AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT AND

POWER GENERATION
A Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)
By

Name of The Student: RUCHITA KADAM

Seat Number:
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. PROF.LAXMIKANT MANCHEKAR

Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

VIDYALANKAR SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
MUMBAI, 400 037
MAHARASHTRA
2018 - 2019
 VIDYALANKAR SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
MUMBAI-MAHARASHTRA-400037
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled, "AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT AND
POWER GENERATION . ", is bonafied work of RUCHITA KADAM bearing Seat
No: 16302A0020 submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY from
University of Mumbai.

Internal Guide Coordinator

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: College Seal Principal

 ABSTRACT
Smart Street light is an automated system which automatedly handles the street light. The
main aim of Smart Street light is to generate the power using piezoelectric sensor due to the
weight of the vehicle and reduce the power consumption when there are no vehicle
movements on the road. The Smart street light will be turned to be ON when there are
vehicles on the road otherwise the lights will be switched OFF. With the advancement of
technology, things are becoming simpler and easier for everyone in the world today. In the
scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization, whereas
mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist the users with the
muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory
and mental requirements as well and the Automation plays an increasingly important role in
the world economy and in daily experience. Automation is the use of control systems and
information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and
services. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. The project work
shows how power is generated through piezoelectric sensor and automatic control of
streetlights as a result of which power is saved to an extent. The Smart street light is a
solution for energy saving which is achieved by sensing an approaching the vehicle using the
IR sensors and then switching ON a block of street lights precedence of the vehicle. As the
vehicle passes by, the backward which goes out of range of an IR sensor the lights switch
OFF automatically. Thus, we save a lot of energy. So, when there are no vehicles on the
highway, then all the lights remain OFF.

Keywords: Arduino Uno R3, IR (Infrared) motion sensor, capacitor, rectifier LEDs (Light
Emitting Diode), Piezoelectric sensor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we are grateful to our college “VIDYALANKAR SCHOOL OF

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY” for timely successful completion of this project.

We are indebted to our respected Principal Dr. ROHINI KELKAR, it was there constant
support and guidance that kept us in alignment with our project as a great learning experience.
We owe a sincere gratitude to our Head of Project Prof. Laxmikant Manchekar (Project
Guide), who supported us and guided us with a continuous source of information. It led to
our dedicated and determined approach, right from the selection of project, working through
it and overcoming several obstacles and completing it within the time schedule.

We convey our deep sense of gratitude to all teaching and non-teaching staff of
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Department for their constant encouragement, support
and time-to-time help throughout the project work.
It is great pleasure to acknowledge the help and suggestion, which we received from the
department of computer engineering. We wish to express our profound thanks to all those who
helped us in finding information about project
 STATEMENT BY THE CANDIDATES

We wish to state that the work embodied in this project titled “AUTOMATIC
STREET LIGHT AND POWER GENERATION USING PIEZOELECTRIC
SENSOR.” forms our own contribution to the project work carried out under the guidance of
Prof. Laxmikant Manchekar at the Department of Information Technology. This work has
not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other University. Wherever references
have been made to previous work of others, it has been clearly indicated as such and included
in the Bibliography.

Signature of the candidates

Certified by

Signature of the Guide

Date
 INDEX
TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr. No. Topic Page. No.

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 13
1.2 Objectives 15
1.3 Purpose, Scope , Applicability 16
Chapter 2: SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES 19
Chapter 3: REQUIREMENTS AND ANALYSIS 21
3.1 Problem Definition 22
Requirements Specification 23
3.2
Planning and Scheduling 24
3.3
Software and Hardware Requirements 25
3.4
Preliminary Product Description 26-30
3.5
Conceptual Model 31
3.6
Chapter 4: SYSTEM DESIGN 32
4.1 Flow Chart 33
4.2 Block Diagram 34
4.3 Activity Diagram 35
4.4 Circuit Diagram 36
 List of Figures
Sr no Figure Page No.

