Chapter 4: Kingdom Animalia

A. The Basis of classification are as Follows:

1. Cell Structure

2. Mode and Source of Nutrition

3. Body Organization

4. Germ layer

5. Coelom

6. Segmentation

7. Symmetry

B. Why do we need classification?

Classification makes the study of a wide variety of organisms easier.

1. It makes the study of organisms easy. This helps us in understanding evolutionary

history of organisms easily.

2. It helps in providing knowledge about origin and genetic relationship among

organisms easily. It also helps to compare and study the evolution of organisms
according to their hierarchy

3. It provides information needed for all the branches of biology.

4. By studying anyone organism of a group we are able to tell some characteristic

about the other organisms in that group

5. It reduces our study work and lessens the wastage of time.Every field of biology
depend upon classification in some way or other.

C. Which are the larval stages of Porifera

1. Trichimella larva
2. Paranchymulla larva

3. Amphiblastula larva

D. Information about coral reef and sea fan.

1. A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals.

2. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate.

3. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups

4. Coral belongs to the class Anthozoa in the animal phylum Cnidaria, which
includes sea anemones and jellyfish.
 5. Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons that support and
protect the coral. Most reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated
water.

6. Often called "rainforests of the sea", shallow coral reefs form some of Earth's most
diverse ecosystems.

7. Coral reefs deliver ecosystem services for tourism, fisheries and shoreline
protection.

8. Sea fan- they are sessile colonial cnidarians found throughout the oceans of the
world, especially tropics and subtropics.

9. Common name are sea whips and are similar to sea pens

10. They may be brightly colored, often purple, red, or yellow. Photosynthetic
gorgonians can be successfully kept in captive aquaria.

11. About 500 different species of sea fans are found in the oceans of the world,
particularly abundant in the shallow waters of the western Atlantica.

E. State parasitic adaptation in liver fluke and ascaris

Owing to parasitic mode of life, Liver fluke has undergone following adaptations: -
1. The body is flat and leaf like so that it can reside within the bile duct of sheep.

2. Oral sucker, acetabulum, hooks and rostellum of adult worm serve as organs of
attachment in the host’s body.

3. Cilia or any kind of locomotory appendages are absent in adult but the larva
(Miracidium) possesses cilia as it requires to move about in search of its host (snail).

4. On the body wall presence of thick cuticle acts as enzyme-resistant, so that the
parasite is not digested by the digestive juices of the host.

5. The digestive system is simple as the flukes feed on digested food. The intestine is
highly branched so that the digested food can be distributed to all parts of the body.

6. It respires anaerobically because free oxygen is not available.

7. In Fasciola excretory system is well developed, the longitudinal excretory canals

can receive excretory products from different parts of the body by means of flame
cells.

8. Well-developed reproductive system is the characteristic feature for the parasitic

mode of life. They are hermaphrodites; i.e. both male and female reproductive
organs are present in the same individual.

9. Each liver fluke produces large number of eggs. This is necessary to offset several
hazards resulting in great mortality.

10. Fertilized eggs are protected by resistant egg-shells which provide further safety
from unfavorable environmental conditions.

11. Presence of a secondary host ensures the continuity as well as dispersal of the
species from one place to another place.
 F. List out the parasitic adaptations of Ascaris lumbricoides?

Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode worm which leads a parasitic life in the intestine of
man. Hence it is an endoparasite.

1. Body is long and round so that it can easily fit in the lumen of the intestine.

2. Cuticle covering the body protect the worm from digestive juices secreted in the
host's intestine.

3. Papillae present on the lips of the worm help in anchoring to the villi in the
intestine.

4. Worm can ingest tissue of the host and suck the blood from the host.

5. Digested food of host is absorbed by the surface of the body directly from the
host's intestine.

6. Worm respires anaerobically in the host's intestine which is devoid of oxygen.

7. Millions of eggs are produced at a time for the benefit of survival..

8. The mouth is bounded by three lips which help the parasite to attach with mucous
membrane of the host’s intestine.

9. The parasite is devoid of locomotory organs as the parasite lives in the intestine
where protection from enemies and food supply are ensured.

10. Reproductive system of Ascaris is well-developed and numerous eggs are

produced to make up for the poor chances of the right host being reached.

11. The eggs are covered with resistant cove-ring or chitinous shell which provide
safety to the zygote and embryonated eggs from unfavorable environmental
factors.
 12. The minute size and resistant nature of eggs make them to withstand prolonged
dryness and cold. The minute size eggs afford far and wide dispersal of the
parasite.

