The Problem
The Problem
The Problem
THE PROBLEM
water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.
especially through the fecal-oral route.[2] For example, diarrhea, a main cause
sanitation.[3] There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in
system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained
or "sanitation economy".
"basic", with the highest level being "safely managed".[7] This is particularly
that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation. Lack
of access to sanitation has an impact not only on public health but also on
human dignity and personal safety. The World Health Organization defines
services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. The word 'sanitation'
private and where results are only achieved when the household makes
billion people lack access to improved water supplies and 2.6 billion people
that "Deaths from diarrhea in 2004 were six times greater than the average
other organizations, as being one of the major causes of deaths of fewer than
world is still on track for reaching the Millennium Development Goal drinking
water target, but the trend appears to be deteriorating. On current trends, the
world will miss the sanitation target by more than half a billion people. This
and sanitation of households and to find out the hygienic practices with
selected variables.
Previous hand hygiene studies have indicated that children with proper
respiratory symptoms (4, 5). Hand washing with soap has been reported to
reduce diarrheal morbidity by 44% and respiratory infections by 23% (2, 6).
However, globally, the rates at which hands are washed with soap range
from only 0-34% of the time (7). A study conducted by the Global Public–
Private Partnership for Hand Washing (PPPHW) which included several sub-
reported that 17% of participants washed their hands with soap after using
guarantee good health of the population. Studies have suggested that the
water is clean at the source and toilets exist in the community, their
consumed, that all human feces are hygienically disposed, and that personal
human body can provide places for disease-causing germs and parasites to
grow and multiply. These places include the skin and in and around the
openings to the body. It is less likely that germs and parasites will get inside
the body if people have good personal hygiene habits. Good personal
hygiene habits include: washing the body often. If possible, everybody should
have a shower or a bath every day. However, there may be times when this
is not possible, for example, when people are out camping or there is a
shortage of water; If this happens, a swim or a wash all over the body with a
wet sponge or cloth will do; cleaning the teeth at least once a day. Brushing
the teeth after each meal is the best way of making sure that gum disease
and tooth decay are avoided. It is very important to clean teeth; after
breakfast and immediately before going to bed; washing the hair with soap or
shampoo at least once a week; washing hands with soap after going to the
toilet; washing hands with soap before preparing and/or eating food. During
normal daily activities, such as working and playing, disease causing germs
may get onto the hands and under the nails. If the germs are not washed off
before preparing food or eating, they may get onto the food; changing into
clean clothes. Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before
wearing them again; hanging clothes in the sun to dry. The sun's rays will kill
some disease-causing germs and parasites; turning away from other people
and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the hand when coughing or
sneezing. If this is not done, droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose
and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in, or
evaluate the KAP of hand washing, and to assess the extent to which proper
study will serve as baseline data for future school-based hygiene intervention
Norte.
Theoretical Framework
pleased and displeased them about their work. Herzberg found that the
theory to explain these results. He called the satisfiers motivators and the
dissatisfiers hygiene factors, using the term "hygiene" in the sense that they
reasoned that because the factors causing satisfaction are different from
dissatisfaction. While at first glance this distinction between the two opposites
may sound like a play on words, Herzberg argued that there are two distinct
human needs portrayed. First, there are physiological needs that can be
fulfilled by money, for example, to purchase food and shelter. Second, there
is the psychological need to achieve and grow, and this need is fulfilled by
activities that cause one to grow. Herzberg often referred to these hygiene
factors as "KITA" factors, where KITA is an acronym for Kick In The A..., the
no satisfaction are intrinsic to the job itself, and do not result from carrot and
stick incentives.
the same time influence the country’s policies with a view to safeguard the
The requirement for hygiene and sanitation is core to any hospitality industry
world over. Any lapses in the theory and practice will always witness
infections and other health threats to both staff and guests at the hospitality
industries.
Conceptual Framework
countries. This study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP)
characteristics.
Statement of the Problem
Brgy Lower Sapad, Lanao del Norte that can be a basis for a sanitation
1.1. Age,
1.2. Gender,
the respondents?