1.1 Gantt chart 19

2.1 Arduino UNO 21

2.2 Peizoelectric Sensor 21

2.3 Breadboard 22

2.4 Infrared Sensor 22

2.5 LED 23

2.6 Rectifier 23

2.7 Capacitor 24

2.8 Jumper wire 24

2.9 Battery 25

3.1 Waterfall Model 26

 CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
1.1INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT:
Smart Street Lighting is a way in which we can increase the efficiency of street lights by
automating their control, as and when it is required, without using any external supply. The
vehicles moving on the road vibrate and the piezoelectric material placed below the road due
to deformation, caused by the pressure of vehicle passing. Piezoelectricity is an electric charge
that gets accumulated in certain of solid materials in response to applied mechanical stress. The
electricity generated from one piezo is quite small and not useful for practical purpose, thus we
have an array of piezoelectric sensor. Considering the large number of piezo arrays and huge
pressure applied by heavy vehicles, we can increase the generation of electricity. The electricity
generated from these sensors is further rectified and regulated using, energy circuit. Now this
energy is not used directly but the electricity generated throughout the day is stored in batteries.
Hence, the total amount of electricity stored in the battery is high enough for powering of street
lights. The Street lights will be off in the day and will turn on automatically at night. At street
lights will glow if vehicle is detected by IR sensor, else the street light will remain off.
1.1 BACKGROUND:
In the past few years, there are a smaller number of streets in a town and city, street lamps
and management control are relatively simple, but as the country developed into a well-off
society, and with urbanization, the number of streets in the town increased rapidly. So, the
control and management of street lights became a problem. At present, street light in most of
the urban areas are manually controlled, a control switch set in each of the street lamps, it is
also called as the first generation of the original street light control, this method is inefficient
and there is lot of wastage of manpower. A huge amount of electrical energy is wasted with
this method. In this proposed system, the street lights have group-based control which means
individual lights of the growing street lamp information and intelligent management. In short,
the current street lighting strategy is simple and basic. Therefore, there is an urgent need to
develop a highly intelligent street lighting system which can save the electricity.
1.2 OBJECTIVE:

• Automation is use to reduce man power with the help of intelligent system. Power
saving is the main concern forever, as the source of power are getting reduce due to
various reasons.
• The main aim of the project is to save energy by detecting vehicle moment on the
highways and switching on the block of street light ahead of it and simultaneously
switching off the backward lights.
• The main objective of this project is to save power automatically instead of doing
manually.
• This projects objective is to give best solution for electrical power wastage. Also, with
this method we can completely eliminate the manual operation of lightening system.
• Sensors are used in this project that can detect the vehicle movements and switches on
the lights ahead of it. As soon as the vehicle moves ahead the backward light which
goes out of range of an IR sensor automatically switches off.
• The main aim or objective of the project is to save a lot of energy instead of using
conventional system where the street lights are remained ON. Piezoelectric sensor is
used to generate the power through weight of vehicles.
1.3 PURPOSE:

Smart Street Lighting is a way in which we can increase the efficiency of street lights by
automating their control, as and when it is required, without using any external supply. The
vehicles moving on the road vibrate and the piezoelectric material placed below the road due
to deformation, caused by the pressure of vehicle passing. Piezoelectricity is an electric charge
that gets accumulated in certain of solid materials in response to applied mechanical stress. The
electricity generated from one piezo is quite small and not useful for practical purpose, thus we
have an array of piezoelectric sensor. Considering the large number of piezo arrays and huge
pressure applied by heavy vehicles, we can increase the generation of electricity. The electricity
generated from these sensors is further rectified and regulated using, energy circuit. Now this
energy is not used directly but the electricity generated throughout the day is stored in batteries.
Hence, the total amount of electricity stored in the battery is high enough for powering of street
lights. The Street lights will be off in the day and will turn on automatically at night. At street
lights will glow if vehicle is detected by IR sensor, else the street light will remain off.
1.3.1 SCOPE:

The entire setup can be connected to the IOT (Internet of Things) for processes like data
extraction from roads, controlling traffic accordingly and warning the particular vehicle if it
is crossing the speed limits or if it is using a prohibited road. This concept can be of much use
if the IOT can be used in a 4-way junction. The system can also be used in accident prone
zones like the mountain curves, busy roads etc. For example: In the mountain curves if a
lamp is placed at the cure corner, the vehicle from either side of it can street light.
 CHAPTER 2
SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES
Embedded C/C++:

The Arduino language is simply a set of C/C++ function that can be called to
from your code. Your Sketch undergoes minor changes and then is passed directly to a
C/C++ compiler (avr-g++). All standards C and C++constructs supported by avg-
g++should work in Arduino. Using Java will just complicate things in Arduino. So just
stick to the C/C++ little bit then you can write some code for Arduino. In the survey find
that C/C++ is the best for Arduino to write the code

