Crime Detection And Investigation

Fundamentals Of Criminal Investigation

Traffic Management And Accident Investigation
Drug Education And Vice Control
Organized Crime Investigation
Fire Technology And Arson Investigation
Special Crime Investigation

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Definition of Terms

Accident (Legal meaning) – an accident is any happening beyond the

control of a person the consequences of which are not foreseeable.
(There is no criminal liability in accident provided, the following
requisites or elements under the law must be satisfied;
1. performance of a lawful act
2. with due care
3. causes injury to another by mere accident
4. without any fault or intention of causing it

Articulated Vehicle - shall mean any motor vehicles with a trailer

having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailer rest
upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the
trailer and of its load is born by the motor vehicle.

Benz Patent-Motorwagen - (motorcar) built in 1886, is widely regarded

as the first automobile. It is a vehicle designed to be propelled by
an internal combustion engine.

Box Junction - is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent

congestion and gridlock at junctions. A road area at a junction marked
with a yellow grid, which a vehicle should enter only if its exit from
it is clear. Box junctions were introduced in UK during 1967,
following a successful trial in London.

Chain of Events – is the making up of accident or the link which

explains the occurrence of the accident and its components are present
in every accident.

Perception of hazard – is the point of sensory warning at

which the operator sensed the approaching hazard. The driver
may not comprehend or recognized the hazard in all of its
implications at this point of perception, but there was a
warning. The normal routine is perception, realization, or
recognition, decision, and action.

Possible Perception - is a link in the accident chain dealing

with the reaction of a normal person. Prompt perception occurs
when possible and actual perception are very close. Maximum
delayed perception occurs when actual perception is delayed
until impact shock alerts the driver..

Encroachment – is the movement of a vehicle into the path

assigned to the other traffic unit.

Evasive Action – is the first action taken by a traffic unit

to escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid the hazard.

Point of no escape – is that location and that time after or

beyond which an accident cannot be prevented by the driver or
pedestrian.

Initial Contact – it is the first accidental touching of an

object collided with by a traffic unit in motion.

Maximum Engagement – is the greatest collapse or overlap in a

collision.

Disengagement – is the separation of a traffic unit in motion

from an object with which it has collided.

Final Rest of Stopping – it usually stabilizes the accident

situation where both vehicles in a collision has ceases its
force, and stopping may occur with or without control by the
driver or pedestrian.
Classification of Road
1. National Road
2. Provincial Road
3. City Road
4. Municipal Road
5. Barangay Road
6. Private Road

Compressed Air Car - is an alternative fuel car that uses a motor

powered by compressed air. The car can be powered solely by air, or
by air combined (as in a hybrid electric vehicle) with gasoline,diesel,
ethanol, or electric plant.

Crosswalks - are designed to keep pedestrians together where they can

be seen by motorists, and where they can cross most safely across the
flow of vehicular traffic.

Defensive Driving – is an act of driving while preventing accidents

despite of the wrong actions of others aggravated by the existence
of adverse driving conditions. Which requires knowledge, alertness,
foresight, judgment and skill.

Ferdinand Verbiest - a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the

first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 which was of small scale and
designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor, that was unable to carry
a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first working
steam-powered vehicle.

Force Majure – is an inevitable accident or casualty, an accident

produced by any physical cause which is irresistible. In other words
it is an Act of Man, such robbery, fire, fault, negligence,
rebellion, etc.

Fortuitous Event – an event which takes place by accident and could

not have been foreseen. In other words it is an Act of God which
could neither be foreseen nor resisted, such as earthquake,
lightning, flood, and the like.
Francois Isaac de Rivaz - A French and Swiss national who invented a
hydrogen powered internal combustion engine with electric ignition and
described it in a French patent published in 1807. In 1808 he fitted
it into a primitive working vehicle the world's first internal combustion
powered automobile.

Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle - FCHV was developed by Toyota in 2005. The
vehicle is powered by the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
to power the motor driving the vehicle.

Geneva Convention on Road Traffic - September 19, 1949. Promotes the

development and safety of international road traffic by establishing
certain uniform rules.

Gottlieb Daimler - He invented the high-speed petrol engine.He is

also thought to have invented the first real motorcycle in 1885.

Gustave Trouve - In November 1881, Trouvé demonstrated a working

three-wheeled electric automobile at the International Exhibition of
Electricity in Paris.

Hit-and-run - is the act of causing (or contributing to) a traffic

accident (such as colliding with a person or a fixture), and failing
to stop and identify oneself afterwards. It is considered a crime in
most jurisdictions.

Characteristics of Hit-and Run Drivers

1. After living the scene, he dreads or frighten of being caught.
2. He may have left the accident scene because he was shocked,
injured, or intoxicated.
3. He may have been too confused to know he was doing.
4. He may have a long record of violations or accidents and
therefore a terrible fear of getting further involve with
the law.
5. More often, he fears financial loss specially if he does not
have liability insurance.
6. Hit-and run drivers do not have a establish method of
operation unlike criminals.
Imprudence – indicates deficiency of action. If a person fails to
take the necessary precaution to avoid injury to a person or damage
to property, there is imprudence. Imprudence usually involves lack
of skill.

Ivan Kulibin - a Russian mechanic and inventor, he developed in 1971

a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as
a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearings.

Karl Friedrich Benz - was a German engine designer and car engineer,
generally regarded as the inventor of the first automobile powered by
an internal combustion engine, and together with Bertha Benz,
pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.

Last Clear Chance - it means that the driver who is in the better
position to prevent the accident shoulders the responsibility of
preventing the accident. The last clear chance principle is always
applied in any traffic accidental investigation in order to justify
penalized the driver who was not defensive in its driving.

Lester Wire - a policeman in Salt Lake City, Utah. He developed the

first electric traffic light in 1912 which used red-green.

Macadam - is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer

John Loudon McAdam around 1820. The method simplified what had been
considered state of the art at that point. Single-sized aggregate layers
of small stones, with a coating of binder as a cementing agent, are
mixed in an open-structured roadway.

Mesopotamia - (Present Iraq) location of the oldest constructed roads

discovered to date. The stoned paved streets date back to about 4000 BC,
in the Mesopotamia cities of Ur and Babylon.

Milestone - The earliest road signs, giving distance or direction.

milestone is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road
or boundary at intervals of one mile or occasionally, parts of a mile.
They are typically located at the side of the road or in a median.

Motor Car Act 1903 - introduced registration of motor cars and

licensing of drivers in the United Kingdom and increased the
speed limit.

Motor Vehicle – shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other
than muscular power using the public highways, but exempting road
rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, bulldozers, graders,
fork-lifts, cranes, vehicles which runs only on rails or tracks,
tractors, trailers, and traction engine.

Negligence – indicates a deficiency of perception. If a person fails

to pay proper attention to use due diligence in foreseeing the injury
or damage impending to be caused there in negligence. Negligence
usually involves lack of skill.

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot - was a French inventor. He is known to have

built the first working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, the
world's first automobile.

Nikolaus August Otto - the German inventor of the first

internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a
piston chamber.

Paris - in 1964, first time that police women were used for traffic
control duties.

Pavement Markings – are markings on the roads and surfaces whereby a

message is conveyed by means of words or symbols, officially reflected
for the purpose of regulating, warning and guiding traffic.
May Indicate a Number of Things like
1. Where lanes are divided
2. Where you may pass other vehicles
3. Where you may change lanes or which lane to use for turns
4. Where pedestrian walkways are located
5. Where you may stop for traffic signs and traffic signals

Types of Pavement Markings

1. Curve Markings – are used to show where parking is legally
prohibited or not allowed, such Bus Stop, or in front of a
fire hydrant, drive way.
 2. Object Markings – are painted on fixed poles, and on vertical
ends of bridges and ports to avoid accidents.
3. Reflectorized Markings – are used to mark hazardous areas
and also used as delineators or road limits, these delineators
are aids especially during night driving, particularly when
the alignment of a road changes and might confused the
operator of the vehicle.
4. Striped Curb Markings – are markings used in traffic islands
in order to warn the driver of the traffic island on the road
and aids the motorist to its traffic lane.
5. Painted Crosswalk – are placed at intersections and other
places where there is considerable pedestrians traffic to
provide pedestrians with safety zones when crossing.
6. Broken White Lines – is used to define or separate traffic lanes.
It permits crossing from one lane to another if there is ample
passing distance, and if the opposing lane is clear of traffic.
7. Solid White Line – is used to separate opposing streams of
traffic. Crossing is unlawful except where ample distance
exists and where the opposing traffic lane is clear of traffic.
8. Solid Yellow Line – is your driving lane prohibits you from
passing other vehicles.
9. Double Yellow Line – indicates two way traffic; were crossing
of pedestrian and motorist is not allowed. It separates the
opposing flow of traffic.
10.Broken Yellow Lines – is a two way/highway which means no
overtaking or passing is permitted only when the road
ahead is clear.
11.Stop Line – it indicates where stop should be made.

