Chapter 1: Routing Concepts: Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0

Chapter 1: Routing
Concepts
Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Chapter 1 - Sections & Objectives
1.1 Router Initial Configuration
• Describe the primary functions and features of a router.
• Configure basic settings on a router to route between two directly-connected
networks, using CLI.
• Verify connectivity between two networks that are directly connected to a
router.
1.2 Routing Decisions

• Explain the encapsulation and de-encapsulation process used by routers when
switching packets between interfaces.
• Explain the path determination function of a router.
1.3 Router Operation

• Explain routing table entries for directly connected networks.
• Explain how a router builds a routing table of directly connected networks.
• Explain how a router builds a routing table using static routes.
• Explain how a router builds a routing table using a dynamic routing protocol.
1.1 Router Initial
Configuration
Router Functions
Characteristics of a Network
Router Functions
Why Routing?
The router is responsible for the routing of traffic
between networks.
Router Functions
Routers are Computers
Routers are specialized computers containing the following
required components to operate:
• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Operating system (OS) - Routers use Cisco IOS
• Memory and storage (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash, hard drive)
Router Functions
Routers are Computers (cont.)
Routers use specialized ports and network interface cards to
interconnect to other networks.
Router Functions
Routers are Computers
Router Memory
Router Functions
Routers Interconnect Networks
Router Functions
Routers Choose Best Paths
 Routers use static routes and dynamic routing protocols to learn
about remote networks and build their routing tables.
 Routers use routing tables to determine the best path to send
packets.
 Routers encapsulate the packet and forward it to the interface
indicated in routing table.
Router Functions
Packet Forwarding Methods
 Process switching – An
older packet forwarding
mechanism still available for
Cisco routers.
 Fast switching – A common
packet forwarding
mechanism which uses a
fast-switching cache to store
next hop information.
 Cisco Express Forwarding
(CEF) – The most recent,
fastest, and preferred Cisco
IOS packet-forwarding
mechanism.
Connect Devices
Connect to a Network
Connect Devices
Default Gateways
To enable network
access devices, must be
configured with the
following IP address
information:
 IP address - Identifies a
unique host on a local
network.
 Subnet mask - Identifies
the host’s network subnet.
 Default gateway -
Identifies the router a
packet is sent to when the
destination is not on the
same local network
subnet.
Connect Devices
Document Network Addressing
Network documentation should include at least the following in a topology diagram
and addressing table:
 Device names
 Interfaces
 IP addresses and
subnet masks
 Default gateways
Connect Devices
Enable IP on a Host
Statically Assigned IP address – The host is manually assigned an IP
address, subnet mask and default gateway. A DNS server IP address can
also be assigned.
• Used to identify specific network resources such as network servers
and printers.
• Can be used in very small networks with few hosts.
Dynamically Assigned IP Address – IP Address information is

