Chemistry Project PDF
Chemistry Project PDF
Chemistry Project PDF
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this chemistry project work has been successfully
completed by Master M.ZOHAIB HAMDULAY student of class XII-A
under the supervision of Mrs. Reema head of chemistry department.
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Date of submission Teacher in charge
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Principal External Examiner
I, M. ZOHAIB HAMDULAY of class XII-A, feel proud to present my
investigatory project in chemistry on the topic "Sterilization of water
using bleaching powder".
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Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for
survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various
metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out Haemoglobin
throughout the body. Our body is estimated to be 60-70% of water. It
transports oxygen to our cells, removes wastes and protects our organs.
Every living organism requires water. daily average of 1 gallon per
man is sufficient for drinking and cooking purposes. With the
increasing world population, the demand for drinking water has also
increased dramatically and therefore it is very essential to identify
resources of water from which we can use water for drinking
purposes.
Since many available resources of water do not have it in drinkable
form, in order to fulfill the demand of water, it needs to be purified and
supplied in an orderly and systematic way. Either the water contains
excess of Calcium or (Magnesium salts or any other organic impurity or
it simply contains foreign particles which make it unfit and unsafe for
drinking.
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Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,
biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated
water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. The methods
used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and
distillation; biological processes such as slow sand-filters or biologically
active carbon; chemical processes stich as flocculation and chlorination
and the use of electron-magnetic radiation such as ultravoilet light.
Other popular methods for the purification of water, such as:
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Filtration involves moving water through barriers that remove
impurities. They are used for city water supplies and drinking water,
applications in which it is important to have clean, safe water to drink.
The drawbacks are that it cannot be used for removing foreign chemicals
and impurities that are miscible with water. Moreover, this method
requires a lot of electricity or fuel and is not practical for domestic use.
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Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used
anywhere, and does not require the use of any third party content and
which is also economically feasible on both small and large scale. Hence
we look at the method of purification of water using the technique of
treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as "Chlorination".
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Bleaching powder manufacturing process in industrial plant
Aeration
- removal of dissolved iron and manganese.
Coagulation
- for flocculation.
Coagulant aids also known as poly electrolytes
- to improve coagulation and for thicker floc formation.
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Sedimentation
- for solids separation i.e. removal of suspended solids trapped in the
floc.
Filtration
- for removal of carried over floc.
Disinfection
- for killing bacteria out of these processes, the role of Bleaching
powder is only the last step i.e. for Disinfection of water.
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Bleaching powder is chemical compound with formula
Ca(ClO)2CaCl2Ca(OH)2.2H2O . It is also called Calcium
chlorohypochlorite because it is considered as a mixed salt of
hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid.
(iii) mainly as bleaching agent for cotton, linen and wood pulp.
however, delicate articles like straw, silk, ivory etc., are not bleached by
bleaching powder.
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AIM:
To determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for sterilization
or disinfection of different samples of water.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder, 250ml measuring
flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool.
Bleaching powder, glass wool, 0. IN Na2S203 solution, 10% KI
solution, different samples of water, starch solution.
SAMPLES OF WATER:
→Sample I: domestic waste water
→Sample Il: industrial waste water
→Sample Ill: sand filtered waste water
THEORY:
1. Bleaching powder when dissolved in contains dissolved chlorine,
liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water
CaOCl2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
2. The amount of Chlorine present is determined by treating a known
volume with excess of 10% KI solution, when equivalent amount of 12
is liberated. The 12, thus liberated is then estimated by using starch
solution as indicator
Cl2+2KI+2KC1+I2
I2+2Na2S203 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
3. A known volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with
a known volume of bleaching powder solution.
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4. From the readings 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence
bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of
the given sample of water can be calculated.
PROCEDURE:
l. Preparation ofbleaching poll-cler solution:
Weigh accurately 2.5g bleaching powder and transfer it to a 250ml
conical flask. Add about 100ml of distilled water. Stopper the flask
and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered
through glass wool and the filtrate is diluted with water to make the
volume 250ml. The solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder
solution.
4. Repeat the step3 with other samples of water and record the
observations.
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OBSERVATIONS:
Titration 1:
Calculations:-
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Titration 2:
Calculations:-
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Titration 3:
Calculations:
Page 14
CONCLUSION:
Sample I → 15.3g/L
Sample II → 11.4g/L
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NCERT XII Chemistry Part I
NCERT XII Chemistry Lab Manual
Class 10th NCERT Science
https://www.chemistryscl.com/advancedlevel/industry/bleaching_powd
er/main.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite
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