Java:

The technology cannot be suited for the Arduino. Java uses an interpreter Which
converts Java code into machine code that can understand Java Interpreters must be
written for different platforms as every platform uses different machine code instructions.
As of this Java is not made to run on Arduino. C++ is the language that Arduino device is
use. Arduino has something like 2 Kilobytes of memory. It is not enough to run java
virtual machine. Java cannot run directly on the Arduino board.
 CHAPTER 3
REQUIREMENTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1 PROBLM DEFINATION:

A large amount of electricity production of the nation goes to street lighting. The existing street
lighting models in different parts of the world are not giving the best and most effective
solution. Because of this reason, we often find street lights ON during the day time and OFF
during the night. There are thousands of street lights which use thousands of watts leading to
wastage of precious electricity. This gives us a substantial scope for the improvement in the
way street lighting systems are operated today. The way in which we can increase the efficiency
of the street light is by bringing focus on two aspects – replacing existing lamps with light-
emitting diode (LED) lamps and making the street lights ‘smarter’.

1. Manual switching: This is the classic and omnipresent technique. The light is
switched ON and OFF by a human attendant.
2. Light dependent resistance (LDR): LDR-based lights can switch themselves ON-
OFF according to the ambient light conditions. The variation in LDRs requires
manual tuning of threshold levels in individual lights, typically using
potentiometers. Dust deposits can also affect the sensitivity. Such factors reduce the
reliability of the system.
3. Astronomical Timers: These devices choose the switch ON or switch OFF time
depending on the date on the calendar. The devices are pre-programmed according
to the location of the installation. This method is inflexible, does not take care of
variable light situations such as overcast, dust storm etc.
3.2 REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION:
• Arduino Uno: -
14 digital input/output pins, 6 analogy inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. ... Features of the
Arduino UNO: Microcontroller: ATmega328. Operating Voltage: 5V.

• Piezoelectric Sensor: -

Minimum voltage=1 V per step

Maximum voltage=10.5 V per step

• Breadboard: - Breadboard is commonly rated for five volts at one amp or fifteen
volts at one-third of an amp, both of which have a power dissipation of five watts.
Since these specifications changes depending on manufacturer and the type
of breadboard.

• Infrared Sensor: - Near infrared region — 700 nm to 1400 nm — IR sensors,

fiber optic

• LED: - Voltage: 3.2v-3.4v, Current: 20mA, Colour: White.

• Rectifier (4007 diode): - Voltage:50 to 100Volts, Current:1.0Ampere.
• Capacitor(150uF): -Voltage :25v, Colour: Brown.
3.3 PLANING AND SCEDULING

• GANTT CHART:

Fig1.1
3.4 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Arduino Uno.
• Piezoelectric sensor.
• Breadboard.
• Infrared sensor.
• LED.
• Rectifier (4007 diode).
• Capacitor(150uF).
• Jumper wires.
• Battery
• Arduino software
3.4 PRELIMINARY PRODUCT DESCRIPTION.

• ARDUINO UNO: The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based

on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller is developed by Arduino.cc. The
board is supplied with sets of digital and analogy input and output pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board consist
of 14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins. It is programmable with the Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) via a type B USB cable. The power can be supply
by a USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages (Power)
between 7 and 20 volts.

Fig 2.1

• PEIZOELECTRIC SENSOR: Piezo electric materials are crystals that can generate
electricity when compressed or vibrated. Energy formed from various vibration
machines, objects in motion, or any other type of mechanical energy is not being
captured. Therefore, this energy is dispersed and thus wasted. As an effective method
to utilize this loss, piezo electric material is used to absorb the wasted mechanical
energy, and it is converted into electrical energy.

Fig2.2
• BREADBOARD: A breadboard is a kind of construction based
for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was just a bread board, a polished piece of
wood used for slicing bread. Because the solderless breadboard does not
require soldering, it can be reuse. This makes it easy to use for making temporary
prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this reason, solderless
breadboards are used by student in technological education. Older breadboard types
did not has this property. A stripboard and similar prototyping printed circuit boards,
which are used to make semi-permanent soldered prototypes or one-offs, cannot
easily be reused. A various type of electronic systems may be prototyped by using
breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing
units.

