Model Code 2010
Model Code 2010
Model Code 2010
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Abstract: The fib Model Code is a recommendation for the design of reinforced and
prestressed concrete which is intended to be a guidance document for future codes. Model
Codes have been published in 1978 and 1990. A new Model Code will be published in
2010. The most important new element in this Model Code is “Time” in the sense of service
life. Additionally the Model Code gives an extended state of the art chapter on the
structural materials concrete and steel but regards as well non-metallic reinforcement and
fibres as reinforcement. Many loading conditions are considered, ranging from static
loading to non-static loading, considering earthquake, fatigue and impact/explosion. Five
methods are offered to verify structural safety. Attention is given to verification of limit
states associated to durability, robustness and sustainability. Finally verification assisted
by numerical methods and by testing is considered. Other elements which are parts of the
life cycle approach are construction and conservation. In the part on conservation the
conservation strategy is treated in combination with conservation management, condition
survey and assessment, and evaluation and decision making.
1. PAST AND FUTURE OF THE MODEL CODE FOR CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
The 2nd CEB/FIP International Recommendations were an important step forward since it
was the first time that a common basis was created for new national codes, which were up
to then extremely different. The most important break-through was the introduction of a
new safety philosophy based on limit states and on partial safety factors. Next, in the
seventies, safety concepts were developed with semi-probabilistic approaches, and later-on
real probabilistic analyses were made as a basis for a better evaluation of structural safety
and for a more scientifically based definition of the partial safety factors.
In the Model Codes 1978 and 1990 improved models were developed for a more accurate
representation of the structural behaviour of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures
and new chapters were introduced to cover new fields. In the Model Code 1990 an
important chapter was introduced on concrete material properties, inspired by the new
option to analyse the behaviour of structures by non-linear finite element methods. The
Model Codes became the basic reference documents for the development of Eurocode 2 by
the Commission of the European Communities, and to a large extent influenced the
updating of design codes in many countries, which were then still individual.
In 1998 CEB and FIP have merged into a new organization, the International Federation for
Structural Concrete (fib - fédération internationale du béton). One of the major aims of fib
is to produce international recommendations for the design of concrete structures, reflecting
the newest insights and design philosophy. In the following years numerous documents
accompanying the Model Code 1990 were elaborated and published by fib such as
application manuals, trial calculations, etc. In particular, the background of the Model Code
1990 was extensively treated in the so-called Model Code Text Book, published in the first
three volumes of the new fib Bulletin (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 (left) and Model Code Text Book (right)
In 2002 the work for Eurocode 2 “Concrete Structures” (EC-2) was practically finished. As
mentioned, for the production of this new European Code, the Model Code 1990 had been
an important source of information. Already in the finalizing state of EC-2, the fib council
expressed the wish to start the preparation of a new Model Code for Concrete Structures,
taking due notice of technical and societal developments. A general exploring discussion on
the philosophy, direction and content of a new Model Code was held in 2002 in Patras,
Greece, at the occasion of a fib Technical Committee meeting. During this meeting
representatives of all member countries got the opportunity to express their ideas and to
formulate their wishes for the treatment of new aspects and for the level of sophistication
with which these should be regarded. An interesting collection of unsorted wishes was
collected, like:
- improved consistency between design methods (shear, strut & tie models, deep and
slender members, crack width control and deformation), and provide a basis for design on
the basis of transparent and coherent models.
- extend the validity of the code to higher concrete strengths
- allow performance-based design
- allow design and control by testing
- introduce a basis for service life design
- introduce a link between reliability of structures and quality control
- make increased construction quality an attractive investment
- make a code which is not only valid for new structures but allows as well diagnosis and
retrofitting of existing structures
- extend the formulation of constitutive equations for the structural materials to give
impetus to a better basis for nonlinear analysis (especially focussing on numerical
calculations)
- introduce robustness of structures as a design criterion
- give more attention to non-static loading
- introduce a balanced safety concept
- regard a wider range of loads on structures, including fire, cryogenic, fatigue, impact and
accidental loads
- create a solid basis for the analysis of degradation of structures (due to e.g. chloride
penetration, carbonation, ASR, stress corrosion)
- facilitate the use of recycled materials
- introduce a basis for taking account of criteria regarding sustainability
- introduce of a “birth certificate” for new structures, with data important for maintenance
and repair
- emphasize the significance of conceptual design
This led to the installation of a small working group, which had to develop a framework for
the new Model Code and make proposals for the procedure and the experts to be involved.
