Marvin Capili

BSBA-OM II
PE 4
Assignment (Basketball history)

The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield,

Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less
injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew
very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the
world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game
followed. The American National Basketball Association(NBA), established in 1946, grew
to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an
integral part of American culture.
Invention of the game
The game of basketball as it is known today was created by Dr. James Naismith in
December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold
months. It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for
the new game. He divided his class of eighteen into two teams of nine players each and
set about to teach them the basics of his new game. The objective of the game was to
throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym
balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so the janitor could bring
out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets were
removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield, Massachusetts, on
March 11, 1892.
There were only thirteen rules of "basket ball":

1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
3. A player cannot run with the ball, the player must throw it from the spot on
which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when
running at good speed.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands, the arms or body must not be
used for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or striking in any way the person of an
opponent shall be allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall
count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if
there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no
substitute.
6. A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3 and 4, and such as
described in rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for opponents.
 8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from grounds into the
basket and stays there. If the ball rests on the edge and the opponent moves
the basket it shall count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played by
the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it
straight into the field. The "thrower-in" is allowed five seconds. If he holds it
longer it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the
umpire shall call a foul on them.
10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls, and notify the
referee when three consecutive fouls have been made.

11. The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in
play, in-bounds, and to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall
decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other
duties that are usually performed by a referee.
12. The time shall be fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rests between.
13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In the
case of a draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until
another goal is made.
The Rules
Basketball is a team sport. Two teams of five players each try to score by shooting a ball
through a hoop elevated 10 feet above the ground. The game is played on a rectangular
floor called the court, and there is a hoop at each end. The court is divided into two main
sections by the mid-court line. If the offensive team puts the ball into play behind the mid-
court line, it has ten seconds to get the ball over the mid-court line. If it doesn't, then the
defense gets the ball. Once the offensive team gets the ball over the mid-court line, it can
no longer have possession of the ball in the area in back of the line. If it does, the defense
is awarded the ball.
Basketball Court 1

The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. The team with
the ball is called the offense. The team without the ball is called the defense. They try to
steal the ball, contest shots, steal and deflect passes, and garner rebounds.

When a team makes a basket, they score two points and the ball goes to the other team. If
a basket, or field goal, is made outside of the three-point arc, then that basket is worth
three points. A free throw is worth one point. Free throws are awarded to a team according
to some formats involving the number of fouls committed in a half and/or the type of foul
committed. Fouling a shooter always results in two or three free throws being awarded the
shooter, depending upon where he was when he shot. If he was beyond the three-point
line, then he gets three shots. Other types of fouls do not result in free throws being
awarded until a certain number have accumulated during a half. Once that number is
reached, then the player who was fouled is awarded a '1-and-1' opportunity. If he makes
his first free throw, he gets to attempt a second. If he misses the first shot, the ball is live
on the rebound.

Each game is divided into sections. All levels have two halves. In college, each half is twenty
minutes long. In high school and below, the halves are divided into eight (and sometimes,
six) minute quarters. In the pros, quarters are twelve minutes long. There is a gap of
several minutes between halves. Gaps between quarters are relatively short. If the score is
tied at the end of regulation, then overtime periods of various lengths are played until a
winner emerges.

Each team is assigned a basket or goal to defend. This means that the other basket is their
 scoring basket. At halftime, the teams switch goals. The game begins with one player from
either team at center court. A referee will toss the ball up between the two. The player that
gets his hands on the ball will tip it to a teammate. This is called a tip-off. In addition to
stealing the ball from an opposing player, there are other ways for a team to get the ball.

One such way is if the other team commits a foul or violation.

Fouls and Violations

FOULS

Personal fouls: Personal fouls include any type of illegal physical contact.

 Hitting
 Pushing
 Slapping
 Holding
 Illegal pick/screen -- when an offensive player is moving. When an offensive player sticks
out a limb and makes physical contact with a defender in an attempt to block the path of
the defender.

Personal foul penalties: If a player is shooting while a being fouled, then he gets two free
throws if his shot doesn't go in, but only one free throw if his shot does go in.

 Three free throws are awarded if the player is fouled while shooting for a three-point goal
and they miss their shot. If a player is fouled while shooting a three-point shot and makes it
anyway, he is awarded one free throw. Thus, he could score four points on the play.

 Inbounds. If fouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the team the foul was committed
upon. They get the ball at the nearest side or baseline, out of bounds, and have 5 seconds
to pass the ball onto the court.

 One & one. If the team committing the foul has seven or more fouls in the game, then the
player who was fouled is awarded one free throw. If he makes his first shot, then he is
awarded another free throw.

 Ten or more fouls. If the team committing the foul has ten or more fouls, then the fouled
player receives two free throws.

Charging. An offensive foul that is committed when a player pushes or runs over a
defensive player. The ball is given to the team that the foul was committed upon.
Blocking. Blocking is illegal personal contact resulting from a defender not establishing
position in time to prevent an opponent's drive to the basket.

Flagrant foul. Violent contact with an opponent. This includes hitting, kicking, and
punching. This type of foul results in free throws plus the offense retaining possession of the
ball after the free throws.