Fig2.3
• INFRARED SENSOR: A passive infrared sensor(PIR) is an electronic sensor that
measures infrared light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are majorly
used in PIR-based motion detectors. A PIR(passive infrared)-based motion detector is
used to sense movement of people, animals, or other objects. It is generally used
in burglar alarms and automatically-activated lighting systems. The PIR sensor is also
called as passive infrared detector (PID).

Fig2.4
• LED: A light-emitting diode(LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source and it is
a p–n junction diode that emits light when it is activated. When current is applied to
the leads, electrons are able recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and
the color of this light is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
Light emitting diode are typically small and integrated optical components may be
used to shape the radiation pattern.

Fig2.5
• RECTIFIER (4007 DIODE):
Rectifier is an electronic device that converts alternating current to direct
current which flows in only one direction. The process is known as , rectication since
it "straightens" the direction of current. Rectifiers take a number of forms,
including vacuum tubediodes, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and semiconductor
device.

Fig2.6
• Capacitor:
A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical component that stores potential energy in
an electric field .The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. A capacitor is
designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was initially known as
a condenser The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and
many capacitor types are in common use. In most of the capacitors there is at least
two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by
a dielectric medium

Fig2.7

• Jumper wires:

A jump wire is an electrical wire, or it is a group a cable, with a connector or pin at

each end , which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or
other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment without soldering.
Each jumper wires are fitted by inserting their end connectors into the slots provided
in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

Fig2.8
• Battery:
An electric battery is a device which consist of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such
as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is been supplied
with electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is
the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when battery
is connected to an external circuit the energy and delivered to external device. When
a battery is connected to an external circuit,the ions are able to move are able to move
within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and
so the energy is delivered to external circuit.

Fig2.9
3.6: Conceptual Models
We are using waterfall model for our project to monitor the working and flow of
the solar panel tracking system.

Figure 3.1 Waterfall model

• Requirement Gatherings and Analysis:

All the requirements of the proposed automatic street light are analysed
whether they will be feasible or not.The requirements analysed are documented and
will be used for further use.

• Design:
The requirements gathered in the first phase are studied and the
system design is prepared in this case the design for the project is decided. This
helped us to specify the hardware and the software requirements and also the
overall system architecture.
 • Implementation:
After specifying the requirements the design is implemented and divided into
small modules separating power generation using piezoelectric sensor, the IR sensor
use to detect object .The design will be divided into small units to properly test for its
functionality.

• Integration and Testing:

The units that were divided are integrated together and tested for their
functionality. In this case the piezoelectric sensor, the IR sensor use to detect object
will be separately integrated and tested.
• Deployment of System:

Once the functional and non-functional testing is done of the system it

is deployed in the real time environment and is used.

• Maintenance:

There is some issues which come up in the client environment. To fix

those issues, proper maintenance is required to ensure its maximum
functionality .
 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 FLOW CHART:
A flowchart is a diagram that represents an algorithm of workflow or process.
The flowchart indicate the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the
boxes with arrows. This diagram represent the illustration of a solution model to a given
problem.
• BLOCK DIAGRAM:

In block diagram the principal parts or functions are represented by blocks connected
by lines that show the relationships of the blocks. They are majorly used in
engineering in hardware design, electronic design, software design, and process flow
diagrams
• ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
Activity Diagrams shows how activities are coordinated to provide a service which can
be at different levels of abstraction. In activity diagram, an event needs to be achieved
by some operations, particularly where the operation is intended to achieve a number of
different things that require coordination.
• SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:
 • EVENT TABLE: The event table is a table of data that is typically written for
each scenario and also appears in the Analysis window. The event table contains
of the information about specific events that occur during the scenario.

Event Trigger Source Activity Response Destination

Vehicle Piezoelectric User Weight of the Power Battery

movement sensor vehicle generation
Object IR sensor User Object Light on and Repeat
movement detection off
• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
• References:
• SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES
: https://www.arduino.cc/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_C,

• Piezoelectric Sensor : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor

• infrared sensor : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor
• RECTIFIER : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier
• Capacitor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
• FLOW CHART
• BLOCK DIAGRAM:
• ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
• https://www.lucidchart.com/documents#docs?folder_id=home&browser=list&sort=saved-
desc