PD 96 - A law declaring unlawful the use or attachment of sirens,

bells, horns, Whistles or similar gadgets that emit exceptionally
loud or startling sounds, including dome lights and other signalling
or flashing devices on motor vehicles.(January 13, 1973)

Excemptions - Motor Vehicles designated for official use by the

1. AFP
2. NBI
3. LTO
4. PNP
 5. BFP
6. Hospital Ambulances

Penalty
1. Confiscation - 1st offense
2. Imprisonment - 6 months and/or Fine. - 2nd and succeeding offenses.
3. Cancellation or Revocation or Certificate of Registration

PD 1911 - a law authorizing the disposal of of unclaimed recovered and

impounded carnapped motor vehicles.

This law provides that all carnapped or stolen motor vehicle,

recovered and impound by law enforcement agencies which after a
period of three (3) months from the date of its seizure/recovery
have remained unclaimed or whose real owners could no longer be
determined or established because the original numbers of the
motor engine or chassis numbers could no longer be determined and
restored, are considered as abandoned motor vehicles and shall be
sold and disposed of by the Chief PNP or his authorized
representative in a public auction.

In all cases before any public auction is effected, there shall

be published once a week for three (3) consecutive weeks in a
newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines or in the
place where it was recovered or found, a description of the motor
vehicles intended to be auctioned with a notice that after the
lapse of one month from the date of the last publication, should
no person file a claim for the recovery of the same, said motor
vehicles will be sold at public auction.

Pedestrian Crossing - is a place designated for pedestrians to cross

a road.

Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet - was a French engineer. He is widely

credited with establishing the first scientific approach to road building
about the year 1764. Proposed a method of construction relying on a
firm well-drained foundation of large rocks topped by progressively
smaller ones, forming a convex surface to make it more impervious to
water. He is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman
science to road building.

Places Where Parking is Prohibited

1. Within an intersection
2. On a crosswalk
3. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines.
4. Within four meters of the driveways entrance to any fire station.
5. Within four meters of a fire hydrant.
6. In front of a private driveway
7. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the curb
or edge of the highway.
8. At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting
parking.

PNP Highway Patrol Group - is an operational support unit of the PNP

in charged of anti-carnapping, highway robbery and hi-jacking incidents.
Formerly called Traffic Management Group. Traffic Management in
Metro Manila is managed by the MMDA.

Professional Driver – shall mean every and any driver hired or paid
for driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or
for public.

Categories of Drivers
1. Tourist
2. International Driver
3. Government
4. Professional
5. Non-professional
6. Student Permit

RA 4136 - the Land Transportation and Traffic Code.

RA 6539 - Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972. An act preventing and

penalizing carnapping.

Carnapping - is the taking, with intent to gain, of a motor

vehicle belonging to another without the latter's consent, or
by means of violence against or intimidation of persons, or by
 using force upon things.

Road Intelligence – Unusual points of serious congestion must be noted.

Note and report unnecessary delay at stop signs or signals which are
installed when traffic is heavier. Note and report congestion that ties
up traffic for a block or more.

Skid Marks - are marks caused by tires on roads which occur when a
vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of
the road.

Importance of Skid Mark In Traffic Accident Investigation

- Skid marks can be analyzed to find the maximum and minimum
vehicle speed prior to an impact or incident.

Kinds of skid Marks

1. Pavement Grinding – is the collection of many fine scratches
and some larger one form by particles of gritty materials
such as stone, gravel, glass and sometimes bit of metal
embedding itself in the rubber of the tire or in the thread
pattern and being ground or scored against the road surface.
2. Tire Grinding – is the collection of particles of rubber
ground from the tire surface by gritty paving, especially
before the tire gets hot enough smear. It occur on hard,
dry, granular surfaces, particularly weathered or new but
not traffic-polished cement.
3. Erasing – is a clean light area where a sliding tire had
erased or removed dirt from the pavement. Erasing is most
likely to be found on traffic-polished concrete road.
4. Squeeze Mark – are areas where a sliding tie rubs moisture
of the surface in its path. It occurs on some kind of surface
as erasing except that the surface is wet.
5. Smear of Soft Material – materials such as snow, mud, or
debris usually wet smooth or spread by a sliding tire. It
occurs on road covered with snow, or mud.
6. Smear of Bituminous Material – is excess asphalt or tar,
usually warm which spread by a sliding tire this occurs in
pavement patches and joints in very warm weather and else
where when there is an excess of tar or asphalt bleeding to
 the surface.
7. Tire Smear – is a rubber melted from the tire rather than
material melted from the road by a sliding tire.
8. Scrub of Tire during Collision – collision of cars usually
cause the wheel to jam and prevents it from turning. If the
vehicles are moving there will be a heavy scrubbing action
between tire and road surface.
9. Furrow – is a ploughed depression made by a sliding tire with
material piled-up on each sides and usually at the end. If
the soil is smooth and sticky, there may be soft material
smear in the bottom of the rut.

Types of Ending Skid Mark

1. Overlapping Skid mark – occurs when the rear wheels track on
top of the front wheel marks in sliding.
2. Front Wheel Marks – are in long skids on hard pavement with
bituminous binders. Front wheels skid marks in which most of
the mark is at edge of the tire.
3. Rear Tire Marks – are relatively faint because of lesser
weight on the tire in slowing. They may show thread grooves
when the front tire marks do not.
4. Flat Tire Scuffs – will leave marks by a scrubbing action
even without application of brakes due to overload.
5. Gaps in Skid marks – are interruptions in skid marks made by
release of brake pressure and its reapplication.
6. Skip Skid – are skid marks that are broken or interrupted
without brakes being release.
7. Curb in Skid marks – are usually gentle slides toward the
edge of the road which is simply downhill.

Sources of Power In Transportation

1. Man Power
2. Animal Power
3. Water and Air Power
4. Petroleum Fuel
5. Bi-fuel, bio gas, and Ethanol fuel
6. Hydrogen
7. Electric
Registration Classification of Vehicles
1. Private
2. For Hire
3. Government
4. Diplomatic

Scuff Marks – are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or
scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.

Types of Scuff Marks

1. Decelerating Scuff – are left while the vehicle is slowing
by braking effort and tires are both sliding and rolling.
2. Accelerating Scuff – are left by a wheel driven by the
engine and spinning on the ground.
3. Side Scuff – are scuff marks left by a tire that is free to
rotate without braking or power the sliding sideways, these
are usually left by a vehicle steering around a curb and
also in collision.
4. Combination Scuff – are combination of slide with either
decelerating or accelerating scuffs.
5. Flat Tire Scuff – are marks lefts on the road by the edges
of under-inflated or greatly overloaded tires. They are
usually smear of rubber, a flat tire rolls it become a very
hot specially at the edges where the pressure is greatest.
6. Scrub of Tire – during collision it is much the same when
the wheel is rotating as when it is locked.
7. Furrows – by a rotating and sliding wheel are little different
than one with a locked wheel.

State of Necessity – there is state of necessity even if the injury

to a person results in his death, because self-preservation always
makes the actor feel that his own safety is greater than that of
another.
Elements or requisites under the law
1. the evil sought to avoided actually exists ;
2. the injury feared be greater that that done to avoid it;
3. that there is no other practical and less harmful means of
preventing it.
Thomas Telford - a Scottish civil engineer, architect and stonemason,
and a noted road, bridge and canal builder. he was dubbed The Colossus
of Roads, and, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering
in the early 19th century. He was elected as the first President of
the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Timeline - History of Transportation

3500 BC - Fixed wheels on carts are invented - the first wheeled
vehicles in history. Other early wheeled vehicles include the
chariot.
- River boats are invented - ships with oars

2000 BC - Horses are domesticated and used for transportation.

181-234 - The wheelbarrow is invented.

770 - Iron horse shoes improve transportation by horse.

