CHAPTER 1

MATRICES
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to :
 Solve arithmetic operations involving matrices.
 Calculate the determinant of a square matrix.
 Find the inverse of a matrix by using the adjoint and Gauss-
Jordan elimination method.
 Solve system of linear equations.
 Apply what you have learned in this topic to solve application
problems.
 Chapter 1 Matrices

1.0 INTRODUCTION

There are many information in real life displayed in table form. For example
production, manufacturing, dietary table, flight schedule etc. Let see the following
example of a dietary table of three kind of foods
Units per ounce

Food A Food B Food C

Calcium 30 10 20
Iron 10 10 20
Vitamin A 10 30 20

If we remove the labels from the table, the result would be a matrix

30 10 20
10 10 20
 
10 30 20

Hence, we can define a matrix as follows,

Definition

A matrix is a set of number(s) arrange in rectangular array form denoted by

 a11 a12  a1n 
a  a 2 n 
 
A  aij   21
 
a 22
   
;
 
a m1 am2  a mn 

Where a ij is called an entry /element, the i -th row of A is ai1 ai 2  ain  , 1  i  m

 a1 j 
a 
, and the j -th column of A is   , 1  j  n
2j

  
 
 amj 
If a matrix A has m rows and n columns, then A is a matrix of order m by n .
(written as m n )
If m  n , then A is called a square matrix of order n , and that the elements
a11, a22 ,, ann are on the main diagonal of A .

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Equality of Matrices

Let A and B be matrices of order m n , then A and B are equal if and only if aij  bij

for all i  1,2,, m and j  1,2,, n .

Example 1

1 2  3 1 2 w
   4  are equal  A  B  , if and only
The matrices A  2  1 4  and B  2 x
5  4 0  5  4 z 

if w  3 , x  1 , and z  0 .

1.1 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND PROPERTIES

There are three types of arithmetic operations that can be carried with matrices,
which are addition, subtraction, and multiplication. However, for multiplication, there
are two types of matrix multiplication which are scalar multiplication and matrix
multiplication.

Matrix Addition and Subtraction

   
If A and B be matrices of order m n , then A  B  aij  bij and A  B  aij  bij for

all i  1,2,, m and j  1,2,, n .

Properties of Matrix Addition:

If A , B and C are matrices of order m n , then

a) A B  B  A
b) A  B  C    A  B  C
c) There is a unique m n matrix Omn such that
O A  AO  A
for any m n matrix A . The matrix Omn is called the m n zero matrix.

The m  n zero matrix is called the additive identity of A.

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

d) For each m n matrix A , there is a unique m n matrix D such that

A  D  O , where D   A . The matrix  A is called the additive inverse of
A.

Example 2

1 3  0 1 
a) Let A    and B   .
 5 7   1 0 
1 4  1 2 
Then, A  B    and A  B  4 7 .
6 7   

1  2 3  3 2 1 
b) Let A    and B   1 0  1 .
8  1 4  
  2 0 4  4  4 2
Then, A  B    and A  B  7  1 5 .
 9  1 3  

1 7 4   2 0 3
c)
  
Let A  5 9 6 and B  0 9 0 .

   
 2 0 3  1 8 4 

3 7 1   1 7 7 
  
Then, A  B  5 18 6 and A  B  5 0 6 .
   
3 8 7   1 8 3 

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Scalar Multiplication

 
Let A  aij be a matrix of order m n and c is a real number, then the scalar multiple

 
of A by c , cA  caij for all i  1,2,, m and j  1,2,n .

Properties of Scalar Multiplication:

If c and d are real numbers and A and B are matrices, then

a) cdA  cd A
b) 1A  A
c) c A  B   cA  cB
d) c  d A  cA  dA

Example 3

1  2 3  2 3 0
Let A    and B   4 5 0 ,
 2  1 0  
Find
a) 2  A  B  .
b) 3 A  4B.
Solution:
a)  1 1 3
A B  
 6 6 0 
 2 2 6 
2  A  B   
 12 12 0 

b)   3 6  9  8 12 0
 3A    and 4 B  16 20 0
 6 3 0   
 11 18 9
Then, 3 A  4 B  
10 17 0 

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Matrix Multiplication

Let A be a matrix of order m n and B be a matrix of order n  p , then the product

of A and B , is a matrix C of order m  p , AB  Cm p , where all the elements of C

define by,
n
cij   aik bkj  ai1b1 j  ai 2 b2 j    ain bnj , for all i  1,2,, m and j  1,2,, p .
k 1

Note:
 AB is defined only when the number of columns of A is the same as the
number of rows of B , i.e., Amn Bn p  Cm p .

