Exam 2

Microbiology 2010 Name: __________________________
Fall 2001
Exam 2
Multiple Choice (36 pts)
1. All of the following are involved in transcription, except:
a. DNA polymerase
b. RNA polymerase
c. Uracil
d. Promoter
2. Which of the following is the best definition of a vector?
a. A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

b. A plasmid used in genetic engineering to insert genes into a cell
c. A small piece of DNA that can be inserted into cells
d. None of the above
3. Which of the following is most resistant to destruction by chemicals and heat?
a. Fungal spores
b. E. coli
c. HIV (AIDS virus)
d. Bacterial endospores
4. The definition of a bacteriostatic agent is
a. An agent that destroys the cell membrane

b. An agent that kills bacterial cells
c. An agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria
d. An agent that kills bacterial cells, virus and spores
5. Unlike a disinfectant an antiseptic
a. Destroys all microorganisms

b. Requires heat to be effective
c. Is nontoxic enough to be used on human tissue
d. Can be used in food products
6. Which of the following is the newest taxonomic grouping?
a. Strain
b. Family
c. Domain
d. Species
7. If the GC content of two different organisms is 70%, which of the following is always true?
a. The organisms are definitely related

b. The AT content is 30%
c. The organisms are definitely not related
d. The AT content varies
8. Bacillus and Lactobacillus are not in the same taxonomic order. This indicates that which one of the
following is not sufficient to assign an organism into a particular group?
a. Biochemical characteristics
b. Morphological characteristics (shape)
c. DNA sequencing of chromosome
9. Which of the following is an intracellular parasite?
a. Rickettsia
b. Mycobacterium
c. Bacillus
d. Staphylococcus
10. Which of the following genera preys on other bacteria?
a. Chlamydia
b. Clostridia
c. Bdellovibrio
d. Mycoplasma
11. Capsids are composed of
a. DNA
b. RNA
c. Protein
d. Lipids
12. The tail fibers on a bacteriophage are associated with
a. Attachment
b. Penetration
c. Virus assembly
d. Lysis of host cell
13. Endotoxins affect the host by
a. Their enzyme activity

b. Binding to lymphocytes
c. Disrupting cell membranes
d. Causing macrophages to release interleukin-1 and other proteins
14. The definitive host for Plasmodium vivax (organism that causes malaria) is:
a. A human
b. The Anopheles mosquito
c. A sporozoite
15. Which of the following is not true?
a. Viruses contain DNA or RNA

b. The nucleic acid of a virus is surrounded by a protein coat
c. Viruses multiply inside living cells
d. Viruses multiply inside cells using viral mRNA and viral ribosomes
16. Place the following in the order in which they are found in a bacterial host cell: 1) capsid proteins; 2)
infective phage particles; 3) phage nucleic acid
a. 1, 2, 3
b. 2, 1, 3
c. 3, 2, 1
d. 3, 1, 2
17. Which of the following is not a portal of entry for pathogens?
a. Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

b. Mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract
c. Skin
d. Blood
18. An encapsulated bacterium can be virulent (cause disease) because the capsule
a. Is an endotoxin
b. Resists phagocytosis
c. Destroys host tissues
d. Has no effect; since many pathogens do not have capsules, capsules do not contribute to virulence
Matching (14 pts)
_______ Trophozoite A. the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template
_______ Conjugation B. transfer of DNA from donor to recipient cell by a bacteriophage
_______ Transcription C. transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA is in
solution
_______ Transduction D. A trophozoite form of the protozoan that causes malaria that is found in
red blood cells or liver cells.
_______ Translation E. use of mRNA as a template in the synthesis of protein
_______ Transformation F. transfer of genetic material from one cell to another using cell to cell
contact; bacteria use pilus
_______ Merozoite G. vegetative (active) form of a protozoan

Short answer (20 pts)
Briefly describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
List and define the three kingdoms of Eukaryotic organisms.
Define the terms LD50 and ID50 as they pertain to bacterial pathogenicity.
Differentiate between a virus and a bacterium.
What is dimorphism and why is it important to fungal pathogenicity?

Essays (30 pts)
1. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. List and describe the five steps of bacteriophage replication.
Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages.
2. Taxonomy is the science of organism classification. All living organisms are presently divided into three
domains. List these domains and describe the characteristics that are used to differentiate the three domains. The
Domain Bacteria has several phyla that can be grouped together into three taxonomic groups. List these divisions or
groups in the Domain bacteria. Which is the largest?
3. List and describe at least three virulence factors by which microbes cause disease in the host.
Compare and contrast endotoxins and exotoxins.
Extra credit (10 pts)
In the regulation of metabolism, distinguish between mechanisms that regulate enzyme activity and
mechanisms that regulate gene expression. Describe the lactose operon and how gene transcription of
this operon is regulated.

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Microbiology 2010 Name: __________________________

Multiple Choice (36 pts)

1. All of the following are involved in transcription, except:

2. Which of the following is the best definition of a vector?

a. A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

3. Which of the following is most resistant to destruction by chemicals and heat?

4. The definition of a bacteriostatic agent is

a. An agent that destroys the cell membrane

5. Unlike a disinfectant an antiseptic

a. Destroys all microorganisms

6. Which of the following is the newest taxonomic grouping?

a. The organisms are definitely related

9. Which of the following is an intracellular parasite?

10. Which of the following genera preys on other bacteria?

11. Capsids are composed of

12. The tail fibers on a bacteriophage are associated with

13. Endotoxins affect the host by

a. Their enzyme activity

a. Viruses contain DNA or RNA

17. Which of the following is not a portal of entry for pathogens?

a. Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

Matching (14 pts)

_______ Trophozoite A. the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template

_______ Conjugation B. transfer of DNA from donor to recipient cell by a bacteriophage

_______ Translation E. use of mRNA as a template in the synthesis of protein

_______ Merozoite G. vegetative (active) form of a protozoan

Briefly describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

List and define the three kingdoms of Eukaryotic organisms.

Differentiate between a virus and a bacterium.

What is dimorphism and why is it important to fungal pathogenicity?

Extra credit (10 pts)

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