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 Circulatory System – Summary Notes

 The main constituents of the circulatory system in the human body are heart and blood
vessels. They maintain the blood flow in our body.
 The circulatory system supplies food and oxygen, (which are needed to survive) to the
cells of the body. At the same time, it carries away carbon dioxide and other metabolic
wastes from the cells.
 For transporting substances, the circulatory system contains two main kinds of fluids – the
blood and the lymph.
 Blood is a liquid connective tissue which is red in colour. It is salty in taste with pH 7.4.
 The total quantity of blood in a full grown human body is 4 to 6 litres.
 The blood of all vertebrates is red because of red blood cells which contain an iron-
containing pigment called haemoglobin.
 Functions of the Blood
 Transports digested food from the alimentary canal to tissues.
 Transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
 Transports carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
 Transports excretory materials from the tissues to the liver, kidneys and skin.
 Distributes hormones secreted by the endocrine glands to the target organs.
 Regulates body temperature by distributing heat uniformly.
 Protects against diseases (the white blood cells engulf bacteria that may have entered
the body).
 The blood consists of plasma (a fluid), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs)
and platelets. The red blood cells and white blood cells are called corpuscles. Plasma
consists of about 90% water, 8% proteins and 2% other substances.

 Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, have a colourless spongy body or stroma which
contains a respiratory pigment called haemoglobin. The haemoglobin takes up oxygen in
the lungs and carries it to the tissue cells, where it releases oxygen and picks up carbon up
carbon dioxide.
 Red blood cells have a biconvex disc like shape. They become distorted when they have
to squeeze through capillaries that have the diameter smaller than the diameter of the red
blood cells.

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 Study Materials
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
Revision Notes for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
RD Sharma Solutions for Class 6 to 12 Mathematics
RS Aggarwal Solutions for Class 6, 7 & 10 Mathematics
Important Questions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9, 10 & 12 (Math &
Science)
Important Formula for Class 6 to 12 Math
CBSE Syllabus for Class 6 to 12
Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 & 10
Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper
JEE Main & Advanced Question Paper
NEET Previous Year Question Paper

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 Since red blood cells have a flexible shape and a smooth membrane, they rarely cause
blockages.
 Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of breastbone, ribs, pelvis and vertebral
column by the stem cells. Our bodies produce 20 million red cells per second.
 The life cycle of red blood cells is about 100 – 120 days before they are destroyed in the
liver by the phagocytes called Kupffer cells. They are also destroyed in the spleen.
 White blood cells, also called leucocytes, have a nucleus. The leucocytes vary from
5000  9000 / mm3 of human blood. They are produced either in the bone marrow or in the
lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes, spleen, etc.
The extraordinary increase in the number of leucocytes is called leukemia and decrease in
their number is called leucopenia. The WBCs are divided into five types – Neutrophils,
Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

 WBCs engulf bacteria and act as body defence. They produce antibodies which kill or
neutralise germs. When germs enter the blood, they produce toxin or poison. The
lymphocytes produce chemical substances called antibodies to neutralise the effect of
toxins. Hence, they are also called the police force of the body.
 Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are non-nucleated structure that float in the blood.
They are denucleated.
 Platelets are produced in the red bone marrow from some giant cells called
megakaryocytes. They help in blood clotting at the time of injuries.
 Carl Landsteiner was the first, who discovered that the blood of individuals differ
chemically. He recognised two types of antigens or agglutinogens, i.e., A and B present
on the plasma membrane of RBCs, hence also known as corpuscle factors. There are two
types of antibodies or agglutinins, i.e., a and b in the plasma, hence also called plasma
factors.
 There are two main systems of blood grouping – ABO an Rh system. According to ABO
system, the blood is divided into four types – A, B, AB and O.
 When a person loses a lot of blood, it becomes necessary to inject blood into his body.
This is called blood transfusion. It is necessary that the blood group to be transfused by
the donor should match with the blood group of the receiver.

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Various Blood Groups, their Composition and Transfusion Ability
Can donate Can receive blood
Blood group Antigen present Antibody present
blood to from
A A B A and AB A and O
B B A B and AB B and O
AB A and B None AB All
O None A and B All O

 The O type blood can be donated to person with any blood group. So a person with blood
group O is called universal donor. A person with AB type of blood group can receive blood
of any group and is called universal recipient.
 In addition to the blood type antigens, other proteins may also be present in the blood. The
antigen is Rh factor. People who have this antigen in their blood are called Rh positive and
those who do not have are called Rh negative. Rh positive blood cannot be given to a
person with Rh negative blood. Rh factor can cause trouble for a developing embryo if the
child is Rh positive and the mother is Rh negative.

Circulatory System in Heart

The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
Differences between Artery, Vein and Capillary
Comparison Artery Vein Capillary
Values An artery has no valve A vein valve A capillary has no
valve.
Diameter An artery is fairly narrow A vein is fairly wide Its wall is composed of
a single cell layer
Direction of blood Blood flows away from Blood flows towards Blood flows from
the heart. the heart. arteries to veins.
Blood pressure High Low Very low

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 The human heart has four chambers – two upper auricles and two lower ventricles. The
auricles have thinner walls as they receive blood from the body and pump it to the
ventricles. The ventricles have thick muscular walls as they have to pump the blood to
long distances.
 Superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body and inferior
vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the heart.
 The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The aorta
carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.

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 Blood vessels of all sizes serve the heart. Coronary arteries and veins nourish the heart
muscle itself. The superior vena cava, aorta and pulmonary artery are among the large
blood vessels that carry blood in and out of the heart.

 The atrioventricular valves lie between the atria and the ventricles to prevent blood from
returning to the atria the ventricles contract.
 The tricuspid valve lie on the right side and has three cusps. The bicuspid valve or mitral
valve lie on the left and has two cusps.
 The semilunar valves guard the openings of the pulmonary artery and the aorta to prevent
backflow of blood into the ventricles.

 The given diagram shows the flow of blood in the human heart.

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 The sequence of events in a single heart beat is known as the cardiac cycle. It involves
contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of atria and ventricles.
 The cardiac cycle has the following stages:
Atrial systole Ventricular systole
Atrial diastole Venticular diastole

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 The conduction system of human heart initiates and controls a heartbeat. Cells in the
sinoatrial node act as a pacemaker, initiating impulses that spread through the walls of the
atria and, after a delay, through the walls of the ventricles via the atrio-ventricular node.

 Lymph is a fluid that escapes by leakage of leucocytes and plasma from the blood
capillaries to the outside of the blood vessels. The lymph flows much more slowly than
blood.
Difference between blood and lymph
Blood Lymph
1. It is red in colour. 1. It is colourless.
2. Erythrocytes are present. 2. Erythrocytes are absent.
3. Haemoglobin is present 3. Haemoglobin is absent.
4. Blood contains many plasma proteins 4. Lymph has plasma proteins in a very low
concentration or is absent.
5. Concentration of calcium and phosphorus 5. Lymph has low concentration of calcium
is very high. and phosphorus.
6. It helps in transportation of various 6. It acts as a middleman for the exchange
materials of materials between blood and body
tissues.

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 The force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries is called blood pressure.
 The alternate expansion and elastic recoil of arterial wall during ventricular systole is
called pulse.

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