FNLENB > INVKNAJGJLE MNB ]@VN_E

Ljgjblnb Jfnt Gjlj A`t`rnblnb

Jfnt F`fns Mnpnt melubnanb ubtua swnk`meanse.

Mnpnt melubnanb ubtua swnk`meanse, dnrus

Jfnt F`fns ]`rfntns
]`rfntns mef`reanb ebijrknse g`fed anr`bn k`blnbmubl jfnt
a`rns.

Jfnt A`rns Dnrus m`blnb r`s`p mjat`r.

Adnsent ynbl mecnbtukanb k`rupnanb adnsent

`kperes me knsynrnant, f`guk s`p`budbyn
s `p`budbyn
Hnku
t`rstnbmnr, mnb f`guk megnauanb ue prnagebea mnb
agebea.
Adnsent ynbl mecnbtukanb sumnd mefuateanb m`blnb
Jfnt D`rfng ]`rstnbmnr 
]`rstnbmnr  ue prnagebea, sumnd t`rstnbmnr, mnb sumnd megnauanb
ue prnagebea mnb!ntnu ue agebea f`guk g`blanp.

>
 Adnsent ynbl mecnbtukanb sumnd mefuateanb m`blnb
ue prnagebea mnb agebea, sumnd
s umnd t`rstnbmnr, mnb sumnd
"etjinrknan
megnauanb ue agebea m`blnb g`blanp #ins` $, ins` %,
mnb ins` &'.
Dnrus m`blnb r`s`p mjat`r mnb k`blnaefntanb
 (nrajtean a`t`rlnbtublnb ynbl aunt. Mestrefusebyn
mea`bmngeanb jg`d p`k`rebtnd.

Dnrus m`blnb r`s`p mjat`r mnb anmnbl

)seajtrjpean
k`blnaefntanb a`t`rlnbtublnb.

Jfnt a`rns ynbl mnpnt mes`rndanb jg`d npjt`a`r 

m`blnb synrnt mnb a`t`btunb ynbl f`rgnau
Jfnt *nef +pjt`a 
k`burut ubmnblubmnbl, mnpnt melubnanb
ubtua swnk`meanse ntnu p`bljfntnb ruteb.

Ljgjblnb
K`anbesk` Nase Cjbtj Jfnt
Inrknajgjle
+bns
+bnst`
t`se
se +ke
+kemn
mn Fgja
Fgjanm
nm`` r`-`
r`-`rs
rsef
ef`g
`g pnm
pnmnn anbn
anbngg bntr
bntreu
euk
k emjaneb, fupe-eaneb
+bnst`se /st`r  pnmn nasjb F`b?janeb, prjaneb
>bdefese demrjgeses ns`tegajgeb pnmn
+bteajgeb`st`rns` )eremjstelkeb, b`jstelkeb
`b?ek ajgeb`st`rns`
+ljbes
6`kncu r`s`ptjr kusanrebea )egjanrpeb
kusanrebea 
+ljbes beajtebea 6`kncu r`s`ptjr beajtebea (eajteb
+btnljbes 6`bldnkfnt r`s`ptjr kusanrebea mnb
+trjpeb, dejseb, epntrjpeuk
kusanrebea  k`blnaefntanb `i`a `xcetntjry
6`bldnkfnt r`s`ptjr ngin nmr`b`rlea,
+gin fgjca`r  )rn?jseb
s`deblln t`rnme megntnse -`bn.
F`tn$ s`g`atei 3 fesjprjgjg
#gjw mjs`',
mjs`', nt`bjgjg,
F`tn
F`tn fgjca
gjca`r
`r 6`b
6`bldnk
ldnkfn
fntt r`s
r`s`p
`ptj
tjrr f`t
f`tnn nmr
nmr`b
`b`r
`rl
lea.
ea. k`tjprjgjg
F`tn fgjca`r bjbs`g`atei 3
 prjpnbjgjg
6`beblantanb a`rn r`s`ptjr f`tn
=ngfutnkjg, ijrkjt`rjg,
F`tn% nljbes nmr`b`rlea %, s`debln t`rnme r`gnasnse
sngk`t`rjg
jtjt pjgjs frjbaus.
 6`bldnkfnt p`rufndnb nblejt`bseb >
+0/ >bdefetjr  Anptjpreg, gesebjpreg, `bngnpreg
k`bnme nblejt`bseb >> pnmn lebng
+blejt`bseb
6`bldn
6`bldnkfn
kfntt pnmn r`s`ptj
r`s`ptjrr nblejt`b
nblejt`bseb
seb <ngsnrtnb
gsnrtnb,, gjsnrtnb
gjsnrtnb,, cnbm`snrt
cnbm`snrtnb
nb
9`c`ptjr Fgjca`r 
MD) 3 +kgjmepeb, bei`mepeb
Cngceuk Cdnbb`g  6`bldnkfnt knsua angseuk pnmn s`g
 (jbMD) 3 Megten?`k,
 Fgjca`r  jtjt nbtubl
-`rnpnkeg
6`bldnkfnt r`nfsjrfse bntreuk me
Meur`tea tden?em` tufugus mestng, s`deblln k`beblantanb Demrjagjrten?em
`asr`se ner, bntreuk, mnb ejb demrjl`b.
6`bldnkfnt r`nfsjrfse bntreuk mnb
agjremn me tufugus prjasekng, tufugus
Meur`tea sugijb mestng, mnb g`blaubl D`bg`, s`deblln "urjs`kem
k`beblantanb `asr`se ner, bntreuk,
agjremn, knlb`seuk, mnb angseuk.
6`bleant r`s`ptjr ngmjst`rjb me tufugus
+btnljbes mestng, s`deblln k`beblantanb s`ar`se
=perjbjgnatjb
ngmjst`rjb bntreuk mnb agjremn mnb k`bndnb
angeuk mnb ejb demrjl`b.
6jmugnse k`tnfjgesk` gepem,
anrfjdemrnt, mnb prjt`eb s`rtn
k`kp`rtndnbanb a`s`ekfnblnb cnernb.
6`tegpr`mbesjgjb,
Ajrteajst`rjem 6`bljbtrjg sebt`ses prjt`eb, k`b`anb
demrjajrtesjb
kelrnse )6( mnb iefrjfgns, k`blufnd
anpegnretns k`kfrnb, mnb k`bstnfeganb
gesjsjk.
6`burubanb prjmuase lguajsn d`pntea,
k`burubanb nfsjrfse lguajsn me sngurnb
Felunbem 6`tijrkeb
c`rbn, mnb k`beblantanb s`bsete-etns
r`s`ptjr ebsugeb.
6`beblantanb s`ar`se ebsugeb,
6`burubanb prjmuase lguajsn d`pntea,
=ugijbegur`n 4gef`bagnkem, lgek`perem
mnb k`beblantanb s`bsete-etns r`s`ptjr 
ebsugeb.
 D640j+
6`bldnkfnt `b?ek p`blufnd sufstrnt =ek-nstnteb, ntjr-nstnteb,
9`muctns`
ajg`st`rjg #D640j+ 9`muctns`' rjsu-nstnteb
>bdefetjr 
6`bldnkfnt gepjgeses p`rei`r mnb
+snk "efrnt k`burubanb p`blnkfegnb nsnk g`kna  4`kiefrj?eg
 f`fns jg`d dnte.
9`seb +snk 6`bleant nsnk `kp`mu pnmn sngurnb Ajg`stepjg, Ajg`s`g-nk,
/kp`mu c`rbn. Ajg`sternkeb
6`bleant arestng demrjasenpntet pnmn
tugnbl mnb k`bldnkfnt jst`jagnst s`rtn +snk ng`bmrjbnt, nsnk
Feijsijbnt
k`bldnkfnt p`g`pnsnb keb`rng mnb res`bmrjbnt
ajgnl`b mnre tugnbl.
)rjtjb )ukp 6`bldnkfnt pjkpn prjtjb mngnk
Jk`prn?jg, pnbtjprn?jg
>bdefetjr  s`ar`se ejb demrjl`b pnmn gnkfubl.
6`bldnkfnt r`s`ptjr D% pnmn s`g
D% +btnljbes  pnre`tng gnkfubl, s`deblln "nkjtemeb, rnbetemeb, sek`temeb
k`bldnkfnt s`ar`se nsnk gnkfubl.
4`b`rnse gnkn 3 agjri`bernkeb
6`bldnkfnt r`s`ptjr D$, s`deblln kng`nt.
D$ +btnljbes
temna t`nme nate-nse jg`d destnkeb. 4`b`rnse fnru 3 gjrntnmeb,
c`tere?eb, i`5ji`bnmeb.
+btefejtean
+kjasesegeb, nkpesegeb
)`besegeb
6`bldnkfnt sebt`ses mebmebl fnat`re 4`b`rnse $ 3 0`irnmjaseg
+btefejtean #ljgjblnb f`tn gnatnk'. 4`b`rnse % 3 0`iurjasek
4`b`rnse & 3 0`itrenasjb,
=`ingjspjreb
c`ijtnasek, c`itn?emek
6`bldnkfnt sebt`ses prjt`eb m`blnb
+btefejtean k`bleant sufubet refjsjk &8= mnb 18= ]`trnsageb, jaset`trnseageb,
]`trnseageb mnb k`bleant gjlnk ubtua k`tnfjgesk` mjaseseageb
 fnat`re.
+btefejtean 6`bldnkfnt M(+ lerns`, s`deblln
0eprjigjasnseb, g`-jigjasnseb
7uebjgjb k`rusna struatur mjufg` d`gex M(+.
+btefejtean 6`bldnkfnt sebt`ses prjt`eb m`blnb +?etrjkeseb, agnretjkeseb,
6narjgemn k`bleant sufubet refjsjk &8= mnb 18=. `retrjkeseb
+btefejtean 6`bldnkfnt sebt`ses prjt`eb m`blnb Agjrnki`beajg, tenki`beajg
 "`beajg k`bleant sufubet refjsjk 18=.

