Understanding and Using Asphalt Emulsion: Emulsion 101 by Jack Dougherty

Understanding and Using
Asphalt Emulsion
Emulsion 101 by Jack Dougherty
Rocky Mountain West Pavement Preservation
Peppermill, Reno 10-5-2011
 a subsidiary of
A L O N USA
Why is emulsion used?
 Liquid
 Saves Energy
 Aggregate coating
 No fire hazard
 Environmentally clean
Asphalt Emulsion Advantages
 Low Storage and application temperature
 Construction versatility
 Reduced energy requirement
 Reduce air pollution
 High mix production rate
 High seal coat stone retention (min. bleeding)
 High natural adhesion
 Wide grade selection
Disadvantages
 Lack of freeze resistance
 Some types may suffer early rain damage
 Need curing period to develop tensile strength

Artists’ Perspective
 Oil Base Type of oil and quantity
 Lacquers solvent/ evaporation rate
 Latex Water
Asphalt Technology Perspective
 HOT APPLIED Visco-elastic / VGO
 CUTBACKS Solvents /Evaporation rate
 EMULSIONS Surfactants/ water

Asphalt Cement Can Be Liquefied By:
 Heat
 Blending With a petroleum Solvent
 Emulsifying with water (and an Emulsifying

Agent)
Emulsified Asphalts-Production
& Use
 What are emulsified asphalts?

 How is emulsified asphalt manufactured?
 Uses of emulsified asphalts
 Construction
 Maintenance
Chemistry Of Asphalt Emulsions
 Emulsified asphalt is a dispersion of asphalt cement
particles in water with the aid of an emulsifying agent
(or “system”)
 The asphalt cement is dispersed in the liquid medium in

the form of tiny droplets ranging from about one to ten
microns in diameter
 In the manufacturing process agitation and surface

active agents are required for emulsification
Type of Emulsions - Anionic
+Cationic
 Cationic:
 Asphalt droplets having a positive (+) charge
 Anionic:
 Asphalt droplets having a negative (-) charge
 Nonionic: Neutral Charge on asphalt particles
 Emulsion type determined by emulsifier chemical

Specifications
 Emulsified Asphalt  Cationic Emulsified
Asphalt
 AASHTO M140
 AASHTO M208
 ASTM D977
 Anionic  ASTM D2397
 Nonionic  Cationic only
 Some Cationic
Chemistry of Asphalt Emulsions
Emulsion Breakage
 Evaporation
 Chemical
 Surface contact
 Temperature
Emulsion Deposition
Asphalt Emulsion Droplet
Emulsifier
Deposited Asphalt
Aggregate
The Manufacture Of Asphalt
Emulsions
 Liquid State:
 Possess the handling and ecological advantages of
water
 Cured State:
 Possess the adhesive durability and water resistant
properties of a paving asphalt
Emulsion Plant
Asphalt Cement
Hard Blender
Asphalt
blending
stock
Water
Emulsifiers
Mill Asphalt Emulsion

Soft
Asphalt
blending
stock
Process Flow Diagram
Chemicals
F Flowmeter
Water Agitator T Temperature measured
P Pressure measured
Emulsion
Additive
Water Tank T
Pump Loading
Pump Asphalt Line
F
Asphalt F T Emulsion
T Tank
Charge Mill T
Tank
P
Pump
Recirculation Pump
CHARLOTTE® COLLOID MILLS
FOR ASPHALT EMULSIONS
G100 25 tph with 100 HP motor

G125 40tph with 125 HP motor
Industrial head (2 pieces)

Siefer Emulsion Mill
Lab Mill
Factors That Affect Emulsification
 Asphalt (caustic treated-Recycled lube oil treated0
 Soap Type / Soap Content
 pH
 Asphalt Temperature
 Soap Temperature
 Mill Gap
 Back Pressure
 Discharge Temperature
 Water hardness
Factors effecting particle size
 Temperature of components
 Type and quantity of surfactant
 Mill clearance
 Mill “dwell time”
 Back pressure
 Ionic strength of water phase
Adjusting Emulsion Viscosity
 Increase Mono-amine
 Increase Residue
 Use Thickener
 Low Viscosity  Decrease mill gap
 Rise Asphalt Temp
 Rise Soap Temp
 Check pH
 Use Amido Amine