1492 - Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about

flying machines - with over 100 drawings that illustrated his
theories on flight.

1620 - Cornelis Drebbel invented the first submarine - a human

oared submersible.

1662 - Blaise Pascal invents the first public bus - horse-drawn,

regular route, schedule, and fare system.

1740 - Jacques de Vaucanson demonstrates his clockwork powered

carriage.

1783 - First practical steam boat demonstrated by Marquis

Claude Francois de Jouffroy d'Abbans - a paddle wheel steamboat.

1783 - The Montgolfier brothers invent the first hot air balloons.

1787 - Steamboat invented.

1769 - First self-propelled road vehicle invented by Nicolas

Joseph Cugnot.

1790 - Modern bicycles invented.

1801 - Richard Trevithick invented the first steam powered

locomotive (designed for roads).

1807 Isaac de Rivas makes a hydrogen gas powered vehicle -

first with internal combustion power - however, it is an
unsuccessful design.

1807 - First steamboat with regular passenger service - inventor

Robert Fulton's Clermont.

1814 - George Stephenson invents the first practical steam

powered railroad locomotive.

1862 - Jean Lenoir makes a gasoline engine automobile.

1867 -First motorcycle invented.

1868 - George Westinghouse invents the compressed air locomotive

brake - enabled trains to be stopped with fail-safe accuracy.

1871 - First cable car invented.

1885 - Karl Benz builds the world's first practical automobile

to be powered by an internal combustion engine.

1899 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin invents the first successful

dirigible - the Zeppelin.

1903 - The Wright Brothers invent and fly the first engined
airplane.

1907 - Very first helicopter - unsuccessful design.

1908 - Henry Ford improves the assembly line for automobile

manufacturing.
 1908 - Hydrofoil boats co-invented by Alexander Graham Bell &
Casey Baldwin - boats that skimmed water.

1926 - First liquid propelled rocket launched.

1940 - Modern helicopters invented.

1947 - First supersonic jet flight.

1956 - Hovercraft invented.

1964 - Bullet train transportation invented.

1969 - First manned mission (Apollo) to the Moon.

1970 - First jumbo jet.

1981 - Space shuttle launched.

Traffic – is a movement of vehicles along a route where passengers

and cargoes are carried by transportation.

Elements of street and highway traffic

1. The road user
2. The vehicle and its load
3. The road.

Police officers main functions in Traffic

1. Police traffic directions
2. Police traffic law enforcement
3. Police traffic accident investigation.

Traffic Accident - (traffic Collision) occurs when a vehicle collides

with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other
stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole.

Elements of traffic accident

1. The vehicle involved
2. The highway
3. The road user.

Causes of Traffic Accident

1. Direct Causes – the direct causes of an accident are
observable by witness and participants, or may be constructed
from physical evidence found at the scene. Since a direct cause
relates to the action of the human part of the traffic unit
concerned it is a behavior cause. Usually only four direct
causes are considered in accident investigation;
a. Initial Behavior - Any movement, position, or failure
to signal intent to make a traffic maneuver that creates
a dangerous situation and is either hazardous, illegal,
improper, or unusual may be initial behavior of a nature
justly term a direct cause of an accident.
b. Speed – Too fast for conditions is the direct cause of
many accidents.
c. Delayed Perception – is inattention to the major task
of operating a motor vehicle, and occurs when the driver
is distracted by conversation with other occupants of
the car, lighting a cigarette or cigar, looking at a
roadway or the scenery, or glancing at occupants of
nearby vehicles.
d. Faulty Evasive Action – Faulty evasive action always
occurs after perception and is the reaction of a
driver or pedestrian to a hazardous situation on
the highway.
2. Mediate and Early Causes – These mediate and early causes of
an accident are also termed condition causes in formalized
accident investigation procedure. A mediate cause of an
accident occurs between the early and the direct causes in
the time span leading to the accident, but it has a closer
relationship to the direct cause than to the early causes.
A mediate cause should not be listed unless it explains the
direct cause of an accident. A mediate cause of an accident
is an irregular or unusual condition of a vehicle, the road,
the weather, or of a road user (driver or pedestrian) that
explains on of the four direct causes of an accident: initial
behavior, speed, delayed perception and faulty evasive action.
3. Early Causes - An early cause of an accident results from the
act of any individual, or the failure to act by any person,
which creates conditions leading to the chain of events
making up an accident.

Early cause of an accident - is an act or negligence on the

part of an individual or an organization which causes or
permits a mediate cause to exist.

Traffic Accident Analysis

1. Condition of the motor vehicles involved in the accident;
2. Condition of the drivers at the time of the accident;
3. Load of the vehicle;
4. Weather condition;
5. Characteristics of the road, which involves the design
condition, and inhabitants of the place of accident
6. Presence or absence of traffic sign and its condition.
All these factors must considered in order to fully uncover
the reasons of the accident, and thereby provide a factual
bases in coming-up with a traffic prevention program and
traffic plans and programs.

Key Events in a Traffic Accident

Key Event – means the one which characterizes the manner of

the occurrence of the traffic accident. It determines the
time, place, and type of accident.

1. Point of Possible Perception – is the place and time at which

the unusual or unexpected movement or condition could have
been perceive by a normal person.
2. Delay in Perception or Perception Time – it is the time
between the point of possible perception and actual
perception.
3. Prompt Perception – is the perception of hazard which is
actually nearly the possible accident.
4. Maximum Delayed Perception – occurred when the traffic unit
does not sense a hazard until he hits another vehicle.
 5. Point of No Escape – is the place and time after or beyond
which the accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit
under consideration.
6. Point of Impact – is used to mean as the point of initial
contact, sometimes it is considered the point of maximum
engagement or center of force.
7. Final Position – is the place and time when the object
involved in the accident finally come to rest without
application of power.

Traffic Actuated Signal – is controlled by an individual using his

hands in signaling the flow of traffic wherein traffic shall proceed
in accordance with the desire of the individual controlling the
flow of traffic.

Traffic Code - (also motor vehicle code) refers to the collection of

local statutes, regulations, ordinances and rules that have been
officially adopted by countries to govern the orderly operation and
interaction of motor vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians and others upon
the public (and sometimes private) ways.

Traffic Education – comprises all means for public information and the
safety education of both drivers and pedestrians as to traffic laws
and the use of traffic facilities and an adequate training programs in
traffic control throughout the police unit.

Traffic Engineering - is a branch of civil engineering that uses

engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of
people and goods on roadways.

Functions of Traffic Engineering

1. Fact finding surveys and recommendation of traffic rules and
regulations.
2. Supervision and maintenance to the application of traffic
control devices.
3. Planning of traffic regulations.

Objectives of traffic Engineering

1. To achieve efficient, safe, free and rapid flow of traffic.
 2. To prevent traffic accidents and casualties.
3. To present the role of traffic engineering in reducing the
needs for police action and simplifying police performance.
4. To show that good police action and performance makes
engineering plans effective.

Traffic Investigation - Objective

1. Securing facts upon which to base an accident prevention program;
2. Determining whether or not laws have been violated, gathering
evidence which will reveal the road user responsible for the
accident, and taking on-the-scene police action; and
3. Ascertaining the facts so that those involved in accidents can
properly exercise claims under our Civil Law.

Traffic Island - a small raised area in the middle of a road which

provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division
between two opposing streams of traffic.

Kinds of Traffic Islands

1. Divisional and or Pedestrian Barrier
2. Channelizing Island
3. Refuge Island
4. Rotary Island

Traffic laws - are the laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles,
while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that
may have developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely
flow of traffic.

Traffic Law Enforcement – comprises all police activities in connection

with the direction of traffic, regulation and education of drivers,
determine potential offenders, constant patrol, giving of assistance
in the prosecution of offenders, investigation of accidents, follow-up
complaints, requesting police action, warning, summoning or arrest of
violators, reporting of road hazards and obstruction.

Traffic Enforcement Action

1. Detection
2. Apprehension
 3. Prosecution
4. Adjudication
5. Penalization

Enforcement action is usual limited to:

1. Verbal or written warning;
2. Summon or citation requiring the offender to appear in court;
3. Arresting traffic violators for traffic violations not attended
4. Suspension or revocation of license;
5. Payment of fines or civil damages, and;
6. Prosecution of criminal offenses in relation to traffic.

Traffic lights - a set of automatically operated coloured lights,

typically red, amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road
junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts.