A`nknbnb Jfnt mnb ]jaseajgjle

A`nknbnb Jfnt
n! Eb"`as A`nkegnb
6nsn a`dnkegnb k`rupnanb knsn aretes p`rtukfudnb nbeb. (nkub, temna nrnbl met`kue efu dnkeg
ynbl k`bm`retn p`bynaet t`rt`btu snnt dnke. F`reaut nmngnd ebm`as a`dnkegnb mnb a`t`rnblnb
k`bl`bne ebm`as a`dnkegnb 3
Eb"`as A`t`rnblnb _`bll#bnnb Agebes
A`nkegnb
+ =tume t`rajbtrjg pnmn wnbetn dnkeg temna   Mnpnt melubnanb s`cnrn nknb
k`kp`rgedntanb nmnbyn r`seaj t`rdnmnp  fnle wnbetn dnkeg.
 nbeb pmn a`dnkegnb trek`st`r $ mnb
trek`st`r f`reautbyn.
F =tume t`rdnmnp r`prjmuase febntnbl Mnpnt melubnanb r`gntei nknb fnle
k`kp`rgedntanb temna nmn r`seaj wnbetn dnkeg.
t`rdnmnp nbeb, t`tnp f`guk nmn stume
t`rajbtrjg t`rdnmnp knbusen.
0 =tume pnmn febntnbl p`rcjfnnb )`bllubnnb jfnt dnrus
k`kp`rgedntanb nmnbyn `i`a t`rdnmnp k`kp`rtekfnblanb knbinnt
 nbeb mnb stume t`rajbtrjg pnmn wnbetn agebes mnb r`seaj t`rdnmnp nbeb.
mnb febntnbl temna t`rs`men ntnu temna 
mnpnt megnauanb.
M ]`rmnpnt fuate nmnbyn r`seaj pnmn nbeb )`bllubnnb jfnt mnpnt melubnanb
 pnmn febntnbl p`rcjfnnb ntnu stume pnmn mngnk ansus gei`-tdr`nt`bebl ntnu
knbusen. npnfegn nmn ngt`rbntei g`fed fnea 
dnrus meutnknanb.
; =tume pnmn knbusen mnb febntnbl ]emna menburanb p`bllubnnbbyn
k`kp`rgedntanb nmnbyn nfbjrkngtns s`gnkn knsn a`dnkegnb.
 pnmn nbeb.

f! @$`a %nk&ebl F`f`rn&n Jfnt

Jfnt @$`a %nk&ebl Ans
 +kgjmepeb /m`kn mnb `m`kn pnru
Anptjpreg Fntua  
)ern?ebnkem (y`re tugnbl, d`pntjtjasea  
>(D A`s`kutnb, d`pntjtjasea  
9einkpeseb 6`blufnd wnrbn ureb k`bnme k`rnd, ebmuase
setjarjk
=tr`ptjkeseb Jtjtjases, b`irjtjases
+s`tjsng )`rmnrndnb, eretnse sngurnb c`rbn, tebetus
Demrjagjrten?em Depjang`ken, a`bneanb nsnk urnt
Ajrteajst`rjem >bdngnse 0nbmemnses
Ajrteajst`rjem Jrng >retnse sngurnb c`rbn, kjjb inc` anr`bn r`t`bse
 (n mnb +er, a`rjpjs tugnbl
/tnkfutjg Futn wnrbn, a`futnnb
"`betjeb Leblevng dyp`rpgnsen, ebmus`r setjarjk
Anrfnkn?`peb D`pntjtjasea mnre k`tnfjgetbyn, ebmus`r  
setjarjk
Jrgestnt "`s`s f`rg`kna  
+btefejtean Auebjgjb 6`bldnkfnt p`rtukfudnb nbna  
+btefejtean ]`trnseageb Ajgjrnse lele k`bnme aubebl
+btefejtean  (`irjtjases
+kebjlgeajsemn
Feijsijbnt >retnse sngurnb c`rbn
=`kun J+] 6ung mnb kubtnd
0jm`eb Ajbstepnse

>!>!>! ]jaseajgjle
Ansus a`rncubnb s`gngu met`kuanb t`ranet m`blnb p`bllubnnb fndnb aeken s`fnlne jfnt ntnu
a`c`gnannb. F`reaut nmngnd mnitnr s`bynwn ynbl mnpnt f`rseint rncub mnb p`bnwnr ynbl mnpnt
mef`reanb 3
%#fstrnt Vn'#b _`bn(nr
)nrns`tnkjg +s`tegsest`eb
jlnk f`rnt #+s, )f, Dl, 0u' F+ #mek`cnprjg'
jlnk f`rnt #)f' /M]+
"`rruk M`i`rjasnkeb
Jpejem (ngjasjb
)`stesemn jrlnbjijsint +trjpeb, )rngemjasek
=enbemn (etret, (etrnt
6`tnbjg, `teg`b lgeajg /tnbjg
 F`tn fgjca`r 4guanljb
F`b?jmen?`peb "gukn?`beg
Anrfjbkjbjasemn Jasel`b, dep`rfnrea jasel`b
Auknreb <etnkeb A  
Meljaseb Meljaseb "+F
D`pnreb )rjtnkeb
>(D )eremjaseb
 (etret 6`teg`b Fgu`

>!)! Cnrn _`knanenb Jfnt

)`knanenb jfnt ynbl t`pnt k`kegeae f`f`rnpn p`rtekfnblnb, sngnd sntubyn nmngnd seint iesean aeken
jfnt, k`bleaute retk` fejgjles tufud mnb!ntnu k`bleaute t $!% jfnt ynbl melubnanb. =`fnlne cjbtjd
 p`bllubnnb ntjr-nstnteb mnb sek-nstnteb k`kegeae p`rf`mnnb. +tjr-nstnteb mnpnt mef`reanb pnmn sjr`
dnre, s`mnblanb sek-nstnteb dnrus mef`reanb kngnk dnre. Dng ebe t`rnme anr`bn t $!% ntjr-nstnteb nmngnd
$2 nk, s`mnblanb sek-nstnteb % nk, s`deblln sek-nstnteb dnrus s`l`rn melubnanb pnmn wnatu
 fejgjles tufud ubtua sebt`ses ajg`st`rjg, ynetu pnmn wnatu kngnk dnre. 4jgjblnb feijsijbnt dnrus
mef`reanb m`blnb cnrn pnse`b dnrus mumua meanr`bnanb seint aeken jfnt ynbl eretntei, s`deblln m`blnb
mumua mednrnpanb f`rebt`rnase seblant m`blnb sngurnb c`rbn ntns mnb s`l`rn k`knsuae gnkfubl.

>!*! Inrknajaeb`tean
$.&.$. A`c`pntnb >bius
S x Mjses
9:
ᶰ 

Meknbn 3
9 : a`c`pntnb ebius
= : irnase natei 
ᶰ : ebt`r-ng p`kf`renb
)nse`b +]= k`b`rekn ebius t`jiegeb m`blnb mjses 28 kl tenp nk. F`rnpnand a`c`pntnb ebius ynbl
dnrus menturO Mea`tndue t`jiegeb k`kegeae irnase natei s`f`snr N8 .
S x Mjses
9:
ᶰ 

?,4 x =?
9:
>
9 : &% kl!nk

$.&.%. )`rufndnb Mjses >btrn-`bn a` Mjses )`rjrng

Ckukbyn mef`reanb pnmn a`nmnnb tubna r`rntn #0n-', m`blnb rukus 3
Cnv x a x Ym x ᶰ 
M:
 I x S
Meknbn 3
M : mjses p`rjrng
 0n- : ajbs`btrnse tubna r`rntn
a : ajbstnbtn `gekebnse
<m : -jguk` mestrefuse
" : irnase fejn-nefegetns
= : irnase natei 
ᶰ : ebt`r-ng p`kf`renb

)nse`b 9+ %N tndub, N al mer`s`panb ]`trnseageb D0g ubtua a`gudnb 4jbjrrdn`. ]`trnseageb D0g
k`kegeae fejn-nfegetns jrng   m`blnb s`kun irnase natei. <jguk` mestrefuse s`f`snr 8,% !alFF,
wnatu pnrj `gekebnse nmngnd $8,@ nk. Anmnr tubna r`rntn ynbl melubnanb mngnk p`bljfntnb 9+ me
ruknd snaet nmngnd &1 kl!k. +pnfegn 9+ mee?ebanb pugnbl jg`d mjat`r mnb k`b`rusanb t`rnpe
t`trnseageb D0g p`rjrng m`blnb ebt`r-ng tenp @ nk, f`rnpnand mjses ynbl +bmn snrnbanbO
Mea`tndue 3
<m : 8,% !alFF 5 N al : $1,@ 
A : 8,@I&!t$!% : 8,@I&!$8,@ : 8,8@1 !nk
Cnv x a xYm x ᶰ 
 M :
 I x S
 kl
30  x ?,?90 x >0,9 x 9
M: kG
?,<< x >
M : %@,12 kl L &88 kl