 High Viscosity  Use CaCl / NaCl
 Increase mill gap
 Use “Durco”
 Lower Residue
 Lower Asphalt Temp
 Lower Soap Temp
 Check pH
Factors Effecting Sieve
 Recycled Lube Oil in asphalt †
 Inadequate saponification or not enough surfactant
 Shear sensitive emulsifiers
 High shearing mixers
 High shear pumps
 Mill Gap
 Boiling on Discharge
 Hard water
 Hot spots in tank or live steam
Factors Effecting Storage
 High settlement
 Low Residue
 Excess or insufficient Acid or caustic
 Too much salt
 Large particle size
 Insufficient surfactant –particle charge
 Storage Temperature
 Hot spots
 Too cold
 Surface area
Factors Effecting Setting / Breaking
Rate
 More surfactant longer break longer setting time
 Coating reduced with lower surfactant but increase
set and break.
 Non ionics slow breaking and setting time
 Lignosulfonates and Aminated lignums slow
breaking and setting time.
Keys to making “Good Soap”
 Lignins (Indulin SAL, Indulin C, Polyphon, W-5 W2 etc
 If in powder form add to warm water Then add Acid
 Tall Oils
 Add half of the caustic Then add to 130F Water The TO . Then the
remaining caustic
 Fatty Amines
 Same as Tall Oil
 Nonionics
 Many inactive above 140 F
 Correct pH
 3.5 pH Minimum for Amines (except Quats)
 10+ for Anionic Tall Oil or Tallow – excess critical in High Floats
Anionic Materials
 Materials  Function
 Tall Oil  RS/MS/HF emulsifier
 Sodium Hydroxide  Create soap
 Potassium Hydroxide  Create soap
 Sodium Chloride  Reduce emulsion viscosity
 Methyl Oleate  HFRS-2 additive
 Tallow  HFRS-2 additive
 Vinsol Resin  Emulsifier/stabilizer for MS & SS
 Sodium Lignosulfonate  Stabilizer for SS
 Alpha Olefin Sulfonate  QS-h emulsifier
 Clay  Reduces settlement
Cationic Materials
 Materials  Function
 Amines, Mono- or di-  CRS, CMS emulsifier

 Amidoamine  CRS, CMS, CQS emulsifier
 Quaternary ammonium salts  CRS, CMS, CQS emulsifier
 Ligniamine  CSS emulsifier
 Hydrochloric acid  Create soap
 Calcium chloride  Reduce emulsion viscosity
Emulsion Grades
Grade Cationic Anionic
Rapid Setting CRS RS
Mixing CMS MS
Slow Setting CSS SS
High Float HFRS

HFMS
Control Setting CQS QS
Typical Asphalt Emulsion
Formulation
 CRS-2:  RS-2:
 Asphalt: 67%  Asphalt: 65%
 F.A. Diamine: 0.2%  Tall Oil: 0.2%
 HCL: 0.1%  NaOH.: 0.04%
 Water: 32.7%  Water: 34.76%
 CMS-2S:  SS-1h:
 Asphalt: 62%  Asphalt: 60%
 F.A. Diamine: 0.4%  Vinsol Resin: 0.75%
 HCL: 0.2%  Na Ligno-SO4: 0.75%
 Naphtha: 12%  NaOH: 0.09%
 Water: 25.4 %  Water: 38.41 %
Emulsion Tests
 Emulsion Property  Test Procedure
 Emulsion handling  Viscosity
 Emulsion stability  Sieve, storage stability
 Emulsion type  Particle charge
 Emulsion grade  Classification, mixing test, cement mixing
 Asphalt grade  Penetration, Original DSR (ADOT)
 Asphalt content  Distillation or Evap
 Plus specification
 Softening pt
 Torsional Recovery
 Latex/Polymer %
 Other per agency specification

Why surface treat
 To seal
 To rejuvenate
 To reinforce
 To provide skid resistance
 To provide demarcation
 To provide improved visibility
General Uses of Asphalt Emulsions
 Rapid setting (RS, CRS, or HFRS)
 Chip seals
 Surface treatments
 Sand seals
 Penetration treatments
 Medium setting (MS, CMS, or HFMS)
 Plant mix (cold or hot)

 Seal coat and surface treatments
 Tack coat
 Crack sealing
 Road mix
 Patching mix (for immediate use)

 Slow setting (SS, CSS)
 Cold Plant mix

 Road mix
 Tack coat (diluted)
 Fog seal (diluted)
 Dust palliative
 Mulching
 Slurry seal coat
QS slurry seal
 Types:
 Cationic
Emulsion Plus Mix Aid = QS slurry
Fast set
No mixing stability Retards Set
 Anionic
Emulsion Plus Setting = QS slurry
Long Mixing Agent
Cycle without
Setting agent Control Set

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Understanding and Using

 Some types may suffer early rain damage

 Need curing period to develop tensile strength

 Lacquers solvent/ evaporation rate

 CUTBACKS Solvents /Evaporation rate

 EMULSIONS Surfactants/ water

 Blending With a petroleum Solvent

 Emulsifying with water (and an Emulsifying

 What are emulsified asphalts?

 The asphalt cement is dispersed in the liquid medium in

 In the manufacturing process agitation and surface

 Nonionic: Neutral Charge on asphalt particles

 Emulsion type determined by emulsifier chemical

Mill Asphalt Emulsion

Water Agitator T Temperature measured

G100 25 tph with 100 HP motor

Industrial head (2 pieces)

 Use Amido Amine

 Amines, Mono- or di-  CRS, CMS emulsifier

Rapid Setting CRS RS

Slow Setting CSS SS

High Float HFRS

 Asphalt content  Distillation or Evap

 Other per agency specification

 Plant mix (cold or hot)

 Patching mix (for immediate use)

 Cold Plant mix

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