Traffic Light Signals – is a power operated traffic control device

by which traffic is warned or directed to take some specific actions.

Light: Flashing Red

1. This is the same as STOP SIGN.
2. STOP at the designated line.
3. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”
4. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
5. PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.

Light: Flashing Yellow

1. This is the same as a YIELD SIGN.
2. Proceed through the intersection with caution.
3. You have the right of way over a flashing RED light.
4. Vehicles on the other side will proceed to a FULL STOP.

Light: Steady Green and Steady left/Right Arrow

1. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left lane can make
a left turn.
2. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make
a right turn.
3. The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have a road sign
disallowing a right turn while the RED lights is On
Traffic Management – it comprises all public surfaces , facilities
and agencies having responsibility for licensing, approving,
maintaining and controlling the flow of traffic and the use of traffic
facilities.

Traffic Patrol – Traffic patrol refers to the observation

of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers and other users of
vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement
and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the public.

Purpose of Traffic Patrol

1. Deterrent to violations and dangerous driving.
2. Detecting and apprehending violators.
3. Observing and reporting traffic conditions.
4. Observing and reporting road conditions, including view
obstruction which needs attention.
5. Providing certain services to the public.

Types/Kinds of Traffic Patrol

1. Line Patrol – Conducts observation either in moving or
stationary observation at a certain route or point of a major
street in a city.
2. Area Patrol – Conduct observation either by moving patrol or
stationary observation in a certain area, which included a
number of streets roads or sections of a highway.
3. Stationary Observation – Observation of traffic conditions
of a selected place, usually one with unfavorable accident
experiences for traffic law supervision. Stationary observation
may be conspicuous, visible or concealed, depending upon the
location of the patrol unit in relation to the street under
observation.
4. Conspicuous Observation – Stationary observation in which
the observer remains in full review of traffic conditions.
5. Visible Observation – Stationary observation in which observer
is full view but so located, for example, at Side Street, so
as to require effort on the part of traffic users to discover
the observer.
6. Concealed Observation – Stationary observation in which the
 observer is not visible to persons using ordinary power of
observation form the roadway being observed.

Traffic Signs – a device mounted on a fixed or portable means of words

or symbols, officially created and installed for the purpose of
regulating, warning and guiding traffic.

Types of Traffic Signs

1. Regulatory Signs - are intended to inform road-users of
special obligations, instructions or prohibitions which must
comply. A round shape is used for regulatory signs with
exception of stop and yield signs.
2. Warning Signs - are intended to warn road-users of danger on
the road and to inform them of its nature. These signs have
an equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal.
3. Guide or Informative Signs - are intended to guide road-users
while they are traveling or to provide them with other useful
information.

Types of Guide Signs

1. Route markings – is usually found on highways composed of
several lanes which are going into different direction.
2. Destination and distance signs – is usually erected on
highway informing the motorist as to the number of kilometers
and at which way to take going to its place of destination.
3. Information signs – is usually erected on highway which
informs the motorist of the establishments in the era, such
hospitals, restaurants, restrooms, hotels, and other
establishments which provide services to motorist.

Transfer Evidence – it is an evidence found at the accident scene

that will connect to the suspected vehicle and with the crime scene.
 DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL
Definition of Terms

1875 - in San Francisco California, enacted an ordinance which banned

the smoking of opium in opium dens.

1919 - the prohibition of alcohol commenced in Finland.

1920 - the prohibition of alcohol commenced in the United States.

1974 - the Inter Agency Committee on Drug Prevention Education was

created and played vital role in the integration of drug abuse
prevention concepts in social actions programs.

1979 - the first International non-governmental organization conference

was held in Jakarta, Indonesia, followed by the second which was held
from November 3 to 8, 1980 at Manila. After the second conference, the
Philippine council of Non-Governmental Organization was organized.

1988 - the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotics

Drugs and Psychotropic Substances was held further bolstering anti
drug laws.

Addiction - A person has an addiction when he becomes dependent on or

craves a drug and believes he needs the drug to live. All an addicted
drug user can think about is getting the next dose after getting high.

Classification of Commonly Used Drugs

Psychoactive Drugs - These are often described as a psychotropic
(mind affecting) or mind altering drugs. It is a chemical substance
that changes ones thinking, feelings, perceptions and behaviors.
a. Depressants - they are drugs that affects the central nervous
system causing it to relax.

Common Types of Depressants

1. Narcotics - refers to any drugs which produces insensibility,
stupor, melancholy or dullness of mind with delusion and
which may be habit forming.
2. Barbiturates - drugs that affect the central nervous system
 causing sedation.
3. Tranquilizers - are drugs which relieves uncomfortable
emotional feelings by reducing anxiety and promoting
relaxation.
4. Alcohol - fermented or distilled liquids or drug
containing ethanol and intoxicating substances.
5. Solvents and Inhalants - volatile liquids that give off a
vapor, which is inhaled producing short term excitement
and euphoric followed by a period of disorientation. Its
effect includes nausea, sneezing, coughing, nose bleeds,
fatigue,lack of coordination and loss of appetite.

b. Stimulants - chemical substances that generally speed up

central nervous system function, resulting in alertness and
excitability.

Common Types of Stimulants

1. Cocaine - a natural stimulants derived from the plant
erythroxylon coca.
2. Methamphetamine/Amphetamine - man made stimulants drugs.
3. Caffeine - a stimulant found in coffee.
4. Nicotine - an addictive substance usually obtained from
cigarette smoking.

c. Hallucinogen/Psychedelics - sometimes known as “all rounder's”

and “mind expanders” these drugs affects the person
perceptions, awareness, emotions and can also cause
hallucinations as well as illusions.

Common Types of Hallucinogens

1. Marijuana
2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
3. Ecstacy
4. PCP, Psilocybin mushroom and peyote

Cocaine - is a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite

suppressant, giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric
sense of happiness and increased energy. It is a quick acting drug
whose effects are rapid from the time of intake. It is legally used
in medicine as a topical anesthetic, specifically in the eye, nose and
throat surgery. It is a crystallinetropane alkaloid that is derived
from the leaves of the coca plant known as “Erythroxylon”

Alexander Bennet - he discovered the first medical use of

cocaine in 1873 as anesthetic.

1879 - cocaine was used to treat morphine addiction.

1884 - cocaine was introduced into clinical use as anesthetic.

in Germany.

1970 - cocaine gained popularity as a recreational drug.

Medellin and Cali Cartel - were founded in Colombia to meet the

new demand for cocaine. The Cali Cartel became the number one
cocaine trafficker after the death of Pablo Escobar.

Pablo Escobar - the founder of the Medellin Cartel who was

killed by the police in late 1993.

Chemicals – is any substance taken into the body, which alters the
way, the mind and the bodywork.

Chemical Abuse – is an instance when the use of a chemical has

produced a negative or harmful consequence.

Codeine - Methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic,

anti-tussive and anti-diarrheal properties. It is marketed as the
salt codeine sulfate and codeinephosphate. It is also often used
as recreational drugs. This is primarily because of its easy
availability over the counter or on prescription in combination
of products.

Dangerous Drugs - are those that have high tendency for abuse and
dependency, these substances may be organic or synthetic, and pose
harm to those who use them.

Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 - marked the government assurance to strict

policy against drug abuse. The act was subsequently amended through
Presidential Degree No. 44. Dangerous Drug Board was created to
implement the provisions of the Dangerous Drug Act as the national
policy making body and deal with other related matters on drug abuse
prevention and control.

Dangerous Drugs Board - is the policy making and strategy-formulating

body, under the office of the President, in the planning and
formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control.

The late President Ferdinand E. Marcos, organized the Dangerous

Drugs Board on November 14, 1972 under the Office of the President.

National Agencies Forming Part of the Dangerous Drugs Board

1. DOH - Department of Health
2. DSWD - Department of Social Welfare and Development
3. DECS - Department of Education, Culture and Sports
4. DOJ - Department of Justice
5. DND - Department of National Defense
6. DOF - Department of Finance
7. DILG - Department of the Interior and Local Government
8. DOLE - Department of Labor and Employment
9. DFA - Department of Foreign Affairs
10.CHED - Commission on Higher Education
11.NYC - National Youth Commission
12.PDEA - Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

Permanent Consultants of the DDB

1. Director of the NBI
2. Chief of the PNP

Two Regular Members of the DDB

1. President of the IBP - Integrated Bar of the Philippines
2. Chairman or President of a non-government organization
involved in dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by
the President of the Philippines.

