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    Ground Shaking

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    Ariel Nicor Andresio
    Ground shaking is the most common effect of earthquakes and can range from gentle to incredibly violent depending on the magnitude. During large earthquakes, strong shaking can last for several minutes and cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. While the shaking itself does not directly kill people, the collapse of structures during earthquakes has resulted in many deaths. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused the collapse of a section of the Cypress freeway in Oakland, killing 41 people due to ground shaking amplified by loose sediments. The earthquake also caused widespread damage in San Francisco's Marina District built on unstable bay mud that liquefied and amplified the shaking.

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    Ground Shaking

    Uploaded by

    Ariel Nicor Andresio
    170 views4 pages
    Ground shaking is the most common effect of earthquakes and can range from gentle to incredibly violent depending on the magnitude. During large earthquakes, strong shaking can last for several minutes and cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. While the shaking itself does not directly kill people, the collapse of structures during earthquakes has resulted in many deaths. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused the collapse of a section of the Cypress freeway in Oakland, killing 41 people due to ground shaking amplified by loose sediments. The earthquake also caused widespread damage in San Francisco's Marina District built on unstable bay mud that liquefied and amplified the shaking.

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    effects of earthquakes

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    Earthquakes

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    Ground shaking is the most common effect of earthquakes and can range from gentle to incredibly violent depending on the magnitude. During large earthquakes, strong shaking can last for several minutes and cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. While the shaking itself does not directly kill people, the collapse of structures during earthquakes has resulted in many deaths. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused the collapse of a section of the Cypress freeway in Oakland, killing 41 people due to ground shaking amplified by loose sediments. The earthquake also caused widespread damage in San Francisco's Marina District built on unstable bay mud that liquefied and amplified the shaking.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    170 views4 pages

    Ground Shaking

    Uploaded by

    Ariel Nicor Andresio
    Ground shaking is the most common effect of earthquakes and can range from gentle to incredibly violent depending on the magnitude. During large earthquakes, strong shaking can last for several minutes and cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. While the shaking itself does not directly kill people, the collapse of structures during earthquakes has resulted in many deaths. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused the collapse of a section of the Cypress freeway in Oakland, killing 41 people due to ground shaking amplified by loose sediments. The earthquake also caused widespread damage in San Francisco's Marina District built on unstable bay mud that liquefied and amplified the shaking.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Ground shaking from earthquakes can range from gentle to violent depending on the size of the earthquake. While shaking itself does not directly kill people, damage to buildings and infrastructure from shaking can cause deaths. The location and type of soil can amplify shaking and damage.

    Strong ground shaking during large earthquakes can damage and destroy buildings, making it difficult for people to stand or move. Failure of support columns in buildings and infrastructure due to shaking can lead to collapse and deaths, as seen with the Cypress viaduct during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

    The Marina District in San Francisco is built on fill soil that liquefied and amplified ground shaking during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, leading to collapse of houses and apartment buildings in the area and damage.

    Ground Shaking

    Ground shaking is the most familiar effect of earthquakes. It is a result of the passage of seismic waves through the ground, and ranges from quite gentle in small
    earthquakes to incredibly violent in large earthquakes. In the 27 March 1964 Alaskan earthquake, for example, strong ground shaking lasted for as much as 7
    minutes! Buildings can be damaged or destroyed, people and animals have trouble standing up or moving around, and objects can be tossed around due to strong
    ground shaking in earthquakes. However, you should note that, while many people are killed in earthquakes, none are actually killed directly by the shaking -- if
    you were out in an open field during a magnitude 9 earthquake, you would be extremely scared (I know I would), but your chance of dying would be zero or damn
    near it. It is only because we persist in building buildings, highways, and the like that people are killed; it's our responsibility, not the earthquake's.

    Below is an image of the Cypress viaduct which was part of Interstate 880 in Oakland, CA. The upper level of the two-level structure has collapsed onto the lower
    level as a result of failure of the support columns. The columns failed partially in response to ground shaking from the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
    amplified by loose sediments near the Oakland waterfront. 41 people were killed in the collapse.
    Image by H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey.

    Below is an image from the Marina District in San Francisco. The Marina District is built on Bay mud which was pumped onto the San Francisco waterfront for the
    1915 Pan-American Exposition. This fill both underwent liquefaction (see below) and considerably amplified ground shaking from the Loma Prieta earthquake.
    These factors together led to the collapse of many houses and apartment buildings in the Marina District.
    Image by J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey.

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    Ground Rupture
    Ground rupture is another important effect of earthquakes which occurs when the earthquake movement along a fault actually breaks the Earth's surface. While
    active ground rupture is comparatively rare, there have been cases of it in California -- for example, during the 1906 earthquake, fences near Pt. Reyes were offset
    by as much as 7 meters. And in the Owens Valley earthquake in 1872, a fault scarp as much as 8 meters high broke the ground near Lone Pine. Rupture causes
    problems for humans by, well, rupturing things; pipelines, tunnels, aqueducts, railway lines, roads, and airport runways which cross an area of active rupture can
    easily be destroyed or severely damaged.

    Below is a classic picture of a scarp formed by the 16 December 1954 Dixie Valley earthquake (magnitude 6.8) in Nevada. The miner's shack next to the scarp was
    relatively undamaged, despite being only a few meters from the two- to three-meter offset.

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