G. What are the merits and demerits of hermaphroditism?

Advantages:

1. The hermaphrodites have the ability to self-fertilization.

2. So, there is no need to search for the mating of the different sex. It does not have
chances to be extinct.

Disadvantages:

1. It has the limited gene diversity.

2. The extra energy is needed to maintain the two reproductive systems.

3. If the organism has self-fertilizing capacity then the offspring will produce is
more viable in nature. The self-fertilization is one of the disadvantages

4. More energy is needed to maintain both reproductive systems.

5. Limited gene diversity.

6. More likely to have less viable offspring if the organism self-fertilizes. Eliminates
competition for a mate allowing defected and less suitable organisms to pass on
their genes.

H. Why are leeches used in Ayurveda?

1. Leeches are used in the medical practice since ancient times to treat many diseases.
 2. It is a method in which localized impure blood is let out to heal the tissue.

3. Leech therapy is Para-surgical treatment modality according to Ayurveda. Due to

its therapeutic effects, this is successful even today.

4. The description of using leech for therapy can be found in Sushruta Samhita
written by Acharya Sushruta. He has described the nature of leeches, their habitat,
the method of application, diseases indicated like Visarpa (Herpes), Skin diseases
etc., in detail.

5. Though there are hundreds leech species, only 15 are used for therapy.

6. In the medieval ages, this was very popular. According to Ayurveda, Leech only
sucks impure blood. Leech is used to relieve venous congestion and to improve
blood circulation.

Steps for application of Leech

a. Leech activation.

1. Patient’s skin is cleaned.

2. The leeches are applied.

3. Cover the leech with wet cotton.

4. Remove the leech once it has finished sucking the blood.

5. Remove the blood from leech by inducing vomiting to the leech and then put
back in fresh water container.

6. The area should be cleaned and bandaged.

b. Mode of Action:

Leech have many distinct enzymes in its saliva, through which they act. The enzymes
enter the blood through the place the leech sucks the blood. The most important is the
Hirudin, which acts as an anti-coagulant. This leech enzymes also have the ability to
stay in the blood and do vasodilation and further facilitate the blood supply to the
surrounding tissue and prevent necrosis and healing. Some anti allergic factors ensure
reduction in the lesions.

I. What is the role of earth worms in agriculture? What is vermicompost?

a. By their activity in the soil, earthworms offer many benefits:

1. Increased nutrient availability,

2. Better drainage, and

3. A more stable soil structure,

Which help improve farm productivity.

Worms feed on plant debris (dead roots, leaves, grasses, manure) and soil.

b. Vermicompost: Vermicompost is the product of the composting process using

various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms,
to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and
vermicast. Vermicast is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by
earthworms.

Vermicompost
 J. Why is phylum Arthropoda considered as most successful phylum?

1. Members of the phylum Arthropoda are characterized by jointed appendages and

an exoskeleton of chitin.

2. There are more than one million species of arthropods currently known to science,
and many biologists believe there are millions more to be identified.

3. Arthropods are the most biologically successful group of animals because they are
the most diverse and live in a greater range of habitats than do the members of any
other phylum of animals.

K. Parthenogenesis

1. The term parthenogenesis is taken from the Greek words Parthenos, meaning
“virgin,” and genesis, meaning “origin.” More than 2,000 species are thought to
reproduce parthenogenically.

2. Parthenogenesis, a reproductive strategy that involves development of a female

(rarely a male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization.
3. It occurs commonly among lower plants and invertebrate animals (particularly
rotifers, aphids, ants, wasps, and bees) and rarely among higher vertebrates.

4. Parthenogenic species may be obligate (that is, incapable of sexual reproduction) or

facultative (that is, capable of switching between parthenogenesis and sexual
reproduction depending upon environmental conditions).

5. Parthenogenesis is sometimes considered to be an asexual form of reproduction;

however, it may be more accurately described as an “incomplete form of sexual
reproduction,” since offspring of parthenogenic species develop from gametes.

L. Living Fossil
1. A living fossil is an existing taxon that closely resembles organisms otherwise
known only from the fossil record.

2. To be considered a living fossil, the fossil species must be old relative to the time of
origin of the extant clade.
3.

M. Hemicordata is considered as connecting link between non-chordates

and chordates

1. Balanoglossus is a marine animal found in the temperate oceans.

2. It is a deuterostome possessing branchial openings and showing affinity to various

groups of organisms.