4.1. Wash hands day prior to interview, the reasons for washing
helps to improve the teaching and learning process since if you are physically
healthy and mentally healthy you can get along with others with all the
confidence. Likewise, personal hygiene and sanitation improves the quality of
Students. The findings of this study will provide information and will serve as
their basis or it will provide sources when they conduct their study related this
research.
Teachers. The findings of this study will provide information to the teachers
about the significant contribution of personal hygiene and sanitation for the
and classroom practices in terms of hygiene and sanitation for the betterment
of the students.
Department of Elementary Education. The result of this study may help the
Lower Sapad, Lanao del Norte and it will be conducted of the same place
from 20th June to third week of October 2018 in Sapad Municipality. The data
study were random sampling. Individual respondent was taken as the sample
understood verbal consent was taken from the participants of the study.
Those individuals who were available after three visits and willing to give
verbal consents were included in the study. The collected data was entered
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
For this study a literature reiew serves to make a critical analysis and
made in similar studies help identify gaps in the body of knowledge in the
context of the aim and objectives of the current study. The literature review
was also carried out to shed light on the following pertinent issues: personal
to hygiene.
2.2 Importance of good hygiene
include the absence of visible dirt, dust and stains on clothing, or bad smells.
Since the development of the germ theory of disease, hygiene has come to
mean any practice leading to the absence of harmful levels of germs. Good
hygiene directly helps to prevent and isolate disease. This means that if you
are healthy to begin with, good hygiene will help you to prevent illness. If you
(WordIQ.com, 2010).
Hygiene is an important issue in personal deportment, i.e. in taking
care of oneself both physically and emotionally. People often have infections
because they do not take good care of themselves physically, such condition
that can produce emotional difficulties as well. Good hygiene includes the
practice of regularly and thoroughly washing one’s hands and body, brushing
one’s hair, flossing the teeth and caring for gums. These grooming habits will
reduce vulnerability to harmful bacteria that reside on the body. While some
bacteria are harmless and even beneficial to the body, the accumulation of
diseases like AIDS, cancer and tuberculosis (TB). Notwithstanding such fear,
one should question whether people exercise basic measures in their daily
routine to prevent disease that may be caused by the lack of simple hygiene.
Not many people ensure the water they drink is from a glass which is clean.
basic hygiene can have an important effect for ensuring a healthy and
Ustun, Kay, Fewtrell and Bartram (2004) stated that the burden on
health caused by unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygienic practice, has
been estimated on a global level taking into account various outcomes of
account many factors, such as the ingestion of unsafe water and the lack of
hygiene, contact with unsafe water, and the inadequate development and
disease are all wholly attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene
sanitation and health are closely interconnected. Viewed worldwide, the lack
of sanitary waste disposal and clean water for drinking, cooking and washing
deaths occur worldwide due to inadequate hand washing and just being able
to wash one’s hands with soap and water can reduce the incidence of
It is also worth noting that, given the range of health risks to which
hygiene as possible. In fact, most new-world diseases, like bird flu and swine
flu, have been attributed to poor hygiene. If the present generation were
problems are often based on inadequate nutrition and the lack of access to
address risks associated with improper use of sanitation and facilities and the
year, between two and three million people die of sanitation-related diseases
caused by poor hygiene, contact with germs, dirty hands and contaminated
food, utensils and water. The main cause for this shocking statistic is not
that insufficient financial resources are allocated to toilets and the water
poverty stricken areas and densely populated informal settlements. The aim
diseases, people need to possess knowledge of, and appreciation for, the
importance of good hygiene. It is the only way people can make informed
decisions regarding hygienic practices. Water Aid America (2011) stated that
good hygienic practices, such as hand washing and the safe disposal of
feces, are essential for maximizing the health benefits of safe water and
practices with simple, safe alternatives. Most people are only too happy to
use clean water and safe sanitation facilities once they are readily available,
but without knowledge of good hygienic practices, the health benefits will be
greatly reduced. Universal access water and sanitation has been seen for
burden in the developing world. However, it is now clear that this goal is best
hygiene goes a long way to explain why water and sanitation programmes
have often not brought the expected benefits. The current focus in developing
order to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) but, if the health
must look beyond the provision of water supply hardware and toilet facilities
(Bloomfield, Martin, Fara, Nath, Scott & Van der Voorden, 2009).