Oplan Iwas Droga - is the national flagship program on drug

abuse prevention launched by the DDB in 1995.
 Barkada Kontra Droga - is a peer-based program designed as a
preventive education and information strategy to counter the
dangers and disastrous effects of drug abuse. It aims to empower
individuals to be catalysts within their peer groups in
advocating healthy, drug-free lifestyles through involvement
in various wholesome activities.

IDADIN - Integrated Drug Abuse Data and Information Network.

- is an online drug data pooling and collection system that
allows better management and assessment of the over-all drug
demand and supply reduction efforts undertaken by the
government.

DDB-DIAL - (DDB Drug Information Action Line) is an action

center created to receive reports and complaints related to
drug abuse as well as to provide relevant information and
assistance to the public.

KID Listo - is a mascot created to stand as an icon or

representation of the drug abuse prevention program. KID
means Kalaban ng Ilegal na Droga. It was brought to different
schools and communities all over the country to promote the
anti-drug advocacy.

5 Pillar Global Drug Control Approach

1. Drug Supply Reduction
2. Drug Demand Reduction
3. Alternative Development
4. Civic Awareness and Response
5. Regional and International Cooperation

Dangerous Drugs Board Certification - is issued to attest that

substance/s manufactured or imported by companies are not included in
the list of dangerous drugs and controlled precursors and essential
chemicals.

Certificate of Exemption - is issued to exempt products or

preparations containing dangerous drugs and/or controlled
 substances that are below and above the 30% threshold from
certain regulatory control measures.

Dependency - is the state of physical and psychological dependence,

or both, on a dangerous drug, or drugs, experienced by a person
following the use of that substance on a periodic or continuous basis.

Depressant - A depressant is a drug that slows a person down. Doctors

prescribed depressants to help people be less angry, anxious, or
tense. Depressants relax muscles and make people feel sleepy or like
their head are stuffed.

Drugs - are chemicals that affect a person in such a way as to bring

about physiological, emotional, or behavioral change.

Drug Abuse - is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the

user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are
harmful to themselves or others. Drug abuse exists when a person
continually uses a drug other than its intended purpose. This continued
use can lead to drug addiction and dependency.

General Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuse

1. Unexpected changes of behavior
2. Significant deterioration of grooming
3. Continually wear long sleeve clothing to hide injection marks
4. Wearing of sunglasses in appropriate time.
5. Weight loss not attributed to proper physical exercises.
6. Association with persons who are known drug abusers
7. Unusual spending of money

Drug Addiction – a state of periodic or chronic (continuous)

intoxication (drunk) detrimental to individual and to the society
produced by the repeated consumption of drugs.
- Drug addiction refers to the behavioral condition where
an individual’s need to obtain and use (especially, self-administer)
drugs becomes a strong fixation.
- Drug addiction is a complex, and often chronic,
brain disease. It is characterized by excessive drug craving, seeking,
and use. Addiction is caused by brain changes caused by constant
drug use.

Drug Dependence - A state of psychic or physical dependence, or both

on dangerous drugs, arising in a person following administration or
use of a drug on a periodic or continuous basis.
- Drug dependence describes the state when an
individual is dependent upon the drug for normal physiological
functioning.

Drug Experimenter - One who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses

any narcotics substances, marijuana or dangerous drugs as defined not
more than a few times for reasons of curiosity, peer pressure or
other similar reasons.

Drug Syndicate - it is a network of evil. It is operated and manned

by willful criminals who knowingly traffic human lives for the money.
Large sum of money, they can make in their illegal and nefarious trade.
The set results of their commerce are physical and mental cripples,
ruined lives, even agonizing death.

Ecstacy - In 1912 MDMA or Methylenedioxymetamphetamine was developed

in Germany as an appetite depressant by the pharmaceutical company
Merck. During the late 1970 psychiatrists and psychologist used the
drugs as treatment for emotional and psychological disorders. Among
the youth users referred it as the “sex drugs”. In its purest form
it is crystalline substance white powder with mastic odor.

Enabling - is any action taken by a concerned person that removes or

softens the negative effect or harmful consequences of drug use upon
the user. Enabling only makes thing worse. It is like fighting
fire with gasoline.

Facility Based/Treatment Based Data - are data gathered from the

residential and out-patient treatment and rehabilitation centers in
the Philippines.

Hallucinogen - A hallucinogen is a drug, such as LSD, that changes a

person's mood and makes him see, hear, or think things that aren't
really there. Hallucinogens change the way a person feels time,
making it seem to slow down. As the name implies, hallucinogens may
cause hallucinations - this is when people think they see or hear
imaginary people or things.

Harrison Act - passed in 1914, which required sellers of opiates and

cocaine to procure license. Originally intended to require paper trails
of drug transactions between doctors, drug stores and patients, it
soon became a prohibitive law.

Hashish - It is the dark brown resin that is collected from the tops of
potent Cannabis Sativa. It is at least five times stronger than crude
marijuana. Since it is stronger, the effect on the user is more intense,
and the possibility of side effects is greater. Placing the crude plant
material in a solvent makes it. The plant materials then filtered out
and the solvent is removed, yielding a gummy, resinous substance.

Heroin - is also known as Diacetylmorphine, is a semi synthetic opioid.

It mimics endorphins and creates a sense of well being upon entering
the bloodstream usually through intravenous injection. It is widely
used as a illegal drug for its intense euphoria, which often disappears
with increase tolerance.

High - A high is the feeling that drug users want to get when they
take drugs. There are many types of high, including a spacey feeling,
euphoria, or a feeling that a person has “special powers”, such as
the ability to fly or see into the future.

Lebanon - also became the transit country for cocaine from South America
to illicit drugs markets.

Marijuana - obtained from an Indian hemp plant known as “Cannabis Sativa”

a strong, handy ,annual shrub which grows wild in temperature and
tropic regions. A mind altering substance produced from cannavis sativa,
it is used because its primary active chemical Tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC) induces relaxation and heightens the senses.

Cannabis is prepared for human consumption in different forms:

1. Marijuana or Ganja - the leaves and flowering tops of female
plants.
 2. Hashish or Charas - a concentrated resin composed of glandular
trichomes and vegetative debris that has been physically extracted
usually by rubbing, sifting or with ice.
3. Kif or Kief - the chopped flowering tops of female cannabis
plants, often mixed with tobacco,Moroccan hashish produced
in the Rif mountains.Sifted cannabis trichomes consisting of
only the glandular heads often incorrectly referred to as
“Crystals or Pollen”.
4. Bhang - a beverage prepared by grinding cannabis leaves in
milk and boiling with spices and other ingredients.
5. Hash Oil - an oily mixture resulting fromchemical extraction
or distillation of theTHC- rich part of the plant.
6. Budder - hash oil whipped to incorporate air, making it
more like butter.

Methods/Apparatus in Smoking Marijuana

1. The Joint
2. The Blunt
3. The Hookah
4. The Bong - is a tube with a small bowl at the end of a
thinner tube inserted throughthe side near the base.
5. The Waterfall
6. The Pipe
7. The Shotgun
8. The Chillum
9. The One Hitter or Bat - is a contrivance that allows the
small amount of cannabis to be burned and inhaled in a
single breath.

Middle East - the Bec ka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the

biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East.

Morphine - is a strong opiate analgesic drug and is the principal

active agent in opium. It acts directly on the central nervous system
relieving pain. It is claimed to be six (6) times more potent than
opium. It is administered into the body by means of injection. It is
used legally as an analgesic in hospital setting to relieve pain
after surgery and pain associated with trauma.
Most Commonly Used/Abused Substances In The Philippines
1. Methamphetamine hydrochloride (Shabu)
2. Cannabis Sativa or Marijuana
3. Inhalants (Contact Cement)

Motbok - an alcohol rationing system with personal ration record book

employed by Sweden from 1914 to 1955.

Narcotics - is any drug that produces sleep or stupor and relieves

pain due to its depressant effect on the central nervous system. A
term narcotic comes from the Greek word for sleep “Narkotikos".

Opium - Obtained from a female poppy plant known as “Papayer Somniferum”.

It comes from the Greek word which means “juice”. It is the original
components of Morphine and Heroin. It was known to be cultivated in
lower Mesopotamia long ago as 3400 BC. In De Medicina (30 AD), Aulus
Cornelius Celsus specified various uses for “Poppy Tears” as an
emollient for painful joints and anal crevices, in anodynes pills
promoting relief of pain through sleep.

