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    Analytical Chemistry

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    Louisa Wong
    Analytical chemistry involves quantifying the amount of analyte present in a sample. Key concepts include molarity, molality, percent composition, parts per million and billion, and types of errors. Accuracy and precision are important metrics. Uncertainties in measurements must be propagated through calculations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Analytical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Louisa Wong
    304 views7 pages
    Analytical chemistry involves quantifying the amount of analyte present in a sample. Key concepts include molarity, molality, percent composition, parts per million and billion, and types of errors. Accuracy and precision are important metrics. Uncertainties in measurements must be propagated through calculations.

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    Analytical Chemistry

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    Analytical chemistry involves quantifying the amount of analyte present in a sample. Key concepts include molarity, molality, percent composition, parts per million and billion, and types of errors. Accuracy and precision are important metrics. Uncertainties in measurements must be propagated through calculations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    304 views7 pages

    Analytical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Louisa Wong
    Analytical chemistry involves quantifying the amount of analyte present in a sample. Key concepts include molarity, molality, percent composition, parts per million and billion, and types of errors. Accuracy and precision are important metrics. Uncertainties in measurements must be propagated through calculations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Analytical Chemistry

    Amount of substance = mole


    Mass = kilogram
    Molarity (concentration [c]) = mol L-1
    Minor species – solute (analyte) = what we are interested in
    Major species – solvent (solution)

    𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 (𝒏)


    Concentration (c) = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
    𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
    𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
    (𝒗)

    𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎)
    Amount (n) =
    𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝑴)

    𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔(𝒎)
    Density (d) =
    𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆(𝒗)

    Example:
    o Syrup contains 10mg codeine in 5mL syrup.
    o Tablet contains 10 mg codeine in 5g calcium lactate.
     Codeine molar mass = 299.4 g mol-1
     Syrup density = 1.636g mL-1

    1. Express the concentration of codeine in the syrup in mol L-1, g L-1 and mg g-1

    - You are given a syrup which has a mix of codeine (solute) and syrup (solution)
    - To find the concentration use c = amount of solute/mass of solution
    - To find out how much solute (codeine) is inside the syrup convert codeine into appropriate
    unit to match the molar mass thus switching mg to g:

    Concentration of codeine = amount of solute (n) / mass of solvent (v)

    Solve n for solute by: n = m/M


    Mass of codeine (m) = 10mg = 0.01 g
    Amount of codeine (n) = mass x Molar mass
    = 0.01g / 299.4 g mol-1
    = 3.34x10-5mol

    - Now find out the amount of solvent (syrup)

    Concentration of codeine = 3.34x10-5mol / mass of solvent

    Solve mass (v) for solvent by: density = m / v


    Mass of syrup (m) = density x volume of codeine
    Need to use mL here to get rid of
    Mass of syrup (m) = 1.636 g mL-1 x 5 mL
    the density mL unit
    = 8.180 g

    Volume of solvent (v) for syrup = 5mL = 0.005 L


    Need volume in L to solve everything
    in L-1 to answer question
    - Thus to answer the question for the concentration of codeine in the syrup:
     C = n/v
     For mol L-1 = 3.34x10-5 mol / 0.005L = 6.68x10-3mol L-1
     For g L-1 = 0.01g / 0.005 L = 2 g L-1
     For mg g-1 = 10 mg / 8.18g = 1.22 mg g-1

    2. Express the concentration of codeine in the tablet in mol kg-1, g g-1 and mg g-1

    - To find the concentration of the tablet use c = amount of codeine / mass of solvent
    - We already found concentration and amount, but we have a new mass of solvent

    Mass of solvent tablet = 5g = 0.005kg Need mass in kg to solve the


    question for mol kg-1

    - Thus to answer the question for the concentration of codeine in the tablet:
     C = n/v
     For mol kg-1 = 3.34x10-5 mol / 0.005kg
     For g g-1 = 0.01 g / 5g = 2x10-3g g-1
     For mg g-1 = 10 mg / 5g = 2mg g-1

    Problem 2: Seawater contains 2.7g of NaCl per 100mL.


    NaCl molecular weight = 58.5g mol-1
    Density of seawater = 1.38g mL-1

    1. Express the concentration of NaCl in seawater in mol L-1, g L-1 and mg g-1

    - Concentration of NaCl = amount of solvent (n) / mass of solution (v)

    Concentration of NaCl = n / v

    Solve n for solvent by: n = m / M


    n = 2.7g / 58.5 g mol-1
    = 0.046 mol

    Concentration of NaCl = 0.046 mol / v

    Solve v for solution by: density = m / v


    Mass of solution (v) = density x mass
    Mass (v) = 1.38g mL-1 x 100mL
    = 138g

    Volume = 100mL = 0.1 L

     For mol L-1 = 0.046 mol / 0.1 L = 0.46mol L-1


     For g L-1 = 2.7g / 0.1 L = 27g L-1
     For mg g-1 = 2700mg (converted from 2.7g) / 138g = 19.57mg g-1
    𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 (𝒎𝒐𝒍)
    Molality (m) = = ___ mol kg-1
    𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝒌𝒈)

    Molality is independent of temperature.