particularly important since they are care-givers who prepare food for others,
clean for others and implement personal hygiene for children. Women run the
greatest risk of spreading germs and disease to others. For them hand
washing is vital, particularly for mothers. Women need to wash their hands
many times during the day; good habits should be established to maintain
personal and family hygiene, as well as caring for one’s hands. According to
People who do not wash their hands can spread infections and viruses to
chances of success in many areas of life. People who do not bathe regularly
are more susceptible to fungus infections, such as jock itch, athlete’s foot or
fungal toenail infections. A lack of oral hygiene can cause fungus infections
such as oral thrush. Those who fail to wash their hands regularly are more
prone to contracting viral or bacterial infections from others. Bed bugs are a
common problem when good hygiene and regular cleaning are lacking.
Menstruation and menstrual practices are still often shrouded in taboos and
socio-cultural restrictions with the result that adolescent girls remain ignorant
are obvious. Today millions of women are sufferers of RTI and its
hygiene and safe practices are less vulnerable to RTI and its consequences.
may help promote safe practices and mitigate the suffering of millions of
on the other hand, can decrease the spread of many diseases, including skin
disease, contracted from agents on the ground and from insects. Adequate
follow good personal hygiene, they do not only help themselves but also
others. By keeping clean, one does not spread germs to others and one does
not make them sick”. (MediTrends, 2000). Many diseases can be linked to
the neglect of personal hygiene that fuels the occurrence and spread of
hygiene-related diseases.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2010) stated that
the most important way to reduce the spread of infections is hand washing.
Hands should always be washed regularly with soap and water. It is also
important for people to be vaccinated against infections and viruses for which
& Asawa (2009, p.1) conducted a survey in India of 791 individuals (57 %
They noted that females had better attitudes concerning hygiene than males.
associated with adaptive behavior changes among the general public in order
global hygiene attitudes study. The stated goal of the study was to discover
how the flu pandemic of 2009 might have changed global attitudes towards
hygiene. The findings of the study suggest that a larger number of people in
China practice good hygiene now than was the case before the flu pandemic.
2009 has led to increased hand washing and home cleaning in China. The
study revealed that nine out of ten people in China wash their hands more
frequently and seven out of ten Chinese people cleaned their homes more
either actively taught by, or learned through observation of, others. Personal
practices may help prevent coughs and colds from spreading from one
endanger their own health but also the health of others. The spread of
who handle food or care for children, and people who fail to practice oral
hygiene.
children’s feces are harmless and do not cause disease. This is patently not
true; the feces of children contain as many germs as that of adults. It is very
important to collect and dispose of children’s feces quickly and safely. Water
Aid America (2011) stated that a starting point for a hygiene education project
culturally based belief systems. Water Aid America and its partners recognise
that people are not motivated to adopt good hygienic practices solely
because they understand the health benefits, but also because they
effect on the health and comfort of human beings. In that context, hygiene
cleanliness not only provides comfort and positive stimuli, it also impacts on
2.5 billion people) lack adequate sanitation facilities and more than 884
million people still use unsafe drinking water. Inadequate access to safe
water and sanitation services, coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills or
sanitation, unsafe water and low standards of hygiene have many other
Because of their social status, women are obliged to spend a large amount of
their time fetching water. Poor farmers and wage earners are less productive
need. These so-called “toilets” are plastic bags that slum dwellers use to
roof tops. In other words, assuming that out of sight, is out of mind. It could
be argued that such “toilets” rarely remain out of sight. The WHO (2011)
stated that when a large number of people use an area to relieve themselves,
such as a bus station or school, especially when food can be obtained in the
same area, there is a greater risk of the spread of diseases such as cholera,
hepatitis A, typhoid and other diarrheal diseases. The nature of these places
varies according to several factors: the number of people using them, the
amount of time people spend there and the type of activities that occur there.