Opium Preparation - The smoking of opium does not involve the

burning of the material as might be imagined. The prepared opium
is indirectly heated to temperature at which active alkaloids,
mainly Morphine, are vaporized.

Opium Chemical Properties and Physiological Effects - Opium

includes two groups of alkaloids: Phenanthrenes(including
Morphine and Codeine) and Benzylisoquinolines
(including Papaverine).

Opium Medical Uses - Opium has been a major commodity of trade

for centuries, due to the fact that it has long been used as a
pain killer and sedative.

Presidential Proclamation No.1192 - declared the 2nd week of November

as Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Week, and celebrated every year.

Physical Dependence - An adaptive state caused by repeated drug use

that reveals itself by development of intense physical symptoms when
the drug is stopped (withdrawal syndrome).

Polydrug Abuse - Many people who abuse on drug tend to take all sorts
of drugs. Some play chemical “Russian roulettes” by taking everything
including unidentified pills. This is called polydrug abuse.

Psychological Dependence - An attachment to drug use which arises from

a drug ability to satisfy some emotional or personality need of an
individual. (Physical dependence not required but it does not seem to
reinforce psychological dependence.

RA 9165 - commonly known as The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of

2002. It took effect on July 4, 2002.

Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) - continues as policy making body

and it formed the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
as the led agency in the enforcement of the law under the office
of the President.

The new law abolished the National Drug Law Enforcement and
Prevention Coordinating Center, the PNP Narcotics Group, the
NBI Narcotics Unit and the Customs Narcotics Interdiction Office.

Establishing the proper intelligence network has been inherent

task given by the law to PDEAin coordination with the following
support units:The PNP AIDSOTF, the NBI AIDTF, the Customs Task
Force in Dangerous Drugs and Controlled Chemicals along with
other government and non-government entities dedicated to curb
the drug problem.

National Strategies Against Dangerous Drugs

1. Supply Reduction Strategy - which refers to the concept of
keeping the drugs away from the potential drug users.

Intended Programs
a. Law Enforcement
b. Amendments of the Law

2. Demand Reduction Strategy - refers to the concept of keeping the

 potential users awayfrom drugs.

Intended Programs
a. Preventive Education
b. Sports Development
c. Moral and Spiritual Values Recovery
d. Treatment and Rehabilitation

3. International and Local Cooperation/Coordination - refers to

an effective and efficient cooperation and coordination of all
local and international agencies of the government.

Intended Programs
a. Joint Training and Exercises
b. Intelligence Networking
c. Interdiction Operation

Rehabilitation - is a dynamic process directed towards the changes

on the health of the person to prepare him from his fullest life
potentials and capabilities, and making him law-abiding and productive
member of the community without abusing drugs.

Shabu - Methamphetamine was discovered in Japan in 1919. This

crystalline powder is solute in water making it an ideal drug for
injection. During world War II, the drugs was used as stimulants for
combat soldiers. After the war it was regarded as a cure all for
treatment in mild depression and a good weight control substance.
In the mid 80’s it was introduced in the Philippines and has gained
popularity not only in urban areas but rural communities as well. It
is also regarded as poor man’s cocaine.

Stimulant - A stimulant speeds up a person's body and brain.

Stimulants, such as methamphetamines, have the opposite effect of
depressants. Usually stimulants make a person high energetic. When
the effects of a stimulant wear off, a person will feel tired
or sick.

Tetrahydrocannabinol - (THC) It is the psychoactive agent of marijuana.

The more THC present in marijuana, the more potent is the drug. It is
also known as the “sinister element” in marijuana. This is what causes the
“high lift” or “trip” in marijuana users.

The Golden Crescent

1. Afghanistan
2. Pakistan
3. Iran
4. India

The Golden Triangle of Drug Trafficking

1. Laos
2. Thailand
3. Burma

Tolerance - it is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same

effect.

Treatment – Is a medical service rendered to a client for the effective

management of hit total conditions related to drug abuse. It deals
with the physiological without abusing drugs.

Withdrawal Period - From the point of habituation or drug dependence

up to the time a drug dependent is totally or gradually deprived of
the drug.

Organized Crime Investigation Reviewer

Definition of Terms:

Al-Qaeda - is a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama

bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam and several other militants in Peshawar,
Pakistan. If translated, al-qaeda means the base.
 ORGANIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION REVIEW QUESTIONS

Alex Boncayao Brigade - is a Manila-based death squad that assassinated

dozens of people on the orders of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
It was formed in 1984. It formally split with the NPA in 1991.

Hashim Salamat - Chairman and founder of the MILF Moro Islamoc Liberation
Front. He passed away in 2003. MILF was formed in 1977.

Hukbalahap - It was an anti-Japanese guerrilla movement formed by the

peasant farmers of Central Luzon. In 1946, the organization rebelled
against the government.

Jihad - a war or struggle against unbelievers.

Mujahid - a person engaged in jihad.

Nur Misuari - is a Moro revolutionary, politician, founder and former

leader of the Moro National Liberation Front.

Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas - the original communist party of the

Philippines. It was established on November 7, 1930.

FIRE TECHNOLOGY AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

3 State of matter

Solid
Liquid
Gas

4 General Categories Of Heat Energy

Chemical Heat Energy

Electrical Heat Energy
Mechanical Heat Energy
Nuclear Heat Energy
Backdraft - a phenomenon in which a fire that has consumed all available
oxygen suddenly explodes when more oxygen is made available, typically
because a door or window has been opened.

Boiling Point - The temperature of a substance where the rate of

evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation.

British Thermal Unit - (BTU) The amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one pound of water one degree F.

Calorie - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one

gram of water one degree Centigrade.

Centigrade - (Celcius) On the Centigrade scale, zero is the melting

point of ice; 100 degrees is the boiling point of water.

Chemical Heat Energy

Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the

combustion (oxidation) process.

Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from decomposing

compounds. These compounds may be unstable and release
their heat very quickly or they may detonate.

Heat of Solution - The heat released by the mixture of matter

in a liquid. Some acids, when dissolved, give off sufficient
heat to pose exposure problems to nearby combustibles.

Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic substance

without the addition of external heat. Spontaneous heating
occurs most frequently where sufficient air is not present
to dissipate the heat produced. The speed of a heating
reaction doubles with each 180 F (80 C) temperature increase.

Classification of Fires

Class A Fire - Fires involving ordinary combustible materials,

 such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics.

Class B Fires - Fires involving flammable liquids, greases

and gases.

Class C Fires - Fires involving energized electrical equipment.

Class D Fires - Fires involving combustible metals, such as

magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and potassium.

Class K Fires - Class K is a new classification of fire as

of 1998 and involves fires in combustible cooking fuels such
as vegetable or animal fats.

Combustion - is the self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a

fuel being reduced by an oxidizing agent along with the evolution of
heat and light.

Dry Chemicals and Halons - method of fire extinguishment, interrupt

the flame producing chemical reaction, resulting in rapid extinguishment.

Electrical Heat Energy

Dielectric Heating - The heating that results from the action

of either pulsating direct current, or alternating current
at high frequency on a non-conductive material.

Heat from Arcing - Heat released either as a high-temperature

arc or as molten material from the conductor.

Heat Generated by Lightning - The heat generated by the

discharged of thousands of volts from either earth to cloud,
cloud to cloud or from cloud to ground.

Induction Heating - The heating of materials resulting from

an alternating current flow causing a magnetic field influence.

Leakage Current Heating - The heat resulting from imperfect

or improperly insulated electrical materials. This is
 particularly evident where the insulation is required to
handle high voltage or loads near maximum capacity.

Resistance Heating - The heat generated by passing an

electrical force through a conductor such as a wire or
an appliance.

Static Electricity Heating - Heat released as an arc between

oppositely charged surfaces. Static electricity can be
generated by the contact and separation of charged surfaces
or by fluids flowing through pipes.

Endothermic Heat Reaction - A chemical reaction where a substance

absorbs heat energy.

Exothermic Heat Reaction - A chemical reaction where a substance

gives off heat energy.

Fahrenheit - On the Fahrenheit scale, 32 degrees is the melting point

of ice; 212 degrees is the boiling point of water.

Fire point - The temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce

vapors sufficient to support combustion once ignited. The fire point
is usually a few degrees above the flash point.

