Zeina L Zadeh 2019
Zeina L Zadeh 2019
Zeina L Zadeh 2019
Abstract— Electricity distribution feeders, due to their systems. These include genetic algorithm [1], simulated
geographical dispersion, are subjected to faults caused by annealing [2], binary programming [3], Bellmann's
adverse weather, vegetation growth, etc., resulting in long optimality principle [4], ant colony algorithm [5], immune
outages for customers. Overhead switching devices (i.e. algorithm [6], and particle swarm optimization [7].
reclosers, sectionalizers, disconnectors and etc.) are known as
the most practical solutions to limit the outage area, and In [8] authors consider the effect of using reclosers and
consequently increase the distribution system reliability. This remote disconnectors on the system reliability. The authors
paper presents a Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization of [9] propose a heuristic combinatory search algorithm to
(MOPSO) algorithm for Optimal Placement of Recloser and determine the optimal level of investments in medium
Sectionalizer to minimize customers’ outage cost and increase voltage distribution network automation. In [10] a
system reliability with an optimal investment. The algorithm methodology is implemented for allocation of remotely
determines the number and optimal locations of reclosers and controlled switching devices in electric distribution systems
sectionalizers to fulfill the objectives. The obtained results on based on the analytic hierarchical process method. The
the standard 85-node distribution feeder validate the method proposed in [11] proposes a modified shuffled frog
effectiveness of the proposed method. leaping algorithm to derive the optimal placement of manual
and automatic switches. The authors of [12] propose a new
Keywords— Distribution system, MOPSO, Optimization,
mathematical model to calculate the restored energy and use
Recloser, Sectionalizer
the genetic algorithm to optimize the location of the
I. INTRODUCTION switches. The method proposed in [13] uses the Mixed-
integer linear programming for sectionalizing switch
Ensuring system reliability is known as one of the main placement. The authors in [14] propose a multi-objective
challenges distribution companies face. Wide geographical optimization approach for switch placement based on the
dispersion of electricity distribution networks in urban and particle swarm optimization method. In [15,16] authors
rural areas subjects them to different kinds of short circuit consider remotely controlled switches and propose different
faults caused by a variety of causes, such as adverse weather, algorithms for their placement. The method proposed in [17]
vegetation growth, bird contact and etc. As the final stage of determines the optimal composition and placement of
the electrical energy supply chain, any sustained fault on automatic switches.
distribution systems results in customers outage and affects
the system reliability. Distribution companies take much This paper presents a Multi-Objective Particle Swarm
effort to limit the outage area and keep the lights of the non- Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to minimize customers
affected parts of the network on. The use of overhead outage and increase system reliability while minimizing the
switching devices such as reclosers and sectionalizers is required investment, as objective functions, by optimal
known as the most practical solution in this regard. placement of reclosers and sectionalizers in radial
distribution feeders. The method performance is evaluated on
Most of the faults on overhead electricity distribution the standard 85-node distribution feeder. The results validate
networks are transient in nature, commonly caused by the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to fulfil the
lightning and temporary contacts. Transient faults can be objectives.
successfully cleared by immediate tripping and energization
of the line. On overhead distribution feeders, autoreclosers The paper is structured as follows: in Section II, the
do this tripping followed by energization process. proposed method based on multi-objective optimization is
described. Section III verifies the performance of the
A recloser can work in coordination with a number of proposed method by simulation studies on 85-node
downstream sectionalizers. For permanent faults, distribution network. The paper is concluded with some
sectionalizers which count the interruptions made by the remarks in Section IV.
upstream recloser, after a number of reclosing shots, isolate
the faulty downstream network during the dead time of the II. THE PROPOSED METHOD
recloser to limit the outage area. Optimal placement of
The overall structure of the proposed method consists of
reclosers and sectionalizers on a distribution feeder can
three parts, an optimizer, a fault case simulator and a fuzzy
minimize the outage area, improve system reliability, and
compromiser. At the first step the method receives system
decrease the required investment and maintenance costs.
data (network configuration, loads and etc.) and parameters
Different optimization techniques are employed for (failure rates, energy cost and etc.). It then considers random
optimal placement of switching devices in distribution numbers and locations of overhead switches as a set of
Number of reclosers 3
Reclosers optimal locations (line-
where fimax
and fimin
are the minimum and the maximum sections)
25-8, 57-9, 4-5
of the objective function i of all solutions in the Pareto front. Number of sectionalizers 8
The fuzzy membership function for solution k can be Sectionalizers optimal locations 5-18, 9-10, 12-80, 60-63- 64-
calculated as follows: (line-sections) 67, 29-30, 34-44, 35-48
Ecost before installation ($/yr) 238726
μ k = max kN=1 min μik
m
(5) Ecost after installation ($/yr) 42518
i =1
Total price of overhead switches 3650
The solution with the maximum μk will be selected as the
Total cost 35223
best solution.
Expected revenue ($/yr) 46168
D. Fault case simulation
F2 before installation 6.8
The method has to consider different possible fault
F2 after installation 2.2
locations for the optimal placement problem. The steps of
fault case simulation for calculation of the objective function
are presented in Fig. 1. In this flowchart, the time for fault
clearance, maintenance, and reconnection of the isolated
section is denoted by trep and the time for the isolation of the
affected section by a sectionalizer is denoted by tsec.