Regardless, all public places need to have adequate sanitation and hygiene
is not always obvious, especially when they are informal gathering places. It
public places on behalf of the users. Ideally, this service should be included
should be paid to the adequacy of facilities, their availability to the public and
the conditions of their operation. The WHO (2011) described several basic
number of people using the area during the day. Nominally, this
with tainted food at risk. During the rainy season, excreta may
be washed away with rainwater, which then finds its way into
and the germs it contains are transferred to the food touched by the carrier
flies. Some germs grow quickly on food and in a few hours their numbers can
disease, which puts those humans who come in contact with tainted food at
risk. During the rainy season, excreta may be washed away with rainwater,
which then finds its way into wells and streams. The germs contained therein
will then contaminate the water in those wells and streams, which may be
flies. Some germs grow quickly on food and in a few hours their numbers can
disease, which puts those humans who come in contact with tainted food at
risk. During the rainy season, excreta may be washed away with rainwater,
which then finds its way into wells and streams. The germs contained therein
will then contaminate the water in those wells and streams, which may be
and the germs it contains are transferred to the food touched by the carrier
flies. Some germs grow quickly on food and in a few hours their numbers can
disease, which puts those humans who come in contact with tainted food at
risk. During the rainy season, excreta may be washed away with rainwater,
which then finds its way into wells and streams. The germs contained therein
will then contaminate the water in those wells and streams, which may be
their waste products safely, which help break the infection cycle of many
diseases. Hygienic acts, such as frequent hand washing, face washing and
bathing with soap and clean water, lead to good health and cleanliness.
parts of the world can be very challenging due to the lack of clean water and
soap. Providing access to safe water and sanitation facilities and promoting
proper hygienic behavior are important aspects in reducing the health burden
is good, meaning safe; about 90% of households do not treat the water they
residence. Rural households are more likely than urban households to treat
their drinking water (16% and 6%, respectively). Overall, drinking water is
rural areas. In households for which drinking water must be fetched from
external locations, it is usually collected by adult females (25%). The amount
rural areas take less than 30 minutes to obtain water compared with 17% in
urban areas (Ministry of Health and Social Services, 2008, p.1). Maintaining
hygienic surroundings ensures that such areas are not turned into breeding
grounds for bacteria and viruses. People need only to follow simple rules in
hygienic, namely:
that offices and residential areas are kept clean (India Parenting, 2010).
contaminated water supply can play a huge role in pollution and the spread of
disease. The most common sources of domestically and publicly used water
include rainwater, surface water, and ground water. Ground water is the least
threatening of all potable water. Sources of ground water are usually wells
and springs. These are commonly untainted by waste disposal. The most
materials are not disposed of properly, they may come in contact with water
Human excreta always contain large amounts of germs, some of which may
germs that cause those diseases. When people defecate in the open, flies
feed on the excreta and may carry small amounts of it away on their bodies
and feet. Excreta and the germs it contains are transferred to the food
touched by the carrier flies. Some germs grow quickly on food and in a few
hours their numbers can increase dramatically. Where there are germs, there
is always a risk of disease, which puts those humans who come in contact
with tainted food at risk. During the rainy season, excreta may be washed
away with rainwater, which then finds its way into wells and streams. The
germs contained therein will then contaminate the water in those wells and
streams, which may be drawn by people for drinking (WHO, 2011). Primarily,
much more costly to clean up the litter left on streets and public spaces than
towns and cities where they reside and ensure that they dispose of litter and
are required.
and
neighborhoods clean.
waste materials at their source since it is much more costly to clean up waste
following principles:
(Mahlangu, 2011).
2.6 Hygiene-related diseases
important to understand their causes, how they spread and how they can be
prevented.