 In general AB  BA .

Properties of Matrix Multiplication:

Let A , B and C are the matrices with the appropriate sizes and c is a scalar, then,
a) ABC    AB C
b)  A  BC  AC  BC
c) C A  B   CA  CB
d) c AB   cAB
e) There a square matrix I where all the elements are equal 0 except the
diagonal equal to 1 such that
IA  AI  A
The matrix I is called the identity matrix. Below is the different size of
identity matrices.

1 0 0 0
1 0 0  0
1 0  0 1 0   1 0 0 
0 1    0 0 1 0
...
  22 0 0 1  33  
0 0 0 1  44

6
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 4

 p
 q   ap  bq  cr
1. a b c 13    11
 r  31

 2
a b c    2a  3b  4c 
2.  
f  23    2d  3e  4 f 
3
d e  4 31   21

 2 3 3 1 2
3. A    , and B    , then
 1 2  22 1 0 5  23
 2  3  0  1 2   1  0  0 2  2  0  5   6 2 4
AB    
 1  3  2  1 1   1  2  0 1  2  2  5   1 1 8  23
However, BA is not defined.

Transpose of a Matrix

Let A be a matrix of order m n , then the transpose of A , denoted by AT , is the n m

   
matrix defined by AT  aijT  a ji . Thus, the AT is obtained from A by interchanging

the rows and columns of A .

Properties of Transpose:

If A and B are matrices, and c is a scalar, then

a) A 
T T
A

b)  A  BT  AT  BT
c)  AB T  BT AT
d) cAT  cAT

Example 5

 1 3

If A  0
 , then AT   1 0 1  .
 2   3 2 7 
 1 7  32   23

7
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Exercise 1.1
Use the following matrices to compute the given expression

 3 2
1 2 3  4 2 3
A  B  C   5 2 
 4 1 0   2 1 0  2 3 

a) A B
b) 3 A  2B
c) C( A  B)
d) CA  CB
e) ABT
Solution:

8
 Chapter 1 Matrices

1.2 DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Determinant is a mathematical process whereby from a given matrix (as an

input) become a real number (as an output). Determinant can only be done on a
square matrix (a matrix that has the same number of rows and column). If the matrix
is not a square matrix, it will not be possible to find the determinant of such matrix.

input output

A  A
square matrix real number ( = determinant of A )

Determinant of a 1×1 matrix (Order 1 matrix)

If A  a is a square matrix of order 1 , then A  a  a .

Example 1

A   5 , then A  5  5
Note: Determinant of order 1 matrix is the element number of its matrix.

Determinant of a 2×2 matrix (Order 2 matrix)

 a1 b1  a1 b1
If A   A   a1b2  a2b1 .
b2 
is a square matrix of order 2, then
 a2 a2 b2

Example 2
2 1
1.  ( 2)( 4)  (1)(3)  8  3  11
3 4
1 0
2.  (1)(1)  (0)(0)  1
0 1
x 0
3.  ( x)(1)  (0)( y )  x
y 1

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Determinant of a 3×3 matrix (Order 3 matrix) – two methods

(i) Cofactor Method (Standard method)

With a given entry of matrix A , we associate the square matrix of order 3 obtained by
deleting the entries in the row and column in which the given entry lies.

 a11 a12 a13 

For example, given the matrix  a21 a22 a23 

 a31 a32 a33 

With entry a21 , we delete the entries in row 2 and column 1, leaving the matrix of order
 a12 a13 
2 as follows: 
 a32 a33 

The determinant of this matrix is called the minor of a21 .

a12 a13
Minor of a21   a12a33  a32a13
a32 a33

Similarly,
a11 a13
Minor of a22   a11a33  a31a13
a31 a33

and

a11 a12
Minor of a23   a11a32  a31a12
a31 a32

The cofactor of the entry aij is given by cij  (1)i j  minor of aij where
i  j is the sum of the row number i and column number j in which the entry lies.

