Envi Engg

ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
ENGR. KRISTEL M. GATDULA

Department of Chemical Engineering,
CEAT, U.P. Los Baños
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
▪ The advent of Sustainable

Development
ENVIRONMENT revolutionized new
programs centered on
environmental protection
and management
▪ To prevent future risks
from population and
ECONOMY SOCIETY urbanization, health
hazards, scarcity of
resources, climate change,
and dispersion of toxic
materials.
ELEMENTS OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT 2
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
“The state shall protect and advance

the right of the people to a balanced
and healthful ecology in accord with
the rhythm and harmony of nature”.
3
SOME POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS PASSED IN THE

PHILIPPINES
Late 1800’s - 1970
LAW AND YEAR OF

AREA OF CONCERN
IMPLEMENTATION
Ley de Aguas – Spanish Law of Water pollution prevention
Waters (1866)
Mining Act (1936) Control of mine tailings
Anti-dumping Act (1938) Safe disposal of wastes
RA 3931: Pollution Control Law (1964) Creation of National Water and Air
Pollution Control Commission (NWAPCC)
RA 4850: Laguna Lake Development Creation of the Laguna Lake
Authority (1970) Development Authority
4

PHILIPPINES
Marcos Administration (1972 – 1986)
LAW AND YEAR OF IMPLEMENTATION AREA OF CONCERN
PD 600: Coastal Guard Law (1974) Makes the Philippine Coast Guard
responsible for the prevention and
control of pollution of water bodies
PD 984: Pollution Control Law (1976) Creation of the National Pollution
Control Commission in place of NWAPCC
PD 1121: Philippine Environmental
Protection Council (1977)
PD 1151: Philippine Environmental Policies and programs for environmental
Policy (1977) protection and management
PD 1152: Philippine Environment
Code (1977)
5

PHILIPPINES
Marcos Administration (1972 – 1986)
PD 1181: Air Pollution Control Law Prevention, control and abatement of air
(1977) pollution from motor vehicles
PD 1586: Philippine Environmental Implementation of environmental impact
Impact Statement System (1978) statement system (EISS) for
PD 2146: Environmentally Critical environmental management of
Areas and Projects (1981) environmentally critical areas and
projects
6

PHILIPPINES
1987 – present
RA 6969: Toxic Substances and Control and regulation of production,
Hazardous and Nuclear Waste importation, handling, and disposal of
Control Act of 1990 toxic substances, and hazardous and
nuclear wastes
RA 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act Comprehensive air pollution control
(1999) policy
RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Creation of institutional mechanisms,
Management Act (2000) incentives, prohibitions and penalties, &
funding of solid waste management;
RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act Comprehensive water quality and
(2004) management and for other purposes
7
LEADING IMPLEMENTING AGENCY
National Department of • Oversee implementation,

Pollution Control Environment and conservation, management,
Commission Natural Resources development, & proper use of
the country’s environment and
natural resources
National • Formulate, review & update
ENVIRONMENTAL
Environmental MANAGEMENT • Establish quality standards
Protection BUREAU • Enforce prohibitions and
Commission penalties
8
POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS
R.A. 6969: Toxic Substances and

Hazardous and Nuclear Waste
Control Act of 1990
▶ Pursuant to the Basel Convention of
1989 with the Philippines as a signatory
country
▶ Minimize transboundary movement
of toxic chemicals and hazardous
wastes
▶ Regulation on importation, manufacture,
processing, handling, storage,
transportation, sale, use, and disposal
9
DAO 1992-29 (IRR of R.A. 6969)

Prescribed Hazardous Wastes
▪ Plating wastes
▪ Acid wastes
▪ Alkali wastes
▪ Inorganic chemicals
▪ Reactive chemicals
▪ Paints
▪ Resins
▪ Latices/dyes/adhesives and organic sludge
▪ Organic solvents
▪ Putrescible organic wastes
10
▪ Textile wastes
DAO 1992-29 (IRR of R.A. 6969)

Chemical Control Order (CCO)
✕ Mercury and mercuric compounds

✕ Cyanide and its compounds
✕ Asbestos
✕ Ozone depleting substances
✕ Polychlorinated biphenyls
✕ Lead and lead products
11
R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999

▶ Comprehensive program on air quality
management, pollution control and
abatement through:
1. Improving emission standards
2. Prohibiting large scale incineration
3. Implementing emission standards for
motor vehicles
4. Prohibiting smoking
5. Improving fuel composition
6. Phasing out ODS
12
R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999

▶ Metro Tuguegarao
▶ BLISST
▶ Bulacan-Pampanga-Bataan
▶ Northeastern Pangasinan
▶ NCR
▶ Cavite-Laguna-Rizal
▶ Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal
▶ Naga City
▶ Bacod-Manito Geothermal
▶ Baco-Naujan-Clapan
13
R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of

1999
▶ Metro Iloilo
▶ Metro Cebu
▶ Leyte Geothermal
▶ Southern Negros Geothermal
14
R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of

1999
▶ Agusan del Norte-Butuan City
▶ Metro CDO
▶ North Cootabato Geothermal
▶ Davao City
▶ Zamboanga City
▶ South Cotabato
15
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
AREA
POINT SOURCES OTHERS
SOURCES
PASS: NOT PASS: NON- - SMOKING

STATIONAR MOBILE
ATTAINMENT ATTAINMENT
Y SOURCES SOURCES - FUELS &
AREAS AREAS
ADDITIVES
- ODS
EMISSION EXHAUST - GHG
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS STANDARDS - POPS
- RADIOACTIVE
EMISSIONS
AIR QUALITY - HAZARDOUS
CONTROL POLLUTANTS
TECHNIQUES
16
R.A. 9003: Ecological Solid

Waste Management of 2000
▶ Program creating the necessary
institutional mechanisms and
incentives, declaring certain acts
prohibited and providing
penalties, appropriating funds
thereof, and for other purposes
related to solid waste
management;
▶ Established the National Solid
Waste Management Board
17
PRE-PROCESSING
PROCESSING
DISPOSAL
18
R.A. 9275: Clean Water Act of 2004

▶ Comprehensive program to
improve water quality
▶ Abatement and control of water
pollution from land-based sources
▶ Designation of Water Quality
Mangement Areas (WQMA)
▶ National Sewerage and Septage
Management Program (NSSMP)
▶ Penalties and Fines: Wastewater
charge system
19
20

Water Quality Management Areas
✓ Sinocalan-Dagupan River System (Pangasinan)
✓ Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (Bulacan)
✓ Laguna Lake Watershed
✓ Tigum-Aganan Watershed
✓ Iloilo-Batiano River System
✓ Silway River
✓ Sarangani Bay
✓ Taguibo River
✓ Pinacanauan (Tuguegarao)
21
✓ Balili River (Benguet)

Wastewater Charge and Discharge System
Wastewater Discharge Fee = Net Waste Load x Cost/kg of

pollutant
where: Net waste load = Net concentration x annual flowrate

Net concentration = Concentration of effluent –
concentration of intake water
Annual flowrate = Ave. daily effluent flowrate x
No. of discharge days per year
22
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
➢ Branch of engineering concerned

with the environment and its
management.
➢ Addresses the problems on soil,
water and air environment.
Environment
➢ aggregate of surrounding things, conditions or
influences; air, water, soil and minerals,
organisms, social and cultural forces and all other
external factors surrounding and affecting a given
organism at any time.
23
WASTE GENERATION AND SOURCES
▶ Wastes are any unwanted materials

discarded from industrial processes
▶ Pollutants are components in wastes
that may render the receiving
environment unfit for its beneficial
purpose
▶ Management of waste can be
facilitated easily with the understanding
of waste characteristics
✓ Nature of generation
✓ Physical, chemical and biological
properties
24
ENVIRONMENTAL
P3 ECOTOXICOLOGY
P2 – a scientific discipline
P1
WASTE combining the methods of
ecology and toxicology in
studying the effects of toxic
substances and especially
GENERATION pollutants on the environment
SOURCES
PROPERTIES
CONTROL
EFFECTS
25
▶ One aspect of waste

characterization is
quantifying how much
waste is generated
▶ The nature of waste
generation is identified by
a thorough assessment of
an industrial facility
▶ This provides a more
POINT NONPOINT specific and rational
SOURCE SOURCE identification of the various
waste streams including
their generation rates
26
Wastes produced from various point sources.
CLASSIFICATION
SOURCE
Solid Liquid Gaseous
Fertilizer emission
Excess fertilizer
AGRICULTURAL Crop residues Volatile organics
Chemical
PRODUCTION Animal wastes from degradation of
pesticides
animal wastes
Combustion gases
AGRO- Industrial effluent
Process residues Industrial
INDUSTRIES Spent waters
emissions
Septic tank effluent