Fire Triangle - Oxygen, Fuel, Heat

Fire National Training Institute - (FNTI) the Institution for training

on human resource development of all personnel of the Bureau of Fire
Protection (BFP).

Flame - A gas-phased combustion.

Flammable or Explosive Limit - The percentage of a substance in air

that will burn once it is ignited. Most substances have an upper
(too rich) and a lower (too lean) flammable limit.
Flashover - an instance of a fire spreading very rapidly across a gap
because of intense heat. Occurs when a room or other area becomes
heated to the point where flames flash over the entire surface or area.

Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel gives

off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with the air near
the surface. At this temperature, the ignited vapors will flash, but
will not continue to burn.

Fuel - is the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the

combustion process. Material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned
to produce heat or power.

Fuel Removal - method of fire extinguishment, fire is effectively

extinguished by removing the fuel source. This may be accomplished by
stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel
in the path of the fire or allow the fire to burn until all fuel
is consumed.

Glowing Combustion - A condensed phased combustion.

Heat - the quality of being hot; high temperature. A form of energy

arising from the random motion of the molecules of bodies, which
may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.

Heating - is transfer of energy, from a hotter body to a colder one,

other than by work or transfer of matter.

Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the combustion

(oxidation) process.

Heat Transfer

Conduction - Conduction is the transfer of energy through

matter from particle to particle. Heat may be conducted from
one body to another by direct contact of the two bodies or
by an intervening heat-conducting medium.

Convection - is the transfer of heat by the actual movement

 of the warmed matter. Transfer of heat by the movement of
air or liquid.

Radiation - Electromagnetic waves that directly transport

energy through space.

Ignition Temperature - The minimum temperature to which a fuel in air

must be heated in order to start self-sustained combustion independent
of the heating source.

Heat - The form of energy that raises temperature. Heat is measured

by the amount of work it does.

Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from decomposing compounds.

These compounds may be unstable and release their heat very quickly or
they may detonate.

Heat of Solution - The heat released by the mixture of matter in a

liquid. Some acids, when dissolved, give off sufficient heat to pose
exposure problems to nearby combustibles.

Mechanical Heat Energy

Frictional Heat - The heat generated by the movement between

two objects in contact with each other.

Friction Sparks - The heat generated in the form of sparks

from solid objects striking each other. Most often at least
one of the objects is metal.

Heat of Compression - The heat generated by the forced

reduction of a gaseous volume. Diesel engines ignite fuel
vapor without a spark plug by the use of this principle.

Nuclear Fission and Fusion - The heat generated by either the

splitting or combining of atoms.

Oxidation - The complex chemical reaction of organic material with

oxygen or other oxidizing agents in the formation of more stable
compounds.

Oxidizing Agents - are those materials that yield oxygen or other

oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction.

Oxygen Dilution - is the reduction of the oxygen concentration to

the fire area.

Phases of Fire

Incipient Phase (Growth Stage)

Free-Burning Phase (Fully Developed Stage)
Smoldering Phase (Decay Stage)

Products of Combustion

Fire gases
Flame
Heat
Smoke

Pyrolysis (also known as thermalde composition) - is defined as the

chemical decomposition of matter through the action of heat.

RA 6975 - created the BFP.

Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) - administers and enforces

the fire code of the Philippines. The Fire Bureau shall
have the power to investigate all causes of fires and, if
necessary, file the proper complaints with the city or
provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case.

Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is Director.

Deputy Chief for Administration of the Fire Bureau - 2nd

highest officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.

Deputy Chief for Operation of the Fire Bureau - the 3rd

highest officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
Chief of Directorial Staff of the Fire Bureau - 4th highest
officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.

Directors of the Directorates in the respective national

headquarters office - rank is Senior Superintendent.

Regional Director for Fire Protection - The BFP

shall establish, operate and maintain their respective
regional offices in each of the administrative regions of
the country. Rank is Senior Superintendent.
- He/She shall be respectively assisted by the
following officers with the rank of superintendent:
Assistant Regional Director for Administration,
Assistant Regional Director for Operations, and
Regional Chief of Directorial Staff.

Assistant Regional Director for Fire Protection - The

assistant heads of the Department's regional offices - rank
is Senior Superintendent.

District Fire Marshall - the heads of the NCR district offices -

rank is Senior Superintendent.

Provincial Fire Marshall - the heads of the provincial offices -

rank is Superintendent.

District Fire Marshall - heads of the district offices - rank

is Chief Inspector.

Chief of Municipal/City Fire Station - (also called City/

Municipal Fire Marshall) - the heads of the municipal or
city stations - rank is Senior Inspector.

Fire Station - at least one in every provincial capital, city

and municipality.

LGU - (Local Government Unit) - shall provide the site of the

Fire Station.
RA 9263 - this Act shall be known as the "Bureau of Fire Protection
and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004.

The BFP is headed by a Chief to be assisted by 2 deputy chief, 1

for administration and 1 for operation, all appointed by the
President upon recommendation of DILG Secretary from among
qualified officers with at least the rank of Senior Superintendent
in the service.

In no case shall any officer who has retired or is retirable

within six (6) months from his/her compulsory retirement age
be appointed as Chief of the Fire Bureau or Chief of the
Jail Bureau.

The Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau
shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4) years.

The President may extend such tour of duty in times of war

or other national emergency declared by Congress.

RA 9514 - this act shall be known as the fire code of the Philippines
of 2008. An Act establishing a comprehensive fire code of the
Philippines repealing PD 1185 and for other purposes.

Specific Gravity - the density of liquids in relation to water.

Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic substance without

the addition of external heat. Spontaneous heating occurs most
frequently where sufficient air is not present to dissipate the
heat produced.

Temperature Reduction - method of extinguishing fire, cooling the fuel

with water to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.

Vapor Density - the density of a particular gas or vapor relative

to that of hydrogen at the same pressure and temperature.
Definition of Terms Under RA 9514

Abatement - Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.

Administrator - Any person who acts as agent of the owner and ma nages
the use of a building for him.

Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and

oxidizer used to set off explosives.

Cellulose Nitrate or Nitro Cellulose - A highly combustible and

explosive compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a
cellulose material.

Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic substance,

materials or compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro cellulose)
as base.

Combustible, Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials

that are easily set on fire.

Combustible Fiber - Any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such
as cotton, oakum, rags, waste cloth, waste paper, kapok, hay, straw,
Spanish moss, excelsior and other similar materials commonly
used in commerce.

Combustible Liquid - Any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8

C (100 F).

Corrosive Liquid - Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with
organic matter or with certain chemicals.

Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive

materials attached to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof
trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments
so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.

Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a

result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop
in temperature of the immediate surroundings.

Damper - A normally open device installed inside an air duct system

which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.

Distillation - The process of first raising the temperature in separate

the more volatile from the less volatile parts and then cooling and
condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly purified
substance.

Duct System - A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.

Dust - A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the
proper proportion and ignited will cause an explosion.

Electrical Arc - An extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage

of an electric current across a space between two conductors or
terminals due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.

Ember - A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has

partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames.

Finishes - Materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental

or protective purposes.

Fire - The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat

and light of combustion.

Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn

easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.

Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or

system to warm the occupants of the building or fire fighting
elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to
undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress
the fire.

Fire Door - A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire

separation walls or partitions.

Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may cause an

increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which
may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations
and the safeguarding of life and property.

Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept
opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient operation of
fire fighting units.

Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - Any device intended for the
protection of buildings or persons to include but not limited to
built-in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic
extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion
products and other warning system components, personal protective
equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves and other
garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves
during fire.

Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and installation of walls,

barriers, doors, windows, vents, means of egress, etc. integral to and
incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger
to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is
evacuated. These features are also designed to achieve, among others,
safe and rapid evacuation of people through means of egress sealed
from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room or
floor of origin and de lay their spread to other parts of the building
by means of smoke sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and floors.
It shall also me an to include the treatment of buildings components
or contents with flame retardant chemicals.

Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which any material gives off
vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.

Forcing - A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing

its shape or dimensions.

Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by

percussion.

Hazardous Operation/Process - Any act of manufacturing, fabrication,

conversion, etc., that uses or produces materials which are likely
to cause fires or explosion.

Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to another or through

or around a wall in approximately the same floor level.

Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment
are stored and arranged for fire fighting.

Hose Reel - A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a

fire hose is wound and connected.