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 3

a12 a13
1. Cofactor of the entry a21 , c21  (1)21  ( 1)( a12a33  a13a32 )
a32 a33

a12 a13
2. Cofactor of the entry a31 , c31  ( 1)31  (1)( a12a23  a13a22 )
a22 a23

Note: The only difference between a cofactor and a minor is the factor ( 1)i  j .

Thus, to find the determinant of a square matrix A of order 3, select any row (or
column) of A and multiply each entry in the row (column) by its cofactor element. The
sum of these products is defined to be the determinant of A .

Example 4

 12 1 3 

Find A if A  3 1 1 .
 
 10 2 3
Solution:
By choosing the first row,

1 1
c11  ( 1)11  (1)( 3)  ( 1)( 2)  1
2 3

3 1
c12  ( 1)12  [( 3)( 3)  ( 1)( 10)]  1
10 3

3 1
c13  ( 1)13  ( 3)( 2)  (1)( 10)  4
10 2

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Thus,

A  a11c11  a12c12  a13c13

 (12)( 1)  ( 1)(1)  (3)( 4)
 1
Alternative solution is by choosing the third column,

3 1
c13  ( 1)13  ( 3)( 2)  (1)( 10)  4
10 2

12 1
c23  ( 1)23  [(12)( 2)  ( 1)( 10)]  14
10 2

12 1
c33  ( 1)33  (12)(1)  ( 1)( 3)  9
3 1
Thus,

A  a13c13  a23c23  a33c33

 (3)( 4)  ( 1)( 14)  ( 3)(9)
 1

(ii) Short cut method

There is a short cut method which is also valid, for a 3  3 matrix only. The steps are
shown in the example below.

12
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 5

 12 1 3 

Find A if A  3 1 1 .

 10 2 3
Solution:
Step 1: Copy the first two columns and paste them as column 4 and 5.

 12 1 3  12 1
 3 1 1 3 1
 
 10 2 3 10 2

Step 2: Find the sum of the three products from upper left to lower right
diagonal.

 12 1 3  12 1
 3 1 1 3 1
 
 10 2 3 10 2

(12)(1)(3)  (1)(1)(10)  (3)(3)(2)  64

Step 3: Find the sum of the three products from upper right to lower left diagonal.

 12 1 3  12 1
 3 1 1 3 1
 
 10 2 3 10 2

(3)(1)(10)  (12)(1)(2)  (1)(3)(3)  63

Step 4: The determinant is calculated from the difference of Step 2 and Step 3.
Thus, the solution of the above matrix will be as follows:
A  64   63  1

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Properties of determinant of a square matrix

1. If each of the entries in a row (or column) of A is 0, then A  0 .

2. If two rows (or columns) of A are identical, A  0 .

3. The determinant of the product of two matrices of order n is the product of their

determinants, that is AB  A B .

4. The determinant of a square matrix and the determinant of its transpose are

equal, that is A  AT

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Exercise 1.2

Find the determinant of the following matrices:

2 1
a) 9 6 
 
1 3 4 
b)
2 1 0 

 3 2 5 

3 1 8 
c)
6 3 0 
 
6 8 0 

Solution:

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

1.3 INVERSE OF A MATRIX

The Identity Matrix of order n

An nn matrix with 1s down the diagonal from upper left to lower right and 0s
elsewhere is called the multiplicative identity matrix of order n.

I n   aij  where aii  1 and aij  0 for i  j .

Example 1

1 0 0 
1 0 
I2    ; I 3  0 1 0 
0 1  0 0 1 

Note: If A   aij  , then AI n  A and I m A  A .

mn

The Inverse of a Matrix

An nn matrix A is called invertible, or nonsingular, if there exists an nn

matrix B such that AB  BA  I n . B  A1 is called the multiplicative inverse of
A . Otherwise, A is called singular or noninvertible.

Theorem

1. The inverse of a matrix, if it exists, is unique.

2. If A and B are both invertible (nonsingular) nn matrices, then AB is invertible

and ( AB)1  B1 A1 .

3.
1
If A is an invertible matrix, then A is also invertible and ( A1 )1  A .
4.
T
If A is an invertible matrix, then A is also invertible and ( A1 )T  ( AT )1 .