MUNICIPAL Mixed garbage and domestic Smoke and odor
washings
27
PROPERTIES OF WASTES
An understanding of the nature of

waste is essential
Physical 1. In the selection and operation of

Chemica
l equipment and facilities
2. In the design and operation of
Biologica collection, treatment, and
l disposal facilities
3. In assessing the feasibility of
resource and energy recovery
4. In the engineering management
of environmental quality
28
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
WASTEWATER
▶ Spent or used water from home,
community, farm, or industry that
contains components considered as
environmental pollutants
▶ Fouled water from municipal and
domestic sources contain 99.94%
water by weight while the remaining
0.06% comprise of dissolved and
suspended material
▶ Industrial wastewaters relatively
contain higher concentrations of
pollutants and often vary depending
on the industrial source and process
29
EFFLUENT STANDARDS
▶ DAO 1990-34: Surface water

classification and quality
✓ Significant wastewater
parameters to be monitored in
different industries
▶ DAO 1990-35: Industrial effluent

regulation
30
Significant parameters for selected types
of industries in DAO 1990-34
TYPE OF INDUSTRY SIGNIFICANT WASTEWATER PARAMETERS
BOD5, pH, suspended solids, settleable solids, oil and
BEVERAGE
grease
CEMENT, CONCRETE,
pH suspended solids, dissolved solids, temperature
LIME & GYPSUM
BOD5, COD, pH suspended solids, dissolved solids,
DAIRY PROCESSING
settleable solids
Suspended solids, hexavalent chromium, oil and grease,
FERRO ALLOY MFG.
phenols, phosphates
Chloride, chromium, dissolved solids, nitrates, suspended
FERTILIZER (N & P)
solids, pH, phosphorus, temperature, cadmium, arsenic
GRAIN MILLING BOD5, suspended solids, temperature
INORGANIC CHEMICALS,
pH, suspended solids, dissolved solids, chlorides, sulfates,
ALAKALIES, AND
COD, temperature
CHLORINE INDUSTRY
31

LEATHER TANNING & BOD5, COD, chromium, oil and grease, pH, suspended
FINISHING solids, color, dissolved solids
LIVESTOCK BOD5, COD, suspended solids, pH, color, total coliforms
MEAT, FISH, AND FRUIT BOD5, COD, suspended solids, pH, oil and grease, dissolved
CANNING solids
BOD5, pH, suspended solids, settleable solids, oil and
MEAT PRODUCTS
grease, total coliforms, toxic materials
METAL FINISHING Oil and grease, heavy metals, suspended solids, cyanide
MINERAL ORE
Suspended solids, heavy metals, arsenic
PROCESSING
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
BOD5, COD, pH, suspended solids, dissolved solids, oil
INDUSTRY
32

BOD5, heavy metals, COD, oil and grease, pH, phenols,
PETROLEUM REFINING
suspended solids, temperature, dissolved solids
PLASTIC MATERIALS &
BOD5, COD, pH, suspended solids, oil and grease, phenols
SYNTHETIC INDUSTRY
BOD5, COD, pH, suspended solids, total coliforms, color,
PULP & PAPER INDUSTRY
heavy metals, dissolved solids, oil and grease, phenols
Oil and grease, pH, cyanide, phenol, suspended solids,
STEEL INDUSTRY
temperature, chromium
SUGAR CANE
BOD5, pH, suspended solids, oil and grease
PROCESSING
BOD5, COD, pH, suspended solids, chromium, phenols,
TEXTILE MILL
color, oil and grease
THERMAL POWER BOD5, color, chromium, oil and grease, pH, phosphate,
GENERATION suspended solids, temperature
33
DAO 1990-35: Industrial effluent

standards
▶ Toxic and other deleterious
substances
▶ Conventional and other pollutants
affecting aesthetics and oxygen
demand
▶ Approved methods of analysis
34
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Parameter Description
COLOR Natural appearance of wastewater indicative of presence

of various color compounds
TURBIDITY Indication of presence of suspended matter and is a
measure of the ability of sunlight to pass through water
and ability of water to disperse materials disposed into it
TEMPERATURE Hotness or coldness of wastewater defining the solubility
of oxygen in water.
TOTAL SOLIDS Solid residue when water is evaporated at 103-105°C
35
ODOR Natural scent of wastewater indicative of presence of

various volatile compounds (e.g. dissolved gases)
This may come from septic decomposition of organic
wastes:
Amines – fishy
Ammonia – ammoniacal
Diamines – decayed fish
Hydrogen sulfide – rotten eggs
Mercaptans – skunk
Organic sulfides – rotten cabbage
Skatole – fecal
36
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (INORGANIC)
pH Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water
CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM Measure of the hardness of water which causes

SALTS scales and deposits on pipelines and fittings if used
in industry
NITROGEN & Basic nutrient components for microbial growth (e.g.
PHOSPHORUS algae)
TRACE METALS Refers to highly toxic heavy metals
(Mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium, arsenic)
37
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (ORGANIC)

FATS, OIL, GREASES Principal constituents of animal organisms and in

(FOG) large quantities causes extremely foul odors.
SURFACTANTS Substances that cause foaming in water
PHENOLS Cause taste problems in waters particularly when
water is chlorinated
ORGANO CHLORIDES & Persistent organic pollutants and carcinogens
PHOSPHATES
CYANIDE Highly toxic compound
ORGANIC CARBON Amount of available organic matter in wastewater
OXYGEN DEMAND Amount of oxygen needed to degrade organic matter
38
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
BIODEGRADABILITY Ratio of biodegradable organic matter to total organic
matter in wastewater.
PATHOGENS Disease causing organisms (bacteria, virus, etc.)
➢ Salmonella typhi – typhoid fever
➢ Shigella – bacillary dysentery
➢ Entabmoeba hystolica – amoebiasis
➢ Gardia lamblia – giardiasis
➢ Escherichia coli – urinary tract infections, diarrhea
➢ Vibrio cholorae – cholera
➢ Hepatitis virus – hepatitis
39
SOME CALCULATIONS
✓ Solids
Total Suspended Total Dissolved
Total Solids
= Solids + Solids
(TS)
(TSS) (TDS)
= = =
Total Fixed Fixed Suspended Fixed Dissolved
Solids = Solids + Solids
(TFS) (FSS) (FDS)
+ + +
Total Volatile Volatile Suspended Volatile Dissolved
Solids = Solids + Solids
(TVS) (VSS) (TDS)
40
SOME CALCULATIONS
✓ Oxygen demand
41
SOME CALCULATIONS
✓ Oxygen demand
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
42
43
SOME CALCULATIONS
✓ Oxygen demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
UNSEEDED BOD SEEDED BOD

TEST
BOD5 = (DOi – DOf)D TEST
where: DOi – initial dissolved oxygen

DOf – final dissolved oxygen
DOi’ – initial dissolved oxygen of seed water
DOf’ – final dissolved oxygen of seed water
D – dilution factor (D = 300 mL / volume of sample in mL)
x – volume of seeded dilution water in the sample (mL)
y – volume of BOD bottle
44
INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS
EMISSION
▶ any air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or
unwanted sound from a known source which is
pass into the atmosphere
AIR POLLUTANT
▪ Any matter found in the atmosphere other than
oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide,
and the inert gases in their natural or normal
concentrations, that is detrimental to health or
the environment, which includes but not limited
to smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid
particles of any kind, gases, fumes, chemical
mists, steam, and radioactive substances
45
CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS

1. They are very common; and
2. They can do great harm
The US EPA has identified six

pollutants of concern:
▶ Ozone
▶ particulate matter
▶ sulfur dioxide
▶ nitrogen dioxide
▶ carbon monoxide
▶ lead
46
Causes the reddish brown haze in air contributing to heart and

NOx
lung problems.
Particulate Cause diverse respiratory health effects.
Matter Contribute to urban haze and visibility reduction.
Often inhaled from particulate matters from the combustion of
Lead
lead-laden fuels. This can lead to chronic and acute poisoning.
Product of incomplete combustion reacting with hemoglobin
CO
causing carboxyhemoglobin
SOx Acid rain precursors when they combine water droplets in air
Constituent of photochemical smog.
O3 Alters vision and increases calcification of bones resulting in
premature aging and depletion of body fat.
47
EMISSION STANDARDS
▶ Monitor criteria and non-
criteria (source-specific) air
pollutants from stationary and
mobile source
▶ R.A. 8749 and DAO 2000-81
48
POLLUTANT STANDARD APPLICABLE SOURCE
Antimony Any source
Arsenic Any source
Cadmium Any source
Carbon monoxide Any industrial source
Copper Any industrial source
HF Any source other than the manufacture of aluminum for alumina
H2S Geothermal power plants, exploration and well testing, etc.
Lead Any trade, industry, or process
Mercury Any source
Nickel Any source
Carbonyl Any source
NOx Manufacture of nitric acid; Fuel burning steam generators
P2O5 Any source
Zinc Any source
49
SOLID WASTES
Ashes and Residue
- Results of burning and
Rubbish
combustion
- Combustible and
noncombustible
Demolition and
Construction Wastes
Agricultural Wastes - Razed buildings and
- from diverse other structures
agricultural
activities
Special Wastes
Treatment Plant Wastes - From non-specific
- Sludge from industrial diffuse sources
treatment Hazardous Wastes
- Reactive, flammable,
radioactive
50
SOLID WASTES
Waste Analysis and Source: MMDA,

Characterization Survey (WACS) 2003
▶ Comprised of a waste stream

composition profile by material
types with corresponding waste
weight estimates
▶ Important in the design of a Solid
Waste Management Facility
because it assesses the current
status of SWM in order to develop
future program for waste diversion
and conversion process
51
SOLID WASTES
Waste Analysis and

Characterization Survey (WACS)
▶ Comprised of a waste stream
composition profile by material
types with corresponding waste
weight estimates
▶ Important in the design of a Solid
Waste Management Facility
because it assesses the current
status of SWM in order to develop
future program for waste diversion
and conversion process
52
SOLID WASTES
Waste Analysis and Characterization Survey (WACS)

Method of
Parameter Importance
Analysis
Individual Typically identifiable and adequate

• WAC Survey
components components of solid waste
Amount of water in solid waste • Wet-weight

depending on the type of waste, season method
Moisture content
of the year, and humidity and weather • Dry-weight
conditions method
• Compaction
Often needed to assess the total mass
Density and direct
and volume of solid to be managed
measurement
53
SOLID WASTES

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Property Importance Method of Analysis
Organic matter content of solid

wastes and its capacity to
Biodegradability • C/N ratio
degrade at given conditions, e.g.,
in a landfill
• Proximate
(Moisture, VCM
Important if solid wastes are to be Ash), and ultimate
Energy content used as fuel, e.g., waste-to- analysis
energy processing (C,H,O,N,Ash,S)
• Heating value
(Dulong formula)
54
SOLID WASTES

DULONG FORMULA
Where: C, H, O, S are % values of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur

obtained from ultimate analysis
The energy value is important for assessment of available energy for

recovery.
55
SOLID WASTES
56
INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER
MANAGEMENT
COMPARISON OF ON-SITE (Industrial) AND
CENTRALIZED (Municipal) WASTEWATER TREATMENT
TREATEMENT ASPECT CENTRALIZED ON-SITE

Treatment Technology Relatively the same May vary depending
on the point source
Raw Components Relatively fixed May vary depending
on the point source
Volumetric Quantity Very high in volume Relatively small in
due to consideration volume
of non-point sources
Volumetric Flowrate Highly variable due to Relatively fixed but
consideration of non- may vary due to
point source changes in
production capacities
Discharge Point Fixed per site Different sites
WASTE REDUCTION AT SOURCE
RECOVERY
TREATMENT
DISPOSAL
HEIRARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

As adapted from Heirarchy of Solid Waste
Management
SOURCE
REUSE & RECOVERY
• Point sources: domestic,
commercial, industrial
• Non-point sources: storm water • Energy
runoff, infiltration, inflow • Water supply
• High value
components
TREATMENT
• Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Sludge

mgt.
• Watersheds, agriculture,
etc. DISPOSAL SINK
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT

Image Source: Mihelcic and
Zimmerman, 2012
Goal of wastewater
management
▶ To protect the quality of the receiving waters and
this is achieved by wastewater treatment facilities
designed to minimize pollutant discharges
▶ The degree of treatment (performance) can be
determined by comparing the influent characteristics
to the required effluent standards
▶ Wastewater treatment is greatly dependent on the
type of pollutants found in every discharge, thus, a
number of treatment alternatives are evaluated and
the best alternative is selected
TYPES OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT METHODS
TYPE DESCRIPTION
Physical Unit ➢treatment methods involving application of
Operations physical forces
➢these were the first methods for
wastewater treatment because they evolved
from man’s first observations of nature
➢examples: screening, mixing, flocculation,
sedimentation, flotation, filtration, and gas
transfer
TYPES OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT METHODS
TYPE DESCRIPTION
Chemical ➢treatment methods involving the removal or
Unit conversion of contaminants by the addition
Processes of chemicals or by other chemical reactions
➢examples: precipitation, adsorption,
disinfection
TYPES OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT METHODS
TYPE DESCRIPTION
Biological ➢treatment methods involving the removal of
Unit contaminants by biological activity
Processes ➢primarily used for removal of biodegradable
organic substances through conversion to
gases and into biological cell tissue
Wastewater treatment
configuration
◼ The wastewater is directed through a series of
physical, chemical, and biological processes (trains)
each with a specific waste load reduction task
Pretreatment Primary Secondary Tertiary
• conditioning • solids • organics • nutrients

removal removal removal
• disinfection
• furnishing
Unit processes that remove a significant amount of major
wastewater constituents
UNIT PROCESS(ES) THAT REMOVE

CONSTITUENT
SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF CONSTITUENT
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biological reactor
– dissolved or particulate form Primary and secondary sedimentation
Suspended Solids Primary and secondary sedimentation
Pathogens Primary and secondary sedimentation
Nutrients (N, P) – dissolved or Sedimentation
particulate form Biological reactor
Addition of chemicals to precipitate
phosphorus
Toxic chemicals Some are removed via sedimentation
(sorbed or complexed by particles)
Biological reactor
Advanced oxidative processes
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
▶ Prepares the wastewater for further treatment
1. To remove oily scum, floating debris, and
grit, which may inhibit biological processes,
and/or damage mechanical equipment
2. To balance flows or organic loading
3. To pretreat effluents prior to any
conventional wastewater treatment
PRETREATMENT = CONDITIONING
▶ SCREENING
➢ Historically used in the first wastewater
treatment plants for the removal of visible
pollution materials
➢ One of the first methods used for the removal
of coarse solids (large objects, rags, paper,
plastic bottles, etc.) present in the the
wastewater, preventing damage to the piping
and mechanical equipment that follows
➢ Any material removed may then be ground to
a smaller size and returned to the process
stream or disposed by appropriate methods
▶ SCREENING
➢ Alternative to actual removal of the solids by
screening is to reduce the size of the solids
by grinding them while still in the waste
stream, i.e., comminution. This reduction in
size makes the solids easier to treat in
subsequent operations that employ settling.
COARSE
SOLIDS
PRETREATED
RAW EFFLUENT
WATER
BAR SCREENS
& RACKS
BAR SCREENS
& RACKS
COMMINUTOR
▶ GRIT CHAMBERS
➢ Grit consists of particulate materials, about 1
mm in diameter.
➢ May consist of inorganic sand or gravel,
eggshells, bone fragments, fruit and
vegetable residues, etc.
➢ Grit is primarily removed to prevent abrasion
of piping and mechanical equipment.
GRIT CHAMBER
GRIT CHAMBER
VORTEX
GRIT CHAMBER
ROLLING
GRIT CHAMBER
▶ FLOW EQUALIZATION
➢ Implemented to dampen the flow and organic
loading rate to a wastewater treatment
facility
➢ Can overcome operational problems
associated with large flow variations and
improve the performance of the downstream
unit processes
➢ Tanks or ponds may be used as equipment for
flow equalization
FLUCTUATING FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Diurnal sewage volumetric flowrate pattern

➢ In-line equalization – all the flow passes
through equalization basin
Significant
dampening of flow
and organic loading
High cost due to

pumping requirement
and tank volume
➢ Off-line equalization – only a portion of the
flow is diverted through the equalization
basin
Lower cost due to

reduced tank volume
and pumping Lesser effective in
requirement dampening flow
EARTHEN
EQUALIZATION PONDS
EQUALIZATION BUILT
IN A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
▶ ADDITION OF CHEMICALS
➢ Some industrial effluents additionally
require chemical pretreatment for
removal of ammonia nitrogen (by air
stripping), acids/bases (by
neutralization), heavy metals (RedOx,
precipitation), or oils (dissolved air
flotation)
➢ Coagulants may also be added to the
wastewater at the pretreatment stage
prior to sedimentation
FLOTATION
▶ Opposite of sedimentation, utilizing
buoyancy to separate solid particles such
as fats, oils, and greases, which would
not be settled by sedimentation.
▶ Airis usually introduced at the bottom of
the flotation tank
▶ In a modification, by dissolved-air
flotation, effluent is retained in a
pressure vessel to saturate it with air. At
atmospheric conditions, dissolved air
comes out of the solution, carrying
floatable solids to the surface.
PRIMARY TREATMENT
▶ Removes solids through quiescent, gravity settling

▶ Also referred to as sedimentation tanks or clarifiers
▶ During sedimentation, solids settle to the bottom of
the tank, where they are collected as a liquid-solid
sludge.
▶ Removes about 60% of the suspended solids, 30% of
the BOD, and 20% of phosphorus (present as
particulates)
PRIMARY TREATMENT
APPLICATION OF SEDIMENTATION
OPERATION:
▶ Particulate matter removal in primary
settling basin
▶ Biologicalflocs removal in activated
sludge basins
▶ Chemical flocs removal in chemical
coagulation processes
▶ Solids concentration in sludge thickeners
PRIMARY TREATMENT
▶ Coagulants can be added to improve the removal of

particulate matter and reduce the overall energy
costs during secondary treatment to biologically
convert these particles to CO2, water, and new
biomass.
▶ Fortoxic dissolved solids, precipitating agents can be
added.
▶ Design of sedimentation tanks greatly depend on
settling characteristics of particles in the wastewater
PRIMARY TREATMENT
COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION and
PRECIPITATION
▶ For removal of inorganic and organic
colloidal suspensions, turbidity
▶ SS particle sizes usually range from 0.01
to 100 microns (intolerably slow settling
characteristic)
▶ Can be achieved by chemical addition of
chemical coagulants, flocculants, or
precipitating agents
PRIMARY TREATMENT
COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION
PRIMARY TREATMENT
COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION PRECIPITATION
▶ Particle charged is destabilized ▶ Formation of insoluble
(coagulation), followed by precipitates of the pollutants
agglomeration of particles themselves
(flocculation)
▶ Due to CHEMICAL FORCES
▶ Due to PHYSICAL FORCES
Pb2+(aq) + OH-(aq) →
Pb(OH)2(s)
coagulatio
ra n- settlin
w flocculatio g Precipitation of lead at
n different pH
PRIMARY TREATMENT
▶ Coagulants can be added to improve the removal of

particulate matter and reduce the overall energy
costs during secondary treatment to biologically
convert these particles to CO2, water, and new
biomass.
▶ Fortoxic dissolved solids, precipitating agents can be
added.
▶ Design of sedimentation tanks greatly depend on
settling characteristics of particles in the wastewater
TYPES OF SETTLING PHENOMENA IN PRIMARY TREATMENT
TYPE OF APPLICATION /
DESCRIPTION
SETTLING OCCURRENCE
Settling of non-flocculent particles in
Type 1
dilute suspension. Particles settle as Removal of grit and
Discrete
individual entities w/o interaction with sand
Particle Settling
other particles
DESCRIPTION
SETTLING OCCURRENCE
Type 1
Discrete
Particle Settling
other particles
Settling of flocculent particles in dilute Removal of chemical
Type 2 suspension. Particles coalesce or flocs
Flocculent flocculate during settling. By coalescing, Removal of a portion
Settling the particles increase in mass and settle of suspended solids in
at a faster rate untreated wastewater
DESCRIPTION
SETTLING OCCURRENCE
Type 1
Discrete
Particle Settling
other particles
Zone Settling of particles of intermediate
Type 3 Secondary settling
concentrations (flocculent or non-
Hindered facilities used in
flocculent)
Settling or Zone conjunction with
Interparticle forces tend to hinder the
Settling biological treatment
settling
DESCRIPTION
SETTLING OCCURRENCE
Type 1
Discrete
Particle Settling
other particles
Zone Settling of particles of intermediate
Type 3 Secondary settling
concentrations (flocculent or non-
TEST FOR SETTLING
Hindered facilities used in
CHARACTERISTICSflocculent)
Settling or Zone conjunction with
Interparticle forces tend to hinder the
Settling biological treatment
settling
Settling of particles of very high
Type 4
concentration by compression Usually in lower layers
Compression
Compression takes place from the weight of a deep sludge mass
PRINCIPLE: The purpose is to slow the water down enough so
that suspended particles can be separated out by the force of
gravity
SECONDARY TREATMENT
▶ The wastewater that exits the primary clarifier has
lost a significant amount of particulate matter, but it
still has a high demand for oxygen due to dissolved
organic matter
▶ Also called BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT because this
utilizes microorganisms to decompose the organic
matter (high-energy molecules)
▶ TWO BASIC APPROACHES
1. Suspended-growth reactors (organisms mixed
with wastewaters)
2. Attached-growth reactors (organisms attached to
structures)
SECONDARY TREATMENT
SUSPENDED GROWTH REACTORS: ACTIVATE SLUDGE SYSTEM
▶ The most common biological treatment
▶ Effluent from the primary clarifier is routed to an aeration
tank/basin and is mixed with a diverse mass of microorganisms
comprising bacteria, fungi, rotifers, and protozoa (called as
mixed liquor)
▶ Biodegradable organics are converted to simple substances such
as CO2, H2O, and biomass sludge
▶ The suspended solid (mixture of biomass sludge and
microorganism residue) obtained from this process is called as
mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) – 60 to 80% of which are
MLVSS
SECONDARY TREATMENT
▶ FLOW THROUGH ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
SECONDARY TREATMENT
▶ RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
SECONDARY TREATMENT
SUSPENDED GROWTH REACTORS: SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR
▶ Batch type suspended growth reactor with sedimentation

▶ Five steps: Fill, react, settle, draw, and idle
SECONDARY TREATMENT
ATTACHED-GROWTH REACTORS:
▶ Micro-organisms are attached to a support structure/surface
during biological treatment
▶ Used for higher organic loadings (~250 to 500 g BOD/m3-day)
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL
TRICKLING FILTER CONTACTOR
SECONDARY TREATMENT
ATTACHED-GROWTH REACTORS: TRICKLING FILTERS
➢ A fixed-growth film-flow-type process
➢ Primary effluent is “trickled” over via perforations at the
rotating arm
➢ Consists of a bed of filter media (such as rocks or plastic packing
materials) with attached biomass through which the water flows
by percolation
➢ The word “filter” does not mean any filtering or straining
actions, nevertheless, it is popularly and universally accepted
ROTATING DISTRIBUTOR
- with spray nozzles
BED MATERIAL
- Stone slates or
plastic material
UNDERDRAIN SYSTEM
- collection of water
and sloughs
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
(treated water + sloughs)
SECONDARY TREATMENT
ATTACHED-GROWTH REACTORS: ROTATING BIOLOGICAL
CONTACTORS
➢ a series of closely packed disks, (10’ to 12’ diameter; corrugated
polyethylene or polystyrene) are mounted on a common shaft
➢ they are installed in concrete tanks in which the surface of the
wastewater almost reaches the shaft (around 40% of disk area is
submerged)
➢ shaft rotates at 1rpm to 2 rpm
➢ Biological growth occurs at the disks until sloughing occurs
RBC ELEMENTS
MEDIA
- large-
diameter
- closely
spaced
SHAFT
- slowly
rotated
by electric
motor
HOLDING TANK
- sometimes w/
cover
TERTIARY TREATMENT
▶ Secondary treatment is sometimes inadequate to
protect receiving water
▶ Additional removal of pollutants, like nutrients,
pathogens, and other residual contaminants, is
accomplished through a variety of physical,
chemical , and biological treatments (tertiary
wastewater treatment)
➢ NUTRIENTS REMOVAL
➢ DISINFECTION
➢ POLISHING
Tertiary treatment
NUTRIENTS REMOVAL (NITROGEN REMOVAL)
▶ Can be achieved from secondary wastewater treatment
▶ Residual nutrients can be further removed by biological means
▶ Nitrogen removal is facilitated during nitrification to convert
ammonia (NH4+) to nitrites (NO2-) and nitrates (NO3-) followed by
denitrification to convert nitrates to nitrogen and oxygen gas
▶ Nitrification is processed biologically by nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus convert ammonia to nitrite;
while Nitrobacter and Nitrospira convert nitrite to nitrate
NH4+ + 2O2 → NO3- + 2H+ + H2O
▶ Denitrification occurs at highly controlled “anoxic” conditions to
convert nitrates to nitrogen and oxygen gases
Tertiary treatment
NUTRIENTS REMOVAL (PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL)
▶ Can be achieved from primary treatment when coagulating and
flocculating agents have been added to remove phosphorus as
phosphates
▶ Residual phosphorus can be removed by chemical and biological
means
▶ Biologically, phosphorus can be removed at enhanced rates using
phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that are found to
take up phosphorus well above the one-percent typical removal
by most microorganisms
Tertiary treatment
DISINFECTION
▶ Final step before flow measurement and discharge to receiving
waters
▶ Ensures removal of pathogenic organisms by addition of
hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, or chlorine-gas, ozonation, or by
exposure to UV light
▶ These processes produce “radicals” that disrupt cellular activity
PRIMARY TREATMENT
SECONDARY TREATMENT
AND
SECONDARY CLARIFICATION
SLUDGE
MGT.
OVERHEAD VIEW OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT
Natural treatment systems
▶ Consist of lagoons and wetlands and usually
employed in decentralized treatment systems or
may be used in tertiary treatment systems to
remove residual organics after secondary
treatment (polishing)
▶ Use natural methods to treat wastewater and tend
to have lower capital costs because they do not
employ above-ground reactors constructed from
steel-reinforce concrete, metal, or plastic
▶ Typically have lower operation costs because they
may rely on natural aeration methods and may
utilize non-oxygenated biological processes
NATURAL TREATMENT
SYSTEMS
STABILIZATION PONDS
▶ Referred to as lagoons or oxidation ponds
▶ Engineered hole-in-the-ground designed to confine
wastewater for treatment prior to discharge to
natural water course
▶ Each type of lagoon is influenced by the depth of
the lagoon and the aeration and mixing
mechanism
PHOTIC ZONE
AEROBIC ZONE
FACULTATIVE ZONE
ANAEROBIC ZONE
ZONES OF A FACULTATIVE LAGOON

Source: www.oilgae.com
CO2, O2 (g)
CO2, O2 (aq) C(H2O) + O2 → CO2 + H2O

AEROBIC ZONE
NH4+ + 2O2 → NO3- + 2H+ + 2H2O
CO2 + H2O → C(H2O) + O2
ANOXIC ZONE C(H2O) + NO3- → N2 + CO2 +

(Facultative
zone) HCO3- + H2O
ANAEROBIC ZONE C(H2O) → CO2 + CH4
REACTIONS IN THE DIFFERENT ZONES OF A FACULTATIVE LAGOON

Source: Mihelcic & Zimmerman, 2012
TYPES OF WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS
WATER DETENTION
TYPE DESCRIPTION DEPTH TIME (DAYS(
Facultative Uses combination of aerobic, anoxic, and

Lagoon anaerobic processes. Not typically mixed 1.2 –
20 – 180
or aerated. Does not function well in 2.4
colder climates
WATER DETENTION

20 – 180
colder climates
Aerated Mechanically aerated by surface or
Lagoon submerged aerators. Requires less area
1.8 – 6 10 – 30
than a facultative lagoon and can operate
effectively in cold climates
WATER DETENTION

20 – 180
colder climates
1.8 – 6 10 – 30
Anaerobic Used to pretreat high-strength
Pond wastewaters (high BOD). Deep, non-
>8 ≤50
aerated and non-mixed. Performance
decreases at <15°C.
WATER DETENTION

20 – 180
colder climates
1.8 – 6 10 – 30
Anaerobic Used to pretreat high-strength
Pond wastewaters (high BOD). Deep, non-
>8 ≤50
aerated and non-mixed. Performance
decreases at <15°C.
Tertiary Pond Typically treats treated effluent from
activated-sludge process or trickling
<1 10 – 5
filter. Also referred to as a maturation or
polishing pond.
FACULTATIVE LAGOON
AERATED LAGOONS
ANAEROBIC LAGOON
NATURAL TREATMENT
SYSTEMS
WETLANDS
▶ System that uses the mechanisms of a natural
ecosystem in the mitigation (created wetland) and
treatment (constructed wetland) of pollutants
▶ Consist of combined soil-water-air vegetation
environment constructed as free water surface
(FWS), or as subsurface flow (SSF)
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND ILLUSTRATION
Source: thewaterpolic.wordpress.com
CONSTRUCTED
WETLANDS
SLUDGE TREATMENT &
DISPOSAL
▶ The sludge generated through primary and secondary treatment
is treated prior to disposal to lessen its environmental impacts
IMPACT SOLUTION
Foul odor (aesthetically SLUDGE STABILIZATION
unpleasant) (aerobic and anaerobic
Toxicity (due to high digestion)
concentration of
pollutants)
Water content DEWATERING
(drying beds)
▶ Disposal of dried sludge is made by waste-to-energy incineration,
agricultural land application for soil conditioning, composting,
and landfilling
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
PHILIPPINE EMISSION
INVENTORY (DENR,
2009)
RECOVERY
TREATMENT
DISPOSAL
HEIRARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

As adapted from Heirarchy of Solid Waste
Management
ACTIVITIES IN AIR POLLUTION
PREVENTION
REGULATORY
MARKET-BASED
EMISSION REDUCTIONS
VOLUNTARY
EMISSION
REDUCTIONS
EMISSION
CONTROL
PREVENTION
REGULATORY
RECOVERY
MARKET-BASED EMISSION
REDUCTIONS
TREATMENT
VOLUNTARY
EMISSION
REDUCTIONS
DISPOSAL EMISSION
CONTROL
HEIRARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT VS AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

ACTIVITIES
Option 1: prevention
➢ Green chemistry and engineering to
reduce or eliminate air emissions and
associated adverse impacts
➢ Example: Use of clean fuel like biofuels
that produce less emissions than those of
fossil fuels
➢ Example: Use of renewable forms of
energy that do not require the burning of
fuel and thus emissions
Option 2: REGULATORY
➢ Government as responsible entity to
regulate pollutant emissions in terms of
permissions, allowable emissions, control
approaches, monitoring requirements,
and penal provisions
➢ Example: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
(RA 8749)
➢ Example: Enforcing Biofuels Act of 2006
Option 3: market-based
emissions reduction
➢ Cap-and-trade market for reduction of
emissions with corresponding monetary
incentives
➢ Facilities that generate lower
emissions than permitted may sell
unused emission allowances on the
market, or they may also bank the
unused emissions for later purposes.
➢ Facilities that produce greater than
permitted can buy emission credits
from the sellers to account for their
overage emissions
➢ Example: GHG Emissions Trading
(Kyoto Protocol)
Option 4: Voluntary emission
reductions
➢ Often achieved through public
involvement in promoting behavioral
changes that reduce air pollutant
emissions
➢ The public is encouraged to attend public
hearings on permits and to exercise their
rights to demand action for penalties
Option 5: emission control
➢ Use of emission control technologies that have

the ability to remove specific air pollutants prior
to dispersion to the atmosphere
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION CONTROL
SOURCE
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION CONTROL

TECHNOLOGIES
CONTROL
Key characteristics of pollution control
devices and/or systems.
FACTOR CHARACTERISTIC OF CONCERN

General Collection efficiency
Legal limitations such as best available
technology
Initial cost
Lifetime and salvage value
Operation and maintenance costs
Power requirement
Space requirement and weight
Materials of construction
Reliability
Reputation of manufacturer and guarantees
Ultimate disposal/use of pollutants
CONTROL

Carrier Gas Temperature
Pressure
Humidity
Density
Viscosity
Dewpoint of all condensibles
Corrosiveness
Flammability
Toxicity
Process Gas flow rate and velocity
Pollutant concentration
Variability of gas and pollutant conditions
Allowable pressure drop
CONTROL
Pollutant (if gaseous) Corrosiveness, flammability, toxicity,
reactivity
Pollutant (if Size range and distribution
particulate) Particle shape
Agglomeration tendencies
Corrosiveness
Abrasiveness
Hygroscopic tendencies
Stickiness
Flammability
Toxicity
Electrical resistivity
Reactivity
CONTROL
➢ Emission control technologies are typically
grouped by their ability to control the emissions
of gaseous or particulate air pollutant
➢ Technologies are pollutant specific
AIR POLLUTANT PARTICULATES
EMISSION
REMOVAL
CONTROLGAS REMOVAL
SOURCE
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION CONTROL

TECHNOLOGIES
particulates EMISSION-
CONTROL
▶ AEROSOLS
➢ Solids or liquids in gas streams that are larger than

molecules but have effective diameters less than 100
µm (Perry and Green, 1997).
➢ Industrial aerosols include: dusts, smoke, fumes, and
mists
Characteristics of particulate pollutants.
AVE. SIZE
PARTICULAT
RANGE DESCRIPTION
E
(µm)
DUST 100 – 1000 Typically formed by the pulverization or mechanical
disintegration of solid matter into smaller particles by
grinding, crushing, and drilling.
Usually are irregular in shape, and particle size, such as
fly ash, rock dusts, and ordinary flour.
SMOKE 0.01 – 1 Derived from burning of organic materials such as wood,
coal, and tobacco.
Smoke particles have a certain degree of optical
density, and have shapes varying depending on
composition, i.e. spherical if liquid, and irregular is
solid.
They are very fine particles that remain in suspension
for long periods of time and exhibit lively Brownian
motion.
FUME 0.1 – 1 Formed from processes like sublimation, condensation,
or combustion, generally at relatively high
temperatures.
Characteristics of particulate pollutants.
AVE. SIZE
PARTICULAT
RANGE DESCRIPTION
E
(µm)
FUME 0.1 – 1 Formed from processes like sublimation, condensation,
or combustion, generally at relatively high
temperatures.
Similar to smoke, they settle very slowly and exhibit
strong Brownian motion.
MIST or FOG 2 – 200 Typically liquid droplets that are formed either by the
condensation of water or other vapors, or by
atomization of liquids.
When particle size increases above 200 µm, droplets
become drizzle or rain.
PM10 and < 10 EPA standard term for particulates.
PM2.5 Regulated in stationary sources since particles less than
2 or 3 µm can enter and cause adverse effects on the
respiratory system
CONTROL
Effectiveness of air pollution control technologies on pollutant size.

Source: Vesilind, et al., 2010
CONTROL
▶ CYCLONE
➢ Simple, low-cost
technology for removing
larger particles ( > 5 µm)
from an air stream using
centrifugal force
generated in the device
➢ The effectiveness at which
centrifugal force results in
particle impaction on the
cyclone is directly related
to the size of the particles
AIR
PROCESS SCHEMATIC
IN CYCLONE
SEPARATORS
CONTROL
▶ SCRUBBERS
➢ Functions through
absorption mechanism by
impacting particles into
water
➢ Spray chambers, packed-bed
scrubber, venturi scrubber
CLEAN
AIR
SPRAY TOWERS
➢ Consists of a tower WET

WATE
with water droplets AIR
R
sprayed through
nozzles mixing with
the air stream
➢ Simplest but least
effective WET
PARTICULAT
ES
DIRTY
AIR
WATER &
PARTICULAT
ES
PACKED-BED SCRUBBER
➢ The particles impact

a liquid film found
on the packing
material and then
drain away
➢ Challenge: clogging
of packed bed
TREATE
D
AIR
DIRTY
AIR
WATE
R
Ventu
ri
VENTURI SCRUBBER
➢ Employs a venturi (duct
with a decreasing, then
increasing cross-
sectional area) to
increase the velocity of
LIQUID air flow
WASTE ➢ Water-solid particles are
STREAM collected in a cyclone
CONTROL
▶ BAGHOUSE FILTER
➢ Uses filtration to remove
particles from the air
stream via fabric filter
bags
➢ Air is drawn into the
baghouse structure and
then split evenly into the
bags
➢ Particles are trapped on
the outside of the filter,
while air easily passes
through the filter
CONTROL
BAGHOUSE FILTER
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
➢ Collection efficiencies ➢ Hot and corrosive air
improves as more streams can degrade the
particles are trapped bag fabric (heat-tolerant
within the bags (design fabrics are more costly)
and operation)
➢ Wet airstreams, impair
➢ Offer close to 100% dust the effectiveness of the
removal with sizes bags
ranging from 1 to 100
➢ Require large areas
µm
➢ Not advisable for
flammable gas streams
CONTROL
▶ ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR
➢ Used to remove ultrafine
particles (< 1µm)
➢ Dust laden air is charged
in a corona field
➢ Plates in the ESP are
oppositely charged, so
particles drift to the
plate surfaces for
collection
PARTICLE
QUALITY MAX. PRESSURE
TYPE OF SIZE SPACE
OF TEMP. DROP
COLLECTOR RANGE REQUIRED
REMOVAL (°C) (cm H2O)
(µm)
Standard 0.1-0.1 Poor Large 400 5
Cyclone 1.0-10.0 Poor Large 400 5
10.0-50.0 Good Large 400 5
High Eff. 0.1-0.1 Poor Moderate 400 12
Cyclone 1.0-10.0 Fair Moderate 400 12
10.0-50.0 Good Moderate 400 12
Spray Tower 0.1-0.1 Fair Large 540 5
1.0-10.0 Good Large 540 5
10.0-50.0 Good Large 540 5
Impingement 0.1-0.1 Fair Fair 540 10
Scrubber 1.0-10.0 Good Good 540 10
10.0-50.0 Good Good 540 10
Venturi Scrubber 0.1-0.1 Good Good 540 88
1.0-10.0 Excellent Excellent 540 88
10.0-50.0 Excellent Excellent 540 88
Baghouse (cotton 0.1-0.1 Fair Large 80 10
bags) 1.0-10.0 Good Large 80 10
10.0-50.0 Excellent Large 80 10
Baghouse (nylon) 0.1-0.1 Fair Large 120 12
1.0-10.0 Good Large 120 12
Baghouse (glass 0.1-0.1 Fair Large 290 10
fiber) 1.0-10.0 Good Large 290 10
10.0-50.0 Good Large 290 10
Baghouse (Teflon) 0.1-0.1 Fair Large 260 20
1.0-10.0 Good Large 260 20
Electrostatic 0.1-0.1 Excellent Large 400 1
Precipitator 1.0-10.0 Excellent Large 400 1
10.0-50.0 Good Large 400 1
SUMMARY OF PARTICULATE EMISSION-CONTROL
TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY PARTICL ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
E SIZE
(µm)
Cyclone >5 Low capital costs but relatively high
operating costs
Relatively low collection efficiencies
TECHNOLOGIES
E SIZE
(µm)
operating costs
Scrubber 5 to 10 Can collect gaseous and particulate
pollutants
Moist environment can allow handling of
flammable, explosive, and hot airstreams
Corrosion moisture, however, may damage
equipment
TECHNOLOGIES
E SIZE
(µm)
operating costs
pollutants
equipment
Baghouse 1 to 100 High removal efficiencies
Operating costs are for fan power,
replacement bags, and labor
TECHNOLOGIES
E SIZE
(µm)
operating costs
pollutants
equipment
Baghouse 1 to 100 High removal efficiencies
Operating costs are for fan power,
replacement bags, and labor
Electrostatic <1 High removal efficiencies even for small
Precipitators particles
Can handle large gas flow rates. Dry or wet
GASEOUS EMISSION-CONTROL
▶ THERMAL OXIDATION
➢ Include devices that use air and auxiliary fuel to
produce a region of high temperatures in which
pollutants are oxidized (similar to incineration)
➢ One of the most regulated and expensive
technologies
THERMAL
OXIDIZER
Operating
Factors
TEMPERATURE
TIME
TURBULENCE
▶ ABSORPTION
➢ Similar to scrubbing/stripping where air

pollutant leaves the gas phase as it becomes
dissolved in a liquid
➢ Liquid commonly used is water (cost-effective)
supplemented with chemicals (e.g. CaCO3 and
Ca(OH)2 for SO2 removal as CaSO4)
➢ Many pollutants can be effectively controlled
with absorption towers: ammonia, hydrochloric
acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfur dioxide
▶ ADSORPTION
➢ Air pollutant leaves the

gas phase as it becomes
trapped in solid
adsorbent
➢ Adsorbent commonly
used is activated carbon
(due to its effective
surface area)
▶ BIOFILTRATION
➢ Essentially a reactor filled with a biological

support medium (lava rock, plastic media, mixture
of wood chips and compost)
➢ Air is brought into contact with microorganisms
attached to the media under moist environment
TYPE OF GAS PRESSURE
OPERATING TARGET CAPITAL
REMOVAL DROP
PRINCIPLE POLLUTANTS COST
TECHNOLOGY (cm H2O)
Packed-bed Transfer of pollutant NH3, Cl2, SO2, 10 Low
Scrubber onto liquid absorbent by HCl
dissolution
Adsorption Transfer of pollutant VOCs, SO2 10 Mid
Tower onto solid adsorbent by
surface entrapment
Condenser Change of phase of Condensable 2.5 High
gaseous pollutants into gases
liquid form by
temperature reduction
Direct Flame Oxidation of pollutant at VOCs, CO 1.2 Low
Oxidizer high-temperature
combustion (~800 °C)
Catalytic Catalytic combustion of VOCs, CO 2.5 Mid
Oxidizer pollutant at mid-
temperature (400 °C)
Biofilter Metabolism of pollutants Odors, VOCs
by microorganisms
SUMMARY OF GASEOUS EMISSION-CONTROL
TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Thermal VOC removal often exceeds 99.99%
Oxidizer VOCs with high energy content tend to
lower energy requirement and associated
operating costs
Generates NOx, and possibly new
hazardous pollutants via combustion
process
TECHNOLOGIES
operating costs
process
Packed VOC removal exceeds 95%
Absorption Can effectively remove various kinds of
Tower gaseous pollutants
Generated wastewater requires treatment
TECHNOLOGIES
operating costs
process
Packed VOC removal exceeds 95%
Absorption Can effectively remove various kinds of
Tower gaseous pollutants
Generated wastewater requires treatment
Biofilter Effective for treating VOCs and odors
Residence time greatly affects the area
requirement in the design of the
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION-CONTROL
TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY POLLUTANT OPERATING COMMON
TYPE PRINCIPLE TARGET
POLLUTANTS
Cyclone Particulate Removal of PM > 10 µm
pollutant by
centrifugal force
Venturi Scrubber Particulate Removal of 10 µm > PM >
pollutant by 5 µm
impaction into
water droplets
Baghouse Particulate Filtration of PM > 1 µm
pollutants by
fabric bags
Electrostatic Particulate Attraction of PM < 1 µm
precipitator charged
particles to
collection plates
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION-CONTROL
TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY POLLUTANT OPERATING COMMON
TYPE PRINCIPLE TARGET
POLLUTANTS
Thermal Oxidizer Gaseous Oxidation of VOCs, CO
pollutant
through high-
temperature
combustion
Packed Gaseous Transfer of NH3, CL2, SO2,
Absorption pollutant into HCl
Scrubber liquid absorbent
Adsorption Gaseous Transfer of VOCs, SO2
Tower pollutant into
solid adsorbent
Biofilter Gaseous Metabolism of Odors, VOCs
pollutants by
microorganism
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
▶ Varies greatly between cultures and countries and has

evolved over time (e.g. scrap looters to be found
most likely in developing countries than in developed
ones)
▶ Solidwastes differ from liquid or gaseous wastes
because they cannot be pumped or flow like fluids.
▶ However, solid wastes can be placed into solid forms
(including soils) and thus can be contained more
easily which led to approaches different from those
of liquid and gaseous waste streams.
R.A. 9003: ECOLOGICAL SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT
▶ Embodies the National legislation on the regulation of solid
wastes, including the creation of institutional mechanisms,
incentives, prohibition, and penal provisions
▶ Primary objective is to adopt a systematic and
comprehensive ecological solid waste management
program, thus mandating the closure of ALL open
dumpsites three years after its effectivity.
▶ Works on a “stakeholder approach” that involves units
coming from both government and private sectors
▶ Established the local solid waste management board for
provincial and municipal local government units (LGUs)
AVOID
GENERATORS/SOURCES
REDUCE
REUSE
BARANGAYS
RECYCLE
RECOVER
LGUs
TREATMENT
PROVINCE/LGU
Direct
Responsibility
s
RESIDUALS
MGT Influencing
Responsibili
ty
National Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
Source: RA 9003, Ecological Solid Waste
Functional elements in a solid waste management system
Source: Perry and Green, 2007
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITIES
1. PRE-PROCESSING
1. PROCESSING
1. DISPOSAL
GENERATION STORAGE COLLECTION/T PROCESSING/DISPOSAL
RANSPORT
Incineratio
Residentia n
l Waste
Materials
Commerci Recovery
al Waste
Collection
C&D Compostin
Storage
Waste g
Institution Transfer
al Waste Station
Landfilling
Municipal PRODUCTS:
Waste ✓ Recycled
materials
Solid Waste Management System ✓ Compost
Source: Mihelcic & Zimmerman, 2012 ✓ Energy
PRE-PROCESSING ACTIVITIES
ON-SITE STORAGE AND SEGREGATION AT SOURCE

▶ the practice of separating at the point of
origin, different materials found in solid
waste to promote recycling, and re-use of
resources and to reduce the volume of
waste for collection and disposal
Segregation of Agro-industrial Wastes
PAPER & PAPER BOARDS GLASS METALS
PLASTICS LEATHER RUBBER
TEXTILE WOOD & YARD TRIMMINGS FOOD

Segregation of Municipal Wastes
COMPOSTABLES RECYCLABLES RESIDUAL SPECIAL

WASTES WASTES
Balat ng prutas Papel Hospital wastes
Tirang pagkain Scrap metals Sachets Sanitary napkin
Tuyong dahon Plastic Candy Battery
Tuyong Glass wrapper Fluorescent
halaman Basahan lamps
Lata
Electronic
wastes
Types and sizes of storage containers for conventional wastes (Perry & Green, 2007)
CONTAINER CAPACITY
TYPE Unit Range Typical
SMALL CAPACITY
Plastic or metal (office type) L 16-40 28
Plastic or galvanized metal L 75-150 120
Barrel, plastic, aluminum, fiber L 20-250 120
barrel
Disposable paper bags L 75-210 120
Disposable plastic bags L 20-200 170
MEDIUM CAPACITY
Side or top loading container m3 0.75-9 3
Bulk bags m3 0.3-2 1
LARGE CAPACITY
Open-top, roll-off (debris boxes) m3 9-38 27
Container with stationary m3 15-30 23
compactor
Equipped with self-contained m3 15-30 23
compactor
Open-top trailer mounted m3 15-38 27
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT

▶ removing of solid waste from a source or from a
communal storage point, to be taken to transfer
stations
▶ typically accounts 40 to 80% of the total cost of
solid-waste management (Mihelcic & Zimmerman,
2012)
STORAGE, COLLECTION, AND TRANSPORT

▶ Factors considered when designing a storage, collection, and
transport system
1. Which wastes should be collected from the generator, and
which should the generator transport to a processing
facility?
2. To what extent should the generators be asked to separate
collected waste into different fractions?
3. Should waste be transported directly to a
treatment/disposal facility, or should boollection vehicles
transfer wastes into a more efficient vehicle first?
CAPACITY
HCS TYPE APPLICATION HAUL-COLLECTORS
(m3)
Hoist Truck Systems 2–9 Applicable to small collection
(Container carrier operations with few pickup points.
systems) Collection of bulky items and
industrial rubbish.
Collection of small, heavy loads
such as scrap metals.
Tilt-Frame Truck 8 – 40 Applicable to collection of solid
Systems wastes that require large
(Roll-off container containers.
systems) Widely used by most industrial
operations on solid wastes.
Trash Trailers 10 – 30 Similar to tilt-frame systems that

(Tractor-trailer are preferably used for heavier
systems) loads, e.g. demolition wastes.
ISWMF
(Processing & Disposal)
LANDFILL
COMPOSTING
FACILITY
MATERIALS RECOVERY STORAGE
WTE
INCINERATION
PLANT
SOLID WASTE PROCESSING FACILITY

Image Source: www.artistic-
models.com
PROCESSING OF SOLID WASTE
MATERIAL RECOVERY
▶ valuable materials are

obtained from solid wastes for
the purposes of recycling, or
reuse
▶ recoverable materials such as
paper, rubber, plastics,
textile, glass, and metals are
obtained using various
mechanical operations and
manual sorting
▶ include manual separation,
materials transport, size
reduction, mechanical
separation, and densification
MATERIAL RECOVERY
FUNCTION AND MATERIALS PROCESSED
OPERATIONS
MANUAL SEPARATION Separation of waste components
MATERIAL TRANSPORT
Conveyors Movement of waste materials from one location to another
Wheel equipment Movement of waste materials from one location to another
SIZE REDUCTION
Hammermills Size reduction (all types)
Flail mills Size reduction, also used as bag breaker (all types)
Shear shredder Size reduction, also used as bag breaker (all types)
Glass crusshers Size reduction (glass)
Wood grinders Size reduction (yard trimmings and wood wastes)
MECHANICAL SEPARATION
Screens Separation of over- and undersized materials
Cyclones Separation of light combustible materials from airstream
Air classifiers Separation of light combustible materials from airstream
Eddy current Separation of nonferrous conductors (aluminum) from nonconductors
(wood, paper, glass, etc.)
Magnetic separators Separation of ferrous metal
Sensors Separation of plastic or glass by resin type, color, etc.
Wet separation Separation of glass and aluminum
DENSIFICATION
Balers Compaction into bales of paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, aluminum
Bale binding systems Holds baled material together
Can crushers Compaction and flattening of aluminum and tin cans
Plastic perforators Punch holes in plastic containers for improved baler performance
Mixed
Recyclables
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR AN Hopper

MRF OPERATION
Source: Mihelcic and Visual check
Zimmerman, 2012
for hazards
Recovered
Magnet
ferrous Metal Baler
Separators
metal
Recovered PET Screen

PET Granulator
Recovered HDPE
HDPE Granulator Manual
Recovered Picking
Baler
aluminum
Recovered Crusher and
clear glass Screen Waste for
treatment/
disposal
MAY PERA SA
BASURA!!!
PLASTIC
PELLETS
MAY PERA SA
BASURA!!!
CONCRETE
PRODUCTS
COMPOSTING
▶ Microbial process that treats biodegradable wastes
▶ The reactions are similar to those employed in
aerobic wastewater treatment
▶ Wastes are processed down to a suitable size,
water is added, air is allowed to enter to transfer
oxygen into the waste pile, and the waste is mixed
to ensure even degradation
▶ Biomass produced as byproducts of biodegradation
is called compost
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAM FOR COMPOSTING
(Tchobanoglous, 2002)
BIODIGESTER
COMPOST
SHREDDER
WINDROW
Typical digester design consideration for composting (Perry & Green, 2007).
ITEM REMARK
Particle size Optimum: 25 – 75 mm
Seeding and mixing Composting time can be reduced by seeding with
partially decomposed solid wastes to the extent of
about 1 to 5 percent by weight. Sewage sludge can
also be added.
Mixing or turning To prevent drying, caking, and air channeling, mixing or
turning should be done regularly as defined by the type
of compost operation.
Air requirements Air with at least 50 percent of the initial oxygen
concentration should reach all parts of the composting
material for optimum results.
Total oxygen Can be estimated from compositional analysis.
requirement
Moisture Optimum range: 50 – 60 percent
Temperature Optimum ranges: 130 to 140 °F
C/N ratio Optimum range: 35 – 50, to avoid loss of nitrogen in
ammonia
pH Should be less than 8.5 to avoid loss of nitrogen in
MAY PERA SA
BASURA!!!
COMPOST
FERTILIZER
ENERGY RECOVERY
▶ The removal of recyclable and
compostable materials result to
residuals that may not be
economically recycled.
▶ Most residuals are directed to
disposal facilities, however, some
facilities nowadays utilize a portion
of these residuals for the generation
of energy.
▶ There are two ways by which energy
can be recovered from solid wastes:
thermal conversion, and anaerobic
digestion.
ENERGY RECOVERY
1. Thermal conversion
▶ a highly regulated activity in the Philippines because of its potential
negative impacts on air pollution (see RA 8749)
▶ burn technologies that converts solid wastes into energy in the form
of steam, gaseous fuel, and oil
▶ used in agro-industries for co-generation of energy from agricultural
residues, and hazardous waste treatment facilities for the
treatment of toxic chemicals and infectious hospital wastes
▶ facilities are called Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Facilities since the heat
that can be recovered from solid wastes can be used to produce
steam to turn turbines and generate energy
▶ these can be carried out with or without oxygen depending on the
type of product desired for energy recovery (pyrolysis, gasification,
incineration)
ENERGY RECOVERY
2. Anaerobic digestion
▶ also an attractive energy
recovery option since the
direct incineration of wastes,
specifically municipal wastes
(see RA 8749)
▶ in the absence of oxygen,
biodegradable organic matter
is converted by anaerobic
microorganisms (acetogens and
methanogens) into methane
gas
▶ generates two useful products
– biogas and biomass sludge
Stages of reaction in anaerobic digestion.
PHASE SAMPLE REACTIONS BACTERIA RESPONSIBLE
Hydrolysis Lipids → Fatty acids Bacteria

Polysaccarides → Monosaccarides
Protein → Amino acids
Nucleic acids → Purines &
Pyrimidines
Acetogenesis C6H12O6 → 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 Syntrophobacter wolinii
Sytrophomonos wolfei
Clostridium sp.
Actinomyces
Methanogenesis CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2 Methanobacterium
2C2H5OH + CO2 → CH4 + 2CH3COOH Methanobacillus
CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O Methanococcus
Methanosarcina
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES
LANDFILLS
▶ currently, the most viable method of ultimate disposal
▶ an engineered hole in the ground designed and operated for the long
term containment of solid wastes such as
(a) those that are collected and are of no further use
(b) the residual matter after solid waste processing, and
(c) the residual matter after material and energy
recovery
▶ are also classified depending on the type of waste that it receives.
Among these include, construction and demolition wastes, municipal
solid wastes, industrial wastes, and hazardous wastes.
SANITARY LANDFILL
▶ A carefully engineered depression in the ground into which wastes are
contained with consideration of environmental protection systems.
▶ Designed to have minimal negative impacts on the social and physical
environment. Environmental effects such as groundwater
contamination from leachate should be prevented while controlling the
putrefying odor of the waste.
(a) Site selection
(b) Landfilling method
(c) By-products management
DAILY & FINAL
LANDFILL GAS COVER
COLLECTION
LEACHATE
COLLECTION
& TREATMENT
BOTTOM LINER
GROUNDWATER
CROSS-SECTION OF A SANITARY LANDFILL

Landfill sealants for the control of gas and leachate movement
SEALANT REPRESENTATIVE TYPES REMARKS
Compacted soil Should contain some clay or
fine silt
Compacted clay Bentonites, illites, kaolinites Most commonly used sealant
for landfills; layer thickness
varies from 0.15-1.25 m;
layer must be continuous and
not be allowed to dry out
and crack
Inorganic Sodium carbonate, silicate, or Use depends on local soil
chemicals pyrophosphate characteristics
Synthetic Polymers, rubber, latex Experimental; use not well
chemicals established
Synthetic Polyvinyl chloride, butyl rubber, Expensive; may be justified
membrane Hypalon, polyethylene, nylon- where gas is to be recovered
layers reinforced liners
Asphalt Modified asphalt, asphalt-covered Layer must be thick enough to
polypropylene fabric, asphalt maintain continuity under
concrete differential settling
conditions
Others Gunite concrete,
Source: Tchobanoglous, 2002 soil, cement,
DENR LANDFILL CATEGORIES

AND ESTIMATED COSTS
(derived from DAO 2006-10)
DISPOSAL CATEGORY 1
Daily and Gas Venting
intermediate soil
cover Leachate
Recirculation Perimeter
Pump Fence
Embankment
Pond System
Drainage Facility
60cm thick soil layer
• Cell Separation System for inert and stable residual waste

• Leachate collection pipes and re-circulation system be provided at the later
stage of operation
• Soil liner/layer with permeability of 10-5 cm/sec
Estimated
Waste Approximate
Net Residual Area needed Basic Features
Disposal Investment
Disposal Rate for 10 Years Considered
Category Cost
Operation
Maximum Waste • Soil liner with
1.5 has. PhP 7.5M
Disposal is 5 tpd maximum
Maximum Waste permeability of 10 -5
Disposal is 10 2.5 has. PhP 12M cm/sec; thickness
tpd 0.60 m; 10 cm thick
sand layer
• 100 mm perforated
HDPE pipes for
leachate collection
• 0.50 ha Facilities
area with 10 m2
Category guardhouse and
1 perimeter fence
Maximum Waste with 5-line barbed
Disposal is 15 3.0 has. PhP 16M wire on concrete
tpd post
• leachate basin with
pump for leachate
recirculation
• Manholes with
DISPOSAL CATEGORY 2
intermediate
soil cover Leachate
Embankment Pump Fence
Drainage Facility Pond System
75cm thick soil layer
•Cell Separation System for inert and stable residual waste

•Leachate collection pipes and re-circulation system be provided at the
later stage of operation
•Soil liner/layer with permeability no more than 10-6 cm/sec
Estimated
Waste Approximate
Net Residual Area needed
Disposal Investment Basic Features Considered
Disposal Rate for 10 Years
Category Cost
Operation
Maximum Waste • Soil liner 10-6 cm/sec
Disposal is 30 5.0 has. PhP 30.0 M maximum permeability
tpd of thickness of 0.75 m
• 15 cm thick sand layer
Maximum Waste
with 30 cm thick gravel
Disposal is 50 6.5 has. PhP 41 M
layer and 150 mm
tpd
perforated HDPE pipes
for leachate collection
• 1 ha. Facilities area
Category with 15 m2 guardhouse
2 and perimeter fence
with 5-lines barbed
Maximum Waste on concrete post
Disposal is 75 7.5 has. PhP 48.5 M • Leachate basin with
tpd pump for leachate
recirculation
• Manholes with provision
for flushing
• Leachate collection
pipeline
DISPOSAL CATEGORY 3
intermediate soil
cover Leachate
Pond System
Drainage Facility
75cm thick clay liner

• Leachate collection pipes and re-circulation system be provided
at the later stage of operation
• Soil liner/layer with permeability of no more than 10-7 cm/sec or
an HDPE Liner (1.5 mm thickness) over a 60cm thick clay layer with permeability of no
more than 10-6 cm/sec
Estimated
Waste Approximate
Category Cost
Operation
• Soil liner with
maximum permeability
of 10-7cm/sec
• Thickness of 1.0 m
• 15 cm thick sand layer
with 30 cm thick gravel
layer and 150 mm
PhP 60 M to perforated HDPE pipes
225 M for leachate collection
Waste Disposal
• 2 ha. Facilities area
Category is more than 75 8.5 to 20
with 15 m2 guardhouse
3 tpd up to 200 has.
and perimeter fence
tpd
with 5-lines barbed
on concrete post
• leachate basin with
pump for leachate
recirculation
• Manholes with provision
for flushing
DISPOSAL CATEGORY 4
intermediate soil
cover Leachate
Drainage Facility Leachate

Treatment
75cm thick clay liner

• Leachate treatment will be a combination of physical, biological and chemical
• Synthetic liner at least 1.5 mm thick HDPE membrane over at least 60cm
thickness of compacted clay materials w/ permeability no more than 10-7 cm/sec.
Estimated
Waste Approximate
Category Cost
Operation
• Composite liner
consisting of 1.5 mm
HDPE liner with 0.60
thick soil liner
maximum permeability
of 10-7 m/sec 15 cm
thick sand layer with 30
cm thick gravel layer
and 150 mm perforated
HDPE pipes for leachate
Waste Disposal
Category collection
more than 200 > 20 has >PhP 225 M
4 • 3 has. Facilities area
tpd with 15 m2 guardhouse
and perimeter fence
with 5-lines barbed on
concrete post Leachate
basin with pump for
leachate recirculation
Manholes with provision
for flushing

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ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGR. KRISTEL M. GATDULA

▪ The advent of Sustainable

1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

“The state shall protect and advance

SOME POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS PASSED IN THE

LAW AND YEAR OF

SOME POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS PASSED IN THE

SOME POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS PASSED IN THE

SOME POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS PASSED IN THE

LEADING IMPLEMENTING AGENCY

National Department of • Oversee implementation,

R.A. 6969: Toxic Substances and

DAO 1992-29 (IRR of R.A. 6969)

DAO 1992-29 (IRR of R.A. 6969)

✕ Mercury and mercuric compounds

R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999

R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999

R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of

R.A. 8749: Clean Air Act of

NATIONAL AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

PASS: NOT PASS: NON- - SMOKING

R.A. 9003: Ecological Solid

R.A. 9275: Clean Water Act of 2004

R.A. 9275: Clean Water Act of 2004

R.A. 9275: Clean Water Act of 2004

Wastewater Discharge Fee = Net Waste Load x Cost/kg of

where: Net waste load = Net concentration x annual flowrate

➢ Branch of engineering concerned

▶ Wastes are any unwanted materials

▶ One aspect of waste

Septic tank effluent

An understanding of the nature of

Physical 1. In the selection and operation of

▶ DAO 1990-34: Surface water

▶ DAO 1990-35: Industrial effluent

Significant parameters for selected types

Significant parameters for selected types

DAO 1990-35: Industrial effluent

COLOR Natural appearance of wastewater indicative of presence

ODOR Natural scent of wastewater indicative of presence of

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (INORGANIC)

pH Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water

CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM Measure of the hardness of water which causes

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS (ORGANIC)

FATS, OIL, GREASES Principal constituents of animal organisms and in

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

UNSEEDED BOD SEEDED BOD

where: DOi – initial dissolved oxygen

CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS

The US EPA has identified six

Causes the reddish brown haze in air contributing to heart and

Waste Analysis and Source: MMDA,

▶ Comprised of a waste stream

Waste Analysis and

Waste Analysis and Characterization Survey (WACS)

Individual Typically identifiable and adequate

Amount of water in solid waste • Wet-weight

Waste Analysis and Characterization Survey (WACS)