dynamically assigned by a server using Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP).
• Most hosts acquire their IP address information through DHCP.
• DHCP services can be provided by Cisco routers.
Connect Devices
Enable IP on a Host
Connect Devices
Enable IP on a Host
Connect devices
Device LEDs
Console Access
Connect Devices
Console Access
Connect Devices
Enable IP on a Switch
 Network infrastructure devices require IP addresses to enable remote
management.
 On a switch, the management IP address is assigned on a virtual interface
called a switched virtual interface (SVI)
Router Basic Settings
Configure Router Basic Settings
 Name the device – Distinguishes
it from other routers
 Secure management access –
Secures privileged EXEC, user
EXEC, and Telnet access, and
encrypts passwords .
 Configure a banner – Provides
legal notification of unauthorized
access.
 Save the Configuration
Configure an IPv4 Router Interface
To be available, a router interface
must be:
 Configured with an address and subnet
mask.
 Activated using no shutdown
command. By default LAN and WAN
interfaces are not activated.
 Configured with the clock
rate command on the Serial cable end
labeled DCE.
Optional description can be included.
Configure an IPv6 Router Interface
Configure interface with IPv6 address and subnet mask:
 Use the ipv6 address ipv6-address/ipv6-length [link-local | eui-64]interface configuration
command.
 Activate using the no shutdown command.
Configure an IPv6 Router Interface (cont.)
IPv6 interfaces can support more than one address:
 Configure a specified global unicast – ipv6address ipv6-
address /ipv6-length
 Configure a global IPv6 address with an interface identifier (ID) in the
low-order 64 bits - ipv6address ipv6-address /ipv6-length eui-64
 Configure a link-local address - ipv6address ipv6-address /ipv6-
length link-local
Configure an IPv4 Loopback Interface
A loopback interface is a logical interface that is internal to the
router:
 It is not assigned to a physical port, it is considered a software interface that is
automatically in an UP state.
 A loopback interface is useful for testing.
 It is important in the OSPF routing process.
Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks
Verify Interface Settings
Show commands are used to
verify operation and configuration
of interface:
 show ip interfaces brief
 show ip route
 show running-config
Show commands that are used to
gather more detailed interface
information:
 show interfaces
 show ip interfaces
Verify Interface Settings (cont.)
Verify IPv6 Interface Settings
Common commands to verify the IPv6 interface configuration:
 show ipv6 interface brief - displays a summary for each of the interfaces.
 show ipv6 interface gigabitethernet 0/0 - displays the interface status and all the IPv6
addresses for this interface.
 show ipv6 route - verifies that IPv6 networks and specific IPv6 interface addresses have
been installed in the IPv6 routing table.
Filter Show Command Output
Show command output can be managed using the following
command and filters:
 Use the terminal length number command to specify the number of lines to be
displayed.
 To filter specific output of commands use the (|)pipe character after show
command. Parameters that can be used after pipe include:
• section, include, exclude, begin
Command History Feature
The command history feature temporarily stores a list of executed
commands for access:
 To recall commands press Ctrl+P or the UP Arrow.
 To return to more recent commands press Ctrl+N or the Down Arrow.
 By default, command history is enabled and the system captures the last 10 commands
in the buffer. Use the show history privileged EXEC command to display the buffer
contents.
 Use the terminal history size user EXEC command to increase or decrease size of
the buffer.
1.2 Routing Decisions
Switching Packets Between Networks
Router Switching Function
Send a Packet
Forward to Next Hop
Packet Routing
Reach the Destination
Path Determination
Routing Decisions
Path Determination
Best Path
 Best path is selected by a routing protocol based on the value or
metric it uses to determine the distance to reach a network:
o A metric is the value used to measure the distance to a given network.
o Best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric.
 Dynamic routing protocols use their own rules and metrics to build
and update routing tables:
o Routing Information Protocol (RIP) - Hop count
o Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - Cost based on cumulative bandwidth from source to
destination
o Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) - Bandwidth, delay, load, reliability
Path Determination
Load Balancing
 When a router has two or more paths to a destination with equal cost
metrics, then the router forwards the packets using both paths equally:
o Equal cost load balancing can improve network performance.
o Equal cost load balancing can be configured to use both dynamic routing protocols and
static routes.
Path Determination
Administrative Distance
 If multiple paths to a destination are configured on a router, the path
installed in the routing table is the one with the lowest Administrative
Distance (AD):
o A static route with an AD of 1 is more reliable than an EIGRP-discovered route with an
AD of 90.
o A directly connected route with an AD of 0 is more reliable than a static route with an AD
of 1.
1.3 Router Operation
Analyze the Routing Table
The Routing Table
 A routing table is a file stored in RAM that contains information about:
o Directly connected routes
o Remote routes
Routing Table Sources
The show ip route command is used to display the contents of the routing
table:
o Local route interfaces - Added to the routing table when an interface is configured.
(displayed in IOS 15 or newer for IPv4 routes and all IOS releases for IPv6 routes.)
o Directly connected interfaces - Added to the routing table when an interface is
configured and active.
o Static routes - Added when a route is manually configured and the exit interface is active.
o Dynamic routing protocol - Added when EIGRP or OSPF are implemented and
networks are identified.
Routing Table Sources (cont.)
Remote Network Routing Entries
Interpreting the entries in the routing table
Directly Connected Routes
Directly Connected Interfaces
A newly deployed router, without any configured interfaces, has an empty
routing table.
Directly Connected Routing Table Entries
Directly Connected Example
Directly Connected IPv6 Example
Statically Learned Routes
Static Routes
Static routes and default static routes can be implemented after
directly connected interfaces are added to the routing table:
o Static routes are manually configured.
o They define an explicit path between two networking devices.
o Static routes must be manually updated if the topology changes.
o Their benefits include improved security and control of resources.
o Configure a static route to a specific network using the ip route network
mask {next-hop-ip | exit-intf} command.
o A default static route is used when the routing table does not contain a
path for a destination network.
o Configure a default static route using the ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {exit-
intf | next-hop-ip} command.
Static Route Example
Static Route Example (cont.)
Entering and Verifying a Static Route
Static IPv6 Route Examples
Static IPv6 Route Examples
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Dynamic Routing
 Dynamic routing is used by
routers to share information
about the reachability and
status of remote networks.
 It performs network
discovery and maintains
routing tables.
 Routers have converged
after they have finished
exchanging and updating
their routing tables.
IPv4 Routing Protocols
Cisco routers can support a variety of dynamic IPv4 routing protocols
including:
• EIGRP – Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
• OSPF – Open Shortest Path First
• IS-IS – Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System
• RIP – Routing Information Protocol
Use the router ? Command in global configuration mode to determine

which routing protocols are supported by the IOS.
IPv4 Dynamic Routing Examples

Cisco routers can support a variety of dynamic IPv6 routing protocols
including:
o RIPng (RIP next generation)
o OSPFv3
o EIGRP for IPv6
Use the ipv6 router ? command to determine which routing

protocols are supported by the IOS
IPv6 Dynamic Routing Examples
1.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter Summary
Summary
 Describe the primary functions and features of a router.
 Configure basic settings on a router to route between two directly-connected networks,
using CLI.
 Verify connectivity between two networks that are directly connected to a router.
 Explain how routers use information in data packets to make forwarding decisions in a
small to medium-sized business network.
 Explain the encapsulation and de-encapsulation process used by routers when switching
packets between interfaces.
 Explain the path determination function of a router.
 Explain how a router learns about remote networks when operating in a small to medium-
sized business network.
 Explain how a router builds a routing table of directly connected networks.
 Explain how a router builds a routing table using static routes.
 Explain how a router builds a routing table using a dynamic routing protocol.

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Chapter 1: Routing

Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0

1.2 Routing Decisions

1.3 Router Operation

Dynamically Assigned IP Address – IP Address information is

Use the router ? Command in global configuration mode to determine

Dynamic Routing Protocols

Use the ipv6 router ? command to determine which routing

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