Intentional foul. When a player makes physical contact with another player with no
reasonable effort to steal the ball. It is a judgment call for the officials.
Technical foul. Technical foul. A player or a coach can commit this type of foul. It does not
involve player contact or the ball but is instead about the 'manners' of the game. Foul
language, obscenity, obscene gestures, and even arguing can be considered a technical
foul, as can technical details regarding filling in the scorebook improperly or dunking during
warm-ups.

VIOLATIONS

Walking/Traveling. Taking more than 'a step and a half' without dribbling the ball is
traveling. Moving your pivot foot once you've stopped dribbling is traveling.

Carrying/palming. When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far to the side of or,
sometimes, even under the ball.

Double Dribble. Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time or picking
up the dribble and then dribbling again is a double dribble.

Held ball. Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain possession of the ball at the
same time. In order to avoid a prolonged and/or violent tussle, the referee stops the action
and awards the ball to one team or the other on a rotating basis.

Goaltending. If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it's on the way down toward
the basket, while it's on the way up toward the basket after having touched the backboard,
or while it's in the cylinder above the rim, it's goaltending and the shot counts. If committed
by an offensive player, it's a violation and the ball is awarded to the opposing team for a
throw-in.

Backcourt violation. Once the offense has brought the ball across the mid-court line, they
cannot go back across the line during possession. If they do, the ball is awarded to the
other team to pass inbounds.

Time restrictions. A player passing the ball inbounds has five seconds to pass the ball. If
he does not, then the ball is awarded to the other team. Other time restrictions include the
rule that a player cannot have the ball for more than five seconds when being closely
guarded and, in some states and levels, shot-clock restrictions requiring a team to attempt
a shot within a given time frame.

Player Positions
Center. Centers are generally your tallest players. They generally are positioned near the
basket.

Offensive -- The center's goal is to get open for a pass and to shoot. They are also
responsible for blocking defenders, known as picking or screening, to open other players up
for driving to the basket for a goal. Centers are expected to get some offensive rebounds
and put-backs.

Defensive -- On defense, the center's main responsibility is to keep opponents from

shooting by blocking shots and passes in the key area. They also are expected to get a lot
of rebounds because they're taller.
Forward. Your next tallest players will most likely be your forwards. While a forward may
be called upon to play under the hoop, they may also be required to operate in the wings
and corner areas.

Offensive -- Forwards are responsible to get free for a pass, take outside shots, drive for
goals, and rebound.

Defensive -- Responsibilities include preventing drives to the goal and rebounding.

Guard. These are potentially your shortest players and they should be really good at
dribbling fast, seeing the court, and passing. It is their job to bring the ball down the court
and set up offensive plays.

Offensive -- Dribbling, passing, and setting up offensive plays are a guard's main
responsibilities. They also need to be able to drive to the basket and to shoot from the
perimeter.

Defensive -- On defense, a guard is responsible for stealing passes, contesting shots,

preventing drives to the hoop, and for boxing out.

Basketball Equipment

BALL
The most important thing for training is the ball. There are certain guidelines which one
needs to follow when buying a basketball. For practicing, one can play with a rubber ball.
For professional competitions, one needs to use an inflated ball made of leather.
Official size of a basketball is 29.5 to 30 inches in circumference for men's game and 28.5
inches in circumference for women's game. It should weigh 18 to 22 ounces. When bounced
off 6 feet from the floor, a well inflated ball should bounce 49 to 54 inches in height.
SHOES
One needs specialized shoes when playing basketball. It should be able to give better
support to the ankle as compared to running shoes. The basketball shoes should be high-
tipped shoes and provide extra comfort during a game. These shoes are specially designed
to maintain high traction on the basketball court.
BASKETBALL SHOOTING EQUIPMENT
The hoop or basket is a horizontal metallic rim, circular in shape. This rim is attached to a
net and helps one score a point. The rim is mounted about 4 feet inside the baseline and 10
feet above the court.

BASKETBALL COURT
The basketball court is the next important thing for shooting balls in this game. The court is
usually made of wooden floorboard. The court size is about 28m x 17m according to the
International standards. The National Basketball Association (NBA) regulation states the
floor dimension as 29m x 15m. The standard court is rectangular in shape and has baskets
placed on opposite ends.

BACKBOARD
The backboard is the rectangular board that is placed behind the rim. It helps give better
rebound to the ball. The backboard is about 1800mm in size horizontally and 1050mm
vertically. Many times, backboards are made of acrylic, aluminum, steel or glass.

UNIFORM
When one starts coaching a basketball team, the most important requirement for a team is
to have a uniform. This helps one differentiate teams from one another. A uniform consists
of a jersey (shirt), shorts, numbers on the front and back of the shirts for identification.

SHOTCLOCK
The offense is allowed a maximum of 24 seconds to have a ball in hand before shooting.
These 24 seconds are counted on the shot clock. If the offense fails to shoot a ball that hits
the rim, they will lose the possession of the ball to the other team.

WHISTLE
The coach or referee uses a whistle to indicate the start or end of a game. S/he can even
use the whistle to stop the play in the middle of a game. Whistle also helps to indicate fouls,
timeout, or out of bound balls to the players. In order to get the attention of the players,
many times coaches use the whistle to gather the players.