Hypergolic Fuel - A rocket or liquid propellant which consist of

combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously on
contact with each other.

Industrial Baking and Drying - The industrial process of subjecting

materials to heat for the purpose of removing solvents or moisture
from the same, and/or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a
uniform glazing the surface of materials being treated.

Jumper - A piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a

safety device in an electrical system.

Occupancy - The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is

used or intended to be used.

Occupant - Any person actually occupying and using a building or

portions thereof by virtue of a lease contract with the owner or
administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.

Organic Peroxide - A strong oxidizing organic compound which

releases oxygen readily. It causes fire when in contact with
combustible materials especially under conditions of high temperature.

Overloading - The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices

which draw or consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity
of the existing electrical system.

Owner - The person who holds the legal right of possession or title
to a building or real property.

Oxidizing Material - A material that readily yields oxygen in

quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion.

Pressurized Or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - Type or burner where

the fuel is subjected to pressure prior to discharge into the
combustion chamber and/or which includes fans or other provisions for
the introduction of air at above normal atmosphere pressure into the
same combustion chamber.

Public Assembly Building - Any building or structure where fifty (50)

or more people congregate, gather, or assemble for any purpose.

Public Way - Any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed

from the ground to the sky, deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently
appropriated for public use.

Pyrophoric - Descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously

when exposed to air.

Refining - A process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are

removed from a mixture in order to produce a pure element of compound.
It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.

Self-Closing Doors - Automatic closing doors that are designed to

confine smoke and heat and delay the spread of fire.

Smelting - Melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to

separate impurities from pure metals.

Sprinkler System - An integrated network of hydraulically designed

piping installed in a building, structure or area with outlets
arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water
when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire.
Standpipe System - A system of vertical pipes in a building to which
fire hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which
water is made available to the outlets as needed.

Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors

and the interior parts of a house or building.

Vertical Shaft - An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends

from floor to floor, as well as from the base to the top of the
building.

SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION REVIEWER

Definition of Terms

Admission - Any statement of fact made by a party which is against

his interest or unfavorable to the conclusion for which he contends
or inconsistent with the facts alleged by him.

AFIS - Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is a biometric

identification (ID) methodology that uses digital imaging technology
to obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data.

Amateur Intermittent Offender - These types of robbers view themselves

as lifetime robbers and commits infrequent robbery offenses, often
recklessly.

Armed Robbery - This involves the use of weapons such as firearm, a

knife or other dangerous weapons.

Animus Lucrandi - means intent to gain, in Robbery.

Bienes Muebles - in Robbery, means personal property belonging

to another.
Arrest - The legal taking of a person into a custody in order that
he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.

Arrest Warrant - An order in writing issued in the name of the

Philippines commanding or directing a peace officer to arrest the
person described therein and brings it before the court.

The warrant of arrest is to be served within a statutory

period of 10 days.

The warrant of arrest validity continues unless:

1. Recalled by the issuing court
2. The respondent has been arrested
3. Respondent voluntary submitted himself

Arson - An act of willfully and maliciously damaging or destroying a

building or other property by fire or explosion.

Autopsy - known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, autopsia

cadaverum, or obduction, is a highly specialized surgical procedure
that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to determine the
cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that
may be present.

Accused - A person who’s case was forwarded to the office of the

prosecutor and filed in court.

Baseline - a method of locating object, particularly useful in in

large, irregularly shaped outdoor areas.

Confession - An express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal

prosecution of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charged,
while admission refers to statements of fact not directly constituting
an acknowledgment of guilt.

Corpus Delicti - Latin for the “body of the crime”.

Crime - A generic term referring to many types of misconduct

forbidden by law.
Crime Scene - A venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event
has been committed.

Criminal - A person who is convicted by final judgment.

Criminalist - The officer responsible for recording a crime scene and

recognizing and preserving physical evidence.

Criminal Investigation - The collection of facts in order to accomplish

the three-fold aims – to identify the guilty party, to locate the guilty
party and to provide evidence of his (suspect) guilt.

Criminal Investigator - A well-trained, disciplined and experienced

professional in the field of criminal investigation.

Criminal Law - One that defines crimes treats of their nature and
provides for their punishment.

Crime Scene - The geographical area where the crime was committed.

Crime Scene Sketch - A simple diagram that creates a mental pictures

of the scene to those who are not present.

Rough Sketch - The first pencil-drawn outline of the scene

and the location of objects and evidence within this outline.

DNA Profiling - (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic

fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist
in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles.

DNA Fingerprinting - is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic

information, called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), of a person's cells.

Early Techniques of Crime Investigation

Archimedes (287–212 BC) invented a method for determining the
volume of an object with an irregular shape.

Book of Xi Yuan Lu - The first written account of using medicine

 and entomology to solve criminal cases.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele - he devised in 1773 a method for detecting

arsenous oxide, simple arsenic, in corpses.

Henry Goddard - at Scotland Yard pioneered the use of bullet

comparison in 1835.

Alphonse Bertillon - was the first to apply the anthropological

technique of anthropometry to law enforcement, thereby creating
an identification system based on physical measurements.

Sir William Herschel - was one of the first to advocate the use
of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects.

English Constable - early recorded professional criminal investigator.

Evidence - The means by which facts are proved.

Forcible Rape - Sexual intercourse carried out against a person’s will

by the use of physical violence.

Four Basic Techniques That Can Be Used To Measure A Crime Scene

1. Rectangular/Coordinate System
2. Baseline/Station Line
3. Triangulation/Trilateration
4. Azimuth/Polar Coordinates

Azimuth - uses polar coordinates. This method requires two

people; one to hold each end of a tape measure. This type of
measuring convention is best suited for large open areas where
there might not be any fixed reference points. A known starting
point must be established in your scene which might require
pounding in a stake. That point is located by using a handheld
GPS (global positioning system). A large protractor or some
other type of board marked with a circle and degree increments
is used. The zero location on the board is oriented toward
magnetic north.
 Triangulation - is a method that can be used when the scene
is irregularly shaped. Two control points are used for this
method.

Highgrading – selling

Information - The general term referring to the knowledge acquired

by criminal investigator from various sources. Data gathered by an
investigator from other persons including the victim himself and
other sources.

Instrumentation - The application of instrument and method of physical

science in the detection and investigation of crime.

Interview - The simple friendly questioning of people who have the

information officially needed by investigators.

Interrogation - The vigorous or aggressive questioning of person

suspected of having committed an offense or a person who is reluctant
or willing to make a full disclosure of information in his possessions,
which is pertinent to the investigation of a criminal case.

Investigation - The collection of basic facts establishing that a crime

has been committed and that some other person is responsible thereof.

Kastle–Meyer Test - is a presumptive blood test, first described in

1903, in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect
the possible presence of hemoglobin.

Miranda Doctrine - The principle on the rights of a suspect against

forced self-incrimination during police interrogation.

Modus Operandi - Methods of Operation, Modes of Operation, Manner of

committing the crime.

Murder-Suicide - An act in which an individual kills one or more other

persons immediately before or at the same time as him or herself.

Phenomena - A circumstance, event or occurrence as it actually

exists or existed.

Photography - The most reliable means of preserving the crime scene

or evidence.

Political terrorists - The use of force or the fear of force to achieve

a political end.

Power-Reassurance Rapist - The rapist who psychologically doubt his

masculinity and seeks to dispel this doubt by exercising power and
control over women.

Professional Robber - This characterized as having a long-term

commitment to crime as a source of livelihood, planning and organizing
crimes before committing them and pursuing money to support a particular
lifestyle.

RA 7438 - An act defining certain rights of person under custodial

investigation.

RA 8353 - The Anti-Rape Law of 1997.

RA 9514 - The Fire Code of the Philippines.

Rectangular - a method of obtaining measurement to locate an object

by making a measurement at right angles from each of two walls. Works
well for indoor measurements.

Special Crime Investigation - The investigation of cases that are

unique and often require special training to fully understand their
broad significance.

Spectrometry - modern detection method of alcohol and drugs.

Suspect - A person arrested for a crime.

Terrorism - The unlawful use of threat of violence against person or

property to further political or social objectives.
Three Fold Aim of Criminal Investigation
1. Identify the Perpetrator
2. Locate the Perpetrator
3. Provide Evidence

Triangulation - method of locating object where measurements are taken

from two fixed points at the scene to the object you desire to locate.