$.2. Anpetn =`g`atn "nrknajt`rnpe

$.2.$. Dep`rt`bse
Dep`rt`bse meagnseieanseanb s`fnlne f`reaut 3

6`burut H(0 , tnrl`t t`rnpe mnb jfnt ynbl mepeged nmngnd s`fnlne f`reaut 3
Ajb"ese ]nrl`t ]`anbnb Mnrn Jfnt _egenb
 (jrkng $28!I8 kkDl ]ubllng 3 +0/ >bdefetjr +9F, 00F, ntnu
meur`tea tden?em
+0/ >bdefetjr ntnu +9F E meur`ea ten?em
ntnu +0/ >bdefetjr ntnu +9F E 00F
4`rentrea  $28!I8 kkDl +0/ >bdefetjr, +9F, ntnu meur`tea ten?em
4nlng lebng arjbes  $&8!N8 kkDl +0/ >bdfetjr ntnu +9F
m`blnb ngfukeburen #
&8 kl ngfukeb!%2
 nk'
Menf`t`s k`ggetus  $&8!N8 kkDl "erst geb` 3 +0/ >bdfetjr ntnu +9F
=`cjbm geb` 3 00F
]derm geb` 3 meur`tea ten?em ntnu f`tnfgjca`r 
4nlng nbtubl m`blnb  $&8!N8 kkDl "erst geb` 3 +0/ >bdfetjr ntnu +9F E f`tn
 p`blurnblnb -jguk`  fgjca`r 
=`cjbm geb` 3 nbtnljbes ngmjst`rjb
 _jst-kyjcnrmeng   $&8!N8 kkDl F`tn fgjca`r E +0/ >bdefetjr ntnu +9F
ebinra 
Cjrjbnry nrt`ry  $&8!N8 kkDl "erst geb` 3 f`tnfgjca`r E +0/ >bdfetjr ntnu
mes`ns` +9F
=`cjbm geb` 3 00F
]derm geb` 3 meur`tea ten?em
)`bc`lndnb  $&8!N8 kkDl Meur`tean ten?em ntnu meur`tean ten?em E +0/
a`ankfudnb strja` >bdefetjr 

]nrl`t p`burubnb t`anbnb mnrnd mnpnt H(0  mnb H(0 N snblnt f`rf`mn. )nmn H(0 N, p`burubnb
t`anbnb mnrnd temna nlr`sei s`p`rte H(0 . F`reaut nmngnd tnrl`t k`burut H(0 N 3
$.2.%. Mesgepem`ke mnb F`rnt Fnmnb F`rg`fed
6`burut +]) >>>, mngnk tntn gnasnbn p`burubnb M mnb knbn`k`b r`seaj p`bynaet m`l`b`rntei nmn
inatjr r`seaj ynbl dnrus mea`tndue, f`reaut nmngnd inatjr r`seaj k`burut +]) >>>.
Inatjr V`seaj Begne
eblanr )ebllnbl *nbetn NN ck #&1 ebcd'
eblanr )ebllnbl )ren $%8 ck # 28 ebcd'
]relges`remn G$18 kl!m
DM )ren  28 kl!m
DM *nbetn  18 kl!m
]`anbnb mnrnd G $&8!N1 kkDl
4guajsn punsn G $$8 kl!m

M`blnb k`bl`tndue inatjr r`seaj, tnrl`t p`burubnb M mnb k`kugne t`rnpe mnpnt mea`tndue. F`reaut
nmngnd tnrl`t mnb begne M k`kugne t`rnpe 3
Inatjr V`seaj ]nrl`t _`b#r#bnb Begne GMG k#gne Begne GMG k#gne
GMG t`rn&e t`rn&e jfnt
bjb$nrknajgjle
+mn rewnynt  $88 kl!m G $88 kl!m G $&8 kl!m
cjrjbnry d`nrt 
 mes`ns` ntnu m`blnb
inatjr r`seaj s`tnrn
G % inatjr r`seaj  $&8 kl!m G $&8 kl!m )nbtnunb s`gnkn $8
tndub m`blnb $8 K 
%8  r`seaj
G $&8 kl!m
)nbtnunb s`gnkn $8
tndub m`blnb
r`seaj  $8 
G $@8 kl!m
8 K $ inatjr r`seaj  $@8 kl!m G $@8 kl!m G $I8 kl!m

F`reaut nmngnd pegednb jfnt ynbl mnpnt mef`reanb 3

Ljgjblnb Cjbtj @$`a ]`rn&e @$`a %nk&ebl Ajbtrneb"eanse
Jfnt
D64 0j+ =ek-nstnteb 6`burubanb 6ejpnte, )`bynaet ge-`r natei mnb
gj-nstnteb,
9`muctns` M mnb k`beblantanb arjbes
 petn-nstnteb,
>bdefetjr  trelges`remn, `b?ek dnte
rjsu-nstnteb
k`bneaanb DM
9`seb nsnk 0jg`stepjg 6`burubanb LE ps`t  ]relges`remn  288 kl!m
0jg`s`g-nk Ajbstepnse
`kp`mu M, k`bneaanb
0jg`sternke 6`burubanb
DM
b nfsjrfse jfnt

+snk +snk 6`burubanb 6uan k`rnd )`bynaet ge-`r arjbes

Depjlgea`ke 4jut pnrnd
beajtebnt beajtebnt M mnb
Dep`rures`ken
trelges`remn, D`pntjtjases
LE ps`t 
k`bneaanb DM
+snk iefrnt 4`kiefrj?eg 6`burubanb Mesp`psen 4nbllunb lebng mnb dnte
"`bjiefrnt Fntu `kp`mu
M mnb  pnrnd
6ejpnte
trelges`remn,
k`bneaanb DM
 )`burubnb f`rnt fnmnb mnpnt melubnanb jrgestnt, npnfegn tnrl`t m`blnb t`rnpe bjbinrknajgjle temna
k`bcnpne p`burubnb $8  f`rnt fnmnb. Jrgestnt k`kegeae `i`a snkpebl i`s`s f`rg`kna mnb mnpnt
k`bllnblu nfsjrfse -etnkeb, seagjspjreb, mnb g`-jterjaseb.

$.2.&. 6`tnfjgesk` mnb Mnrnd

Ajb"ese ]nb"n "nb L`+ngn Jfnt _egenb
)jgycystec J-nrenb Dersutesk` #tukfud Agjkei`b setrnt, k`tijrkeb
=ybmrjk` rnkfut', lguajsn teblle, #lguajsn teblle'
k`bstrunse temna t`rntur.
Dep`rterjem 4ulup, c`kns, tnaeanrme, F`tnfgjca`r #nt`bjgjg ntnu
tr`kjr #l`ngn  prjpnbjgjg'  ubtua l`ngn
terjtjaseajses', tr`kjr, tnaeanrme, mnb c`kns
a`g`kndnb jtjt, turub #l`ngn terjtjaseajses' nl`b
 f`rnt fnmnb nbteterjem #prjpegtdejurnseg,
k`tdekn?jg, A>'
Depjterjem A`g`kndnb, frnmeanrme, `-jterjaseb, gejtderjbeb
kumnd k`blnbtua,
 ljet`r 
+b`ken 6`lngjfgnstea (egne 60< f`snr, begne =enbjajfngnkeb, nsnk ijgnt
anmnr F$% r`bmnd, ntnu
begne anmnr nsnk ijgnt
r`bmnd.
+b`ken +pgnstea A`g`kndnb, p`rmnrndnb +l`b ekubjsupr`snb 3
luse, f`blana pnmn anae, k`tegpr`mbesjgjb, seagjspjreb
D`knpj`tec 4rjwtd "nctjr 3
s`rtn begne r`bmnd pnmn
ieglnstrek
r`teaugjset mnb *F0.
+l`b nbteb`jpgnstea 3 igumnrnfeb
A`gntjr 3 M`i`rj5nkeb
+b`ken m`iese`bse f`se (egne 60< r`bmnd mnb "` =ugint, "` "uknrnt
s`ruk i`retreb r`bmnd.
 Jst`jpjrjses =naet pnmn tugnbl =upg`k`btnse angseuk #angseuk
t`rt`btu, p`burubnb anrfjbnt, angseuk setrnt', i erst 
teblle fnmnb, p`rufndnb geb` #nsnk ng`bmrjbnt, nsnk
struatur tufud, begne ] res`bmrjbnt', ngt`rbntei 
scjr` me fnwnd K %,1. #rngjasei`b, nsnk efnbmrjbnt'

$.2.2. Menf`t`s
Menf`t`s metnbmn m`blnb l`ngn 3 pjge-nle #fnbyna knanb', pjgeuren #fnbyna funbl ner a`ceg', mnb pjgemepse
#fnbyna kebuk'. Menf`t`s meljgjblanb k`bnme mun tep` utnkn, ynetu tep` > mnb tep` >>.
)nmn tep` >, pnse`b g`fed c`bm`rubl k`kegeae f`rnt fnmnb r`bmnd mnb k`blngnke a`tjnsemjses, s`mnblanb pnmn
tep` >> c`bm`rubl jf`setns.
F`reaut nmngnd tnrl`t t`rnpe mnre menf`t`s k`ggetus 3

Mngnk tntngnasnbn t`rnpe, menf`t`s k`ggetus tep` $ mnb % k`kegeae p`rf`mnnb. F`reaut nmngnd tntngnasnbn t`rnpe
k`burut +M+ %8$1 3

Jfnt A`t`rnblnb
6`tijrkeb Melubnanb npnfegn t`rnpe bjbinrknajgjle f`guk k`bljbtrjg
anmnr lguajsn pnse`b
>bsugeb E nbtemenf`tean jrng ntnu )nse`b fnru t`rmenlbjsn l`ngn M6 tep` % ntnu t`rnme
ebsugeb tubllng a`bneanb anmnr lguajsn ntnu Df+$0
)`bnkfndnb nbtemenf`tean jrng +pnfegn nbtemenf`tean jrng temna k`bubuaanb p`rfneanb
a`mun ntnu ebsugeb s`t`gnd & fugnb pnmn begne Df+$0
Mngnk t`rnpe M6 tep` $ dnrus k`bllubnanb ebsugeb. F`reaut nmngnd `bes ebsugeb ynbl mnpnt melubnanb 3

A`r+n Ebs#geb Cjbtj _`bll#bnnb

9npem +ctebl Dukngjl #ebsugeb gesprj', (j-jjl 1 K $1 k`bet s`f`guk knanb
#ebsugeb nspnrt', +pemrn #ebsugeb
lgugeseb`'
=djrt +ctebl Dukugeb 9, (j-jgeb 9 &8 k`bet s`f`guk knanb
>bt`rk`ment Dukugeb (, (j-jgeb ( Ckukbyn $ 5 s`dnre
jbl +ctebl nbtus #ebsugeb lgnrleb`', `-`ker   Ckukbyn $ 5 s`dnre me wnatu
#ebsugeb m`t`ker' ynbl snkn
$.2.1. +snk Crnt
Ljut  k`rupnanb p`bynaet ynbl metnbmne m`blnb anmnr nsnk urnt s`ruk g`fed f`snr mnre @,N ntnu ,8

kl!mg. )nmn knbn`k`b t`rnpe ljut mnb dep`rures`ken, tuunb t`rnpebyn nmngnd 3

$. 6`blurnble s`rnblnb naut.

