A line connects two points. It is a basic element in graphics. To draw a line, you need two points between which you can draw a line. In the following three algorithms, we refer the one point of line as X 0 , Y0 and the second point of line as X 1 , Y1 .
DDA Algorithm Digital Differential Analyzer DDA algorithm is the simple line generation algorithm which is explained step by step here.
Step 1 − Get the input of two end points (X 0 , Y0 ) and (X 1 , Y1 ).
Step 2 − Calculate the difference between two end points.
dx = X1 - X0 dy = Y1 - Y0
Step 3 − Based on the calculated difference in step-2, you need to identify the number of steps to put pixel. If dx > dy, then you need more steps in x coordinate; otherwise in y coordinate.
if (dx > dy)
Steps = absolute(dx); else Steps = absolute(dy);
Step 4 − Calculate the increment in x coordinate and y coordinate.
Xincrement = dx / (float) steps;
Yincrement = dy / (float) steps;
Step 5 − Put the pixel by successfully incrementing x and y coordinates accordingly and complete the drawing of the line.
for(int v=0; v < Steps; v++)
{ x = x + Xincrement; y = y + Yincrement; putpixel(x,y); }
Bresenham’s Line Generation
The Bresenham algorithm is another incremental scan conversion algorithm. The big advantage of this algorithm is that, it uses only integer calculations. Moving across the x axis in unit intervals and at each step choose between two different y coordinates.
For example, as shown in the following illustration, from position 2, 3 you need to choose between 3, 3 and 3, 4. You would like the point that is closer to the original line. At sample position X k + 1, the vertical separations from the mathematical line are labelled as dupper and dlower.
From the above illustration, the y coordinate on the mathematical line at xk + 1 is −
Y = m$X k$ + 1 + b
So, dupper and dlower are given as follows −
dlower = y − yk
= m(X k + 1) + b − Yk
and
dupper = (yk + 1) − y
= Yk + 1 − m(X k + 1) − b
You can use these to make a simple decision about which pixel is closer to the mathematical line. This simple decision is based on the difference between the two pixel positions.
dlower − dupper = 2m(xk + 1) − 2yk + 2b − 1
Let us substitute m with dy/dx where dx and dy are the differences between the end-points.
So, a decision parameter P k for the kth step along a line is given by −
pk = dx(dlower − dupper)
= 2dy. xk − 2dx. yk + C
The sign of the decision parameter P k is the same as that of dlower − dupper.
If pk is negative, then choose the lower pixel, otherwise choose the upper pixel.
Remember, the coordinate changes occur along the x axis in unit steps, so you can do everything with integer calculations. At step k+1, the decision parameter is given as −
pk +1 = 2dy. xk +1 − 2dx. yk +1 + C
Subtracting pk from this we get −
pk +1 − pk = 2dy(xk +1 − xk) − 2dx(yk +1 − yk)
But, xk +1 is the same as xk +1 . So −
pk +1 = pk + 2dy − 2dx(yk +1 − yk)
Where, Yk +1 – Yk is either 0 or 1 depending on the sign of P k.
The first decision parameter p0 is evaluated at (x0 , y0 ) is given as −
p0 = 2dy − dx
Now, keeping in mind all the above points and calculations, here is the Bresenham algorithm for slope m < 1 −
Step 1 − Input the two end-points of line, storing the left end-point in (x0 , y0 ).
Step 2 − Plot the point (x0 , y0 ).
Step 3 − Calculate the constants dx, dy, 2dy, and 2dy– 2dx and get the first value for the decision parameter as −
p0 = 2dy − dx
Step 4 − At each X k along the line, starting at k = 0, perform the following test −
If pk < 0, the next point to plot is (xk + 1, yk) and
pk +1 = pk + 2dy
Otherwise,
pk +1 = pk + 2dy − 2dx
Step 5 − Repeat step 4 dx– 1 times.
For m > 1, find out whether you need to increment x while incrementing y each time.
After solving, the equation for decision parameter P k will be very similar, just the x and y in the equation gets interchanged.
Mid-Point Algorithm Mid-point algorithm is due to Bresenham which was modified by Pitteway and Van Aken. Assume that you have already put the point P at x, y coordinate and the slope of the line is 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 as shown in the following illustration.
Now you need to decide whether to put the next point at E or N. This can be chosen by identifying the intersection point Q closest to the point N or E. If the intersection point Q is closest to the point N then N is considered as the next point; otherwise E.
To determine that, first calculate the mid-point Mx + 1, y + ½. If the intersection point Q of the line with the vertical line connecting E and N is below M, then take E as the next point; otherwise take N as the next point.
In order to check this, we need to consider the implicit equation −
Fx, y = mx + b - y
For positive m at any given X,
If y is on the line, then Fx, y = 0
If y is above the line, then Fx, y < 0 If y is below the line, then Fx, y > 0