    Example:
    An aqueous solution of antifreeze contains 6.067mol L-1 ethylene glycol (Mr = 62.07g mol-1) and has
    a density of 1.046g mL-1.

    1. Find the mass of 1.0L of this solution and the mass of ethylene glycol.

    - Need to work out mass for solute.

    Solve m by: Amount of ethylene glycol (n) = mass of solute (m) / Molar mass (M)
    n=m/M
    Therefore m = n x M
    n = 6.067 mol L-1 (x 1L) = 6.067 mol
    Mass (m) = n x M
    Mass (m) = 6.067mol-1 x 62.07g mol-1
    = 376.6g

    - Need to work out mass for solvent (in this case total aqueous solution).

    Solve m by: Mass for solvent (m) = density (d) x volume (v)
    m=dxv
    m = 1.046g mL-1 x 1000 mL Converted from 1L in question
    m = 1046g

    2. Find the molality of ethylene glycol in this solution.

    - Subtract the mass of solute from mass of total solution to get mass of only aqueous product:

    1046g – 376.6g = 669.4g = 0.669kg

    - Put into molality equation:

    Molality (m) = moles of solute (mol) / moles of solvent aqueous solution (kg)
    Molality (m) = 6.067 mol / 0.669kg
    = 9.06mol kg-1
    𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
    Volume percent (vol%) = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
    𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

    Example:
    Find the molarity of 37 wt% of HCl. The density of HCl solution is 1.19g mL-1. Molar mass of
    HCl is 36.46g mol-1.

    - To find the molarity of HCl we use the equation:

    Molarity (n) = mass of HCl (m) / Molar mass of HCL (M)

    To solve for mass of HCl (n) in the total solution: density = mass / volume of total
    Volume = density x mass
    = 1.19g mL-1 x mass

    Assume for 1L of total solution so that means 1000mL of total solution mass.

    Thus… Volume of total solution = 1.19g mL-1 x 1000mL


    = 1190g

    - Therefore to solve m; we find 37% of the total volume solution to get ONLY the mass of HCl.

    37% x 1190g = 440.3g

    - To solve for molarity (n) = m / M


    = 440.3g / 36.46g mol-1
    = 12.07mol-1

    - Because the molarity unit is mol L-1; you must convert thus:
    12.07mol-1 x 1L = 12.07mol L-1

    Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb)

    𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
    𝒑𝒑𝒎 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
    𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆

    𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
    𝒑𝒑𝒃 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗
    𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆

    *No units are used because they will be cancelled out.

    - Because the density of dilute aqueous solution is 1.00 g mL-1, 1g of water is 1 mL of water

    1 ppm = 1 µg mL-1 = 1 mg L-1


    1 ppb = 1 ng mL-1 = 1 µl-1
    Example:

    Soil contains 2 mg of lead. Each kg of soil has concentration 2ppm (w/w). Thus:

    Mass of solute (lead) = 2 mg = 2 x 10-3 g


    Mass of sample (soil) = 1 kg = 1 x 10-3 g

    - Use equation:

    mass of substance
    ppm = x 106
    mass of sample

    2𝑥10−6
    = 𝑥 106 = 2ppm (w/w)
    1𝑥103

    Types of errors

    Systematic error – determinate errors (errors we know e.g. burrette)


    Constant in magnitude (bias)
    Removable by suitable calibration or correction

    Random error – indeterminate errors (experimental errors e.g. meniscus reading)


    Vary in magnitude and direction
    Can be minimized but not removed

    Blunders – e.g. misread scale

    Precision – reproducibility of a result

    Accuracy – how close the measured value is to the true value

    Uncertainties

    Absolute uncertainty (margin of uncertainty associated with a measurement)

    𝒆 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 … (for addition and subtraction)


    Example: Burette: 50.00 ± 0.02mL
    Titration: 16.88 ± 0.02mL

    Total = (50.00-16.88) ± ?

    Absolute uncertainty (?) =


    𝑒 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 …

    𝑒 = √0.022 + 0.022 = 0.028mL


    E = 15.14 ± 0.03 mL
    Relative uncertainty (relative uncertainty expressed as percentage)
    𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒚
    % Relative uncertainty = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
    𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

    % 𝒆 = √𝒂%𝟐 + 𝒃%𝟐 + 𝒄%𝟐 (for multiplication and division using relative


    uncertainty)

    Example: for previous question:

    0.03
    % relative uncertainty = 𝑥 100 = 0.1981 %
    15.14

    Example question for combining addition and subtraction


    An analyst weighs 5.0435 ± 0.0001g of paracetemol into a weighing bottle, empties the
    contents of the bottle into a 25.0 ± 0.01 mL volumetric flask and measures the weight of the
    empty weighing bottle as 0.0004 ± 0.0001 g. The flask is made up to the mark with methanol.
    Calculate the concentration of the solution in g mL-1.

    Concentration = 5.0435 ± 0.0001g

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