%. 6`bldebmnre t`rnmebyn s`rnblnb.

&. 6`bldebmnre ajkpgeanse ynbl mes`fnfanb jg`d p`bukpuanb arjbes arestng nsnk urnt me nreblnb.

)`bllubnnb jfnt pnmn t`rnpe ljut nmngnd ubtua k`bmuaubl t`rcnpnebyn tuunb t`rnpe. Ajbmese

ebignknse mnpnt me ntnse m`blnb p`kf`renb (=+>M, ajrteajst`rjem, ntnu ajgaeseb, s`mnblanb ubtua

k`bc`lnd s`rnblnb ljut  m`blnb k`blntur anmnr nsnk urnt mngnk mnrnd nlnr temna g`fed mnre @,N ntnu

,8 kl!mg mnpnt melubnanb nggjpurebjg, i`fu5jstnt, ntnu prjf`b`sem.

Ajb"ese A`t`rnblnb
Dep`rures`ken "erst geb` ynbl melubnanb nmngnd nggjpurebjg ntnu

i`fu5jsnt. +pnfegn ng`rle t`rdnmnp 5nbtdeb` j5emns`

ebdefetjr #;J>' fesn melubnanb prjf`b`sem.

Ajkfebnse ;J> #nggjpurebjg ntnu i`fu5jsnt' mnb

nl`b ureajsurea #prjf`b`sem' t`ranmnbl mefutudanb.

)`bm`retn lnlng lebng dnrus k`blntur mjses

nggjpurebjg.
>bignknse Dnrus menss`sk`bt teblant ebignknse mnb teblant

by`re #by`re melubnanb -esung nbngjl scng` #<+=''.

Mnpnt melubnanb t`rnpe tubllng ntnu ajkfebnse.

Jfnt pegednb nmngnd 3 (=+>M, ajrteajst`rjem, mnb

ajgaeseb.
$.2.@. 6nbn`k`b (y`re
!"# _neb $nmm`r% F`reaut nmngnd p`kfnlenb pneb gnmm`r mnb t`rnpe ynbl melubnanb 3
 ]eblant (y`re ]`rnpe
9eblnb #8 K &' )nrns`tnkjg @18 kl, nspereb 188 kl, efuprji`b

288 kl, ntnu (=+>M fesn metnkfnd (=+>M gneb,

nbtem`pr`snb treseagea, mnb jfnt a`nbl

6`b`blnd #2 K @' )nrns`tnkjg &%1 kl E jpejem #ajm`eb'
)nrnd # K $8' 6jrieb ntnu i`btnbeg fesn metnkfnd (=+>M gneb,

nbtem`pr`snb treseagea, mnb jfnt a`nbl

>!,!-! @&eg`&se
.`bes @&eg`&se Ierst Geb` k`b#r#t /A   Ngt`rbnte$ k`b#r#t /A 
L#e"`geb` L#e"`geb`
)nrteng =`e?ur` Anrfnkn?`peb, gnkjtreleb `-`ternc`tnk, j5anrfn?`peb,
#Menlbjses Fnru' nsnk -ngprjnt
)nrteng =`e?ur` nkjtreleb, j5cnrfn?`peb, 
#r`irnctjry tjpernknt
kjbjtd`rnpy'
)nrteng =`e?ur` Anrfnkn?`peb, agjfn?nk, ncjsnkem, i`bjfnrfetng,
#r`irnctjry nmubct' lnfnp`bteb, gnkjtreleb, i`betjeb, pr`lnfngeb, tenlnfeb,
g`-`ternc`tnk, j5cnrfn?`peb, -elnfntreb, ?jbesnkem
nsnk -ngprjnt, tjpernknt
4`b`rnge?`m =`e?ur` /tjasusekem, gnkjtreleb, nsnk Agjfn?nk, agjbn?`pnk,
nfs`bc` -ngprjnt g`-`ternc`tnk, tjpernknt,
?jbesnkem
)reknry l`b`rng #tjbec +snk -ngprjnt, gnkjtreleb, Agjfn?nk, g`-`ternc`tnk,
cgjbec' anrfnkn?`peb, j5anrfn?`peb tjpernknt
Hu-`beg` kyjcgjbec /tjasusekem, gnkjtreleb, nsnk Agjfn?nk, agjbn?`pnk,
`peg`psy -ngprjnt g`-`ternc`tnk, tjpernknt,
?jbesnkem
$.2.N. +skn
)nmn ajbmese nskn, pnse`b dnrus s`rebl meajbtrjg. Ajbtrjg mnpnt k`bllubnanb sperjk`tre mnb
k`knbtnu ir`au`bse s`rnblnb nskn. F`reaut nmngnd tndnpnb mngnk t`rnpe nskn mnb r`ajk`bmnse ynbl
mef`reanb 3
 Jfnt ynbl melubnanb mngnk t`rnpe nskn nmngnd s`fnlne f`reaut 3
Jfnt A`t`rnblnb
+F+ #jbl +ctebl F`tn% +ljbes' 3 Melubnanb ruteb mngnk p`bljfntnb nskn
sngk`t`rjg
=+F+ #=djrt +ctebl F`tn% +ljbes' 3 Melubnanb npnfegn k`rnsn nanb s`sna 
sngfutnkjg #ngfut`rjg' mnb ijrkjt`rjg #)9('
Ajrteajst`rjem Dnrus nmn k`anbesk` tnppebl . +pnfegn
melubnanb s`cnrn ebdngnse dnrus aukur
ubtua k`bldebmnre nkur me kugut
]`jiegeb =`fneabyn melubnanb me nk ynbl snkn
mnb wnspnmn t`rdnmnp jfnt ebmus`r
knupub ebdefetjr.

$.2.I. >bi`ase mnb )`bllubnnb +btefejtean

Mngnk k`keged nbtefejtean, dnrus k`kp`rtekfnblanb sp`atruk nbtefejtean #guns ntnu s`kpet' mnb
tep` kearjfen #n`rjf ntnu nbn`rjf'. F`reaut nmngnd ansus pegednb mngnk p`bllubnnb nbtefejtean 3
Eb$`ase _egenb nbtefejtean
=ngurnb (nins +tns 4jgjblnb p`besegeb, ljgjblnb auebjgjb, ljgjblnb knarjgemn,
ljgjblnb t`trnseageb.
=ngurnb (nins Fnwnd 4jgjblnb p`besegeb, ljgjblnb auebjgjb, ljgjblnb knarjgemn,
ljgjblnb t`trnseageb.
=ngurnb A`ked )`rjrng 3 0jtrekj5n?jg I@8 kl, ijsijkeseb, nkjasesegeb
agn-ugnbnt, seprjigjasnseb, g`-jigjasnseb
>b`ase 3 l`btnkeseb, tjfrnkeseb, nkpesegebsugfnatnk,
c`itren5jb, c`itn?emek, seprjigjasnseb, g`-jigjasnseb.
 "%pygjre &erst geb` ' agnretjkeseb E nkjasesegeb ntnu k`trjbemn?jg
]uf`raugjses Cbtua k`kumndanb ajkfebnse t`rnpe ]F0 melubnanb
 seblantnb. D : >(D, 9 : 9einkpeseb, B : )ern?ebnkem, / :
/tnkfutjg, = : =tr`ptjkeseb.
"ns` ebt`bsei 3 melubnanb s`tenp dnre s`gnkn mun fugnb. 6ebekng
& lnfublnb jfnt ukukbyn melubnanb %D9B/ ntnu %D9B.
"ns` gnbutnb 3 s`t`gnd mun fugnb mebyntnanb F]+ #',
megnbutanb 2 fugnb m`blnb mjses % K & 5 s`kebllu #2D&9&'.
"ns` sesepnb 3 npnfegn menader ins` ebt`bsei mebyntnanb F]+ #E'
melubnanb $ fugnb lnfublnb D9B/ #$D9B/'.
9`gnps, lnlng, ntnu ankfud 3 melubnanb %D9B/= megnbut
D9B/ megnbut 1D&9&/&.

FNLENB ) INVKN%@]EAN MNB ]@ABJGJLE INVKN%E

%.$. =`mennb "nrknse

%.$.$. Fejinrkns`tean
)nmn p`kfuntnb jfnt, dnrus mep`rdnteanb a`gns p`blljgnblnb jfnt k`burut F=0. F`reaut nmngnd
a`gns p`kfnlenb jfnt f`rmnsnranb F=0 3

A`gns F%C Vnt` Geketebl %t`& %jg#se

> #a`gnrutnb f`snr, A`c`pntnb mesjguse 6`bnkfndanb fndnb
 p`rk`nfegetns teblle' ubtua k`kp`rc`pnt
mesjguse
>> #a`gnrutnb a`ceg, A`gnrutnb s`bynwn 6`bnkfndanb fndnb
 p`k`nfegetns teblle' ynbl mnpnt
k`beblantanb a`gnrutnb
s`bynwn
>>> #a`gnrutnb teblle, )`rk`nfegetns s`bynwn 6`bnkfndanb
 p`rk`nfegetns r`bmnd'  p`rk`nfegety `bdnbc`r 
 pnmn ijrkugnse
>< #a`gnrutnb r`bmnd, ]emna mea`tndue #temna nmn dufublnb 
 p`rk`nfegetns r`bmnd' nbtnrn eb-etrj mnb eb-e-j'
%.$.%. )nmnt
=`mennb pnmnt cjbtjdbyn nmngnd s`rfua, lrnbug, tnfg`t, mnb anpsug. )nmn s`mennb pnmnt npnfegn ebleb
mefunt tnfg`t dnrus k`kp`rdnteanb f`btua pnrtea`g, uaurnb pnrtea`g, mnb seint aeken, s`deblln mnpnt
met`btuanb cnrn p`kfuntnb tnfg`t.

