PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PROJECT

NAME : - shivam tyagi

CLASS : - Xii a

index
 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 FOOTBALL
 Introduction
 History
 Official rules
 Basic terminologies
 Ground
 Important personalities
 Bibliography

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
_________________________________________________________

Student of Class ___________________________ Roll

no______________________

Vagad Pace Global School, has successfully completed project on given topic:
_______________________________________________________________
___________

In the academic session 2019-2020 under the guidance of Physical Education

Teacher Mr. Rahul Singh

Submission Date:
Signature of Subject Incharge: Signature of Principal:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and the final outcome of this project

required a lot of guidance and assistance from
Teacher and we extremely fortunate to have got this
all along the completion of our assignment work.
 I respect and thank Physical Education teacher
(Mr.Rahul Singh) for giving us an opportunity to do
this project and providing us all the support and
guidance which made us complete the project on
time.
Most of all I thank our school management
and principal (Mrs. Monika Kapoor), for providing us
the facilities and opportunity to do this project.
Lastly, I would like to thank my school mates,
their support made this project fruitful.

FOOTBALL
 INTRODUCTION
Association football, more commonly known as football or
soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a
spherical ball. Itis played by 250 million players in over 200
countries, making it the world's most popular sport.
The game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The
object of the game is to score by using any part of the body besides the arms
and hands to get the ball into the opposing goal. The goalkeepers are the
only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in
play and then only in their penalty area.

Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may use
their head or torso to strike the ball instead. The team that scores the most
goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the
game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time
and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition.

The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football
Association in1863. Association football is governed internationally
by the International Federation of Association Football.

HISTORY
Two of the earliest recorded football type games from Europe
include Episkyros from Ancient Greece and the Roman
version Harpastum, which similar to pre-codified "Mob
Football" involved more handling the ball than kicking. Other competitive
games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in a few
countries throughout history, such as cujuin China. The modern rules of
association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to
standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public
schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least
the last century. The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge
University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of
subsequent codes, Including association football. The Cambridge Rules were
written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by
representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury
schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many
clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout
the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up
with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football
Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to formation
of a Sheffield FAin 1867. In1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham
School also devised an influential set of rules.
Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of
people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite
teams,
while billions more watch the game on television or on the internet.
A very large number of people also play football at an amateur
level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over
240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football.
Football has the highest global television audience in sport. In many
parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role
in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R.
Kapuscinski says that people who are polite, modest or even humble in
Europe fall easily into rage with playing or watching soccer games.
The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the
nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between
government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital
of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the
first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final
proximate cause for the Football Warin June 1969
between ElSalvadorand Honduras.
 OFFICIAL RULES
 A match consists of two 45 minutes’ halves with a 15-minute
rest period in between.
 Each team can have a minimum off 11 players (including 1
goalkeeper who is the only player allowed to handle the ball
within the 18-yard box) and a minimum of 7 players are
needed to constitute a match.
 The field must be made of either artificial or natural grass. The
size of pitches is allowed to vary but must be within 100-130
 yards long and 50-100 yards wide. The pitch must also be
marked with a rectangular shape around the outside showing
out of bounds, two six yard boxes, two 18 yard boxes and a
centre circle. A spot for a penalty placed 12 yards out of both
goals and centre circle must also be visible.
 The ball must have a circumference of 58-61cm and be of a
circular shape.
 Each team can name up to 7 substitute players. Substitutions
can be made at any time of the match with each team being
able to make a maximum of 3 substitutions per side. In the
event of all three substitutes being made and a player having
to leave the field for injury the team will be forced to play
without a replacement for that player.
 Each game must include one referee and two assistant
referee’s (linesmen). It’s the job of the referee to act as time
keeper and make any decisions which may need to be made
such as fouls, free kicks, throw ins, penalties and added on
time at the end of each half. The referee may consult the
assistant referees at any time in the match regarding a
decision. It’s the assistant referee’s job to spot off side’s in the
match (see below), throw ins for either team and also assist
the referee in all decision making processes where
appropriate.
 If the game needs to head to extra time as a result of both
teams being level in a match, then 30 minutes will be added in
the form of two 15 minute halves after the allotted 90
minutes.
 If teams are still level after extra time, then a penalty shootout
must take place.
 The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to constitute as a
goal.
 For fouls committed a player could receive either a yellow or
red card depending on the severity of the foul; this comes
 down to the referee’s discretion. The yellow is a warning and a
red card is a dismissal of that player. Two yellow cards will
equal one red. Once a player is sent off then they cannot be
replaced.
 If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in either of the side
lines, then it is given as a throw in. If it goes out of play off an
attacking player on the base line, then it is a goal kick. If it
comes off a defending player it is a corner kick.

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
Kick-of :
following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play.
Throw-in :
when the ball has crossed the touchline; awarded to opposing team to
that which last touched the ball.

Goal kick :
when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been
scored and having last been touched by a player of the attacking team;
awarded to defending team.

Corner kick :
when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been
scored and having last been touched by a player of the defending team;
awarded to attacking team.
Indirect free kick :
awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal “fouls, certain
technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution or
dismiss an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. A goal may not
be scored directly (without the ball first touching another player) from an
indirect free kick.

Direct free kick :

awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal “fouls.
A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick.

Penalty kick :
awarded to the fouled team following a foul usually punishable by a direct
free kick but that has occurred within their opponent’s penalty area.
Dropped-ball :
occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason, such as a
serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball
becoming defective.

GROUND
As the Laws were formulated in England, and were
initially administered solely by the four British football associations
within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were
originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express
dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional
units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use
traditional units in English-speaking countries with relatively recent
history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of100-
110 m (110-120 yd.) and the width is in the range of 64-75 m (70-80 yd.).
Fields for non-international matches may be 90-120 m (100-130 yd.) length
and 45-90 m (50-100 yd.) in width, provided that the pitch does not become
square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft.) long
and 68 m (223 ft.) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international
matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never
actually implemented. The longer boundary lines are touchlines, while the
shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines. A
rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line.

The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.32 m (8 yd.)
apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by
the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft.) above the ground. Nets are
usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.
In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the
goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd.) from the
goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd.) into the pitch
perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area
has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark
where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where penalty foul
by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by
penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball
or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner
kick.
 Important Personalities

David Beckham: David Robert Joseph Beckham, he is an

English former professional footballer. He played for
Manchester United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan,
LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain.

Lionel Messi: Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi is an Argentine

professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish
club FC Barcelona and the Argentina national team.

Wayne Rooney: Wayne Mark Rooney is an English

professional footballer who plays for and captains both
Manchester United and the England national team. He has
played much of his career as a forward, but he has also
been used in various midfield roles.
Cristiano Ronaldo: Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, is a
Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish
club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. He is a
forward and serves as captain for Portugal.

Maradona: Diego Armando Maradona is a retired Argentine

professional footballer. He has served as a manager and
coach at other clubs as well as the national team
ofArgentina.

Ryan Giggs: Ryan Joseph Giggs, OBE is a Welsh football

coach and former player who is the co-owner of Salford City.
He played his entire professional career for Manchester
United.
Thierry Henry: Thierry Daniel Henry is a French retired
professional footballer who played as a forward, and the
current second assistant manager of the Belgium national
team.

Kaka: Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite, commonly known as

Kaká or Ricardo Kaká, is a Brazilian professional footballer
who plays as an attacking midfielder for Orlando City SC in
Major League Soccer and the Brazil national team.
BIOLIOGRAPHY
 Wikipedia.com
 Google images
 Slideshare.com
 Skysports.in