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 2

 3
 2 3 1
A  , B 2
 2 2  
 1 1
1 0 
Since AB  BA     I 2 ,  B is an inverse of A , B  A1 .
0 1 

Finding the inverse of a 2×2 matrix using the adjoint matrix or cofactor method

a b 
If A 
c d 

Then, the inverse of a matrix is given by

1  d b 
A1 
ad  bc  c a 

where

ad  bc  0  A , and

 d b 
 c a   adjoint matrix A or adj A = Cofactors of A
T

 

1
Thus, A1  adj A
A

If ad  bc  0 , then A is singular, matrix A has no multiplicative inverse.

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 3

1 2 
Let A 
1
. Find A .
3 7 

Solution:

A  (1)(7)  (2)(3)  7  6  1

1  7 2  7 2
A1   
1  3 1   3 1 
Thus,

Finding the inverse of a 3×3 matrix using the Gauss-Jordan elimination

method
The easier method to find inverse for a matrix of order 3 or more is using the Gauss-
Jordan elimination method or reduced row-echelon form. The procedure involves
interchanging of two rows or using Elementary Row Operation (ERO).

1
Given a matrix A , the steps to obtain A using Gauss-Jordan elimination are as
follows:

Step 1: Check whether A  0 . If determinant is 0 , then A does not exist.

1

Step 2: Write the augmented matrix in the form of A I .

Step 3: Reduce  A I  to the reduced row-echelon matrix form using ERO to
produce a matrix of the form  I B  .
1
Step 4: Thus B  A .
1
Step 5: Check whether AA  I , where I is an identity matrix.

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 4

 2 3 4
 
Find the inverse of 2 1 1 , if it is invertible.
 
 1 1 2 
Solution:
By ERO to produce reduced row-echelon form:

4 1 01 02 
 2 3 4 1 0 0  R 2 R  R 
 2 1 1 0 1 0  1 3 1  5 1 1
00 1  
  R  1 R  R  2 2 2
 1 1 2 0 0 1  2 2 3 2 
 1 1 2 0 0 1 

   
 1 0 0 1 2 1   1 0 0 1 2 1
R1 2 R2  R1   R2  52 R1  R2  
5 1 1 1 5
  0 0 1    0 0 4 3
R3  R2  R3  2 2 2  2 2 
2
5
 6 2 4   6 2 4
0 20  0 2 0 
 5 5 5   5 5 5
1 0 0 1 1
2
  R2 2 R2 1 0 0 1 1
2
R1  R1
4 3  0 1 0 5 8 6 
1 5
 0 0
R3  R2  R3 
12 2 2  R3  12 R3  
0 0 2 0 0 0 3 5 4 
6 10 8 
5

 1 2 1 
 1
Thus, A  5 8 6 .

 
 3 5 4 

19
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 5
Find the inverse of the following matrix.

 1 2 1
 0 1 1
 
 1 0 2 
Solution:
By ERO to produce reduced row-echelon form:

 1 2 1 1 0 0
R3  R1  R3
1 2 1 1 0 0
 0 1 1 0 1 0   0 1 1 0 1 0
   
 1 0 2 0 0 1  0 2 3 1 0 1 

1 1 0 1 1 0  1 1 0 1 01
R1  R2  R1 R2  R3  R2
 0 1 1 0 1 0   0 1 0 1 3 1
R3 2 R2  R3    
0 0 1 1 2 1  0 0 1 1 2 1 

1 0 0 2 4 1
R1  R2  R1
 0 1 0 1 3 1
R3  R3  
0 0 1 1 2 1

 2 4 1 
 1
Thus, A  1 3 1 .

 
 1 2 1

20
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Finding the inverse of a 3×3 matrix using the adjoint matrix or cofactor method

Example 6

3 2 1 
1 
Find A if it is invertible, given that A  5 6 2 .
 
1 0 3
Solution:

Firstly, we compute the cofactors of A , we have

6 2
c11  (1)11  18
0 3
5 2
c12  (1)1 2  17
1 3
5 6
c13  (1)13  6
1 0
c21  6; c22  10; c23  2
c31  10; c32  1; c33  28

 18 6 10 

Hence, adj A  17 10 1

 
 6 2 28 

Secondly, by choosing the first row, compute the determinant of A , we have

A  a11c11  a12c12  a13c13

 (3)(18)  (2)(17)  (1)(6)
 94

Thus,

1
A1  adj A
A
 18 6 10 
1 
 17 10 1 
94  
 6 2 28 

21
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Exercise 1.3
Find the inverse of each matrix

 1 1 1 
a)
 0 2 1 
 
 2 3 0 

1 1 1 
b)
3 2 1
 
3 1 2 

Solution:

22
 Chapter 1 Matrices

1.4 SOLVING A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Recall:

1) A system of equations is a collection of two or more equations, each

containing one or more variables
2) A solution of a system of equations consists of values for the variables that
reduce each equation of the system to a true statement.
3) To solve a system of equations means to find all solutions of the system.
4) When a system of equations has at least one solution, it is said to be
consistent; otherwise, it is called inconsistent.

Examples of systems of linear equations:

x1  x2  x3  6
2x  y  5
3x1  2 x2  4 x3  9
4 x  6 y  2
x1  x2  x3 0

In general, a system of m linear equations in n unknowns can be conveniently

written as:

a11 x1  a12 x2   a1n xn  b1

a21 x1  a22 x2   a2 n xn  b2

am1 x1  am 2 x2   amn xn  bm

Using augmented matrix, we can define the above system as follows:

 a11 a12 a1n b1 

a a22 a2 n b2 
 21 
 
 
 am1 am 2 amn bm 

23
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Gaussian elimination method with back substitution (Row-echelon form)

A linear system can be solved by Gaussian elimination method with back

substitution. It is a method that uses row operation to transform an augmented matrix
into row-echelon form and then uses back substitution to find the solution to the system
of linear equation.

Step 1: Write the system of linear equations as an augmented matrix.

Step 2: Use row operations to rewrite the augmented matrix in row-
echelon form.
Step 3: Write the system of linear equations that corresponds to the
matrix in row-echelon form found in step 2.
Step 4: Use the system of linear equations found in step 3 together with
back substitution to find the solution of the system.

24
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 1
Use Gaussian elimination with back substitution to solve the following system of linear
equation.
2x  y  8
x  3y  6

Solution:
Write the system of linear equation as an augmented matrix.

2 1 8
1 3 6 


Use row operations to rewrite the matrix in row-echelon form

1
R2  R1  R2 2 1 8 R1  12 R1  1 
2 1 8 2
    1 4
1 3 
6 
5 2
 0 10  R2  2 R2  
 2  5 0 1 4
Write the system of linear equations corresponding to the row echelon form of the
matrix resulting in step above.

 1  1
1 2 4 x  y  4
 2
 
0 1 4 y  4
Use back substitution to find the solution of the system.
1
x  y  4
2
y  4
Then
1
x  4   4
2
x  4  2
x  6

Thus, the solution of linear equations is x  6, y  4 .

25
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 2
Use Gaussian elimination method to solve the following linear equation.
2x  y  8z  1
x  y  z  2
3x  2 y  2z  2
Solution:
Write the system of linear equation as augmented matrix.

2 1 8 1
1 1 1 2 
 
 3 2 2 2 
Use row operations to rewrite the matrix in row-echelon form

 
2 1 8 1 
2 1 8 1 R2  1 R1  R2  
1 1 1 2    0 
2 3
3 
3
  R  3 R  R  2 2
 3 2 2 2  3 2 1 3 
7 7 
0  14 
 2 2 
2 1 8 1  1  2 1 8 1 
 3 7  3
7
R3  R2  R3 R3  R3
3 3 3
 0  3    0  3  
 2 2  2 2
0 0 7 7  0 0 1 1 
 
Write the system of linear equations corresponding to the row echelon form of the
matrix resulting in step above.

2 1 8 1  2 x  y  8 z  1
 3 3 3 3
0  3    y  3z  
 2 2 2 2
0 0 1 1  z  1


26
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Use back substitution to find the solution of the system.

3 3
 y  3  1  
2 2
3 3
 y   3
2 2
y 3
2 x  3  8  1  1
2 x  1  3  8
x2
Thus, the solution of the above linear equations is x  2, y  3, z  1

27
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Gauss-Jordan elimination method (Reduced row-echelon form)

Another method is Gauss-Jordan elimination or reduced row-echelon form. It is

a method which is similar to Gaussian elimination except for the last augmented matrix
will be in the form of I  B where I is an identity matrix which has the same order as
matrix B. Thus, no back substitution is required to find the solution to the system of
linear equation.