3. However, the Balanoglossus is considered an important connecting link between

chordates and non-chordates (vertebrates and invertebrates) as they have
notochord, gill-slits (branchial openings) and the dorsal tubular nerve cord which
are the three main characteristics of chordates.

4. Because of this reason Balanoglossus is regarded as the connecting link between

them.

N. Herdmania is called a chordate. Explain!

1. Herdmania is called as chordate. Chordates consists of the notochord, gill slits and
dorsal nerve cord.

2. The notochord runs through the body from the one tip to another tip, this provides
the central support.
3. The body of an adult tunicate is very simple. The tunicates have larva that is freely
swimming and exhibit all the chordate characteristics.

4. The “dorsal nerve cord”, pharyngeal and “post-anal tail” are present in herdmania.

O. Give characteristics of petromyzon. Comment on its mode of nutrition.

1. The sea lamprey has an eel-like body without paired fins.

2. Its mouth is jawless, round and wide or wider than the head. Sharp teeth are
arranged in many consecutive circular rows.

3. There are 7 branchial or gill-like openings behind the eye.

4. The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is an example of a parasitic species. Its teeth
are hollow and more numerous than those of the hagfish. The sea lamprey has three
horny lingual plates containing “teeth,” one central (transverse lingual) plate and
two lateral (longitudinal lingual) plates, and numerous other tooth-like structures
surround the mouth.

5. The last common ancestor of lampreys appears to have been specialized to feed on
the blood and body fluids of other fish after metamorphosis.

6. They attach their mouthparts to the target animal's body, then use three horny plates
(laminae) on the tip of their piston-like tongue, one transversely and two
longitudinally placed, to scrape through surface tissues until they reach body fluids.

7. The teeth on their oral disc are primarily used to help the animal attach itself to its
prey. Made of keratin and other proteins, lamprey teeth have a hollow core to give
room for replacement teeth growing under the old ones.

8. Tissue feeders can also involve the teeth on the oral disc in the excision of tissue.
9. As a result, the flesh-feeders have smaller buccal glands as they don't require to
produce anticoagulant continuously and mechanisms for preventing solid material
entering the branchial pouches, which could otherwise potentially clog the gills.

P. What is lateral line system?

1. The lateral line, also called lateral line system (LLS) or lateral line organ (LLO), is a
system of sense organs found in aquatic vertebrates, used to detect movement,
vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water OR Lateral line system,
also called lateralis system, a system of tactile sense organs, unique to aquatic
vertebrates from cyclostome fishes (lampreys and hagfish) to amphibians, that
serves to detect movements and pressure changes in the surrounding water.

2. It is made up of a series of mechanoreceptors called neuromasts (lateral line organs)

arranged in an interconnected network along the head and body. This network is
typically arranged in rows; however, neuromasts may also be organized singly.

3. At its simplest, rows of neuromasts appear on the surface of the skin; however, for
most fishes, they lie embedded in the floor of mucus-filled structures called lateral
line canals.
4. The sensory ability is achieved via modified epithelial cells, known as hair cells,
which respond to displacement caused by motion and transduce these signals into
electrical impulses via excitatory synapses.

5. Fish can use their lateral line system to follow the vortices produced by fleeing prey.
Lateral lines are usually visible as faint lines of pores running lengthwise down each
side, from the vicinity of the gill covers to the base of the tail.

6. In some species, the receptive organs of the lateral line have been modified to
function as electroreceptors, which are organs used to detect electrical impulses, and
as such, these systems remain closely linked.

Q. Explain the term metameric segmentation

1. The segmentation in which the organ/ tissue are repeated at the interval along
with the body of the animal, i.e. dividing the body into segments/metamers.

2. It is seen in phylum annelids, arthropoda etc.

 R. Harmful Arthropodas

Mosquitoes, bed bugs, Aphids, Black carpenter ant, Black widow spider, Ticks, Locust,
Wasps, Beetles, Moths etc.

S. Why do molluscs have shells?

For protection as their body is very fragile, shells keep their body protected from
predators and other environmental harmful effects

T. Why is fish heart called venous heart?

1. In fishes the blood from the body, which is low in oxygen enters the atrium via the
sinus venosus, which contains the pacemaker cells that initiate the contractions.

2. The blood is pumped into the ventricle by the atrium, which is a thin-walled
muscular chamber.

3. That is the reason why fish heart is called venous heart.

4. Fish heart is called venous heart as it only receives blood from veins and pumps it
directly to the gills for oxygenation.