This group met in 2002. As a next step Special Activity Group SAG 5 “New Model Code”
was installed intended to carry out the work for a new Model Code. This Special Activity
Group started its work with a first meeting in Delft in 2003.
This chapter gives not only guidance for quality management in the design of new
structures, but as well for conservation and (provisionally) dismantlement.
This clearly demonstrates the intention of Model Code 2010 to introduce “Time” as an
important parameter in design.
Chapter 4 gives the Principles of Structural Design. With regard to reaching the required
safety level the following methods are offered:
In the sections 7.3 the classical design tasks like design for shear, torsion, punching are
found. Especially the chapter on shear shows the idea of a multi-level approach. 4 levels are
distinguished varying from very simple to advanced. Chapter 7.4 treats design for non-
static loads like fatigue, impact/explosion and seismic loading. It was believed to be
appropriate to treat an important design aspect like design for seismic loading as a part of
the general design code and not as an isolated part. The part on verification of limit states
associated with durability (section 7.8) is a new contribution. It finds its roots in fib
Bulletin 34: 2006 “Model Code for Service Life Design” and treats carbonation-induced
corrosion, chloride-induced corrosion, freeze-thaw attack and chemical attack. As
verification methods, the probabilistic approach, the partial safety method, the deemed-to-
satisfy approach and the avoidance-of deterioration design are offered as alternatives.
Especially the probabilistic method asks for further elaboration, with calibrations using site
data, in order to come to a powerful tool in future. In 7.10 the basics of verification of
sustainability are given. Up to now this part can only be descriptive, since it touches a new
development, which will get due attention in the years to come. The section 7.11 gives, for
the first time, guidance to carry out nonlinear finite element verifications, particular with
regard to the reliability aspect. The method is based on the format of global safety, which is
extensively treated here. Section 7.12 on “Verification by testing” gives the basic strategy
to set up experimental series and to come to conclusions using adequate statistical methods.
During discussion in SAG 5 it turned out that combining verification by testing and by
numerical analysis is another option to be further explored.
The general flow of the conservation process procedures for new structures is shown in Fig.
4.
Fig. 3. Condition survey of an existing structure
Condition survey
(after construction or re -design )
Condition assessment
(after construction or re -design )
Condition survey
Condition assessment
i=1…n
Condition evaluation
and decision -making
This chapter is added for the sake of completeness as a closure of the life cycle approach.
This has to be further elaborated.
4. CONCLUSIONS
1. The fib Model Code for Concrete Structures is a document that anticipates on future
developments. It is supposed to be guiding for future developments and to be a basis for
further modernization of design codes.
2. The most important characteristic of the Model Code 2010 is the introduction of “Time”
as an important design parameter. “Time” stands for aging of structures and the way in
which to apply appropriate measures to meet requirements with regard to structural safety,
functionality and sustainability.
3. MC 2010 offers various types of methods to carry out verifications. Verifications can be
accomplished on the basis of a probabilistic approach, partial safety factors, on a global
safety format, on the deemed-to-satisfy approach and on design by avoidance. The most
appropriate model depends on the case considered and the state of development of
knowledge in the area considered.
4. Extensive information is given with regard to the behaviour of structural concrete and
reinforcing steel. This is intended to serve both the analysis of structural behaviour by
nonlinear finite element analysis and the verification of service life.
5. MC 2010 is a code that applies to new concrete structures and to existing structures.
Moreover it gives a basis for defined performance design and for the appropriate use of new
materials like non-metallic reinforcement, fibre reinforced concrete and high strength
concrete.