K`tj"` A`t`rnblnb
4rnbugnse Fnsnd =`bynwn natei tndnb ner mnb pnbns, seint nger `g`a, megnauanb
 p`kfuntnb knssn m`blnb p`bleant, mea`reblanb gngu menyna.
4rnbugnse A`rebl =`bynwn natei temna tndnb pnbns mnb ner, seint nger `g`a,
megnauanb a`kpn m`blnb fndnb p`blese gngu mednbcuranb mnb
menyna.
A`kpn nblsubl =`bynwn natei temna tndnb pnbns mnb ner, seint nger fnea.

)nmn p`kfuntnb anpsug, dnrus mep`rdnteanb seint nger cnkpurnb anr`bn f`rp`blnrud pnmn
a`s`rnlnknb fjfjt snnt p`blesenb anpsug. +bngeses fndnb s`mennb pnmnt mnpnt f`rupn p`b`tnpnb fuga
m`bsety mnb sumut menk. Mngnk ajbtrjg aungetns s`mennb pnmnt mnpnt megnauanb a`s`rnlnknb fjfjt,
a`s`rnlnknb anmnr, mnb ue mesjguse. Cbtua ue stnfegetns mnpnt megnauanb k`burut >0D.

%.$.&. =`kepnmnt
=`mennb s`kepnmnt cjbtjdbyn nmngnd sng`p, arek, mnb l`g. )nmn p`kfuntnb s`mennb s`kepnmnt, dnrus
k`kp`rdnteanb seint demrjiegesetns mnb stnfegetns s`bynwn natei, s`deblln mnpnt met`btuanb cnrn
 p`kfuntnb s`mennb s`kepnmnt. +pnfegn mngnk p`bcnkpurnb arek m`blnb sng`p dnrus melubnanb
surinatnb nlnr temna t`rnme p`kesndnb ins`. )`kegednb `kuglntjr mngnk p`kfuntnb arek snblnt
mep`rguanb m`blnb k`bldetubl begne DF ynbl mep`rguanb. Ckukbyn s`bynwn ynbl demrjijf mefunt
s`mennb sng`p mnb arek `kugse j!w s`rtn s`bynwn demrjieg mefunt s`mennb l`g ntnu arek `kugse w!j.
Mngnk ajbtrjg aungetns s`mennb s`kepnmnt mnpnt megnauanb a`s`rnlnknb fjfjt, a`s`rnlnknb anmnr,
ue p`g`pnsnb jfnt, ue mnyn g`ant, mnb ue p`by`fnrnb. Cbtua ue stnfegetns mnpnt megnauanb k`burut
>0D.
%.$.2. 0ner 
=`mennb cner cjbtjdbyn nmngnd gnrutnb, susp`bse, mnb `kugse. )nmn p`kfuntnb s`mennb cner, dnrus
k`kp`rdnteanb pjgnretns, stnfegetns, mnb a`gnrutnb s`bynwn natei, s`deblln mnpnt met`btuanb cnrn
 p`kfuntnb s`mennb cner. =`mennb cner mnpnt mef`mnanb k`bnme mun, ynetu st`reg mnb bjbst`reg. )nmn
 p`kfuntnb s`mennb st`reg, stnfegetns s`bynwn natei dnrus mep`rdnteanb anr`bn nanb k`keged k`tjm`
st`regesnse ntnu p`kfuntnb s`mennb st`reg. )nmn gnrutnb, s`bynwn natei dnrus k`gnrut pnmn k`meuk
mesp`rse. )nmn susp`bse, s`bynwn natei dnrus t`rmesp`rse pnmn k`meuk mesp`rse. )nmn s`mennb `kugse,
s`bynwn natei dnrus mnpnt f`rpnrtese pnmn k`meuk mesp`rse. Mngnk p`kfuntnb s`mennb cner, k`tjm`
 p`beblantnb a`gnrutnb s`bynwn #sjgufegesnse' mnpnt megnauanb m`blnb p`blufndnb pD gnrutnb,
 p`bnkfndnb surinatnb, ntnu k`bnkfndanb ajsjg-`b nlnr kumnd k`gnrut. Mngnk p`kfuntnb
susp`bse, fndnb tnkfndnb mnpnt f`rupn nl`b igjaugnse #p`bc`lnd p`b`kp`gnb pnrtea`g m`blnb
tjgnanb kuntnb gestrea' mnb tdeca`bebl nl`bt #k`bnkfnd a`a`btngnb k`meuk mesp`rse nlnr pnrtea`g
temna kumnd k`bl`bmnp'% Mngnk p`kfuntnb `kugse, dnrus mep`rdnteanb `kuglntjr ynbl melubnanb
s`rtn begne DF ynbl nanb melubnanb. =`mennb `kugse mnb susp`bse dnrus meajcja mndugu mngnk
 p`bllubnnb nlnr p`by`fnrnb s`bynwn natei k`rntn. =`mennb `kugse mnb susp`bse mesnrnbanb temna
mesekpnb mngnk g`knre `s anr`bn mnpnt k`blufnd p`by`fnrnb pnrtea`g mnb p`kesndnb ins` `kugse.
Mngnk ajbtrjg aungetns s`mennb s`kepnmnt mnpnt megnauanb a`s`rnlnknb -jguk` mnb a`s`rnlnknb
anmnr. Cbtua ue stnfegetns mnpnt megnauanb k`burut >0D.
%.$.1. 4ns
=`mennb lns cjbtjdbyn nmngnd n`rjsjg mnb sprny. )nmn p`kfuntnb s`mennb lns, dnrus k`kp`rdnteanb
-jgntegetns s`bynwn natei, `bes prjp`gnb, mnb ajkpntefegetns s`bynwn natei m`blnb prjp`gnb, s`deblln
mnpnt met`btuanb cnrn p`kfuntnb s`mennb lns. =`mennb lns dnrus mesekpnb nud mnre npe nlnr temna
k`g`mna.

%.$.@. )rjmua Fejgjles

)rjmua fejgjles cjbtjdbyn nmngnd prjt`eb r`ajkfebnb, -naseb, s`ruk, mnb tjasjem. )nmn p`kfuntnb
 prjmua fejgjles dnrus mep`rdnteanb tuunb p`bllubnnb, stnfegetns s`bynwn natei, mnb k`tjm`
 p`kfuntnb. Dng ebe meanr`bnanb f`f`rnpn prjmua fejgjles snblnt s`bsetei, s`deblln mnpnt rusna jg`d
geblaublnb ynbl temna s`sune #sudu, jasel`b, mnb pD'. F`f`rnpn -naseb mnb tjasjem metnkfndanb
 p`blnw`t, s`deblln dnrus melubnanb p`blnw`t ynbl temna k`rusna s`bynwn nateibyn. Ckukbyn
 prjmua fejgjles dnrus mesekpnb mesudu % K N j0 nlnr temna rusna.
%.%. "nrknse >bmustre
%.%.$. Aungeieanse mnb <ngemnse
Aungeieanse k`rupnanb prjs`s p`kfuatenb s`cnrn t`rtuges f`rmnsnranb mntn ynbl k`bubuaanb
a`gnynanb suntu p`rngntnb, insegetns, sest`k p`bubunbl s`sune m`blnb sp`seieanse ynbl t`gnd
met`tnpanb. ]ndnpnb aungeieanse nmn `kpnt, ynetu 3
 Aungeieanse M`sneb
 Aungeieanse >bstngnse
 Aungeieanse Jp`rnsejbng
 Aungeieanse )`rijrkn
<ngemnse k`rupnanb tebmnanb p`kfuatenb m`blnb cnrn ynbl s`sune fndwn tenp fndnb, prjs`mur,
a`lentnb, sest`k, p`rg`blanpnb, ntnu k`anbesk` ynbl melubnanb mngnk prjmuase mnb p`blnwnsnb
nanb s`bnbtensn k`bcnpne dnseg ynbl mednrnpanb. <ngemnse ynbl mea`bng nmngnd -ngemnse k`tjm`
nbngeses, -ngemnse prjs`s, mnb -ngemnse p`kf`rsednb. Aungeieanse megnauanb s`f`guk -ngemnse.

%.%.%. Agnseieanse 9unbl

H`bes 9unbl )`rsynrntnb )nrtea`g "ublse
> Mngnk $it& t`rmnpnt knasekuk $88 )rjmuase s`mennb st`reg s`cnrn
 pnrtea`g f`ruaurnb 8,1 k ns`ptes
>> Mngnk $it& t`rmnpnt knasekuk $8888 )rjmuase s`mennb st`reg s`cnrn
 pnrtea`g f`ruaurnb 8,1 k bjbns`ptes
>>> Mngnk $it& t`rmnpnt knasekuk $88888 )rjmuase s`mennb bjbst`reg
 pnrtea`g f`ruaurnb 8,1 k
>< Mngnk $it& t`rmnpnt knasekuk g`fed +r`n bjbprjmuase s`p`rte anbtjr,
mnre $88888 pnrtea`g f`ruaurnb 8,1 k runbl, lumnbl, anknr knbme

%.&. /astrnase ]nbnknb Jfnt

)!*!>! Kns`rnse
6`rupnanb k`tjm` p`kfuntnb `astrna m`blnb cnrn k`r`bmnk sekpgesen mngnk gnrutnb p`bynre.
Melubnanb pnmn fndnb ynbl gubna s`p`rte mnub, fubln, rekpnbl, mnb f`f`rnpn fund. )nmn kns`rnse
temna k`bllubnanb pnbns, s`deblln cjcja ubtua s`bynwn natei ynbl temna tndnb pnbns mnb jasemnse.
)!*!)! _`rajgnse
 6`rupnanb k`tjm` p`kfuntnb `astrna m`blnb cnrn k`r`bmnk sekpgesen mngnk gnrutnb p`bynre mnb
me`satrnase m`blnb k`blngeranb gnrutnb mngnk p`rejm` t`rt`btu. Melubnanb pnmn fndnb ynbl a`rns
s`p`rte auget fntnbl, nanr, fntnbl, fee, mnb f`f`rnpn fund. )nmn p`rajgnse temna k`bllubnanb pnbns,
s`deblln cjcja ubtua s`bynwn natei ynbl temna tndnb pnbns mnb jasemnse.
)!*!*! Eb$#"nse "nb M`ajase
6`rupnanb k`tjm` p`kfuntnb `astrna m`blnb cnrn k`r`fus sekpgesen mngnk ner. +pnfegn megnauanb
s`gnkn $1 k`bet mes`fut ebiubmnse. +pnfegn megnauanb s`gnkn &8 k`bet mes`fut m`ajase. Melubnanb
 pnmn s`bynwn natei ynbl tndnb pnbns mnb jasemnse. +pnfegn s`bynwn natei kumnd k`blunp mnb temna
k`bl`bmnp dnrus mesnrebl pnmn snnt mebleb, s`mnblanb npnfegn s`bynwn natei temna kumnd k`blunp
mnb kumnd k`bl`bmnp dnrus mesnrebl pnmn snnt pnbns.
)!*!,! %jag`tnse
6`rupnanb k`tjm` p`kfuntnb `astrna m`blnb cnrn k`blngeranb sjg-`b pnbns ynbl k`blunp s`gnkn
 f`f`rnpn p`rejm`. Melubnanb pnmn s`bynwn natei ynbl tndnb pnbns mnb jasemnse.
)!*!?! Kns`rnse ]`rkj"e$eanse
6`rupnanb k`tjm` p`kfuntnb `astrna m`blnb cnrn k`r`bmnk sekpgesen mngnk gnrutnb p`bynre
m`blnb p`knbnsnb sudu r`bmnd mnb!ntnu p`blnmuanb aeb`tea. Melubnanb ubtua s`bynwn natei ynbl
tndnb pnbns mnb jasemnse, s`rtn ubtua k`beblantanb ukgnd s`bynwn ynbl t`r`astrnase.
)!*!! M`stegnse
6`rupnanb k`tjm` p`kfuntnb kebyna ntsere m`blnb k`knbinntanb -jgntegetns s`bynwn. +mn teln
 `bes m`stegnse, ynetu unp, ner, mnb unpner. M`stegnse unp megnauanb ubtua s`bynwn ynbl tndnb pnbns
mnb jasemnse. M`stegnse ner melubnanb ubtua s`bynwn ynbl temna t`rdemrjgeses.

FNLENB * INVKNAJLBJ%E
&.$. =ekpgesen
=ekpgesen nmngnd fndnb ngnkend ynbl mep`rlubnanb s`fnlne fndnb jfnt, a`cunge mebyntnanb gneb
 f`rupn fndnb ynbl t`gnd ynbl mea`reblanb. =ekpgesen t`rmere mnre bnfnte, d`wnb, mnb keb`rng. (nkn
sekpgesn t`rmere mnre mun antn antn p`rtnkn k`blncu pnmn bnkn tnbnknb mngnk fndnsn gnteb mnb antn
a`mun k`blncu pnmn fnlenb tnbnknb m`blnb bnkn gnteb.
F`reaut nmngnd tntnbnkn fnau sekpgesen 3
Bnkn Fnlenb Bnkn
Cjbtj
]#kf#nb Gnteb
Anyu elbuk 0n`sngpeben` gelbuk #Anyu s`cnbl'
Fntnbl 0nuges ]ebjspjrn cnuges #Fntnbl frjtjwnge'
Fund "ructus )ep`re iructus #0nf` Hnwn!Fund cnf`'
Fubln "gjs Hnskebuk igjs #Fubln k`gnte'
Auget Anyu 0jrt`5 0ebcdjbn` cjrt`5 #Auget anyu aebn'
 Fee =`k`b 6yrestn` s`k`bes #Fee pngn'
Ckfe ]uf`r =jgnbuk tuf`r #Ckfe a`btnbl'
+anr 9nme5 9d`e rnme5 #+anr a`g`kfna'
+anr tebllng 9de?jk` 0urcukn 5nbtdjrrde?n` rde?jk` #]`kugnwna'
Ckfe gnpes Fugfus +gee snte-uk Fugfus #Fnwnbl puted'
Auget fund )`recnrpeuk 4rnbnte p`recnrpee #Auget fund m`gekn'
Mnub "jgeuk Jrtdjsepdjbes ijgeuk #Mnub aukes aucebl'
Fnlenb me ntns tnbnknb D`rfn 0`bt`ggn` d`rfn #D`rfn p`lnlnb'
6ebyna Jg`uk Jg`uk cjcjs #6ebyna a`gnpn'

&.%. 6`tnfjget ]nbnknb

)nmn tnbnknb, t`ranbmubl s`bynwn ynbl t`rljgjbl k`tnfjget prek`r mnb s`aubm`r. 6`tnfjget prek`r
k`rupnanb s`bynwn ynbl t`ranbmubl mngnk tnbnknb ynbl mefutudanb ubtua p`rtukfudnb tnbnknb. 0jbtjd
k`tnfjget prek`r nmngnd 3 anrfjdemrnt, prjt`eb, nsnk nkebj, mnb nsnk g`kna. 6`tnfjget s`aubm`r nmngnd s`bynw
ynbl mefutudanb tnbnknb s`fnlne p`rgebmublnb mere ntnu dnseg mnre k`tnfjgesk` utnkn. 0jbtjd k`tnfjget
s`aubm`r nmngnd 3 i`bjgea, ign-jbjem, ngangjem, lgeajsemn, nbtrnauebjb, tret`rp`bjem, eremjem, s`bynwn pndet,
s`bynwn p`mns, mnb s`bynwn sugiur.
Ljgjblnb %`b6n(n %e$nt Iesean3Aeken Cjbtj %`b6n(n
)jgnr, r`gntei kumnd gnrut mngnk ner 
#kjbjsnanremn mnb mesnanremn, pjgesnanremn =jrfetjg, m`astrjsn,
Anrfjdemrnt r`gntei suanr gnrut', fnbyna k`blnbmubl gnatjsn, suarjsn,
lulus demrjase #JD', ukukbyn s`bynwn nkeguk.
bjbnrjkntes.
9`gntei pjgnr, k`blnbmubl lulus nkemn #
0JJ(D', t`rm`bnturnse fegn t`ra`bn sudu /b?ek i`bjg
)rjt`eb
teblle mnb pD `astrek, t`rm`bnturnse m`blnb jasemns`.
gjlnk f`rnt gngu k`bl`bmnp.
9`gntei pjgnr, k`blnbmubl lulus anrfjasegnt
eseb, nrlebeb,
+snk +kebj #0JJD' mnb nkebn #(D', k`bl`bmnp
nspnrtnt.
m`blnb gjlnk f`rnt.
 (jbpjgnr, k`blnbmubl lulus anrfjasegnt # +snk gebjg`nt, nsnk
+snk `kna 
0JJD', mnpnt t`rsnfubanb m`blnb fnsn. gnurnt.
"`bjgea 9`gntei pjgnr, k`blnbmubl lulus demrjase # +snk lngnt, /404,
JD', s`bynwn nrjkntes #nmn f`b?`bn m`blnb nsnk sebnknt,
 lulus demrjase', k`kf`btua ajkpg`as auknreb,
 f`rwnrbn fegn f`rt`ku gjlnk t`rt`btu. auraukebjem.
9`gntei pjgnr, k`blnbmubl lulus demrjase #
JD', s`bynwn nrjkntes #nmn f`b?`bn m`blnb
lulus demrjase', k`kf`btua ajkpg`as
+pel`beb, bnrel`beb,
"gn-jbjem  f`rwnrbn fegn f`rt`ku gjlnk t`rt`btu,
nbtjsenbeb.
k`rupnanb fnlenb mnre s`bynwn i`bjgea 
#s`kun ign-jbjem nmngnd i`bjgea, t`tnpe
i`bjgea f`guk t`btu ign-jbjem'
Mnpnt pjgnr ntnu bjbpjgnr, k`blnbmubl ntjk
+gangjem  (, k`bl`bmnp m`blnb gjlnk f`rnt, k`kegeae Auebeb, beajteb.
nate-etns inrknajgjle.
)jgnr, k`blnbmubl fnlenb lugn #lgeajb' mnb +peeb, nkelmngeb,
4geajsemn
bjblugn #nlgeajb' ngjeb.
9`gntei pjgnr, k`blnbmubl lulus demrjase #
JD' mnb a`tjb #0J', s`bynwn nrjkntes
#nmn f`b?`bn m`blnb lulus demrjase',
k`kf`btua ajkpg`as f`rwnrbn k`rnd fegn +gjeb, rd`eb,
+btrnauebjb
 f`rt`ku fnsn, k`rupnanb fnlenb mnre s`bjsemn
s`bynwn i`bjgea #s`kun nbtrnauebjb nmngnd
i`bjgea, t`tnpe i`bjgea f`guk t`btu
nbtrnauebjb'.
ekjb`b, anr-jb,
tekjg #kumnd
k`blunp' nsnk
 (jbpjgnr, kumnd k`blunp #kjbj, s`saue,
lgesere?nt,
mnb met`rp`bjem tre mnb pjget`rp`bjem suget
]ret`rp`bjem nbmrjlrnijgem #temna 
k`blunp', pjget`rp`bjem ukukbyn f`rwnrbn,
kumnd k`blunp'
temna fesn t`rsnfubanb.
 f`tn anrjt`b,
?`n5nbtdeb
#pjget`rp`bjem'.
 (jbpjgnr, ukukbyn s`bynwn ngangjem mnb +bmrjlrnijgem,
=`bynwn pndet
tret`rp`bjem. auebeb.
 (jbpjgnr, ukukbyn r`seb mnre s`bynwn
=`bynwn p`mns 4ebl`rjg, sdjlnjg.
i`bjgea.
>remjem (jbpjgnr, k`rupnanb a`rnblan kjmeieanse <ng`treprjnt.
 mnre tret`rp`bjem.

&.&. Jfnt +sge >bmjb`sen

F`reaut nmngnd f`f`rnpn bnkn sekpgesen ynbl ukuk melubnanb me >bmjb`sen. A`fnbynanb f`rnsng mnre tnbnknb.
Anb"#blnb 6nbl Ljgjblnb s`b6n(n
Bnkn fnnb Ansent
f`ransent anb"#blnb
0`bt`ggn` d`rfn 6nm`ajsemn,
)`bldegnbl guan ]ret`rp`bjem
#D`rfn p`lnlnb' nsenteajsemn
9d`e rnme5
)`bcndnr 9d`eb +btrnauebjb
#+anr a`g`kfna'
0urcukn 5nbtdjrrde?n
rde?jk` D`pntjprjt`atjr Auraukebjem "`bjgea  
#]`kugnwna'
]ebjspjrn cnuges )`burub lugn ]ret`rp`bjem, =`bynwn
]ebjspjreb
#Fntnbl frjtjwnge' mnrnd  pndet
)semee ijgeuk Menr`
]nbeb "`bjgea  
#Mnub nkfu fee' bjbsp`seiea 
6urrnyn` pnbecugntn
)`burub f`rnt
ijgeuk )jgesnanremn Anrfjdemrnt
 fnmnb
#Mnub a`kubebl'

+bmrjlrnpdes d`rfn )`burub lugn

+bmrjlrnijgem ]ret`rp`bjem
#D`rfn snkfegjtj' mnrnd
)dyggnbte d`rfn
>kubjkjmugntjr "egnbteb ]ret`rp`bjem
#D`rfn k`bernb'
Jrtdjsepdjbes ijgeuk
Meur`tean Jrtdjsepdjbeb ]ret`rp`bjem
#Mnub aukes aucebl'
=jbcde ijgeuk
Meur`tean =jbcdjsemn 4geajsemn ign-jbjem
#Mnub t`kpuyubl'
 FNLENB , AEKEN INVKN%E
2.$.$. A`s`tnrnnb kjg
A`s`tnrnnb kjg s`rebl melubnanb mngnk p`bllnbtenb fndnb fnau mnre suntu fndnb ynbl s`tnrn.
6esngbyn mngnk k`kfunt tnfg`t ntjr-nstnteb, t`tnpe aetn k`bmnpnt fndnb fnau ntjr-nstnteb angseuk
mnre suppge`r% +pnfegn F6 ntjr-nstnteb nmngnd 11I mnb ntjr-nstnteb angseuk nmngnd 1II. Detubl
 f`rnpn kl s`tnrn ntjr-nstnteb angseuk t`rdnmnp $8 kl ntjr-nstnteb.
Ajbs`p kjg 3
Fjfjt 
kjg =
FK 
anr`bn s`bynwnbyn kerep fesn melubnanb ajbs`p kjg. Hnme 3
kjg ntjr-nstnteb : kjg ntjr-nstnteb angseuk
Fjfjt  > Fjfjt  6
 =
FK  > FK  6
>?  T 
 =
005 055
055
0=  9 ><
095
0 = ><4?* kl
Hnme, $8 kl ntjr-nstnteb s`tnrn m`blnb $8,1& kl ntjr-nstnteb angseuk.

2.$.%. )`bl`bc`rnb
)rnat`a p`bl`bc`rnb s`rebl met`kuanb pnmn prnat`a s`dnrednre pnmn p`gnynbnb a`inrknsenb,
kesngbyn mngnk p`kfuntnb ngajdjg cuce ntnu k`bl`bc`ranb fndnb jfnt t`rt`btu. )rebsep p`bl`bc`rnb
nmngnd a`s`tnrnnb ukgnd kjg`aug ntnu ukgnd fjfjt s`bynwn mngnk gnrutnb.
Fnlneknbn cnrn p`kfuntnb ngajdjg 8  m`blnb -jguk` $,1 get`r mnre ngajdjg I1 O
Ajbs`p p`bl`bc`rnb 3
-jguk` nwng 5 ajbs`btrnse nwng : -jguk` nader 5 ajbs`btrnse nader 
+tnu,
5> 9 C> = 5) 9 C)
8? 1 9 0 = -< 1 9 >4? G
0 = 7-<;8?2 9 >4? G
0 = >4> G
Hnme, nkfeg $,$ get`r ngajdjg I1  gngu metnkfndanb naunm`s snkpne $,1 get`r.
2.$.&. +snk Fnsn
Ajbs`p nsnk fnsn mngnk inrknse p`btebl mngnk k`rnknganb ukgnd jfnt ynbl t`rejb mnb t`rs`rnp
 pnmn fnlenb tufud t`rt`btu. Ajbs`p nsnk fnsn uln f`rlubn mngnk k`rnknganb ajkpntefegetns
 p`bcnkpurnb jfnt subtea.
9ukus ynbl fensn melubnanb nmngnd 3
( Lnrnk )

&: nsnk  &: = &An O gjl
( Nsnk)
 ( Fnsn )
&: fnsn   &: = &An O gjl
( Lnrnk )
Mngnk k`b`btuanb p`rs`btns` t`rejbesnse mnpnt melubnanb mun cnrn 3
 9ukus
V#k#s #bt#a nsnk g`kn 
>??
 t`rejbesnse : ( pAn∖ pD )
> + >?
V#k#s #bt#a fnsn g`kn 
>??
 t`rejbesnse : ( pD ∖ pan )
> + >?

 9ug` ji ]dukf
Cbtua s`bynwn nsnk g`knd 3
 pD : pAn Ckukbyn 18  irnase t`rejbesnse
 pD : pAn E $ Ckukbyn I8  irnase t`rejbesnse
 pD : pAn E % Ckukbyn II  irnase t`rejbesnse
 pD : pAn E & Ckukbyn II,I  irnase t`rejbesnse
 pD : pAn E 2 Ckukbyn II,II  irnase t`rejbesnse

Cbtua s`bynwn fnsn g`knd 3

 pD : pAn Ckukbyn 18  irnase t`rejbesnse
 pD : pAn  $ Ckukbyn I8  irnase t`rejbesnse
 pD : pAn  % Ckukbyn II  irnase t`rejbesnse
 pD : pAn  & Ckukbyn II,I  irnase t`rejbesnse
 pD : pAn  2 Ckukbyn II,II  irnase t`rejbesnse

0jbtjd 3
$. 6`trjtr`asnt k`rupnanb jfnt ljgjblnb ebdefetjr nsnk ijgnt ynbl k`kegeae pAn 1,2 mnb f`rseint nsnk
g`knd. Mngnk t`rnpe, pnse`b dnrus k`kp`rtndnbanb pD ureb pnmn begne s`aetnr  nlnr k`trjtr`asnt
temna k`bl`bmnp me lebng. F`rnpn  irnase t`rejbesnse k`trjtr`asnt pnmn pD ureb me begne s`aetnr O
Hnwnf 3
M`blnb rug` ji tdukf mnpnt mernknganb fndwn pD :  k`kegeae s`gesed $ K % begne m`blnb pAn,
s`deblln fesn meantnanb I8 K II  s`bynwn k`trjtr`asnt mngnk f`btua t`rejb.

M`blnb p`rdetublnb 3
>??
 t`rejbesnse : ( pAn∖ pD )
> + >?
>??
 t`rejbesnse : ( 0,=∖ <)
> + >?
>??
 t`rejbesnse :
> + ?,?60
 t`rejbesnse : I,1 
 %. /i`mreb k`kegeae pAn I,2 mnb f`rseint fnsn g`knd. +pnfegn `i`mreb metnkfndanb a` mngnk gnrutnb
m`blnb pD ,2. F`rnpn  `i`mreb ynbl temna t`rejbesnseO
Hnwnf 3
M`blnb rug` ji tdukf mnpnt mernknganb fndwn pD : ,2 k`kegeae s`gesed % begne m`blnb pAn,
s`deblln fesn meantnanb II  `i`mreb mngnk f`btua t`rejb mnb $  mngnk f`btua temna t`rejb.

M`blnb p`rdetublnb 3
>??
 t`rejbesnse : ( pD ∖ pAn )
> + >?
>??
 t`rejbesnse : ( <,=∖ 5,= )
> + >?
>??
 t`rejbesnse :
> + ?,?>
 t`rejbesnse : II 
 temna t`rejbesnse : $88 K II : $ 
2.$.2. )jgnretns
Mngnk prnat`a a`inrknsenb, pjgnretns k`rupnanb suntu ncunb ubtua k`b`btuanb pnrtese jfnt
 f`rmnsnranb seint aekenbyn. 6esngbyn s`bynwn djrkjb c`bm`rubl g`fed f`rcnkpur m`blnb kebyna
mefnbmeblanb m`blnb ner. =`knaeb fnbyna lulus pjgnr #kesngbyn 3 JD, 0JJD, (D %', s`bynwn
t`rs`fut k`kegeae a`c`bmrublnb k`b`tnp pnmn ins` f`rner mnb pjgnretnsbyn nanb k`beblant.
Mngnk k`b`btuanb pjgnretns, melubnanb p`bm`antnb aj`iese`b pnrtese m`blnb rukus s`fnlne f`reaut 3
( Ajbs`btrnse S`bynwn Mnnk Ins` !rlnbea )
):
( Ajbs`btrnse S`bynwn Mnnk Ins` F`rner )
Aj`iese`b pnrtese ynbl s`rebl melubnanb mngnk inrknse nmngnd aj`iese`b pnrtese nppnr`bt (_ npp )%
M`blnb rukus s`fnlne f`reaut 3
)npp : ) 5 irnase tna t`rejb
ntnu
( Ajbs`btrnse S`bynwn Mnnk Ins` !rlnbea )
)npp :
( Ajbs`btrnse S`bynwn Mnnk Ins` F`rner )

0jbtjd 3
=`bynwn 5 k`rupnanb fnsn g`knd ynbl mef`reanb s`cnrn ebtrn-`bn. =`bynwn 5 k`kegeae pAn : I,2
m`blnb ) : @1. =`bynwn 5 a`kumenb menbngeses m`blnb cnrn k`blnkfeg 1 k snkp`g mnrnd mnb
me`astrnase m`blnb $8 k jatnbjg. F`rnpnand ajbs`btrnse s`bynwn 5 mngnk pgnskn. Mensukseanb pD
 pgnskn pnse`b nmngnd ,2 mnb mnre dnseg nbngeses s`bynwn 5 k`kegeae ajbs`btrnse s`f`snr &2 bl!k
mngnk jatnbjg.
Hnwnf3
4ubnanb rukus 3
>??
 t`rejbesnse : ( pD ∖ pAn )
> + >?
 >??
 t`rejbesnse : ( <,=∖ 5,= )
> + >?
>??
 t`rejbesnse :
> + ?,?>
 t`rejbesnse : II 
 temna t`rejbesnse : $88 K II : $ 
+tnu irnase tna t`rejb : 8,8$
)npp : ) 5 irnase tna t`rejb
)npp : @1 5 8,8$ : 8,@1
( Ajbs`btrnse S`bynwn Mnnk Ins` !rlnbea )
)npp :
( Ajbs`btrnse S`bynwn Mnnk Ins` F`rner )
3= bl / kG
)npp :
( Ajbs`btrnse S`bynwn Mnnk Ins` F`rner )
3= bl / kG
Ajbs`btrnse mngnk )gnskn :
?,90
Ajbs`btrnse mngnk )gnskn : 1%,&$ bl!k

2.%. Aeken +bngeses Ajb-`bsejbng

+bngeses aeken ajb-`bsejbng k`bllubnanb ngnt nbngeses s`m`rdnbn s`p`rte -jguk`tre mnb lrn-ek`tre.
F`reaut nmngnd f`f`rnpn k`tjm` ynbl s`rebl melubnanb 3
K`tj"` _rebse& A`t`rnblnb
4rn-ek`tre )`rf`mnnb fjfjt t`tnp snnt Ckukbyn pnmn nbngeses anmnr 
metekfnbl nfu mnb susut p`bl`reblnb
]etrnse F`fns +er 9`nase nsnk fnsn ynbl mnpnt +bngeses nsnk mnb fnsn g`knd
melnbllu jg`d nmnbyn ner 
 (etrek`tre 9`nase men?jtnse k`bekfuganb +bngeses betret mnb s`bynwn
 p`rufndnb wnrbn turubnb suginbegnkem
Ajkpg`asjk`tre 9`nase ajkpg`as nbtnrn /M]+ +bngeses gjlnk -ng`bse % mnb &
s`deblln k`bekfuganb wnrbn
]etrnse 9`mjas 9`nase r`mjas mngnk gnrutnb +bngeses s`rek`tre #0`',
 p`rknblnbjk`tre, ejmj
ejmek`tre
]etrnse )`bl`bmnpnb A`gnrutnb s`bynwn dnseg r`nase +bngeses nrl`btjk`tre ubtua 
ynbl kumnd k`bl`bmnp anmnr (n0g
+semengangek`tre 9`nase nsnk fnsn ynbl temna  +bngeses fnsn mnb nsnk aunt
melnbllu ner 

2.&. Aeken +bngeses >bstruk`btng

 +bngeses aeken ebstruk`btng k`bllubnanb ngnt nbngeses f`rupn ebstruk`b s`p`rte sp`atrjijtjk`tre,
arjkntjlrnie, mnb `g`atrjijr`ses. F`reaut nmngnd f`f`rnpn k`tjm` ynbl s`rebl melubnanb 3
6`tjm` )rebsep A`t`rnblnb
=p`atrjijtjk`tre )`by`rnpnb sp`atruk =p`atrjijtjk`tre C<<esef`g,
l`gjkfnbl cndnyn jg`d =p`atrjijtjk`tre >birnr`m
s`bynwn mngnk gnrutnb
Arjkntjlrnie npes ]epes )`kesndnb f`rmnsnranb Mnpnt melubnanb ins` bjrkng
 pjgnretns s`bynwn mnb #ins` l`rna bjbpjgnr mnb ins`
eantnb pnmn ins` l`rna  menk pjgnr' ntnu ins` t`rfngea
#ins` l`rna pjgnr mnb ins` menk
bjbpjgnr'
Arjkntjlrnie 4ns )`kesndnb f`rmnsnranb +pnfegn s`bynwn ynbl nanb
 p`rf`mnnb tetea memed mnb menbngeses susnd k`blunp
-jgntegetns s`bynwn megnauanb m`re-ntesnse
k`bllubnanb s`bynwn t`rt`btu
nlnr kumnd k`blunp
A0A] #D)0' )`kesndnb f`rmnsnranb Mnpnt melubnanb ins` bjrkng
 pjgnretns s`bynwn mnb #ins` l`rna bjbpjgnr mnb ins`
eantnb pnmn ins` l`rna  menk pjgnr' ntnu ins` t`rfngea 
#ins` l`rna pjgnr mnb ins` menk
bjbpjgnr'
/g`atrjijr`ses )`kesndnb f`rmnsnranb Fensnbyn melubnanb pnmn nbngeses
kuntnb gestrea s`bynwn nsnk nkebj mnb prjt`eb
mnb uaurnb kjg`aug

FNLENB ? INVKN%E %J%ENG MNB NMKEBE%]VN]EI

1.$. 6`kugne )rnat`a +pjt`a`r  
 =`t`gnd k`by`g`sneanb p`bmemeanb +pjt`a`r, npjt`a`r fnru nanb k`bmnpntanb =]9+, sukpnd
+pjt`a`r, s`rteieant ajkp`t`bse +pjt`a`r, mnb en?nd. +pnfegn npjt`a`r fnru nanb prnat`a me gunr ajtn
a`gugusnb dnrus k`blurus surnt gjgjs futud. +pjt`a`r ynbl nanb f`rprnat`a me p`gnynbnb dnrus
k`blurus =>)+ mnb +pjt`a`r ynbl nanb f`a`rn me insegetns prjmuase mnb mestrefuse dnrus k`blurus
=>A+. +pjt`a`r k`blnuanb p`kfuntnb =>)+ mnb =>A+ a`pnmn Mebns A`s`dntnb Anfupnt`b!Ajtn
m`blnb t`kfusnb a`pnmn Mebns A`s`dntnb )rj-ebse. =ynrnt p`kfuntnb =>)+ nmngnd k`gnkperanb
g`lngeser =]9+ mnb r`ajk`bmnse Jrlnbesnse )rji`se s`t` kpnt.

1.%.  _recebl 
)`b`tnpnb dnrln k`rupnanb dng ynbl p`btebl me mngnk prnat`a a`s`dnrenb inrknses. 6ugne mnre
 p`kfuntnb jfnt snkpne k`bung jfnt. F`reaut nmngnd cjbtjd p`b`btunb dnrln pnmn prnat`a inrknses.
n. )`kfuntnb jfnt
>bmustre inrknse _ ebleb k`kfunt serup pnrns`tnkjg m`blnb mjses %18 kl!1 k. =`tenp ange prjmuase
k`kfutudanb fenyn tjtng 9p $8.888.888 ubtua %888 fjtjg. F`rnpnand dnrln sntu fjtjg se rup
 pnrns`tnkjg mjses %18 kl!1 kO
)nmn ansus me ntns, mngnk k`b`btuanb dnrln p`r fjtjg mnpnt met`btuanb s`fnlne f`reaut 3
Fenyn "rjm#ase $jtn
Dnrln p`r fjtjg : E pnna p`rtnkfndnb begne
%#kn& "rjm#ase
 'p >?.??? .???  'p >?.??? .???
Dnrln p`r fjtjg : E #$8  5 '
6??? 6???
Dnrln p`r fjtjg : 9p 1.888 E 9p 188 : 9p 1.188

 f. )`bungnb jfnt me +pjt`a 

)nmn p`bungnb jfnt me +pjt`a, ukukbyn k`bllubnanb DH+ m`blnb rukus 3
DH+ : Dnrln ung E # a`bneanb 5 Dnrln ung'
F`rnpnand dnrln +ggjpurebjg $88 kl npnfegn sntu tnfg`t f`rdnrln 9p 188 mnb p`rs`b a`bneanb
nggjpurebjg $88 kl nmngnd %1 O
DH+ : 9p 188 E #8,%1 5 9p 188'
DH+ : $,%1 5 9p 188
DH+ : 9p @%1
1.&. 6nbn`k`b "nrknse
6nbn`k`b inrknse f`rijaus pnmn *rul +nbnl`k`bt Cycg` s`p`rte pnmn lnkfnr me fnwnd ebe 3