5. In fish’s heart blood passes only once in one complete circuit. This type of blood
circulation is known as single circulation and heart is known as single circuit heart.

6. Fish heart is called venous heart because it receives blood from the veins and
transfers it directly in to the gill for oxygenation.

7. The oxygen plays an important role in the respiration process and goes a long way
in transmission of the blood in one complete circuit.
 U. Why don't amphibians have exoskeletons?

1. Amphibians are a group of vertebrate animals that were the first vertebrates to leave
the water and live on land.

2. However, they did not develop the ability to live on land for their entire lives.
Instead, they are born in the water and develop the ability to live on land as adults
through a process of metamorphosis.

3. Amphibians need their permeable layer of skin to absorb their needed oxygen and
water from the environment.

4. Also, amphibians do not have exoskeletons is because they did not evolve from the
same ancestors as the arthropods.

5. However, amphibians do not need exoskeletons because they are vertebrate animals
who evolved endoskeletons make of a series of internal bones.

V. Why are amphibians and reptilians called poikilotherm?

1. In the poikilotherm group, the body temperature varies over time with
environmental temperature. In the homeotherms, the body temperature remains
constant irrespective of environmental temperature.

2. Fish, amphibians and reptiles belong to a group called ectotherms meaning that
these animals do not produce heat to maintaining a constant and normally high
body temperature (as is the case for birds and mammals).

3. Instead they rely on the environment and their own behavior to control their
temperature.

4. For fish, this means that body temperature varies directly with water temperature.

5. In fish, most species are poikiolothermic.

 W. List a few flight adaptations of birds

Effective flight is possible only when two requirements are met, light weight of the
body and the supply of energy. Hence, the organs that are modified for effective flight
are

1. Body shape: they have spindle shaped, stream lined body which offer them least
resistance during flight.

2. Hollow bones: Bones in birds are either hollow or fused to reduce the weight of the
body. The fusion of caudal bone to form pygostyle and hollow bones of skull are
good example of it.

3. Air sacs: their lungs are supplemented by air sacs, which help in efficient breathing
and also provides buoyancy for flight.

4. Single ovary: female birds have only one ovary. Teeth, tail and urinary bladder is
also absent to reduce their body weight.

5. Absence of teeth and present of beak is also one of the important adaptations for
flight in birds.

6. Forelimbs are modified into wings and hence aerodynamics in shape. They are also
close to the center of gravity.

7. Birds generally eat foods that are small and light but which high source of energy.
They have gizzard that helps to grind the eaten food and absorb it. Beside this, some
birds also have crop and gizzard that aids in softening and absorbing of eaten food.

8. The circulation of blood uses four chambered heart with two atria and two
ventricular.
9. Blood with high blood pressure and high amount of sugar is present in the avian
heart.

10. Eyes are well developed having binocular vision in birds whereas the olfactory
organs have reduced function. It is because good sight is necessary for safe flight.

X. Aves and mammals are homeotherms. justify!

1. Aves and mammals can maintain their constant body temperature.

2. Mammals and aves can maintain body temperature by sweating in summer and
shivering in cold days.

3. Aves and mammals are homeotherms which means they have constant body
temperature. They cannot adjust their body temperature according to
surrounding and are also called warm-blooded. This is the reason why aves and
mammals experience heat and cold and adjust themselves.

4. Example- Humans are mammals and prefer wearing woolen clothes in winters
and animals have fur or hair on the skin that protects them from cold. Few birds
hide in their nest whereas Siberian cranes migrate to India during winters.

Y. How do mammals differ from other animals?

1. Mammals (from Latin mamma "breast") are vertebrate animals constituting the class
Mammalia, and characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females
(produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, fur or hair, and three middle ear
bones.

2. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds,

3. There are around 5,450 species of mammals.

4. The largest orders are the rodents, bats and Soricomorpha (shrews and others).
5. The next three are the Primates (apes, monkeys, and others), the Cetartiodactyla
(cetaceans and even-toed ungulates), and the Carnivora (cats, dogs, seals, and
others).

6. Mammals are amazingly diverse animals: they live in nearly every available habitat
on earth (including deep seas, tropical rainforests, and deserts), and they range in
size from one-ounce shrews to 200-ton whales.

7. The eight main mammal characteristics of mammals are

a. Presence of hair or fur all over the body

b. Presence of mammary glands

c. Single-Boned Lower Jaws

d. One-Time Tooth Replacement

e. Three Bones in the Middle Ear

f. Homeotherms

g. Diaphragms

h. Four chambered heart.

Z. Difference between Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes