Far Eastern University: Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle

Far Eastern University
Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation
Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis and

Citric Acid Cycle
Camba, Alexie Justine Louise B.

Chua, Shannen Leigh J.
Cipres, Christelle Anne Joy L.
Dilag, Jens Holly M.
Domingo, Lixie Mae E.
Halnin, Viviene Nicole Q.
Ramos, Jerald Adrian H.
Sangcap, Sarah Mae B.
Umipig, Mark Alexander V.
Zalameda, Anne Nicole B.
12-E
September 5, 2019
Cellular Respiration
REPORT OUTLINE
 During the previous discussion, it is explained that Photosynthesis creates food from
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and light as its energy source into organic molecules
such as Glucose (C6H12O6).
 The carbohydrates produced does not feed only autotrophs or the producers in the
ecosystem, but also all of the animals or the heterotrophs, fungi, and microbes.
 Cellular Respiration is the process of turning food into a form of useful energy. The
primary reactant of this energy transformation is Oxygen and Glucose then, the main
product is ATP while the waste products include Carbon Dioxide and water.
 There can be two types of Cellular Respiration:

A. Aerobic Respiration- cell uses oxygen gas (O2) and glucose to generate ATP.
B. Anaerobic Respiration- cell can generate ATP without using O2 but instead it
uses electron acceptors
 The overall equation for Aerobic Respiration is the reverse of Photosynthesis:
I. Glycolysis
 Glycolysis comes from the word glyco meaning “sugar” and -lysis meaning “to break”. It is
approximately an universal metabolic pathway that breaks glucose by ATP, NAD+, and
various enzymes.
 Its process occurs in the cytosol of living cells.
 The process does not require oxygen therefore it is anaerobic. But when oxygen is present,
the pyruvate will enter the process of fermentation.
 There are two stages of Glycolysis:
A. Energy Investment - involves the investment of energy of two ATP molecules to glucose
and results in the formation of two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
B. Energy Harvest - involves of the harvesting or gaining of four ATP molecules and two
NADH from each 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate and results in the formation of two pyruvate or
pyruvic acid.
 Overall, glycolysis had a net input of glucose that resulted to two pyruvate, two oxidized
NAD+ to two reduced NADH, and four ATPs found minus the two ATPs used which resulted
to NET 2 ATP.
II. Citric Acid Cycle
 Also known as “Kreb’s Cycle” or TCA that stands for “Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle”
 A Biochemical Pathway used to generate energy through the oxidation of Acetyl CoA
 Also used for the synthesis of NADH
 Production of some Amino Acids
 Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix for Eukaryotes
 Takes place in the cytosol for Prokaryotes
Transition Step
 Pyruvates, the end product of glycolysis needs to be oxidized to form Acetyl CoA that is
the needed material to start the Citric Acid Cycle. Pyruvates undergo Pyruvate Oxidation,
wherein one molecule of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and one molecule of NADH is released.
The process Pyruvate Oxidation is catalyzed by the enzyme Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Complex. Since one molecule of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is released, the 3 Carbon atoms of
Pyruvate will be reduced to 2 Carbon atoms this is called Acetyl Group. The Acetyl group
will then transfer to Coenzyme A or CoA, and when the two is combined it forms Acetyl-
CoA, the molecule is then ready for the Citric Acid Cycle.
Step 1: Acetyl-CoA’s Acetyl group (2-carbon) links to the substrate Oxaloacetate (4-Carbon) with
the help of the enzyme, Citrate Synthase, forming a 6-Carbon molecule called Citrate.
Step 2: The Citrate (6-Carbon) will now then be rearranged to a more reactive form, or it will be
isomerized, with the help of the Aconitase enzyme forming the Isocitrate (6-Carbon).
Step 3: The Isocitrate will then release one Carbon Dioxide molecule (CO 2), and there will be a
formation of NADH due to the gain of a Hydrogen ion in its previous oxidized form NAD+. Due to
the release of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), the Isocitrate is then removed one Carbon atom causing it to
form Alpha-Ketoglutarate (5-Carbon) with the help of the Isocitrate Dehydrogenase enzyme.
Step 4: From the Alpha-Ketoglutarate, the similar process will occur. One Carbon Dioxide molecule
(CO2) will be released and there will be a formation of NADH after NAD+ gains a Hydrogen Ion.
Due to the release of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), the Alpha-Ketoglutarate is then removed one Carbon
atom causing it to form Succinyl CoA (4-Carbon) with the help of the Alphaketoglutarate
Dehydrogenase enzyme.
Step 5: The Succinyl CoA that has 4 Carbon atoms, releases the Coenzyme A and then it is where
ATP or GTP is generated. From being Succinyl CoA it is catalyzed by the enzyme Succinyl CoA
Synthase forming Succinate (4-Carbon).
Step 6: The Succinate will then release FAD+, a coenzyme that will be converted into FADH 2. FADH2
is another form of energy that produces 2 ATP in Oxidative Phosphorylation. From Succinate it is
catalyzed by the enzyme Succinate Dehydrogenase into Fumarate (4-Carbon).
Step 7: From Fumarate it will be rearranged by the enzyme Fumarase into Malate (4-Carbon).
Step 8: The last part of the cycle is forming Malate into Oxaloacetate. In the process Malate is
catalyzed by the enzyme Malate Dehydrogenase to become Oxaloacetate once again.
Raw Materials needed in Kreb’s Cycle Products formed in Kreb’s Cycle

(per glucose molecule) (per glucose molecule)
 2 Acetyl CoA  4 CO2
 6 NAD+  6 NADH
 2 FAD+  2 FADH2
 2 ATP + P or GTP + P  2 ATP or GTP
Note: Kreb’s cycle happens twice per glucose molecule because ONE CYCLE happens per
PYRUVATE and a glucose molecule will become 2 pyruvates.
III. Fermentation
 Alternative glucose breakdown pathways.
 Happens when oxygen is not present.
 The same with glycolysis but the oxidation of pyruvate does not happen along with the
other steps of cellular respiration.
 Since the electron transport chain is not functional the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NADH) would have to drop its electron to an organic molecule to ensure the supply of
NAD+ and the continuous cycle of glycolysis.
A. Lactic Acid Fermentation

 NADH transfers its electron directly to the pyruvate.
 The NADH will transfer its electrons to the Pyruvate that will result to a formation of
Lactate.
B. Alcohol Fermentation
 NADH donates its electrons to a derivative of pyruvate, producing ethanol.
 The carbon group will detach from the pyruvate making acetaldehyde. Then when the
NADH attach its electron to the acetaldehyde it will finally become NAD+ and the latter
will make a product called ethanol.

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Far Eastern University

Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation

Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis and

Camba, Alexie Justine Louise B.

 There can be two types of Cellular Respiration:

Raw Materials needed in Kreb’s Cycle Products formed in Kreb’s Cycle

A. Lactic Acid Fermentation

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