Lice are parasitic insects that can find a home on people’s heads,
bodies, and pubic area. Human lice survive by feeding on human blood. Lice
infestations are mostly spread by close physical contact (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2010a). Lice infestation can be easily controlled and
prevented because head lice cannot jump from one person to another or
Avoid the use of objects that have been in contact with or near
once a week. Although one may find head lice anywhere, they
are commonly found at the back of a child’s head, near the neck
One should learn the signs that indicate the presence of head
the control of scabies. The principle sign of this disease is a pimple like rash
that is commonly found on the hands, especially on the webbing between the
fingers, the skin folds of the wrist, elbow or knee, the penis, on the breasts or
shoulders. Infestation often causes intense itching over the entire body,
especially occurring at night. Scratching these areas results in sores that may
is indicated when a person (or an animal) passes stools more frequently than
usual, the stools being usually loose or watery in consistency. Diarrhea is a
common problem, which affects people of all ages. Most people have
important public health problem directly related to water and sanitation. The
simple act of washing hands with soap and water can reduce diarrheal
Common types of bacteria which can cause diarrhea are E.coli (Escherichia
coli) and Salmonella. Both can be found in contaminated food or water. Many
micro-organisms that cause diarrhea can spread from one person to another
excreta from flies and other insects, and preventing fecal contamination of
water supplies, would greatly reduce the spread of diarrhea (WHO, 2011).
are similar. According to Huuhtanen & Laukkanen (2006), about 140 000
people world-wide have been infected, resulting in 5000 cholera deaths every
spread more widely than diarrhea, the latter usually occurring in a localized
cholera from spreading. 90% of all cholera cases are symptomless; still the
carrier of the disease may infect others. The most important measures for
adequate and safe supply of drinking water and good food hygiene are the
avoid eating raw fish and seafood in areas where there are outbreaks of
should be avoided.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010a) stated that
affects about 21.5 million people each year. Salmonella paratyphoid lives
only in humans. Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their
carriers, recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria. Both ill
can get typhoid fever if they eat food or drink beverages that have been
For those reasons, typhoid fever is more common in areas of the world where
hand washing is less frequent and the water is likely to be contaminated with
sewage. Once Salmonella paratyphoid bacteria are swallowed they multiply
and spread into the bloodstream. The body reacts with fever and other signs
or symptoms. Huuhtanen & Laukkanen (2006) stated that, typhoid fever can
be prevented and treated with measures that are similar to those used for
transmitted through food and drink that has been contaminated by water or
fever, exhaustion, lack of appetite and jaundice. Symptoms may vary from
mild to severe. The majority of infected individuals are children, who after
disposal of excreta
Hygiene education
Vaccination against hepatitis A
infection of the nose, throat, sinuses and upper airways. A cold can cause
Adults typically experience between two and four colds per year on average,
while children experience between three and eight. A child’s immune system
more colds than men, possibly because they are more likely to come into
Because there are over 200 different viruses that can cause a common cold,
conditions.
lines the eyelids and covers the white of the eyeball. Symptoms of
upper respiratory infection because the virus which causes a cold can also
days and may last up to 2 to 3 weeks. Viral conjunctivitis can be treated using
a cool wet cloth three to four times a day. Applying artificial tears will relieve
always wash hands with soap and water before and after touching the eyes,
should avoid facial contact with others while showing symptoms, and should
eyes feel and look normal because of the risk of spreading the infection to
passed from child to mother especially under conditions where there are
often begins during infancy or childhood and can become chronic. If left
untreated, the infection eventually causes the eyelid to turn inwards which, in
turn, causes the eyelashes to rub on the eyeball resulting in intense pain and
scarring of the front of the eye. This ultimately leads to irreversible blindness,
As noted above, the latter can lead to blindness if not corrected. Improved
The parasite is found on surfaces or in soil, food or water that have been
infected after accidentally swallowing the parasite. Marks & Anand (2011)
center workers are all at risk. Medindia Health Network (2011) stated that
an estimated 576 to 740 million people in the world are infected with
Hookworms live in the small intestine and eggs are passed in the feces of an
eggs are deposited on the soil where they mature and hatch releasing larvae
(immature worms).
the world, especially in areas where sanitation and hygiene are poor
association with poor personal hygiene, poor sanitation and in places where
human feces are used as fertilizer. Once consumed, the eggs hatch and
estimated that one billion people are infected world-wide and symptoms may
shortness of breath, skin rash, stomach pain, vomiting worms, wheezing and
worms exiting through the nose or mouth. An infected person may also show
signs of malnutrition.
occur in the developing world where there is a shortage of clean and safe
for hygiene in public areas. Sanitation, water and hygiene are intertwined
also important to note that the literature review revealed that hand washing
and proper waste disposal are two of the most important human behaviors for