the condition is false the
first time.
The example below sets the $x variable to 6, then it runs the loop, and
then the condition is checked:

Example
<?php

$x = 6;

do {

echo "The number is: $x <br>";

$x++;

} while ($x <= 5);

?>

The PHP for Loop

The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the
script should run.

Syntax
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter)

code to be executed;

Parameters:

 init counter: Initialize the loop counter value

 test counter: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If it evaluates to
TRUE, the loop continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
 increment counter: Increases the loop counter value
The example below displays the numbers from 0 to 10:

Example
<?php

for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {

echo "The number is: $x <br>";

?>

THE PHP FOREACH LOOP

The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used to loop through each
key/value pair in an array.

Syntax
foreach ($array as $value) {

code to be executed;

For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element is
assigned to $value and the array pointer is moved by one, until it
reaches the last array element.

The following example demonstrates a loop that will output the values of
the given array ($colors):

Example
<?php

$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

foreach ($colors as $value) {

 echo "$value <br>";

?>

PHP GET &POST METHODS

There are two ways the browser client can send information to the
web server.

 The GET Method

 The POST Method
Before the browser sends the information, it encodes it using a
scheme called URL encoding. In this scheme, name/value pairs are
joined with equal signs and different pairs are separated by the
ampersand.

name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3
Spaces are removed and replaced with the + character and any
other nonalphanumeric characters are replaced with a hexadecimal
values. After the information is encoded it is sent to the server.
The GET Method
The GET method sends the encoded user information appended
to the page request. The page and the encoded information are
separated by the ? character.

http://www.test.com/index.htm?name1=value1&name2=value2
 The GET method produces a long string that appears in your
server logs, in the browser's Location: box.
 The GET method is restricted to send upto 1024 characters only.
  Never use GET method if you have password or other sensitive
information to be sent to the server.
 GET can't be used to send binary data, like images or word
documents, to the server.
 The data sent by GET method can be accessed using
QUERY_STRING environment variable.
 The PHP provides $_GET associative array to access all the sent
information using GET method.

The POST Method

The POST method transfers information via HTTP headers. The
information is encoded as described in case of GET method and put
into a header called QUERY_STRING.
 The POST method does not have any restriction on data size to
be sent.
 The POST method can be used to send ASCII as well as binary
data.
 The data sent by POST method goes through HTTP header so
security depends on HTTP protocol. By using Secure HTTP you
can make sure that your information is secure.
 The PHP provides $_POST associative array to access all the
sent information using POST method.

PHP Form Handling

We can create and use forms in PHP. To get form data, we need to
use PHP superglobals $_GET and $_POST.

The form request may be get or post. To retrieve data from get
request, we need to use $_GET, for post request $_POST.

PHP Get Form

Get request is the default form request. The data passed through get
request is visible on the URL browser so it is not secured. You can
send limited amount of data through get request.

It has the following syntax.

<?php
$_GET['variable_name'];
?>
HERE,

“$_GET[…]” is the PHP array

“'variable_name'” is the URL variable name.

EXAMPLE 1

<html>

<body>

<form action="registration.php" method="get">

Name: <input type="text" name="name">

Email: <input type="text" name="email">

<input type="submit">

</form>

</body>

</html>

When the user clicks on the "Submit button", the URL will be something
like this:
registration.php looks like this:

<html>

<body>

Welcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?>!

You email address is <?php echo $_GET["email"]; ?>

</body>

</html>

Example 2:

File: form1.html

<HTML>
<BODY>
<form action="welcome.php" method="get">
Name: <input type="text" name="name"/>
<input type="submit" value="visit"/>
</form>
</BODY>
</HTML>
File: welcome.php

<?php
$name=$_GET["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable
echo "Welcome, $name";
?>
PHP Post Form

Post request is widely used to submit form that have large amount of
data such as file upload, image upload, login form, registration form
etc.

The data passed through post request is not visible on the URL
browser so it is secured. You can send large amount of data through
post request.It has the following syntax.

<?php
$_POST['variable_name'];
?>

HERE,

 “$_POST[…]” is the PHP array

 “'variable_name'” is the URL variable name.

EXAMPLE 1

<html>

<body>

<form action="registration.php" method="post">

Name: <input type="text" name="name">

Email: <input type="text" name="email">

<input type="submit">

</form>

</body>

</html>

When the user clicks on the "Submit button", the URL will be something
like this:
Registration.php looks like this:

<html>

<body>

Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>!

You email address is <?php echo $_POST["email"]; ?>

</body></html>

Example 2:

Let's see a simple example to receive data from post request in

PHP.

File: form1.html
<HTML>
<BODY>
<form action="login.php" method="post">
Name:<input type="text" name="name"><BR>
Password:<input type="password" name="password">
<Br>
<input type="submit" value="login"><BR>
</form>
</BODY>
</HTML>
File: login.php

<?php
$name=$_POST["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable

$password=$_POST["password"];//receiving password field value in $pa

ssword variable
 echo "Welcome: $name, your password is: $password";
?>