56 50 51 [3] F. Soudi, K. Tomsovic,"Optimized Distribution Protection Using
Binary Programming", IEEE Transactions Power Delivery, Vol. 13,
No. 1, pp. 218-224, Jan. 1998.
49 52 53 54 [4] G. Celli, F. Pilo,"Optimal Sectionalizing Switches Allocation in
48 Distribution Network", IEEE Transactions Power Delivery, Vol. 13,
30 31 32 33 35 S No. 3, pp. 1167-1172, July 1999.
39 55
36 [5] J. H. Teng,"A Novel ACS-Based Optimal Switch Relocation
22 29 S
Method", IEEE Transactions Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 1, Feb.
34
21 28 38 44 45 46 47 2003.
20 27 37 S [6] C. S. Chen, C. H. Lin,"Optimal Placement of Line Switches for
23 19 26 42 40 Distribution Automation Systems using Immune Algorithm", IEEE
16 41 Transactions Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 3, Aug. 2006.
18 25 43
[7] Moradi, M. Fotuhi,"Optimal Switch Placement in Distribution
78 85 Systems Using Trinary Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm",
S R
1 2 3 4 7 8 12 13 14 15 IEEE Transactions Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 1, Jan. 2008.
R S [8] J. Haakana et al. "Comparison of Reliability Indices from the
Perspective of Network Automation Devices", IEEE Transactions
5 6 9 10 11
R S Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 1547-1555, 2010.
83 84 [9] D. S. Popovic, L. R. Glamocic, M. D. Nimrihter, "The optimal
17 24 80
82 automation level of medium voltage distribution networks", Electrical
81 Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 33, pp. 430–438, 2011.
57
R Recloser [10] D. P. Bernardon et al. "AHP Decision-Making Algorithm to Allocate
61 62 Remotely Controlled Switches in Distribution Networks", IEEE
58
59 60 Transactions Power Delivery, Vol. 26, pp. 1884-1892, 2011.
S Sectionalizer [11] Goroohi Sardou et al. "Modified shuffled frog leaping algorithm for
66 S 63 72 76
optimal switch placement in distribution automation system using a
67 68 70 multi-objective fuzzy approach", IET Generation, Transmission &
71
S Distribution, Vol. 6, pp. 493-502, 2012.
65 64 69 [12] H. Dezaki et al. “Optimized Switch Allocation to Improve the
79 Restoration Energy in Distribution Systems”, Journal of Elec.
77 73 Engineering, Vol. 63, pp. 47–52, 2012.
75 74
[13] A. Abiri-Jahromi, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M. Parvania, and M. Mosleh,
"Optimized sectionalizing switch placement strategy in distribution
Fig. 2. Identified optimal number and location of reclosers and systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 27, pp. 362-
sectionalizers for 85-node test feeder 370, 2012.
[14] J. R. Bezerra, G. C. Barroso, R. P. S. Leão, and R. F. Sampaio,
"Multiobjective optimization algorithm for switch placement in radial
IV. CONCLUSIONS power distribution networks," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
A method based on the MOPSO algorithm is presented vol. 30, pp. 545-552, 2015.
for optimal placement of reclosers and sectionalizers in [15] S. Ray, A. Bhattacharya, and S. Bhattacharjee, "Optimal placement of
radial distribution systems. As its objectives, the algorithm switches in a radial distribution network for reliability improvement,"
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 76,
aims to increase system reliability, and to minimize pp. 53-68, 2016.
customers outage, and investment costs. [16] Y. Xu, C.-C. Liu, K. P. Schneider, and D. T. Ton, "Placement of
The obtained results on the standard IEEE 85-node remote-controlled switches to enhance distribution system restoration
capability," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, pp. 1139-
distribution feeder validate the effectiveness of the proposed 1150, 2016.
algorithm. The obtained locations and number of the [17] I.-h. Lim, T. Sidhu, M. Choi, S. Lee, and B. Ha, "An optimal
switching devices are in accordance with engineering composition and placement of automatic switches in DAS," IEEE
comments. The results indicate that with optimal placement Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 28, pp. 1474-1482, 2013.
of reclosers and sectionalizers, compared to the case with no [18] R. Billinton, S. Jonnavithula, “Optimal Switching Device Placement
overhead switches, the system reliability increases in Radial Distribution Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power
considerably, and an expected net revenue of 46168 $ per Delivery, Vol. 11, pp. 1646-1651, 1996.
year can be made. [19] Coello Coello, G. Toscano Pulido, and M. Salazar Lechuga,
“Handling Multiple Objectives With Particle Swarm Optimization”,
REFERENCES IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 8, No. 3,
2004.
[20] El-Fergany and A. Y. Abdelaziz, "Artificial bee colony algorithm to
[1] G. Levitin, M. Tov, D. Elmakis,"Optimal Sectionalizer Allocation in allocate fixed and switched static shunt capacitors in radial
Electric Distribution Systems by Genetic Algoritm", Electric Power distribution networks", Electric Power Components and Systems,
System Research, Vol. 31, pp. 97-102, nov.1994. Vol. 42, No. 5, 2014.
[2] R. Billinton, S. Jonnavithula,"Optimal Switching Device Placement in
Radial Distribution System", IEEE Transactions Power Delivery, Vol.
13, No. 1, pp. 218-224, Jan. 1998.