Step 1: Write the system of linear equations as an augmented matrix.

Step 2: Use row operations to rewrite the augmented matrix in reduced
row-echelon form.
Step 3: The solution of the system can be written by the corresponds
elements in a reduced row-echelon form of an augmented matrix
found in step 2.

28
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Example 3
Use Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the following linear equation.
x  y  2z  9
2 x  4 y  3z  1
3x  6 y  5z  0

Solution:
Write the system of linear equation as augmented matrix.

1 1 2 9
 2 4 3 1
 
 3 6 5 0 
Use row operations to produce the matrix in reduced row-echelon form

1 1 2 9
R2 2 R1  R2
1 1 2 9 
 2 4 3 1   0 2 7 17 
  R3 3 R1  R3  
 3 6 5 0  0 3 11 27 

 11 35 
1 1 2 9  1 0 2 2 
  
17 
1
R2  R2
R1  R2  R1
 0 1 
2 7 7 17 
 0 1    
 2 2 R3 3 R2  R3  2 2
0 3 11 27   1 3
 0 0   
 2 2 
 11 35 
1 0 2 2 
R3 2 R3
  R1 
11
R3  R1 1 0 0 1
 0 1 
7

17 

2
0 1 0 2
 2 2 7
R2  R3  R2
 
0 0 1 0 0 1 3 
3 
2

 
 

Thus, the solution of linear equations is x  1, y  2, z  3 .

29
 Chapter 1 Matrices

Exercise 1.4
Solve each system of linear equations using both methods.

6x  5 y  7
a)
2x  2 y  2

x yz0
b) 2 y  z  1
2 x  3 y  5

x yz2
7
c) 3x  2 y  z 
3
10
3x  y  2 z 
3

Solution:

30
 Chapter 1 Matrices

31
 Chapter 1 Matrices

EXERCISE CHAPTER 1

1. Consider the following matrices:

2 5 3 2  8 6 
A  
4  5 4  1 7 
, B , C
3    
1 2 3 1 1 5   3 2 6 
D  5 1 6  , E   4 2 6  , F   4 1 8 
     
7 2 8   5 2 5   5 0 7 
Perform the following operation if possible.
a) A B
b) D+E
c) A–C
d) D–F
e) Matrix X such that A + 2X = C
f) Matrix X such that D – 2X = F
g) BA
h) ED

1 2  5 6
2. Given that A    and B    , find BA.
3 4 7 8 

3. Perform the indicated matrix operations, if possible.

0
 3
 4 0  2 3
A  , B    , C  2 9 5  1, D   
 1 2   4 0 4
 
2
a) B–A
b) C+D
c) A+B
d) A+D

  1 2  0 1
4. Given that A    and A    , find -5A +2B.
  3 4  2 3

1 2  5 6
5. Given that A    and B    , find BA.
3 4 7 8 

32
 Chapter 1 Matrices

0  1 
1 0 2
6. For A    and B  1 2  , find AB.
  3  1 4 0  2
1 
7. Given that A  2 and B  4 5 , find AB.
3
1  1 4 
8. Find the transpose of matrix A where A  3 2 1  .
4 5  2
 2 1
2 1 3  2
9. Given that, P    1 3, Q    and R   .
 0 3 1 4 
 2 2
Show that PQ   Q T P T
T
a)
b) Show that Q T   T
Q
Find Q  R 
T
c)
Find 3P 
T
d)

2 3 k   2 
 
10. Let A  1 4 2  , B   0  and C   6 4 9 . Find the value of a
 2 10 5  1 
constant k , such that AB  CT .

1 2 4
11. If A  6 2 0 , find A .
5 2 1

1 0 0 
12. If A  2 2 0 , find A .
1 3 4
1 2 4
13. If A  6 2 0 , find A .
5 2 1

33
 Chapter 1 Matrices

14. Find determinant of the following matrices.

5 0 
a) A 
3 1 
 2 2 
b) A 
 3  2
1 2 4
c) A  3 2 1
0 0 2
3 4 5 
d) A  6 7 8 
9 10 11
3 1 0
e) A   2  4 3 

 5 4  2
3 3 1
f) A  1 0  4

1  3 5 
1 3  2 
g) A  2 5 4 
7  1 6 
 1  2 1
h) A    1 0 3
 4 0 2
3  2 3
i) A  5 3 8
1 1 3
2 1 0
j) A  3  1 4
1 1 2

34
 Chapter 1 Matrices

15. Find the determinant, all minors and cofactors, and the inverse of each of the
following matrices:
1 1  1
(a) 2 2 3 
 
4 0 0 

 2 1 1
(b) 2 0 3 
 
 4 0 4 

 5 2 1 
(c)  2 1 4 
 
 2 0 2 

10 5 1
(d)  2  1 4
 
 4 0 4

16. By using elementary row operation method, find the inverse of the following
matrices:
3 1 
a) A 
5 2
2  3
b) A 
4 4 
6 4
c) A 
 2  1
1 2 0 
d) A  5 4 2
2 1 2
 4 4 2
e) A  0 5 1
4 3 2
1 0 1
f) A  1 2 3
3 1 5

35
 Chapter 1 Matrices

1 1 2 
17. Given A  4 0 3 . Find A 1 .
5 1 2
1 2 3 
18. Given A  1 3 5  . Find A 1
1 5 12
1 2 3 
19. Given A  5  1 6 . Find A 1 .
7  2 8
4 0 1  1 2 1 
20. 
If A  2 1 3 and C   3 1  4

   
 1  2 5  0 5  2
Determine a matrix 𝐵, such that 𝐴 x 𝐵 = 𝐶

21. Solve the following systems using Gaussian elimination with back substitution
method.

x  2y  3
a)
x  y  1

x  2y  7
b)
3x  2 y  5

x  2y  3
c)
2x  3y  1

x  y  z  2
d) 3x  2y  z  8
2x  3y  4z  0

x  7 y  4z  9
e) x  2 y  2z  2
x  3y  z  4

2x  4 y  z  2
f) 3x  6 y  2 z  3
2x  y  2z  1

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 Chapter 1 Matrices

22. Use Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the following systems of linear
equations.

4x  3y  9
a)
3x  2y  7

x  2y   2
b)
5x  4 y  3

3x  2 y  z  3
c) 5 x  4 y  3z  3
6x  y  z  5

x  2 y  2z  0
d) 2x  5 y  4z  2
x  y  6z  4

2(i3  i2 )  5(i3  i1 )  4
e) (i2  i3 )  2i2  (i2  i1 )  0
5(i1  i3 )  2(i1  i2 )  i2  1

2x  5 y  z   12
f) x  2 y  3z  6
2x  6 y  6

23. A company produces three products x, y and z. each item of product x requires
20 units of steel, 2 units of plastic and 1 unit of glass. Each item of product y
requires 25 units of steel, 5 units of plastic and no unit of glass. Each item of
product z requires 150 units of steel, 10 units of plastic and 0.5 unit of glass.
The available amount of steel, plastic and glass are 2400, 310 and 28
respectively. How many items of each type can be the company produce and
utilize all the available raw materials?

24. Hassan pays RM200 for 2 pair of shirts and 2 pair of trousers while Ali pays
RM500 for one shirt and 6 trousers for Hari Raya. If x and y represents the price
of shirt and trouser respectively, write a system of linear equation in matrix form
based on the information given. Determine the price of a shirt and a trouser.

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25. Hashim feeds his cats with different mixture of three types of food, namely, X,
Y and Z, as given below:

Food X : 10mg protein, 5mg carbohydrates, 15mg vitamins

Food Y : 15mg protein, 10mg carbohydrates, 5mg vitamins
Food Z : 15mg protein, 5mg carbohydrates, 15mg vitamins

Assume that cats require 190mg of protein, 95mg carbohydrates and 160mg of
vitamins. Find how many grams of each food Hashim should feed his cats daily
to satisfy their nutrient requirements.

26. Consider the electric circuit shown in the diagram below:

By applying the Current law to the point A and also point B, we obtain
I1  I 2  I 3 . At the left hand loop, by using Ohm’s law, the voltage drop across
the 8 resistor is 8I 1 , the voltage drop across the 6 resistor is  6I 2 , while
the voltage drop across the 5 resistor is 5I 1 . On the other hand, the voltage
drop across the 20V electrical source is negative, since the positive direction of
the loop is from – to +. By applying the Voltage law for this loop now gives
8I1  6I 2  5I1  20  0 and we have the linear equation 13I1  6I 2  20 . At the
right hand loop, by using Ohm’s law, the voltage drop across the 6 resistor is
6I 2 and the voltage drop across the 8 resistor is 8I 3 . On the other hand, the
voltage drop across the 30V electrical source is negative, since the positive
direction of the loop is from – to +. By applying the Voltage law for this loop now
gives 6I 2  8I 3  30  0 and we have the linear equation 3I 2  4I 3  15 .
Determine the currents I 1 , I 2 and I 3 by using Gaussian elimination method.

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27. A dietitian in a hospital is to arrange a special diet using three basic foods.
The diet is to include exactly 340 units of calcium, 180 units of iron, and 220
units of vitamin A. The number of units per ounce of each special ingredient
for each of the foods is indicated in the table below. How many ounces of each
food must be used to meet the diet requirements? Find the solution using
elementary row operation method.

Units per ounce

Food A Food B Food C

Calcium 30 10 20
Iron 10 10 20
Vitamin A 10 30 20

28. A small manufacturing plant makes three types of inflatable boats: one-
person, two-person, and four-person models. Each boat requires the services
of three departments, as listed in the table below. The cutting, assembly and
packaging departments have available a maximum of 380, 330 and 120 labor-
hours per week, respectively. How many boats of each type must be produced
each week for the plant to operate at full capacity? Find the solution using
Gaussian elimination method.

One- Two- Four-

person person person
boat boat boat

Cutting
0.5 h 1.0 h 1.5 h
department

Assembly
0.6 h 0.9 h 1.2 h
department

Packaging
0.2 h 0.3 h 0.5 h
department

29. Mr. Tan want to support his wife on her dietary plan. He decided to investigate
the carbohydrate content of the vegetable they plant. Together , 1 cup of raw
cabbage, 5 raw cauliflowers, and 1 cup of raw tomatoes contain 12 gram of
carbohydrates. One cup of raw cabbage and 6 raw cauliflowers have one-half
the carbohydrates of 1 cup of raw tomatoes. One cup each of raw cabbage
and raw tomatoes has 3 times the carbohydrate content of 6 raw
cauliflowers.Find the number of grams of carbohydrates in the given portion
size of each vegetable.

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30. The following table gives nutritional information for Subway’s 6-inch
sandwiches advertised with 6 grams of fat or less.

Fat Carbohydrates Protein

Sandwich Calories
(g) (g) (g)

Veggie Delight 350 18 17 36

Oven-roasted chicken
430 19 46 20
breast

Ham (Black Forest

290 5 45 19
without cheese)

Suppose you are going to eat only Subway 6-inch sandwiches for a week
(seven days) for both lunch and dinner (total of 14 meals). If your goal is to eat
388 grams of protein and 4900 calories in those 14 sandwiches, how many of
each sandwich should you eat that week? Find the solution using Gaussian
elimination method.

31. A feeding station in a field study provides for three types of deer: young deer,
adult females and adult males. There are 12 deer in all. In total, the deer consume
18.5 units of food and 14.5 units water each day. Suppose each young deer consumes
1 unit of food and 0.5 unit of water each day. The corresponding values for an adult
female are 1.5 and 1, and for an adult male are 2 and 2. The ecologist needs to figure
out how many young deer, adult females and adult males are in the herd.

32. Real Estate Cantwell Associates, a real estate developer, is planning to build a
new apartment complex consisting of one bedroom units and two- and three-bedroom
townhouse. A total of 192 units is planned, and the number of family units (two- and
three-bedroom townhouse) will equal the number of one-bedroom units. If the number
of one-bedroom units will be 3 times the number of three-bedroom units. Find how
many units of each type will be in the complex.

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33. The following table shows the average departure delay per flight at the four
busiest airports in the Malaysia.

Kota Kinabalu Penang Kuching

Airport KLIA
Airport Airport Airport
Avg. Delay
8.8 7.5 6.4 5.5
(minutes)

On a certain day, 100 flights depart from Klia, 80 from Kota Kinabalu, 70 from Penang,
and 60 from Kuching. Use matrix algebra to compute the total delay on all departing
flights from these airports.

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